SOCIAL CHANGE AND

DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES

DR. LOVELEIH G. QUEMADO, RSW, MSSW, MAED

 What is Modification/alteration/deviation from
Change? something existing.

A repair of a damage, an innovation from

what is existing or a destruction of
something existing and a replacement of
something entirely new.
 The emergence and essential
HOWEVER? ambiguities of modern social
work were closely related to
the development of new
forms of social regulation
associated with the
increased sophistication and
complexity of modern
society (Garland, 1985).
SOCIAL CHANGE

u For sociologists, social change refers to changes in

human interactions and relationships that transform
cultural and social institutions.
u These changes occur over time and often have profound
and long-term consequences for society.
SOCIAL CHANGE
u Refers to any significant
alteration over time in
behavior patterns and cultural values and
norms.
u By “significant” alteration, sociologists mean changes
yielding profound/intense social consequences.
u Examples of significant social changes having long-term
effects include the industrial revolution, the abolition of
slavery, and the feminist movement.
u Positive or negative that have impact to various aspects of
social life.
SOCIAL CHANGE

Ø Sheldon and Moore defined Social change as the

“significant alteration of social structures (patterns
of action and interaction), including consequences
and manifestations of such structures embodied
in norms, values, and cultural products or
symbols.”
SOCIAL CHANGE
u Majumdar defined it as a mode or fashion either
modified or replacing previous one in the life of
individuals or in society.
u Horton and Hunt defined it as a change in overall
societal structure and relationship of a society.
SOCIAL CHANGE

u Forsociologists, social change refers to changes in

human interactions and relationships that
transform cultural and social institutions.
u Thesechanges occur over time and often have
profound and long-term consequences for society.
SOCIAL CHANGE
u Emile Durkheim briefly defined Social Change as transforming
culture, behavior, social institutions, and social structure over time.
u Max Weber emphasized the ethical value system- Verstehen
(empathetic understanding) to analyze society because for him social
change centered on the concept of rationalization-traditional and
emotional thought is replaced by reason and practicality.
u For Anderson and Parker, “Social Change - the changes in the
structure or functioning of social forms or processes.”

Basic or Derived
SOCIAL CHANGE
u Auguste Comte saw Social Change as an evolutionary
process: three stages- theological, metaphysical
and positive (scientific)- from supernatural
explanations to abstract principles to scientific
knowledge
u Anthony Giddens defined social change as a change
in the “underlying structure (framework/foundation)
of an object or situation over time”
SOCIAL CHANGE

u M. Ginsberg saw Social Change as “A change in social

structure, such as the size of society, the composition or
balance of its parts, or the type of organization.”
u S. Koenig: “Social Change refers to the changes that occur in
people’s life patterns.
u Gillin and Gillin: “Social Changes are deviations from
accepted lifestyles, whether as a result of changes in
geographical conditions, cultural equipment, or population
composition.”
 From the definitions of different authors,
we can derive the following conclusions:

1. Social Change is an alteration or transformation of society’s

norms and practices regardless of its form.
2. Social Change is a process. A vast, complicated, and continuous
process.
3. The change is not exclusively done by a single component but can
be a combination of multiple factors (i.e., culture, technology,
environment, media, etc.) In other words, it is multi-causal.
 From the definitions of different authors,
we can derive the following conclusions:

4. Change is relative. The degree of change is relative to the

setting.

5. Change is encompassing regardless of the relativity of culture.

(Universal) Social Change can manifest in any form (i.e.,
economic, social, cultural).

6. Social Change is inevitable.

 Types of Social Change
1. Evolutionary Social Change o The gradual, natural
Ø Evolutionary changes occur in progression of societies
course of a long period slowly over time, driven by factors
and gradually and through like cultural evolution,
evolutionary process. innovation, and scientific
Ø Such changes are not very drastic discovery
or remarkable.
Ø They proceed gradually like the
process of conditioning and
people learn to adjust with such
changes gradually.
 Types of Social Change
2. Revolutionary Social Change o The change in other words is
Ø It is the opposite of revolutionary great in degree, remarkable.
change. o The changes are such that they
change the whole social order
Ø When the changes in various and the course or style of living,
sectors of our social system occur conduct and concept of do’s
suddenly, drastically and and don’ts.
sufficiently so as to differentiate it o They are a matter of kind which
from gradual, slow change, it is occur due to some movement,
called revolutionary social change. revolution war, rapid
Ø Causes: Revolution war, rapid technological changes, due to
technological changes, due to sudden sudden change in social events.
change in social events
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL CHANGE

