INPLANT TRAINING REPORT
Submitted by
R.Sneha(9920020025).
Rallapalli saiprasanna(9920020020).
Tamandra keerthana(9920020024).
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND BIOMEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
KALASALINGAM ACADEMY OF RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
KRISHNANKOIL - 626 126
JUNE 2022
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE NO.
1 ABOUT THE HOSPITAL 5
PERMISSION LETTER 6
2 INTRODUCTION 7
3 MEDICAL DEVICES REPORT 8
3.1 X-RAYS 8
3.2 ULTRASOUND SCANNER 8
3.3 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 9
3.4 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 10
HEART’S ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
4 11
4.1 ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG) 11
4.2 TREAD MILL TEST 11
5 STERILIZATION 13
5.1 AUTOCLAVE 13
6 PHYSIOTHERAPY 14
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6.1 TENS 14
7 DIALYSIS 15
7.1 HAEMODIALYSIS 15
7.2 PERITONEAL DIALYSIS 16
8 BLOOD BANK 17
8.1 PACKED BLOOD CELLS 17
8.2 PLATELETS 17
8.3 PLASMA 18
9 HISTOPATHOLOGY 19
9.1 HISTOPATHOLOGY 19
10 NUCLEAR TREATMENT 20
10.1 NUCLEAR MEDICINE 20
10.2 POSITRON TOMOGRAPHY 20
11 CONCLUSION 21
COMPLETION CERTIFICATE 22
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIG.NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.
3.1 X-ray machine 8
3.2 Ultrasound scanner 9
3.3 Computed Tomography 9
3.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 10
4.1 ECG 11
4.2 Thread mill test 12
5.1 Autoclave 13
6.1 TENS machine 14
7.1 Hemodialysis machine 15
8.1 Blood bags 17
9.1 Histopathology equipment 19
10.2 PET scanner 20
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CHAPTER 1
ABOUT THE HOSPITAL
1.1 HOSPITAL PROFILE:
Meenakshi Mission Hospital & Research Centre (S.R. Trust) (MMHRC) in pursuit of medical
excellence has been delivering world class treatment and care, at an affordable cost. With over
800 beds, MMHRC has grown to be a multi-speciality hospital touching lives in and around
Madurai They extend the traditional Indian hospitality to international patients, combining it
with our cutting-edge technology. They have shouldered social responsibility and have pioneered
several. They have fostered an environment in which every person is motivated to continually
improve the efficiency and effectiveness in the management of health care services. S.R. Trust is
a non-profit organization registered under the Indian Trust Act (May 9, 1985). It was Mr. Lal
Beer, an American Christian Missionary, who taught Dr. N. Sethuraman (Founder President,
S.R. Trust) the valuable lessons of ethics, ideals and values to develop into a moral person in life.
This beacon of light guides MMHRC even today.
VISSION
To be the most preferred healthcare services brand by providing affordable care and the best
clinical outcomes to patients. And to be the best place to work for doctors and employees.
MISSION
- Providing affordable quality care to our patients with patient-centric systems and processes.
- Enable clinical outcome-driven excellence by engaging modern medical technology & provide
a strong impetus for doctors to pursue academics and medical research.
OBJECTIVE
• Gain practical understanding of the organization's structure and operations, applying theoretical
knowledge acquired during the in-plant program.
• Acquire insights into service engineering through hospital instruments, understanding their
functions and contributions to goods and services.
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PERMISSION LETTER
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CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
Meenakshi Mission Hospital & Research Centre (S.R. Trust) (MMHRC), in pursuit of medical
excellence, has been providing world-class treatment and care at a reasonable cost. With over
800 beds, MMHRC has grown into a multi-specialty hospital touching lives in and around
Madurai. They give traditional Indian hospitality to overseas patients while incorporating
cutting-edge technology. They have accepted social duty and pioneered several. They have
created an environment in which everyone is motivated to constantly enhance the efficiency and
efficacy of health-care service delivery. S.R. Trust is a non-profit organization established under
the Indian Trust Act (May 9, 1985). Mr. Lal Beer, an American Christian Missionary, trained Dr.
N. Sethuraman (Founder President, S.R.).
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CHAPTER 3
MEDICAL DEVICES REPORT
3.1 X-RAYS:
Soft tissue, such as skin and organs, cannot absorb the high-energy rays, and the beam
passes through them. Dense materials inside our bodies, like bones, absorb the radiation. Much
like camera film, the X-ray film develops depending on which areas were exposed to the X-
rays.
