READING 1

Passage 1
The Awesome Banana

The banana is among the world’s oldest crops. Agricultural scientists believe that the first edible banana
was discovered around 10,000 years ago. It has been at an evolutionary standstill ever since it was first
propagated in the jungles of South-East Asia at the end of the last Ice Age. Normally the wild banana, a
giant jungle herb card Musa acuminata, contains a mass of hard seeds that make the fruit virtually
inedible. But now-and-then, hunter-gatherers must have discovered rare mutant plants that produced
seamless, edible fruits. Geneticists now know that the vast majority of these soft-fruited plants resulted
from genetic accidents that gave their cells three copies of each chromosome instead of the usual two.
This imbalance prevents seeds and pollens from developing normally, rendering the mutant plants sterile.
And that is why some scientists believe the worst – the most popular fruit could be doomed. It lacks the
genetic diversity to fight off pests and diseases that are invading the banana plantations of Central
America and smallholdings of Africa and Asia alike.

In some ways, the banana today resembles the potato before blight brought famine to Ireland a century
and a half ago. But it holds a lesson for other crops too, says Emile Frison, top banana at the International
Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plaintain in Montpellier, France. The state of the banana,
Frison warns, can teach a broader lesson: the increasing standardization of food crops around the world
is threatening their ability to adapt and survive.

The first Stone Age plant breeders cultivated these sterile freaks by replanting cuttings from their stems.
And the descendants of those original cuttings are the bananas we still eat today. Each is a virtual clone,
almost devoid of genetic diversity. And that uniformity makes it ripe for disease like no other crop on
Earth. Traditional varieties of sexually reproducing crops have always had a much broader genetic base,
and the genes will recombine in new arrangements in each generation. This gives them much greater
flexibility in the evolving response to disease – and far more genetic resources to draw on in the face of
an attack. But that advantage is fading fast, as growers increasingly plant the same few high-yielding
varieties. Plant breeders work feverishly to maintain resistance in these standardized crops. Should these
efforts falter, yields of even the most productive crop could swiftly crash. “When some pests or disease
comes along severe epidemics can occur,” says Geoff Hawtin, director of the Rome-based International
Plant Genetic Resources Institute.

The banana is an excellent case in point. Until the 1950s, one variety, the Gros Michel, dominated the
world’s commercial business. Found by French botanists in Asia in the 1820s, the Gros Michel was by all
accounts a fine banana, richer and sweeter than today’s standard banana, and without the latter’s bitter
aftertaste when green. But it was vulnerable to a soil fungus that produced a wilt known as Panama
disease. “Once the fungus gets into the soil, it remains there for many years. There is nothing farmers
can do. Even chemical spraying won’t get rid of it,” says Rodomiro Ortiz, director of the international
Institute for Tropical Agriculture in Ibadan, Nigeria. So plantation owners played a running game,
abandoning infested fields and moving to “clean” land – until they ran out of clean land in the 1950s and
had to abandon the Gros Michel. Its successor, and still the reigning commercial king, is the Cavendish
banana, a 19th century British discovery from southern China. The Cavendish is resistance to Panama
disease and, as a result, it literally saved the international banana industry. During the 1960s, it replaced
the Gros Michel on supermarket shelves. If you buy a banana today, it is almost certainly a Cavendish.
But even so, it is a minority in the world’s banana crop.

Half a billion people in Asia and Africa depend on bananas. Bananas provide the largest source of calories
and are eaten daily. Its name is synonymous with food. But the day of reckoning maybe coming for the
Cavendish and its indigenous kin. Another fungal disease, Black Sigatoka – which causes brown wounds
on leaves and premature fruit ripening – cuts fruit yields by 50 to 70% and reduces the productive life of
banana plants from 30 years to as little as two or three. Commercial growers keep Sigatoka at bay by a
massive chemical assault. 40 sprayings of fungicide a year is typical. But even so, diseases such as Black
Sigatoka are getting more and more difficult to control. “As soon as you bring in a new fungicide, they
develop resistance,” says Frison. “One thing we can be sure of is that the Sigatoka won’t lose in the
battle.” Pool farmers, who cannot afford chemicals, have it even worse. They can do little more than
watch their plants die. “Most of the banana trees in Amazonia have already been destroyed by the
disease” says Luadir Gesparotto, Brazil’s leading banana pathologist with the government research
agency EMBRAPA. Production is likely to fall by 70% as the disease spreads, he predicts. The only option
would be to find a new variety.