When either evolutionary or o Thus, the chief characteristics of

revolutionary changes take place in the social change is the change in
social system one lives, observable various areas of the social
system where a person is
changes take place in the social values, born, grown and dies.
customs, traditions, cultural heritage,
age old beliefs, style of living, dress, o Such changes influence his/her
attitude, superstitions stereotype, way attitude towards various stimuli,
of conducting oneself in the society, values, faiths and beliefs, his
process of socialization and overall emotions and sentiments, his
behavior of its members. moral and religious standard,
his conscience and superego.
 Sources Responsible for Change

u The first source is unsystematic and unique factors like day

or night, climate, existence of people or groups.
u The second source is systematic factors like if we need
sound development there must be a stable and flexible
government and system as well as different social
organizations.
Factors Influencing Social Change

1. Population Growth and Composition

2. Culture and Technology
3. Cultural Lag
4. Natural Environment
5. Social Conflict
6. Ideas/Ideologies
1. SOCIAL MOVEMENT AND SOCIAL REVOLUTION

Ø Social movements and revolutions: French Revolution, the American Revolution, the
Russian Revolution, and the Chinese Revolution.

Ø A social movement originates when either people are discontent and unhappy with the
existing social system or social order, when people try to establish a new order of life or a
new style of living or when the social system is established in a condition of unrest.

Blumer (1946): Social movements derive their motives from dissatisfaction with the current
form of life and also from wishes and hopes for a new scheme or system of living.

Turner and Killian (1957): A social movement is a collective acting with some continuity to
promote changes or resist a change in the society or group of which it is a part.
2. COMMON MOTIVATION

To make a social movement successful, there is a need to coordinate local attempts and formulate a
comprehensive formulation of the causes of discontentment, the purpose, and forms of action to
achieve the goal.

A social movement breaks down without a leader with leadership qualities, and its success also depends
upon the coordination and cooperation of the affected members.

A social movement, the basic cause behind social change, stands on its motivational base.

There must be a single motive common to all participants on which the social movement can stand firmly
such as causes like woman’s right to vote and property, woman’s empowerment, widespread
dissatisfaction of landless people, defects in the existing land reform rules, dissatisfaction over
inadequate working conditions, the right to information or civil rights, equal opportunity to every
citizen irrespective of caste, creed, community or property, etc.
3. COMMON NEED

Common motivation originates from common needs. When a

particular social movement includes several spheres of life, like change in
working conditions, right to vote, right to earn, right to information, etc., it
will fight for broad changes in the social system either through
evolutionary or revolutionary methods.

Interested participants in social movements are usually those who are

directly affected by the existing social order. But sometimes, social and
human rights activities take a leading part in social movements without
being directly affected.
4. LONG-STANDING SUFFERING DUE TO SUPPRESSION AND OPPRESSION

This factor greatly influences any social movement aimed at social change
based on a single issue or a number of topics. Suppression by the higher socio-
economic class of the lower socioeconomic group, suppression of the low
caste by the high caste, by the high rank employees of its low rank
counterparts, rejection of the genuine demands of the various socially
economically and psychologically disadvantaged class, and many more
problems of a caste and class-based society, racial and communal feeling
produce the urge for social change.

People who have been suppressed from generation to generation initially

tolerate and remain silent. But gradually, they revolt when their tolerance limit is
crossed. At such a crossroads, some people start a movement and provide
leadership.
5. IMPACT OF COMMUNICATION

Many social changes are influenced by various electronic and mass

medias like TV, Radio, news paper etc. These agents highlight the woes
and sufferings of needy people and encourage a change in the social
order. People who read papers, listen to Radio or view television; people
who are educated are influenced. They actively or passively directly or
indirectly participate in the process of social change.

These medias make the common man aware of their problems, their
rights and demands. Their clouded mind is lighted through their
information. Modern day information technology has helped a lot in this.
6. EDUCATION
Even though education is a means of communication, it is discussed
here separately as a means of social change because of its specific
importance. Educated people are more conscious and aware of any
social system's positive and negative points.
Since education provides knowledge, and knowledge increases man's
outlook, rationality, and judgment, education acts as a very powerful
force of social change. With the rise in the percentage of educated
people in the population, people have become more conscious of social
evils and are fighting for change. Hence, the importance of education
cannot be underestimated in terms of social change.
PATTERNS OF SOCIAL CHANGE
u Linear
Social change follows a straight path (e.g., social Darwinism
Spencer, Durkheim, Toinnes)
u Cyclical
Social change follows a cycle (e.g., history repeats itself [Plato,
Spengler])
u Dialectical
u Thesis Anti-thesis Synthesis (Hegel, Marx)
Concept (conflict) Opposite (resolved) more advanced concept
7. TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
Technological changes, including various inventions, also influence social change.
Urbanization and work culture etc. are influenced by a technological society. In the 21st
century, when man is entering space and making huge technological advances, the social
order of that country is bound to change.

