Dr. A.P.J.

Abdul Kalam’s life : A Life of Inspiration and Dedication

Introduction Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, widely known as the ‘Missile Man of India’
and the 11th President of India, had a humble beginning that shaped his
illustrious career. His early life and education played a crucial role in his
development as a scientist, leader, and visionary. This document explores his
journey from childhood to his higher education, shedding light on the
formative years that made him an inspiring figure.

• Early Life and Education: Birth, family background, schooling, and

college life.
• Career as a Scientist: Contributions to ISRO, DRDO, and missile
development (Agni, Prithvi, etc.).
• Role in Nuclear Programs: Pokhran-II nuclear tests and strategic defense
initiatives.
• Presidency (2002-2007): Key policies, speeches, and interactions with
people.
• Post-Presidency Contributions: Work in education, mentorship, and
vision for India.
• Writings and Philosophy: Books, quotes, and his vision for India's
development.
• Awards and Recognition: Bharat Ratna, Padma awards, and other
honors.
• Final Years and Legacy: His passing in 2015 and continued influence.

Early Life and Education (1931-1954)

Birth and Family Background Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born
on October 15, 1931, in Rameswaram, a small town in Tamil Nadu, India. His
family belonged to the Muslim community and had a modest financial
background. His father, Jainulabdeen, was a boat owner and imam at a local
mosque, while his mother, Ashiamma, was a homemaker. Despite financial
constraints, his parents instilled strong moral values, discipline, and a deep
sense of spirituality in him.
Childhood in Rameswaram Growing up in Rameswaram, a coastal town known
for its religious significance, Kalam was exposed to diverse cultures and
traditions. His childhood was marked by simplicity, hard work, and curiosity.
He helped his family financially by selling newspapers, which also provided him
access to current affairs and knowledge. His early exposure to the world of
books and newspapers ignited his interest in learning.

Early Education Kalam attended Schwartz Higher Secondary School in

Ramanathapuram. He was an average student but exhibited a keen interest in
science and mathematics. His teachers noticed his potential and encouraged
him to pursue his dreams. One of his most influential mentors was Iyadurai
Solomon, who instilled in him the belief that ‘desire, belief, and expectation
lead to success.’

Influences and Inspirations Several people influenced Kalam’s early education,

including his teachers, family members, and community elders. He was deeply
inspired by his school teacher, Sivasubramania Iyer, who encouraged him to
think beyond societal barriers and aim for a career in aviation. Books such as
Thirukkural and works by great scientists also shaped his intellectual growth.

Higher Secondary Education Kalam continued his studies with determination

and excelled in mathematics and physics. He developed a fascination for
aeronautics and space, which would later define his career path. His strong
performance in school laid the foundation for his pursuit of higher education in
engineering.

Madras Institute of Technology (MIT) Journey Kalam was admitted to the

prestigious Madras Institute of Technology (MIT) to study aeronautical
engineering. Securing a seat at MIT was a significant achievement for him and
his family. His time at MIT was filled with challenges, but he overcame them
with hard work and dedication. He worked on several projects, including
designing an aircraft prototype, which impressed his professors.

Challenges Faced During Education Financial difficulties posed a major

challenge during Kalam’s educational journey. However, with scholarships,
part-time jobs, and support from his family, he managed to continue his
studies. He also faced cultural and social barriers but remained determined to
achieve his goals.

Skills and Knowledge Acquired During his education, Kalam acquired expertise
in aeronautical engineering, physics, and mathematics. He also developed
leadership qualities, teamwork skills, and a problem-solving mindset that
would later define his career.

Personal Growth and Ethics Kalam was deeply influenced by his upbringing,
which emphasized integrity, humility, and perseverance. His education
reinforced these values, shaping him into a disciplined and hardworking
individual.

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s early life and education were instrumental in shaping
his career and philosophy. His journey from a small town to becoming a
renowned scientist and President of India is a testament to the power of
education, determination, and resilience. His story continues to inspire millions
of students and young professionals worldwide.