But how? Almost all edible varieties are susceptible to the diseases, so growers cannot simply change to
a different banana. With most crops, such a threat would unleash an army of breeders, scouring the
world for resistant relatives whose traits they can breed into commercial varieties. Not so with the
banana. Because all edible varieties are sterile, bringing in new genetic traits to help cope with pests and
diseases is nearly impossible. Nearly, but not totally. Very rarely, a sterile banana will experience a genetic
accident that allows an almost normal seed to develop, giving breeders a tiny window for improvement.
Breeders at the Honduran Foundation of Agricultural Research have tried to exploit this to create disease-
resistant varieties. Further backcrossing with wild bananas yielded a new seedless banana resistant to
both black Sigatoka and Panama disease.

Neither Western supermarket consumers nor peasant growers like the new hybrid. Some accuse it of
tasting more like an apple than a banana. Not surprisingly, the majority of plant breeders have until now
turned their backs on the banana and got to work on easier plants. And commercial banana companies
are now washing their hands of the whole breeding effort, preferring to fund a search for new fungicides
instead. "We supported a breeding programme for 40 years, but it wasn't able to develop an alternative
to Cavendish. It was very expensive and we got nothing back," says Ronald Romero, head of research at
Chiquita, one of the Big Three companies that dominate the international banana trade.

Last year, a global consortium of scientists led by Frison announced plans to sequence the banana
genome within five years. It would be the first edible fruit to be sequenced. Well, almost edible. The
group will actually be sequencing inedible wild bananas from East Asia because many of these are
resistant to black Sigatoka. If they can pinpoint the genes that help these wild varieties to resist black
Sigatoka, the protective genes could be introduced into laboratory tissue cultures of cell from edible
varieties. These could then be propagated into new, resistant plants and passed on to farmers.

It sounds promising, but the big banana companies have, until now, refused to get involved in GM
research for fear of alienating their customers. "Biotechnology is extremely expensive and there are
serious questions about consumer acceptance,” says David McLaughlin, Chiquita's senior director for
environmental affairs. With scant funding from the companies, the banana genome researchers are
focusing on the other end of the spectrum. Even if they can identify the crucial genes, they will be a long
way from developing new varieties that smallholders will find suitable and affordable. But whatever
biotechnology's academic interest, it is the only hope for the banana. Without it, banana production
worldwide will head into a tailspin We may even see the extinction of the banana as both a lifesaver for
hungry and impoverished Africans and as the most popular product on the world's supermarket shelves.
Questions 1-3
Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage.

1. The banana was first eaten as a fruit by humans almost………………..……years ago.

2. Bananas were first planted in …………...
3. The taste of wild bananas is adversely affected by its ………..

Questions 4-10
Look at the following statements and the list of people below. Match each statement with the correct
person, A-F. NB You may use any letter more than once.

4. A pest invasion may seriously damage the banana industry.

5. The effect of fungal infection in soil is often long-lasting.
6. A commercial manufacturer gave up on breeding bananas for disease resistant species.
7. Banana disease may develop resistance to chemical sprays.
8. A banana disease has destroyed a large number of banana plantations.
9. Consumers would not accept genetically altered crop.
10. Lessons can be learned from bananas for other crops.