Technological advances influence a person's lifestyle, way of life, conduct, and day-
to-day behavior. A person becomes more urbanized than traditional and more complex
than simple. His needs, desires, and lifestyle change suddenly. Under such circumstances,
he experiences the urgent need for social change.
Sources/Triggers of Social Change

I. Invention/Discovery- original creation.

II. Discovery- act of finding element which has not been
previously recognized.
III. Conflicts (political, ideological, religious, ethnic
etc.)- clash of ideas, perceptions which may
lead to violent actions. E.g terrorism, evolution etc.
IV. Pandemic/Infectious Diseases- cause economic disruptions
and new medical discoveries.
Means of Social Change
1. Diffusion- spreading of ideas, beliefs, objects through
migration, colonization etc.
1. Revolution- radical social change
2. Terrorism- random acts of violence
3. Social Action- planned collective actions to address social
issues
1. Social Movements- launching of series of social actions to
meet common objectives.
1. Development Planning- setting goals and objectives with stakeholders
2. Free the market- neoliberal, deregulation, liberalization
3. Legislative Actions- passage of laws
SOCIAL
CHANGE
MODEL
What is Development?
The process of improving the capability of a country´s institutions
and value systems to meet increasing and different demands of a
social, cultural, political, and economic character.

Development is visible and useful, not necessarily immediately,

and includes an aspect of quality change and the creation of
conditions to continue that change.

- Deliberately fosters economic abundance and social equity.

 DEVELOPMENT
u Development is known as the general betterment of the
political, social, and economic environments.
u It is not restricted to certain places or epochs—development
changes over time and from place to region.
u ”Development" is a progressive set of changes that occur orderly and predictable
(Hurlock, 1959).
u Some authors define development as “an improvement, qualitative, quantitative,
or both, in the use of available resources” (Pearson, 1992) and “both a physical
reality and a state of mind in which society has secured the means for
obtaining a better life.” (Todaro and Smith, 2006:22).
 Social Development Perspective

u This perspective is developed with the

Rise in the levels of living, a
philosophy of Third Way, James
Midgley, 1995 more equitable distribution of
income and wealth, a better
u The Third Way is a reconceptualization
of social democracy. system of socio-economic
stratification
u It supports workfare instead of welfare,
work training programs, educational
opportunities, and other government
programs that give citizens a 'hand-up'
instead of a 'hand-out'.
 Social Development Perspective
James Midgley, 1995
u The Third Way idea defines social welfare as a process of planned social
change designed to promote:
1. Both the well-being of the population (social development),
2. and the economy of society (economic development)
u It supports the development & expansion of needed social welfare
programs & argues that social welfare programs will have a positive
impact on the economy.
u Social investment (in the well-being of the population) can contribute
eventually to economic development of society
 Social Development Perspective
Two key principles of this perspective:

1. Economic development should be integrated with social policy &

be sustained bringing benefits to all citizens;
2. Social welfare should be investment-oriented, seeking to enhance
human capacities to participate in the economy through
education, vocational training, employment services,
small enterprises, etc.
 Welfare vs Workfare

u Welfare is used to be a variety of statutory means-tested programs which

provide benefits in cash, in kind, or in vouchers to raise the incomes of
poor families or to provide them with food, education, housing & other
benefits.
u Workfare means “work for your welfare”, to facilitate able-bodied individuals to
work & would not rely on welfare for a long period of time.
u Work or other compulsory activities (e.g. community work requirements or
environmental cleaning jobs) are necessary for welfare recipients.
u Work is necessary condition tied to social assistance.
 DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM

u Amartya Sen was heavily credited for this concept.

u Sen's primary premise is "a view of development as an
integrated process of growth of substantive freedoms that
interact with one another," which affirms the dialectical
relationship between progress and freedom.
Development as Freedom