Early Career and Contribution to ISRO & DRDO (1954-1982)

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s early career played a crucial role in shaping India’s
defense and space research. His journey from a young scientist to a key
contributor in ISRO and DRDO laid the foundation for India’s advancements in
missile technology and space exploration. This document explores his
contributions between 1954 and 1982 in detail.

Joining DRDO (1954-1969) After graduating from the Madras Institute of

Technology (MIT) in 1954 with a degree in aeronautical engineering, Kalam
joined the Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). He was
initially assigned to work on the development of a hovercraft project. Although
the project was not successful, it gave him valuable experience in
aerodynamics and defense technology.

Early Work in Aerospace Engineering At DRDO, Kalam worked under the

Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) and contributed to projects
related to military aircraft and defense systems. His research in aerodynamics
and propulsion systems played a vital role in his later work in rocketry and
missile development.

Transition to ISRO (1969-1982) In 1969, Dr. Kalam joined the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO) and became involved in the Satellite Launch
Vehicle (SLV) program. His work was instrumental in India’s first indigenous
satellite launch, Rohini-1, which was successfully placed into orbit in 1980
using the SLV-III.

Development of SLV-III The SLV-III project was a major milestone in India’s

space program. Kalam played a leading role in designing and developing the
vehicle, ensuring that India could launch satellites independently. His
contributions helped India achieve self-reliance in space technology.

Influence on Missile Development Although Kalam’s primary focus was on

space research at ISRO, his expertise in rocketry paved the way for his later
work in missile technology. His research in propulsion and aerodynamics
significantly influenced the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program
(IGMDP), which he later led.

Challenges and Achievements During his tenure at DRDO and ISRO, Kalam
faced several challenges, including limited resources, technological constraints,
and financial restrictions. However, his perseverance, leadership, and
innovative thinking helped overcome these obstacles. His success with SLV-III
proved India's capability in space exploration and defense research.

Vision for Self-Reliance Kalam strongly advocated for indigenous technology

development in both space and defense sectors. His vision of self-reliance and
innovation laid the groundwork for India’s future missile programs and
advancements in space technology.

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s contributions to DRDO and ISRO between 1954 and
1982 were instrumental in shaping India’s aerospace and defense capabilities.
His pioneering work in SLV-III and aeronautical engineering established him as
a key figure in India’s technological growth. His early career laid the foundation
for his future leadership in missile development and national security
initiatives.
Pokhran-II Nuclear Tests and India's Defence Advancements (1982-1999)

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, one of India’s greatest scientists and visionaries, played
a crucial role in shaping India’s defense and nuclear capabilities between 1982
and 1999. His leadership at the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) and his instrumental role in the Pokhran-II nuclear tests
positioned India as a nuclear power on the global stage. Dr. Kalam’s journey
from being a key scientist at ISRO to leading India’s missile and nuclear
programs is a story of dedication, innovation, and unwavering commitment to
national security.

India’s Defense Scenario in the 1980s

During the 1980s, India faced multiple security challenges from neighboring
countries, particularly Pakistan and China. The nation relied heavily on
imported defense equipment, which was both costly and strategically risky.
India’s defense scientists were determined to build indigenous technologies to
reduce dependency on foreign nations. Recognizing this need, Dr. Kalam took
charge of India’s defense research efforts, shifting from his space research
background to focus on missile development and nuclear deterrence. His vision
was to make India self-sufficient in defense technology, an ambition that led to
groundbreaking achievements.

Dr. Kalam’s Leadership in DRDO (1982-1999)

Dr. Kalam joined DRDO as its Director in 1982, marking the beginning of a new
era in India’s defense research. Under his leadership, DRDO initiated several
high-impact projects, including the Integrated Guided Missile Development
Programme (IGMDP). His work laid the foundation for India’s indigenous
missile systems and strategic defense initiatives. Dr. Kalam’s leadership also
strengthened collaboration between DRDO, the Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre (BARC), and other scientific organizations, ensuring that India could
develop advanced technologies without external assistance.
Development of Indigenous Missile Systems

A major achievement of Dr. Kalam’s tenure was the IGMDP, launched in 1983
to develop a series of guided missiles. This program aimed to equip India’s
armed forces with advanced missile technology. The key missiles developed
under IGMDP were:

1. Agni Missile – A ballistic missile designed for strategic nuclear

deterrence.
2. Prithvi Missile – A short-range surface-to-surface missile for battlefield
use.
3. Trishul Missile – A short-range surface-to-air missile for air defense.
4. Akash Missile – A medium-range surface-to-air missile.
5. Nag Missile – An anti-tank guided missile.