List of people
A Rodomiro Oritz
B David McLaughlin
C Emile Frison
D Ronald Romero
E Luadir Gasparotto
F Geoff Hawtin

Questions 11-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

11. The banana is the oldest known fruit.

12. The Gros Michel is still being used as a commercial product.
13. Banana is the main food in some countries.
Passage 2

The Diverse Coastal Archaeology of Britain

The recognition of the wealth and diversity of England's coastal archaeology has been one of the most
important developments of recent years. Some elements of this enormous resource have long been
known. The so-called 'submerged forests' off the coasts of England, sometimes with clear evidence of
human activity, had attracted the interest of antiquarians since at least the eighteenth century, but
serious and systematic attention has been given to the archaeological potential of the coast only since
the early 1980s.

It is possible to trace a variety of causes for this concentration of effort and interest. In the 1980s and
1990s scientific research into climate change and its environmental impact spilled over into a much
broader public debate as awareness of these issues grew; the prospect of rising sea levels over the next
century, and their impact on current coastal environments, has been a particular focus for concern. At
the same time archaeologists were beginning to recognise that the destruction caused by natural
processes of coastal erosion and by human activity was having an increasing impact on the archaeological
resource of the coast.

The dominant process affecting the physical form of England in the post-glacial period has been the rise
in the altitude of sea level relative to the land, as the glaciers melted and the Iandmass re-adjusted. The
encroachment of the sea, the loss of huge areas of land now under the North Sea and the English Channel,
and especially the loss of the land bridge between England and France, which finally made Britain an
island, must have been immensely significant factors in the lives of our pre-historic ancestors. Yet the
way in which prehistoric communities adjusted to these environmental changes has seldom been a major
theme in discussions of the period. One factor contributing to this has been that, although the rise in
relative sea level is comparatively well documented, we know little about the constant reconfiguration
of the coastline. This was affected by many processes, mostly quite localised, which have not yet been
adequately researched. The detailed reconstruction of coastline histories and the changing environments
available for human use will be an important theme for future research.

So great has been the rise in sea level and the consequent regression of the coast that much of the
archaeological evidence now exposed in the coastal zone, whether being eroded or exposed as a buried
land surface, is derived from what was originally terrestrial occupation. Its current location in the coastal
zone is the product of later unrelated processes, and it can tell us little about past adaptation to the sea.
Estimates of its significance will need to be made in the context of other related evidence from dry land
sites. Nevertheless, its physical environment means that preservation is often excellent, for example in
the case of the Neolithic structure excavated at the Stumble in Essex.

In some cases these buried land surfaces do contain evidence for human exploitation of what was a
coastal environment, and elsewhere along the modern coast there is similar evidence. Where the
evidence does relate to past human exploitation of the resources and the opportunities offered by the
sea and the coast, it is both diverse and as yet little understood. We are not yet in a position to make
even preliminary estimates of answers to such fundamental questions as the extent to which the sea and
the coast affected human life in the past, what percentage of the population at any time lived within
reach of the sea, or whether human settlements in coastal environments showed a distinct character
from those inland.

The most striking evidence for use of the sea is in the form of boats, yet we still have much to learn about
their production and use. Most of the known wrecks around our coast are not unexpectedly of post-
medieval date, and offer an unparalleled opportunity for research, which has as yet been little used. The
prehistoric sewn-plank boats such as those from the Humber estuary and Dover all seem to belong to the
second millennium BC; after this there is a gap in the record of a millennium, which cannot yet be
explained, before boats reappear, but built using a very different technology. Boatbuilding must have
been an extremely important activity around much of our coast, yet we know almost nothing about it.
Boats were some of the most complex artefacts produced by pre-modern societies, and further research
on their production and use make an important contribution to our understanding of past attitudes to
technology and technological change.

Boats needed landing places, yet here again our knowledge is very patchy. In many cases the natural
shores and beaches would have sufficed, leaving little or no archaeological trace, but especially in later
periods, many ports and harbours, as well as smaller faculties such as quays, wharves, and jetties, were
built. Despite a growth of interest in the waterfront archaeology of some of our more important Roman
and medieval towns, very little attention has been paid to the multitude of smaller landing places.
Redevelopment of harbour sites and other development and natural pressures along the coast are
subjecting these important locations to unprecedented threats, yet few surveys of such sites have been
undertaken.