Development can be seen as a process of expanding the real freedom that people

enjoy. ´Freedom as a Human Right`

Requires the removal of
major source of
unfreedom e.g. tyranny,
oppression, social deprivation
etc.
Expanding subtantive freedoms and
releasing of human
potentials.
 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
u Economicdevelopment is an increase in the
economy's production of services and goods.

u It
is also a process of wealth production from
which the community benefits.

u Itis an investment in expanding an economy and

boosting the prosperity and quality of life for all
inhabitants, not just a jobs program.
The expansion of nation´s output
or the expansion of a nation´s
capability to produce goods and
services for its people e.g. high
value of PhP over foreign currency,
less import and more export, high
GNP and GDP, low rates of
unemployment ( underemployment
?), high income for all.
 PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT

uA procedure by which organizations and communities

decide on their development goals and create
solutions that best meet their primary needs through
open discussion and consensus.

u The participants are in charge of putting a solution

into action.
 TWO PERSPECTIVES THAT CAN DEFINE
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT
1. SOCIAL MOVEMENT PERSPECTIVE

Defines participation as the mobilization of people to eliminate unjust hierarchies of knowledge, power, and
economic distribution.

This perspective identifies the goal of participation as an empowering process for people to handle
challenges and influence the direction of their own lives. Empowerment participation is when primary stakeholders
are capable and willing to initiate the process and participate in the analysis.

This leads to joint decision-making about what should be achieved and how. While outsiders are equal
partners in the development effort, the primary stakeholders are primus inter pares, i.e., they are equal partners with
a significant say in decisions concerning their lives. Dialogue identifies and analyzes critical issues, and exchanging
knowledge and experiences leads to solutions.

Ownership and control of the process rest in the hands of the primary stakeholders.
 TWO PERSPECTIVES THAT CAN DEFINE PARTICIPATORY
DEVELOPMENT
2. INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Defines participation as the reach and inclusion of inputs by relevant groups
in developing and implementing a development project.
The "Institutional Perspective" uses the inputs and opinions of relevant groups,
or stakeholders in a community, as a tool to achieve a pre-established goal
defined by someone external to the community involved.
The development project, initiated by an activist external to the community
involved, is a process by which problem issues in a community can be divided
into stages, and this division facilitates assessment of when and to what degree
a participatory approach is relevant. From an institutional perspective, there are
four key stages of a development project: Research Stage, Design Stage,
Implementation Stage, and Evaluation Stage, which are defined in later sections
of this article.
What is 1. Bottom-Up approach
2. Baranganic Approach
PD in 3. Community Resiliency vis a
vis Strenghts-Based Perspective

CO? Approach
4. Micro to Macro Social Work
Practice
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
u Brudntland Report
defines Sustainable u Sustainable development
Development as a is the idea that human
“development that societies must live and
meets the needs of the meet their needs without
present without compromising the ability
compromising the of future generations to
ability of future meet their own needs.
generations to meet
their own needs.”
 Environmental
d o s o cial
Perspectives
How e ca re
ker s t ak ORGANIZATIONAL OUTCOMES OF DENR
wo r
of the
n m e n t? ü Promote human well-being and

Enviro
ensure environmental quality.
ü Sustainably-managed environment
and natural resources.
ü Adaptive capacities of human
communities and natural systems
ensured.
Development according to the Classical Theory of Growth

u These classical economists placed a strong emphasis on the

analysis of the economic growth process.
u The goal of classical economists was to explain the main
factors influencing economic growth and the underlying
mechanisms.
u Theirfindings supported the embrace of free commerce,
respect for private property, and individual free
entrepreneurship.
Development according to the Neoclassical Theory of Growth

u Technological development Main forces behind economic growth:

significantly impacts an economy and 1. capital accumulation,
that economic growth is impossible 2. population growth, and
without them. 3. technological progress
u Solow-Swan model- posits that a u The theory also emphasizes the role
nation's economic development is of savings and investment in driving
driven by three key factors: capital accumulation, and the
importance of technological
1. labor, advancements in shifting the
2. capital, and production possibilities frontier.