These missiles strengthened India’s defense capabilities and demonstrated Dr.

Kalam’s vision for self-reliance in military technology. The success of these
projects proved that India could develop world-class missile systems without
foreign assistance.

Pokhran-II Nuclear Tests (1998)

Background and Planning

India’s nuclear ambitions dated back to the 1950s, but the first nuclear test,
Smiling Buddha (Pokhran-I), was conducted in 1974 under Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi. However, due to international sanctions and diplomatic
constraints, India did not pursue further tests immediately. By the 1990s,
geopolitical conditions had changed, and the need for a credible nuclear
deterrent became urgent.

Dr. Kalam played a crucial role in the planning and execution of the Pokhran-II
nuclear tests, conducted in May 1998 under the leadership of Prime Minister
Atal Bihari Vajpayee. These tests marked India’s formal entry into the nuclear
club.
Execution of the Tests

The tests were conducted under extreme secrecy to avoid detection by foreign
intelligence agencies. Dr. Kalam, along with Dr. R. Chidambaram (Chairman of
the Atomic Energy Commission), led the team that successfully executed the
nuclear detonations. The tests included five nuclear explosions, code-named
Shakti-1 to Shakti-5, demonstrating India’s ability to develop both fission and
thermonuclear weapons. The successful execution of these tests firmly
established India’s nuclear capabilities.

Scientific and Technical Challenges in Pokhran-II

The Pokhran-II tests faced numerous challenges, including:

• Avoiding detection by American satellites and global intelligence

agencies.
• Designing a foolproof nuclear weapon system that could be effectively
deployed.
• Conducting multiple nuclear explosions in a coordinated manner.
• Managing the secrecy of the operation while ensuring the safety of
personnel and the environment.

Dr. Kalam played a pivotal role in overcoming these challenges, ensuring the
flawless execution of the tests.

International Reactions and Consequences

The nuclear tests triggered a strong reaction from the international

community. The United States, Japan, and European nations imposed
economic sanctions on India, condemning the tests as a violation of global
non-proliferation efforts. However, India justified the tests as a necessary step
for national security and regional stability. Despite the sanctions, India
remained firm in its decision and refused to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear-
Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), asserting its right to maintain nuclear deterrence.
Defense Advancements Post-Pokhran-II

Following the nuclear tests, India rapidly advanced its defense capabilities.
Some key developments included:

• Strengthening its nuclear triad, which included land-based missiles,

submarine-launched nuclear weapons, and air-based nuclear
capabilities.
• Expanding the Agni missile series, with longer ranges and higher
accuracy.
• Developing submarine-based nuclear deterrence, including the INS
Arihant project.
• Advancing the Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) system to intercept
enemy missiles.

These advancements made India a formidable nuclear power, securing its

strategic position on the global stage.

Dr. Kalam’s Vision for India’s Defense Future

Dr. Kalam believed that technological self-reliance was essential for India’s
security. He consistently advocated for:

• Indigenization of defense technology to reduce dependence on foreign

suppliers.
• Increased investment in research and development for advanced
military systems.
• Encouraging young scientists to contribute to defense innovation.
• Collaboration between defense and space research organizations for
advanced surveillance and missile technologies.

His vision inspired a new generation of scientists and policymakers, shaping

India’s defense strategy for the future.
Legacy and Impact of Dr. Kalam’s Work

Dr. Kalam’s contributions to India’s defense sector were transformative. His

leadership in missile development and nuclear technology laid the foundation
for India’s strategic security doctrine. His role in Pokhran-II ensured that India
became a recognized nuclear power. More importantly, his philosophy of self-
reliance and innovation continues to guide India’s defense policies.