One of the most important revelations of recent research has been the extent of industrial activity along
the coast. Fishing and salt production are among the better documented activities, but even here our
knowledge is patchy. Many forms of fishing will leave little archaeological trace, and one of the surprises
of recent survey has been the extent of past investment in facilities for procuring fish and shellfish.
Elaborate wooden fish weirs, often of considerable extent and responsive to aerial photography in
shallow water, have been identified in areas such as Essex and the Severn estuary. The production of salt,
especially in the late Iron Age and early Roman periods, has been recognised for some time, especially in
the Thames estuary and around the Solent and Poole Harbour, but the reasons for the decline of that
industry and the nature of later coastal salt working are much less well understood. Other industries were
also located along the coast, either because the raw materials outcropped there or for ease of working
and transport: mineral resources such as sand, gravel, stone, coal, ironstone, and alum were all exploited.
These industries are poorly documented, but their remains are sometimes extensive and striking

Some appreciation of the variety and importance of the archaeological remains preserved in the coastal
zone, albeit only in preliminary form, can thus be gained from recent work, but the complexity of the
problem of managing that resource is also being realised. The problem arises not only from the scale and
variety of the archaeological remains, but also from two other sources: the very varied natural and human
threats to the resource, and the complex web of organisations with authority over, or interests in, the
coastal zone. Human threats include the redevelopment of historic towns and old dockland areas, and
the increased importance of the coast for the leisure and tourism industries, resulting in pressure for the
increased provision of facilities such as marinas. The larger size of ferries has also caused an increase in
the damage caused by their wash to fragile deposits in the intertidal zone. The most significant natural
threat is the predicted rise in sea level over the next century, especially in the south and east of England.
Its impact on archaeology is not easy to predict, and though it is likely to be highly localised, it will be at
a scale much larger than that of most archaeological sites. Thus protecting one site may simply result in
transposing the threat to a point further along the coast. The management of the archaeological remains
will have to be considered in a much longer time scale and a much wider geographical scale than is
common in the case of dry land sites, and this will pose a serious challenge for archaeologists.
Questions 14-16
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write answers in boxes 14-16 on your sheet.

14. What has caused public interest in coastal archaeology in recent years?
A. The rapid development of England's coastal archaeology
B. The rising awareness of climate change
C. The discovery of an underwater forest
D. The systematic research conducted on coastal archaeological findings

15. What does the passage say about the evidence of boats?
A. There's enough knowledge of the boatbuilding technology of the pre-
historic people.
B. Many of the boats discovered were found in harbours.
C. The use of boats had not been recorded for a thousand years.
D. Boats were first used for fishing.

16. What can be discovered from the air?

A. Salt mines
B. Roman towns
C. Harbours
D. Fisheries

QUESTIONS 17-23
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 2? Write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
17. England lost much of its land after the Ice Age due to the rising sea level.
18. The coastline of England has changed periodically.
19. Coastal archaeological evidence may be well-protected by sea water.
20. The design of boats used by pre-modern people was very simple.
21. Similar boats were also discovered in many other European countries.
22. There are few documents relating to mineral exploitation.
23. Large passenger boats are causing increasing damage to the seashore.

Questions 24-26
Choose THREE letters from A-G. Which THREE of the following statements are mentioned in the
passage?
A How coastal archaeology was originally discovered.
B It is difficult to understand how many people lived close to the sea.
C How much the prehistoric communities understand the climate change.
D Our knowledge of boat evidence is limited.
E Some fishing grounds were converted to ports.
F Human development threatens the archaeological remains.
G Coastal archaeology will become more important in the future.
Passage 3
The Importance of Travel Books

There are many reasons why individuals have traveled beyond their own societies. Some travelers may
have simply desired to satisfy curiosity about the larger world. Until recent times, however, did travelers
start their journey for reasons other than mere curiosity. While the travelers' accounts give much valuable
information on these foreign lands and provide a window for the understanding of the local cultures and
histories, they are also a mirror to the travelers themselves, for these accounts help them to have a better
understanding of themselves.