3. technology.
Development according to the Endogenous Growth Theory

u Macroeconomic growth
uA macroeconomic growth theory studies the long-term
theory called endogenous expansion of a nation's
growth theory highlights the economy, focusing on factors
value of improving elements that contribute to sustained
unique to an economy and its increases in Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) and living
population.
standards
Development according to the Endogenous Growth Theory

u Key areas of study include the

role of capital accumulation,
technological progress, and
population growth in driving
economic growth.
 Theory Means to Achieve Economic
Development

Classical Theory of Development Division of labor; Liberalization

Neoclassical Theory of Growth Labor, capital, and technology

Endogenous Growth Theory Population expansion, human

capital, investment in
knowledge
 INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
u The data provided by both birth and
u Birth and Death Rates. mortality rate provides a projection for
Birth and Death Rates (per 1000) can future changes in the population.
be used as a general indicator of a
u If the birth rate is higher than the
country's healthcare and educational
systems, albeit these figures do not death rate, we can assume that more
provide a complete picture of a people are being added to the
country's status. population than being taken away.
u If the death rate is higher than the
birth rate, this means that the
population is possibly experiencing a
decline.
 INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

u Human Development Index. The following indicators are what the WHO
The World Health Organization uses to measure Human Development
(WHO) defines HDI as the Index:
measure of a nation's 1. A long and healthy life, as measured by
average performance in three life expectancy at birth;
fundamental facets of human
2. Knowledge, as measured by mean years
development:
of schooling and expected years of
a. Health schooling and
b. Knowledge, and 3. A decent standard of living, as measured
c. Standard of living. by GNI per capita in PPP terms in US
dollar.
 INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

u Gross Domestic Product u When domestic producers sell

(GDP) is the total monetary or more products and services to
market worth of all the finished foreign nations than domestic
goods and services produced
within a nation's borders during a
consumers buy from foreign
specific period. consumers, that nation's gross
domestic product (GDP) tends
o It thoroughly assesses a country's
economic health as a broad to rise.
indicator of domestic production.
INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

u Gross national product u GNP reflects how its citizens

(GNP) measures the total contribute to the nation's economy,
value of all finished goods whereas GDP measures the
local/national economy.
and services owned by a
nation's residents, regardless u While ignoring location, it takes
citizenship into account.
of whether those goods were
made there. u It's crucial to understand that the
GNP excludes the output of foreign
residents because of this.
 INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

u The Gross National Income u GNI measures the overall revenue

(GNI), the gross national income that a country's citizens and
per capita (GNI per capita, businesses have generated, including
formerly GNP per capita), is the investment income, regardless of
gross national income divided by where that income was generated.
the midyear population and u It also includes funds obtained from
converted to U.S. dollars using the overseas, such as grants for economic
World Bank Atlas method. growth and international investments.
u The figure is the country's gross
domestic product (GDP) and
foreign-source revenue.
 Measures of Economic Definition
Development

Gross Domestic Product GDP measures the total market value of all
completed products produced in a nation
during a specific time period.

Gross National Product The gross national product (GNP) includes all
corporate and resident revenue, whether
domestically or internationally. Additionally, it
includes foreign-sourced subsidies and taxes.

Gross National Income GNI is the entire amount of revenue a nation

receives from its citizens and enterprises,
whether they are based domestically or abroad.
 Dichotomy of Economic Development and
Economic Growth (Wagle, 2020)
Economic Growth Economic Development
Economic growth is a rise in the Economic development is the lowering and eventually
eliminating poverty, unemployment, and inequality in an
economy's key economic indicators. environment of expanding economic activity.

Increase in real national income / Improvements in life expectancy, health care, and other
living standards and quality measurements, such as
national output. literacy.

Economic growth focuses on the Economic development focuses on the distribution of

resources.
production of goods and services.
Economic growth is one-dimensional Economic growth is multidimensional since it prioritizes
increasing income and raising the population's standard
since it solely considers how much of living.
people earn.
 Economic Growth (Wagle, 2020)
Economic Growth Economic Development

Short-term. Measured in specific periods. Long-term/ continuous. Does not have a specific time
period to measure.
Increase in production Increase in productivity
The means of development The ends of development
Concerned with the increase in economic Concerned with the structural changes in the economy.
growth. Economic development= Economic growth + standard
of living

Economic growth does not guarantee the Economic development is linked to the ending of
removal of poverty and inequality poverty and inequality

A relevant metric in assessing progress in A relevant metric in assessing progress in developing

developed countries countries
 Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

Increased Welfare and Human Development

u This
concept argues that income growth will expand the
capacities and options available to households and
governments, and economic expansion will advance
human development.
Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