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s journey from a scientist to the chief architect of
India’s missile and nuclear programs is an extraordinary testament to his
vision and dedication. His work from 1982 to 1999 ensured that India emerged
as a global nuclear power, capable of defending its sovereignty and
maintaining strategic stability. His contributions remain a cornerstone of
India’s defense advancements, inspiring future generations to strive for
excellence in science and technology.

11th President of India (2002-2007)

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, widely known as the "Missile Man of India," was
elected as the 11th President of India in 2002. His transition from a renowned
scientist and technologist to the highest constitutional position in the country
was a historic moment. Unlike traditional politicians, Dr. Kalam’s nomination
was based on his immense contributions to science, technology, and national
security. He was widely respected across party lines, and his election reflected
the admiration he commanded among the Indian people. His presidency, from
2002 to 2007, was marked by a deep commitment to education, youth
empowerment, and national development.

Election as the 11th President of India (2002)

The 2002 Presidential election was unique because Dr. Kalam was a non-
political candidate. His nomination was supported by the National Democratic
Alliance (NDA), led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and also received
backing from opposition parties like the Indian National Congress and
Samajwadi Party. His opponent, Lakshmi Sahgal, was a candidate from the Left
parties, but Dr. Kalam secured a landslide victory with over 90% of the votes.
He was sworn in as the President of India on July 25, 2002, taking over from
K.R. Narayanan. His election was celebrated as a victory of knowledge,
science, and integrity over traditional politics.

Vision and Leadership as President

Dr. Kalam redefined the role of the President in India. Traditionally, the
position was seen as ceremonial and constitutional, with limited executive
powers. However, Dr. Kalam transformed it into an active and people-centric
role. His presidency was marked by his vision for a developed India (India
2020), where he emphasized science, technology, innovation, education, and
rural development. He believed that India’s progress depended on its youth,
and he dedicated his time to inspiring and interacting with students across the
country.

Key Initiatives and Policies

One of the most notable initiatives of Dr. Kalam’s presidency was PURA
(Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas). He advocated for balanced rural
development, emphasizing the need for education, healthcare, roads,
technology, and employment in villages. He also worked on policies that
promoted technological self-reliance, economic growth, and space
exploration. His vision document, "India 2020: A Vision for the New
Millennium," served as a roadmap for making India a developed nation by
2020.

Role in National and International Affairs

As President, Dr. Kalam played a significant role in strengthening India’s global

presence. He engaged with world leaders and represented India in various
diplomatic, scientific, and economic discussions. His emphasis on peace,
development, and cooperation earned him respect in the international
community. He was instrumental in enhancing India’s relations with countries
like the USA, Russia, and ASEAN nations. He also supported India’s space and
defense initiatives, ensuring the country maintained its strategic edge.
Engagement with Students and Youth

One of the most remarkable aspects of Dr. Kalam’s presidency was his deep
connection with students and youth. He believed that young minds held the
key to India’s progress. Unlike his predecessors, he traveled extensively,
visiting schools, colleges, and universities to interact directly with students.
His speeches were filled with motivation, scientific curiosity, and life lessons,
inspiring millions to pursue excellence in their respective fields. He encouraged
students to dream big, work hard, and contribute to the nation’s
development.

Contributions to Science and Education During Presidency

Even as President, Dr. Kalam continued to promote science and education. He

played an active role in encouraging scientific research, technological
innovations, and space exploration. He supported ISRO’s space missions and
advocated for increased investment in science and technology. His tenure also
saw greater emphasis on e-governance, which aimed to bring government
services online and make them accessible to all citizens.

Challenges Faced During Presidency

Despite his popularity, Dr. Kalam faced several challenges during his
presidency. He had to navigate complex political situations, including the
dissolution of state assemblies and judicial conflicts. In 2005, he faced
controversy over signing the Office of Profit Bill, which led to debates about
constitutional integrity. However, he always maintained a neutral and ethical
approach, ensuring that he upheld the spirit of the Indian Constitution.