Records of foreign travel appeared soon after the invention of writing, and fragmentary travel accounts
appeared in both Mesopotamia and Egypt in ancient times. After the formation of large, imperial states
in the classical world, travel accounts emerged as a prominent literary genre in many lands, and they held
especially strong appeal for rulers desiring useful knowledge about their realms. The Greek historian
Herodotus reported on his travels in Egypt and Anatolia in researching the history of the Persian wars.
The Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described much of central Asia as far west as Bactria (modern-day
Afghanistan) on the basis of travels undertaken in the first century BCE while searching for allies for the
Han dynasty. Hellenistic and Roman geographers such as Ptolemy, Strabo, and Pliny the Elder relied on
their own travels through much of the Mediterranean world as well as reports of other travelers to
compile vast compendia of geographical knowledge.

During the postclassical era (about 500 to 1500 CE), trade and pilgrimage emerged as major incentives
for travel to foreign lands. Muslim merchants sought trading opportunities throughout much of the
eastern hemisphere. They described lands, peoples, and commercial products of the Indian Ocean basin
from east Africa to Indonesia, and they supplied the first written accounts of societies in Sub-Saharan
West Africa. While merchants set out in search of trade and profit, devout Muslims traveled as pilgrims
to Mecca to make their hajj and visit the holy sites of Islam. Since the prophet Muhammad's original
pilgrimage to Mecca, untold millions of Muslims have followed his example, and thousands of hajj
accounts have related their experiences. East Asian travelers were not quite so prominent as Muslims
during the postclassical era, but they too followed many of the highways and sea lanes of the eastern
hemisphere. Chinese merchants frequently visited southeast Asia and India, occasionally venturing even
to east Africa, and devout East Asian Buddhists undertook distant pilgrimages. Between the 5th and 9th
centuries CE, hundreds and possibly even thousands of Chinese Buddhists traveled to India to study with
Buddhist teachers, collect sacred texts, and visit holy sites. Written accounts recorded the experiences
of many pilgrims, such as Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing. Though not so numerous as the Chinese pilgrims,
Buddhists from Japan, Korea, and other lands also ventured abroad in the interests of spiritual
enlightenment.

Medieval Europeans did not hit the roads in such large numbers as their Muslim and East Asian
counterparts during the early part of the postclassical era, although gradually increasing crowds of
Christian pilgrims flowed to Jerusalem, Rome, Santiago de-Compostela (in northern Spain), and other
sites. After the 12th century, however, merchants, pilgrims, and missionaries from medieval Europe
traveled widely and left numerous travel accounts, of which Marco Polo's description of his travels and
sojourn in China is the best known. As they became familiar with the larger world of the eastern
hemisphere—-and the profitable commercial opportunities that it offered—European people worked to
find new and more direct routes to Asian and African markets. Their efforts took them not only to all
parts of the eastern hemisphere, but eventually to the Americas and Oceania as well.

If Muslim and Chinese peoples dominated travel and travel writing in postclassical times, European
explorers, conquerors, merchants, and missionaries took center stage during the early modern era (about
 1500 to 1800 CE). By no means did Muslim and Chinese travel come to a halt in early modern times. But
European peoples ventured to the distant corners of the globe, and European printing presses churned
out thousands of travel accounts that described foreign lands and peoples for a reading public with an
apparently insatiable appetite for news about the larger world. The volume of travel literature was so
great that several editors, including Giambattista Ramusio, Richard Hakluyt, Theodore de Bry, and Samuel
Purchas, assembled numerous travel accounts and made them available in enormous published
collections.