MODERNIZATION
o In Sociology, modernization is moving from a traditional,
agrarian, rural society to an industrial, secular,
metropolitan society.
o Industrial society is modern society.
o Society must first become industrialized to be modernized.
Conceptions and Dimensions of Development
Ø Theconcept of modernization emphasizes the role of
technology in forwarding development.
Ø Thetransition of society from its former agrarian
characteristic to an industrialized one is motivated by the
existence and emergence of new technologies that have
revolutionized society.
Ø Technologicaladvancement and population growth
increase wealth, increasing the middle class.
ØA growing middle class creates the social foundation for
democracy.
Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

u Modernization is industrialization. All changes associated

with modernity have similarities to some changes that
happened during the rise of industrialism.

u Industrialism is a way of life that involves significant

alterations in the economy, society, politics, and culture.
u Societies only become contemporary after undergoing the
thorough transition of industrialization.
 Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

ELIMINATION OF DEPENDENCY
u The concept of dependency elimination was parallel to the general
discussion of dependency theory.
u Bill Warren was among the many authors who talked about this
phenomenon.
u Warren's key argument in his proposed method for eliminating dependency was that, while
imperialism undoubtedly contributed to the development of an unequal and
exploitative system, it also paved the way for the growth of capitalism in the Third
World.
u Warren went one step further, asserting that he could demonstrate that after the Second
World War, capitalism had grown both in depth and breadth throughout the Third World.
 Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

SUMMARY

Warren saw the current system of industrialization as a stepping stone

for dependent countries to eliminate their dependency on the core
countries by exploiting latent internal conflicts that can happen in the
pursuit of the core’s trajectory to a greater practice of
industrialization.
 Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT (PD)

Ø Thisis a procedure by which organizations and communities decide

on their development goals and create solutions that best meet their
primary needs through open discussion and consensus.
Ø The participants are in charge of putting a solution into action.
 Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

BASIC VIEWPOINTS OF PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT

(JICA, n.d.).
u Self-sufficient, sustainable development cannot be achieved by substituting
locally driven development initiatives for all centrally-run government
initiatives.
u Directly increasing the number of individuals who participate does not result
in self-sufficient, sustainable development; instead, it is vital to improve the
quality of participation and enable its sustainability.
u Fostering an environment that encourages participative growth to prevent
participation from becoming momentary.
Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

TYPES OF PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT

• Passive Participation
• Participation in Information Giving
• Participation in Consultation
• Participation in Material Incentives
• Functional Participation
• Interactive Participation
• Self-Mobilization
 Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

OBSTACLES TO PARTICIPATION
u• Lack of time
u• Caste discrimination
u• Hesitation and fear
u• Lack of information
u• Poor hesitate to speak out in front of rich people
u• Illiterate hesitate to speak out in front of education
 Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

OBSTACLES TO PARTICIPATION
u• Patriarchal society: women’s participation is low
u• Lack of understanding about the importance of participation
u• Language differences
u• Health problem
u• Inappropriate space
u• Environmental factors
 Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
u The concept of sustainable development integrates environmental
stability and economic development in its goals to envision and
realize a future that takes economic development without
compromising environmental stability.
u It includes two ideas: the idea of need, which refers to the basic needs
of the world's poor, to which top priority should be given, and the idea of
restrictions placed on the environment's capacity to meet existing and future
needs by the level of technology and social structure.
 Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM.
Amartya Sen was heavily credited for this concept.
u In essence, Sen's primary premise is "a view of development as an integrated
process of growth of substantive freedoms that interact with one another,"
which affirms the dialectical relationship between progress and freedom.
u Sen argues that each of these freedoms promotes the growth of the others, including
access to healthcare, education, political dissent, free markets, and equality.
u Sen favors a dialectical concept of development in which political, economic, and social
freedoms "connect with one other and enhance human freedom in general.”
u "Sen. sees this process of "expanding substantive freedoms" as "both an end and a
means of progress.”
 Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

u Value of Freedom. Sen argues that money is only a tool for

reaching our ultimate goals, human flourishing, and
happiness. On the other hand, freedom is crucial to achieving
our goals. In actuality, economic development's goal and value
are to enable freedom.

u Efficacy of Freedom. Individual and societal progress depends on

people’s capacity to make independent decisions. According to Sen,
having the ability to make choices for oneself is the best
method for people to achieve their goals, like happiness.
 Conceptions and Dimensions of Development

u SUMMARY

v Freedom is the root of development, and freedom is also

the result of development.

v Freedom is seen as both means and ends in this concept.