Fig. 3.1 X-ray machine
X-Rays are electromagnetic radiation located at the low wavelength end of the electromagnetic
spectrum. The X-Rays in the medical diagnostic region have wavelength of order 3*10^10
cm/s and are unaffected by electric and magnetic field. According to the quantum theory
electromagnetic radiations consists of photons conceived as packets of energy. Their interaction
matter involves an energy exchange Two types of anode tubes are there namely stationary and
rotatory. They are produced whenever electrons collide at very high speed with matter. X-Ray
films and fluorescent screens are used to visualize the X-Rays.
3.2 ULTRASOUND SCANNER:
Ultrasound has become increasingly important in medicine and has taken place along
with X-Ray and nuclear medicine as diagnostic tool. its non-invasive character and ability to
distinguish interfaces between soft tissues Ultrasonic waves are sound waves having
frequencies above audible range upto 20 kHz. For medical ultrasonic diagnostic applications
the longitudinal mode of wave propagation resulting in alternate regions of compression.
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Fig. 3.2 Ultrasound scanner
3.3 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY(CT):
There are two main limitations of using conventional X-Rays to examine internal
structures of the body. Firstly, the super-imposition of the three Dimensional information on to a
single plane makes diagnosis confusing and often difficult. Secondly, the photographic film
usually used for making radiographs has a limited dynamic range and therefore only objects that
have large variations in X-Ray absorption relative to their surroundings will cause sufficient
contrast differences on the film to be distinguished by the eye. Tomography is the Greek word
meaning "tomos "refers to a slice or section and is well understood in radiographic circles. In
computed Tomography, the picture is made by viewing the patient via the X-Ray imaging from
numerous angles by mathematically reconstructing the detailed structures and displaying the
image on a video monitor It comprises of scanning system, processing unit viewing part and
storage unit.
Fig. 3.3 Computed tomography
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3.4 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING(MRI):
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has emerged as powerful imaging technique in the
medical field because of its high resolution capability and potential for chemical specific
imaging Although similar to X-Ray computerized Tomography, it uses magnetic fields and
radio frequency signal to obtain anatomical information about the human body as a cross
sectional images in any desired direction density and can easily discriminate between healthy
and diseased tissue. It provides highly detailed images of tissue in the body. The system detects
and process the signals generated when hydrogen atoms, which are abundant in the tissues are
placed in are placed in a strong magnetic field excited by resonant excited magnetic excitation
plate.
Fig 3.4 Magnetic resonance imaging
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CHAPTER 4
HEART’S ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
4.1 ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG):
Electro Cardio Graph is an instrument which records the electrical activity heart.
Electrical signals from the heart characteristically precede the normal med function and
monitoring of these signals have great clinical significance ECG p valuable information about a
wide range of cardiac disorders such as the present inactive part (infarction) or an enlargement
(cardiac hypertrophy) of the heart m Electro Cardio Graphs are used in catheterization
laboratories, coronary core units routine diagnostics application in cardiology.
Fig. 4.1 ECG
4.2 TREAD MILL TEST:
The heart's electrical activities can be recorded on a graph call an Electrocardiogram or
ECG.A Treadmill ECG or Stress ECG Test is an ECG recording that is obtained when the heart
is subjected to a physical stress such as when a person is running on a Treadmill. The Treadmill
Stress ECG is a useful test done routinely to detect problems that may not be apparent while the
heart is at rest. The test is non-invasive but it is normal for a person to feel tired and shortness
of breath during the strenuous exercise of running on a Treadmill. However if you ever develop
any chest discomfort or become extremely breathless, this may indicate an underlying heart
problem which will also show up on the Stress ECG tracings. The reports will be sent for
review by our cardiologist. It may take several days before we call you to receive and review
the report.
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Fig. 4.2 Tread mill test
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CHAPTER-5
STERILIZATION
5.1 AUTOCLAVE:
An autoclave is a pressure chamber used to carry out industrial processes requiring elevated
temperature and pressure different from ambient air pressure. Autoclaves are used in medical
applications to perform sterilization and in the chemical industry to cure coatings and vulcanize
rubber and for hydrothermal synthesis. They are also used in industrial applications, especially
regarding composites.