During the 19th century, European travelers made their way to the interior regions of Africa and the
Americas, generating a fresh round of travel writing as they did so. Meanwhile, European colonial
administrators devoted numerous writings to the societies of their colonial subjects, particularly in Asian
and African colonies they established. By midcentury, attention was flowing also in the other direction.
Painfully aware of the military and technological prowess of European and Euro-American societies, Asian
travelers in particular visited Europe and the United States in hopes of discovering principles useful for
the reorganisation of their own societies. Among the most prominent of these travelers who made
extensive use of their overseas observations and experiences in their own writings were the Japanese
reformer Fukuzawa Yukichi and the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen.

With the development of inexpensive and reliable means of mass transport, the 20th century witnessed
explosions both in the frequency of long-distance travel and in the volume of travel writing. While a great
deal of travel took place for reasons of business, administration, diplomacy, pilgrimage, and missionary
work, as in ages past, increasingly effective modes of mass transport made it possible for new kinds of
travel to flourish. The most distinctive of them was mass tourism, which emerged as a major form of
consumption for individuals living in the world's wealthy societies. Tourism enabled consumers to get
away from home to see the sights in Rome, take a cruise through the Caribbean, walk the Great Wall of
China, visit some wineries in Bordeaux, or go on safari in Kenya. A peculiar variant of the travel account
arose to meet the needs of these tourists: the guidebook, which offered advice on food, lodging,
shopping, local customs, and all the sights that visitors should not miss seeing. Tourism has had a massive
economic impact throughout the world, but other new forms of travel have also had considerable
influence in contemporary times.
(peoples – The human beings of a particular nation, community or ethnic group) Anywhere else the use
of the word peoples is wrong

Questions 27-28 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27 What were most people traveling for in the early days?

A Studying their own cultures
B Business
C Knowing other people and places better
D Writing travel books

28. Why did the author say writing travel books is also "a mirror" for travelers themselves?
A Because travelers record their own experiences.
B Because travelers reflect upon their own society and life.
C Because it increases knowledge of foreign cultures.
D Because it is related to the development of human society.
 Questions 29-36
Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from passage 3
TIME TRAVELER DESTINATION PURPOSE OF
TRAVEL
Classical Greece Herodotus Egypt and Anatolia To gather information
for the study of 29 ………
Han Dynasty Zhang Qian Central Asia To seek 30 …………
Roman Empire Ptolemy, Strabo, Mediterranean To acquire 31…………………
Pliny the Elder
Post-classical Era Muslims From east Africa Trading and 32 ……………..
(about 500 to 1500 CE) to Indonesia Mecca
5th to 9th centuries Chinese Buddhists 33 ………….. To collect Buddhist texts and for
CE spiritual enlightenment
Early modern era European explorers New World To satisfy public
(about 1500 to curiosity for the New World
1800CE)
During 19th Colonial administrator Asia, Africa To provide information for the
century 34 ……….. they set up
By the mid-century of Sun Yat-sen Europe and To study the 35…….. for the
the 1900s Fukuzawa United States reorganization of their societies
Yukichi
20th century People from 36 ….. Mass tourism Entertainment and
countries pleasure