Legacy of Dr. Kalam’s Presidency

Dr. Kalam’s presidency left an indelible mark on India. He was one of the most
loved Presidents, known for his simplicity, integrity, and vision. His tenure
demonstrated that the President could be more than a ceremonial figure – he
could be a leader, a teacher, and an inspiration. His speeches, books, and
policies continue to guide India’s progress. Even after leaving office in 2007, he
remained a mentor and guide for students, scientists, and policymakers.
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s term as the 11th President of India (2002-2007) was
transformative. He redefined the presidency by actively engaging with the
people, promoting education, and advocating for national development. His
contributions to science, youth empowerment, and governance made him a
People’s President in the truest sense. His legacy continues to inspire
generations, proving that leadership is not about power but about vision,
service, and integrity.

Post-Presidency and Legacy (2007-2015)

1. Role as a Teacher and Mentor

Dr. Kalam often called himself a "teacher first," and after his presidency, he
dedicated himself to mentoring students across the country. He visited
numerous schools, colleges, and universities, delivering motivational speeches
and interacting with students to encourage innovation, creativity, and a
scientific mindset. His sessions focused on leadership, nation-building, and
personal growth, leaving a lasting impact on millions of young minds.

2. Books and Writings

During this period, Dr. Kalam authored several influential books, including:

• "Turning Points: A Journey Through Challenges" (2012) – An extension

of Wings of Fire, detailing his transition from scientist to President and
beyond.
• "You Are Born to Blossom" (2008) – Co-authored with Arun Tiwari,
focusing on transforming schools into knowledge centers.
• "Beyond 2020: A Vision for Tomorrow's India" (2011) – A sequel to
India 2020, revisiting his vision for India's development.
 • "Forge Your Future" (2014) – A motivational guide based on letters from
young people seeking guidance.

These books encapsulated his thoughts on nation-building, education, and

personal development, reinforcing his role as a guiding force for the youth.

3. Scientific and Technological Contributions

Even after leaving the presidency, Dr. Kalam remained actively involved in
scientific research and innovation. He worked on projects related to defense,
energy, and healthcare. One of his significant contributions was his
involvement in the development of low-cost medical devices, including
lightweight calipers for polio-affected children. He also promoted the use of
renewable energy and sustainable development technologies.

4. Vision for India: 2020 and Beyond

Dr. Kalam's vision for a developed India remained at the heart of his post-
presidency work. His What Can I Give Movement, launched in 2011,
encouraged young people to contribute positively to society through ethical
leadership and community service. He continued advocating for his Vision 2020
plan, emphasizing five key areas:

1. Agriculture and food security

2. Education and healthcare
3. Infrastructure and energy independence
4. Information and communication technology
5. Self-reliance in critical technologies

Through speeches, books, and mentorship, he tirelessly promoted these ideas,

urging policymakers and citizens alike to work toward a prosperous India.
5. Awards and Recognitions

Even after his presidency, Dr. Kalam received numerous national and
international honors, including:

• Hoover Medal (2009) – Recognizing his outstanding contributions as a

humanitarian engineer.
• Von Braun Award (2013) – For his leadership in space and rocket
technology.
• Honorary Doctorates – Conferred by various universities worldwide.

These awards reflected his global influence and continued contributions to

science and education.

6. Speeches and Public Engagements

Dr. Kalam delivered countless speeches at educational institutions,

government programs, and international forums. His speeches, filled with
scientific insights and moral lessons, resonated with people from all walks of
life. Some of his most famous addresses during this period include his lecture
at the European Parliament (2007), his speech at IITs and IIMs, and his
interaction with NASA scientists.

7. Final Years and Last Moments

On July 27, 2015, Dr. Kalam passed away while delivering a lecture at IIM
Shillong. His sudden demise left the nation in shock, as he collapsed due to
cardiac arrest while addressing students. His last words reportedly were,
"Funny guy! Are you doing well?"—spoken to a student moments before he
collapsed. His death was met with national mourning, and tributes poured in
from across the world.
8. Legacy and Impact

Dr. Kalam's influence continues through:

• Institutions Named After Him – Universities, research centers, and

scholarships established in his honor.
• Kalam Library Initiative – To promote reading and education among
underprivileged children.
• Aerospace and Defense Projects – His contributions still inspire India's
advancements in space and missile technology.
• Annual Celebrations and Tributes – His birthday (October 15) is
observed as World Students' Day, recognizing his dedication to youth
empowerment.