 SOCIAL
CHANGE AND
DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES

ü Structural Functionalist Theory

ü Rostow´s Modernization Theory
ü Dependency Theory
ü Dialectical and Historical Materialism
ü Neo-Liberalism
 SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES

u The Structural Functional Theory,

popularized by Emile
Durkheim, sees society as
having interdependent parts
that work together to promote
solidarity and stability.
 SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES
ROSTOW’S
MODERNIZATION
THEORY
Ø According to Rostow,
societies will develop due
to increasing investment,
exposure to industrialized
western society, and
modifications to traditional
culture and values.
 SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES
DEPENDENCY THEORY
Ø This theory argues that underdevelopment happens due to the
peripheral positioning of some affected countries in the world
economy.

Ø Dependency theory outlines how developing countries give

resources to developed countries at their own expense.

Ø Raul Prebisch, a researcher, stressed that the wealth of the advanced

nations came from the developing ones.
 SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES

Dialectical materialism, a philosophical DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM

approach to reality derived from the
writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Ø This concept argues that historical
Engels. and political events are products of
the conflict of social forces, which
For Marx and Engels, materialism meant
that the material world, perceptible to can be seen as a series of
the senses, has objective reality contradictions and their resolution.
independent of mind or spirit. Ø Moreover, this conflict is seen as
Ex. Bible writings on homosexual caused by material needs.
practices as perceived by senses.

Reality is fundamentally material.

 SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES
HISTORICAL MATERIALISM

u This is an extension of the principles of dialectical

materialism to the study of social life and an application of
the concepts of dialectical materialism to the phenomena
of societal life and even to the study of society and its history.
u According to the notion, all institutions of human society,
such as the government and the church, are a natural result
of its economic activity.
u Social and political change occurs when those institutions stop
reflecting the "mode of production" or how the economy
 SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES
Ø The philosophy of dialectical materialism is applied to human civilization by
historical materialism. All humans must engage in economic activities to
provide for their basic needs.
Ø Due to this demand, every society must rely on its mode of production. The
result is that every institution in that society must adopt this method, comply
with it, or cease to exist.
Ø As production methods advance, they encounter new contradictions that
force them to be replaced by other, more sophisticated economic systems,
creating new social structures.
 SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES
NEOLIBERALISM (LAISSEZ-FAIRE)
u Neoliberalism is a term used to describe a school of thought on
economics that supports free markets and little government
intervention in the economy.

u It is frequently linked to economic liberalization policies, including

privatization, deregulation, globalization, free trade, austerity, and cuts
to government spending to boost the private sector’s contribution to
the economy and society.
PERSPECTIVES
ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
DIVERSITY PERSPECTIVES
Ø Competence in dealing with diversity and culture is one of several
talents social workers must possess, and it is crucial.
Ø There is a widespread understanding that professionals in the field,
including practitioners and academics, must be aware of how the
experiences of varied communities must influence their work.
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
TYPES OF DIVERSITY PERSPECTIVES
1. STRENGTH PERSPECTIVE

-a method of social work that centers the helping process on the

assets and strengths of individuals, groups, and environments
rather than their faults and pathologies.
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
TYPES OF DIVERSITY PERSPECTIVES
1. STRENGTH PERSPECTIVE