Fig. 5.1 Autoclave
Many autoclaves are used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high
pressure saturated steam at 121 °C (249 °F) for around 15-20 minutes depending on the size of
the load and the contents. The autoclave was invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879,
although a precursor known as the steam digester was created by Denis Papin in 1679 The
name comes from Greek auto, uhimately meaning sell, and Latin clents meaning key, thus a
self-locking device.
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CHAPTER-6
PHYSIOTHERAPHY
6.1 TENS:
Physiotherapy can be defined as a treatment method that focuses on the science of movement
and helps people to restore, maintain and maximize their physical strength, function, motion
and overall well-being by addressing the underlying physical issues.
TENS stands for (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation). Which are predominately used
for nerve related pain conditions (acute and chronic conditions), TENS machines works by
sending stimulating pulses across the surface of the skin and along the nerve strands. The
stimulating pulses help prevent pain signals from reaching the brain. Tens devices also help
stimulate your body to produce higher levels of its own natural painkillers, called "Endorphins"
Fig. 6.1 TENS machine
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CHAPTER 7
DIALYSIS
7.1 HAEMODIALYSIS:
Hemodialysis is the choice of renal replacement therapy for patient who need dialysis
acutely and for many patients as maintenance therapy. It provides excellent, rapid clearance of
solutes. A nephrologist (a medical kidney specialist) decides when hemodialysis is needed and
the various parameters for a dialysis treatment. These include frequency (how many treatments
per week), length of each treatment, and the blood and dialysis solution flow rates, as well as
the size of the dialyzer. The composition of the dialysis solution is also sometimes adjusted in
terms of its sodium and potassium and bicarbonate levels. In general, the larger the body size of
an individual, the more dialysis he/she will need. In North America and the UK, 3-4 hour
treatments (sometimes up to 5 hours for larger patients) given 3 times a week are typical.
Twice-a-week sessions are limited to patients who have a substantial residual kidney function.
Four sessions per week are often prescribed for larger patients, as well as patients who have
trouble with fluid overload. Finally, there is growing interest in short daily home hemodialysis,
which is 1.5-4 hr sessions given 5-7 times per week, usually at home. There is also interest in
nocturnal dialysis, which involves dialyzing a patient, usually at home, for 8-10 hours per
night, 3-6 nights per week. Nocturnal in-center dialysis, 3-4 times per week, is also offered at a
handful of dialysis units in the United States.
Fig.7.1 Haemodialysis Machine
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7.2 PERITONEAL DIALYSIS(PD):
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a treatment that uses the lining of your abdomen (belly
area), called your peritoneum, and a cleaning solution called dialysate to clean your blood.
Dialysate absorbs waste and fluid from your blood, using your peritoneum as a filter. One
benefit of PD is that it is not done in a dialysis center. You can do your PD treatments any
place that are clean and dry. This can allow you more freedom to work, travel or do other
activities you enjoy without worrying about scheduling dialysis appointments. The two most
common types of PD are continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) and continuous cycler-assisted
PD (CCPD). PD uses a cleaning solution called dialysate to draw waste and fluid from your
blood, through your peritoneum. Your peritoneum is the lining of the wall that separates the
inside of your abdomen from the rest of your body.
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CHAPTER 8
BLOOD BANK
8.1 PACKED BLOOD CELLS (PRBC):
Packed red blood cells, also known as red cell concentrate and packed cells are red blood cells
that have been separated for blood transfusion. They are typically used in anemia that is either
resulting in symptoms or when the hemoglobin is less than 70-80 g/L (7-8 g/dL). One unit
brings up hemoglobin levels by about 10 g/L. Repeated transfusions may be required in people
receiving cancer chemotherapy or who have hemoglobin disorders. Cross matching is typically
required before the blood is given. It is given by injection into a vein. Side effects include
allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, red blood cell breakdown, infection, volume overload,
and lung injury. With current preparation methods in the developed world the risk of viral
infections such as hepatitis Cand HIV/AIDS are less than one in a million. Packed red blood
cells are gotten from whole blood or by apheresis. They typically last for three to six weeks.