His life remains a testament to hard work, humility, and the power of dreams.

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam's post-presidency years were as impactful as his tenure
as President. His work as a mentor, author, scientist, and visionary continues to
inspire generations. His vision for a developed India remains relevant, urging
young minds to take up the challenge of transforming the nation. His legacy is
immortal, living on in the minds and hearts of those who believe in progress,
innovation, and selfless service.

Some of his famous books include:

• Wings of Fire (Autobiography)

• Ignited Minds
• India 2020
• My Journey

Final Moments and Death (2015)

1. The Final Day – July 27, 2015

On the morning of July 27, 2015, Dr. Kalam departed from Delhi and arrived in
Shillong, Meghalaya, where he was scheduled to deliver a lecture titled
“Creating a Livable Planet Earth” at IIM Shillong. As always, he was
enthusiastic about addressing students and had prepared a detailed
presentation.

Despite being 83 years old, Dr. Kalam remained energetic and passionate
about engaging with the youth. His last words reportedly were, “Funny guy!
Are you doing well?”—spoken to a student moments before he began his
lecture.

2. The Collapse on Stage

At around 6:30 PM, just a few minutes into his lecture, Dr. Kalam suddenly
collapsed on stage in front of the students. Initially, many believed he had
simply paused, but within moments, it became clear that something was
seriously wrong. Faculty members and security personnel rushed to his aid as
he became unresponsive.

He was immediately shifted to Bethany Hospital in Shillong, where doctors

made every effort to revive him. Unfortunately, at 7:45 PM, he was officially
declared dead due to cardiac arrest. His departure was peaceful, as he had
always wished—to be among students, teaching and inspiring them.

3. National Mourning and Tributes

As the news of Dr. Kalam’s death spread, the entire nation went into
mourning. Social media was flooded with tributes from world leaders,
scientists, students, and citizens. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi
described him as a "great scientist, a wonderful President, and an inspiring
teacher who always dreamed of a developed India."
The Indian government declared a seven-day state mourning in his honor.
Flags were flown at half-mast, and special tributes were organized across the
country. Thousands of people gathered to pay their last respects, reflecting the
deep impact he had on the lives of millions.

4. Last Journey and FuneralDr. Kalam’s mortal remains were flown from
Shillong to New Delhi, where they were received with full state honors. His
body was then taken to Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, his hometown, where
thousands of people—leaders, scientists, students, and common citizens—
gathered to pay their respects.

On July 30, 2015, Dr. Kalam was laid to rest with full state honors at the Pei
Karumbu burial ground in Rameswaram. His funeral was attended by Prime
Minister Narendra Modi, President Pranab Mukherjee, and several other
dignitaries. Over 350,000 people, including schoolchildren and admirers,
participated in his last rites.

5. Legacy of His Final Moments

Dr. Kalam’s passing was not just the loss of a great scientist and leader, but the
departure of a visionary who had dedicated his entire life to inspiring young
minds. Even in his final moments, he remained true to his passion for
education and nation-building. His death became a symbolic reminder of his
lifelong mission—to empower the youth and transform India into a developed
nation.

To honor his legacy, the Indian government and various institutions took
several initiatives:

• His birthday, October 15, is celebrated as World Students’ Day to honor

his contribution to education.
• A memorial, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam National Memorial, was built in
Rameswaram in his honor.
• Several universities and institutions established "Kalam Chairs" to
promote research and innovation.
 • His "What Can I Give?" movement continues to inspire people to
contribute to society selflessly.

Conclusion: A Legacy of Inspiration

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam remains an icon of perseverance, humility, and

scientific excellence. His life journey, from a small-town boy to India’s most
beloved scientist and President, continues to inspire millions. His vision for a
developed India and his belief in youth empowerment and education are his
everlasting legacy.

His famous words still resonate:

"Dream, dream, dream. Dreams transform into thoughts, and thoughts result
in action."