-a method of social work that centers the helping process on the

assets and strengths of individuals, groups, and environments
rather than their faults and pathologies.
u The Strengths Perspective acknowledges clients’ challenges but never
reduces people to their traumas, issues, illnesses, or adversities; instead, it
views them as challenges, opportunities, and catalysts for transformation.
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
TYPES OF DIVERSITY PERSPECTIVES
2. EMPOWERMENT PERSPECTIVE (to give—or return—the power to).
Empowerment is both a means and an end. One cannot practice the empowerment
approach if the practitioner has not undergone empowerment (Practitioner Self-
Awareness).
Social workers are taught empowerment practices to address issues at all scales, affecting
individuals, families, groups, organizations, neighborhoods, communities, and society.
Empowerment is attained by coordinated efforts that work WITH people, their
connections, and the surrounding social and political environment—not ON them.
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGIES OF EMPOWERING PEOPLE (Hossen, n.d.).
u Collectivization
u Establishing a Dialogical Relationship
u Consciousness- Raising
u Redefining
u Advocacy
u Self-Advocacy, Legal Advocacy, Professional Advocacy
u Limitations
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
TYPES OF DIVERSITY PERSPECTIVES
3. SPIRITUALITY AND FAITH-SENSITIVE PERSPECTIVE
The client may be trying to use their belief system as a strength that enhances
their capacity for resilience.
The inclusion of the client's expressed faith and/or spirituality may result in
a greater level of commitment on the part of both the client and the
practitioner to the assigned work, as well as a helpful insight into how to most
effectively incorporate what the client brings to facilitate change.
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
TYPES OF DIVERSITY PERSPECTIVES
4. ETHNOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
An ethno-conscious strategy combines ethnic sensitivity with
empowerment strategies that capitalize on the existing advantages in
ethnically varied communities.
u Once the term "ethnic-sensitive social work practice" was coined, social workers
began to use it to refer, in a broad, general sense, to a practice that is aware of the
effects that belonging to an ethnic or minority group has on social functioning
and aims to incorporate this understanding into practice.
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
TYPES OF DIVERSITY PERSPECTIVES
4. ETHNOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
u An ethno-conscious approach would aim to establish anti-racism
organizations that, from agency board members to executives and across all
levels of employees, reflect the ethnic makeup of the community it serves.
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
u According to the WID approach, women must be
FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES actively involved in development as active agents if
Women in Development (WID) effective and efficient development is to be attained,
which was a significant corrective step.
v Its fundamental goal was to u According to WID, women's subordination was
include women in characterized by their absence from the market
development, who were sector and subsequently constrained resource
historically seen as passive controls.
recipients of any advancement.
u Therefore, the primary goal was to increase
women's participation in development and access to
resources.
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES It recognizes the importance of
women's participation in
"Women and Development" (WAD)
is a field of study and a development development and aims to ensure
approach that focuses on women's roles that development efforts benefit
and contributions to societal progress, women equally and address their
addressing gender disparities, and specific needs.
promoting gender equality in
development initiatives.
.
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES
u GAD doesn't focus on women alone; instead, it
Gender and Development (GAD) examines how gender relations assign men and
u GAD examines how development women distinct roles, duties, and expectations—
affects both women and men. often to the cost of women.
u It emphasizes equality of benefit and u As a result, development is about fundamentally
control to ensure that men and altering how society deals with gender inequity.
women engage equally in This method also emphasizes how women are
development and reap its benefits. oppressed in the home or their lives "private
u It acknowledges that while women spheres.
may participate in the development, u " As a result, initiatives addressing problems like
they may not always gain from it. violence against women have emerged.
LGBTQI+
Community

PRIDE
Month
Celebration
Gender Responsive Case
Management (GRCM)

Pursues empowerment as the goal of

the healing partnership and service
delivery where the woman sees her
value and status in relation to herself,
in the family and in the society; and
addresses the victim-survivor’s
immediate needs and long-term needs.
(DSWD p.5-6)
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
PEOPLE-CENTERED Macro analysis
DEVELOPMENT
• In the 1980s, the "people/human-
Ø People-centered development is a
centered" development approach,
strategy that emphasizes enhancing
local communities' sense of self- which acknowledges dependency
sufficiency, social justice, and theories, became more well-known.
democratic participation. • It recognized that the dependency
Ø It acknowledges that human progress is approach had established the idea of
not inevitably aided by economic power imbalances between the First and
growth and demands for
Third Worlds.
modifications to social, political, and
environmental beliefs and practices.
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
ANTI-OPPRESSIVE PRACTICE (AOP)
Ø Anti-Oppressive Practice
Ø AOP acknowledges the simultaneous acknowledges the oppression in our
Ø occurrence of various micro, mezzo, and society/space and
macro oppressions that especially impact
marginalized individuals and communities. works to lessen its effects and equalize
the power disparities between individuals.
Ø Through collective institutional and
societal reforms, it strives to end injustice and Ø It also acknowledges the connection
undermine power systems (Sakamoto
between all forms of oppression in
& Pitner, 2005). some way (Aquil et al., 2021).
SOCIAL
WORK
AND
HUMAN
RIGHTS
 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
Understanding Vulnerability 4 TYPES OF
u “The intrinsic and dynamic feature of an VULNERABILITIES (UNISDR)
element at risk that determines the
expected damage/harm resulting from a u Physical Vulnerability
given hazardous event and is often even
affected by the harmful event itself. u Economic Vulnerability
Vulnerability changes continuously over u Social Vulnerability
time and is driven by physical, social,
economic, and environmental factors” u Environmental Vulnerability
(UNU-EHS, 2006).
 How can social work help populations that are at risk?

The socioeconomic determinants of a person’s welfare that

impact the population that social workers interact with is a
good start for social services practitioners.