Fig.8.1 Blood bag
8.2 PLATELETS:
Platelets are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. If one of your
blood vessels gets damaged, it sends out signals that are picked up by platelets. The platelets
then rush to the site of damage and form a plug, or clot, to repair the damage. The process of
spreading across the surface of a damaged blood vessel to stop bleeding is called adhesion. This
is because when platelets get to the site of the injury, they grow sticky tentacles that help them
adhere. They also send out chemical signals to attract more platelets to pile onto the clot in a
process called aggregation.
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8.3 PLASMA:
Blood plasma is a straw coloured liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood
cells in whole blood in suspension; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells. It
makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume. It is the intravascular fluid part of
extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside of cells). It is mostly water (up to 95% by volume),
and contains dissolved proteins (6-8%) (i.e. serum albumins, globulins and fibrinogen),
glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes (Na, Ca, Mg, HCO, CF, etc.), hormones, carbon dioxide
(plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation) and oxygen. Plasma also
serves as the protein reserve of the human body. It plays a vital role in intravascular osmotic
effect that keeps electrolytes in balanced form and protects the bodyfrom infection and other
blood disorders. Blood plasma is prepared by spinning a tube of fresh blood containing an
anticoagulant in a centrifuge until the blood cells fall to the bottom of the tube. The blood
plasma is then poured or drawn off. Blood plasma has a density of approximately 1025 kg/m³,
or 1.025 g/ml. Blood serum is blood plasma without clotting factors; in other words, "pure"
blood. Plasmapheresis is a medical therapy that involves blood plasma extraction, treatment,
and reintegration. Fresh frozen plasma is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the
most important medications needed in a basic health system.
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CHAPTER 9
HISTOPATHOLOGY
9.1 HISTOPATHOLOGY
The main use of histopathology is in clinical medicine where it typically involves the
examination of a biopsy (i.e. a surgically removed sample or specimen taken from a patient for
the purposes of detailed study) by a specialist physician called a pathologist. Depending on his
or her specialist training and main area of work, the pathologist may be more accurately
referred to as a histopathologist because medical specialists who study and interpret diseased
tissues in microscopic detail are histopathologists. However, in the cases of some pathologists,
examination of diseased tissues in microscopic detail may only be a relatively minor part of
their overall professional responsibilities so the term "histopathologist" may not always be
used. A pathologist or histopathologist studies specimens of cells and tissue after a sample has
been removed from the patient, processed using special histological techniques some of which
are summarised on the page about how to prepare histology slides, and carefully prepared
histological sections of the specimen have been placed on slides and stained using histology
stains ready for observation using a microscope. Either a light microscope or an electron
microscope may be used to examine histology slides.
Fig 9.1 Histopathology equipment
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CHAPTER 10
NUCLEAR TREATMENT
10.1 NUCLEAR MEDICINE:
Nuclear medicine imaging uses small amounts of radioactive materials called radiotracers
that are typically injected into the bloodstream, inhaled or swallowed. The radiotracer travels
through the area being examined and gives off energy in the form of gamma rays which are
detected by a special camera and a computer to create images of the inside of your body.
Nuclear medicine imaging provides unique information that often cannot be obtained using
other imaging procedures and offers the potential to identify disease in its earliest stages.
10.2 POSITRON TOMOGRAPHY (PET):
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine functional imaging technique
that is used to observe metabolic processes in the body. The system detects pairs of gamma
rays emitted indirectly by a positron emitting radionuclide (tracer), which is introduced into the
body on a biologically active molecule. Three-dimensional images of tracer concentration
within the body are then constructed by computer analysis. In modern PET-CT scanners, three
dimensional imaging is often accomplished with the aid of a CT X-ray scan performed on the
patient during the same session, in the same machine. If the biologically active molecule
chosen for PET is fludeoxyglucose (FDG), an analogue of glucose, the concentrations of tracer
imaged will indicate tissue metabolic activity as it corresponds to the regional glucose uptake.
Use of this tracer to explore the possibility of cancer metastasis (i.e., spreading to other sites) is
the most common type of PET scan in standard medical care (90% of current scans). However,
although on a minority basis, many other radioactive tracers are used in PET to image the tissue
concentration of other types of molecules of interest. One of the disadvantages of PET scanners
is their operating cost.
Fig 10.2 PET scanner
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CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
Thus, all the teachings related to biomedical engineering are very useful and helpful.
From this training I have learnt all the basic knowledge regarding the concept of biomedical
instruments and service-related techniques.
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COMPLETION CERTIFICATES
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