Questions 37-40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 37-40
37 Why were the imperial rulers especially interested in these travel stories?
A. Reading travel stories was a popular pastime.
B. The accounts are often truthful rather than fictional.
C. Travel books played an important role in literature.
D. They desired knowledge of their empire.
38 Who were the largest group to record their spiritual trip during the postclassical era?
A. Muslim traders
B. Muslim pilgrims
C. Chinese Buddhists
D. Indian Buddhist teachers
39 During the early modern era, a large number of travel books were published to
A. Meet the public's interest.
B. Explore new business opportunities.
C. Encourage trips to the new world.
D. Record the larger world.
40 What's the main theme of the passage?
A. The production of travel books
B. The literary status of travel books
C. The historical significance of travel books
D. The development of travel books
Vocabulary learnt from Reading 1
1. Edible – fit or suitable to be eaten; not poisonous
2. Evolutionary – connected with evolution; connected with gradual development and change
3. Standstill - a situation in which all activity or movement has stopped
4. Propagated – produced new plants from a parent plant
5. Propagate something (formal) – to spread an idea, a belief or a piece of information among
many people
6. Virtually – almost or very nearly, so that any slight difference is not important
7. Hunter-gatherers – A member of a group of people who do not live in one place but move
around and live by hunting, fishing and gathering plants
8. Doomed – death or destruction; any terrible event that you cannot avoid
9. Mutant – different in some way from others of the same kind because of a change in its genetic
structure
10. Pests – an insect or animal that destroys plants, food, etc.
11. Successor – a person or thing that comes after somebody/something else and takes their/its
place
12. Synonymous- so closely connected with something that the two things appear to be the same
13. Abandon – to leave somebody, especially somebody you are responsible for, with no intention
of returning
14. Adversely – In a way that is negative and unpleasant and not likely to produce a good result
15. Epidemic – of a disease) with large numbers of cases occurring at the same time in a particular
community
16. Fungicide – a substance that kills fungus
17. Resistance – dislike of or opposition to a plan, an idea, etc.; refusal to obey
18. Commercial – connected with the buying and selling of goods and services
19. Tailspin – a situation that suddenly becomes much worse and is not under control
20. Impoverished – very poor; without money
Smallholders – a person who owns or rents a small piece of land for farming
21. Invasion – the act of an army entering another country by force in order to take control of it.
An act or a process that affects somebody/something in a way that is not welcome
22. Long-lasting – durable
23. Recognition – the act of remembering who somebody is when you see them, or of identifying
what something is The act of accepting that something exists, is true or is official
Public praise and reward for somebody’s work or actions
24. Wealth – large amount of money, property, etc. that a person or country owns
wealth of something - a large amount of something
25. Coastal – of or near a coast
26. Archaeology – the study of cultures of the past, and of periods of history by examining the
remains of buildings and objects found in the ground
27. Antiquarians – connected with the study, collection or sale of valuable old objects, especially
books
28. Potential – that can develop into something or be developed in the future
29. Systematic – done according to a system or plan, in a thorough, efficient or determined way
30. Constant – happening all the time or repeatedly
31. Reconfiguration – an arrangement of the parts of something or a group of things; the form or
shape that this arrangement produces
32. Regression – the process of going back to an earlier or less advanced form or state
33. Terrestrial – of animals and plants) living on the land or on the ground, rather than in water, in
trees or in the air
34. Aerial – From a plane (Aerial attacks/ bombardment/ photography)
35. Quays – a platform in a harbour where boats come in to load, etc.
36. Wharves – a flat structure built beside the sea or a river where boats can be tied up and goods
unloaded
37. Jetties – a wall or platform built out into the sea, a river, etc., where boats can be tied and where
people can get on and off boats
38. Artefacts – an object that is made by a person, especially something of historical or cultural
interest
39. Unprecedented – that has never happened, been done or been known before
40. Threat – the possibility of trouble, danger or disaster
A statement in which you tell somebody that you will punish or harm them, especially if they do
not do what you want
41. Documented – recorded the details of something
42. Weirs – a low wall or barrier built across a river in order to control the flow of water or change
its direction
43. Millennium – a period of 1,000 years, especially as calculated before or after the birth of Christ
44. Marina – a specially designed harbour for small boats and yachts
45. Recent – that happened or began only a short time ago
46. Albeit – although (He finally agreed, albeit reluctantly, to help us.)
47. Allies - connected with countries that unite to fight a war together, especially the countries that
fought together against Germany in the First and Second World Wars
48. ally – a country that has agreed to help and support another country, especially in case of a war
49. Compile - compile something to produce a book, list, report, etc. by bringing together different
items, articles, songs, etc.
50. Vast - extremely large in area, size, amount, etc.
51. Curiosity – a strong desire to know about something
52. Pilgrimage – a journey to a holy place for religious reasons
53. Devout – believing strongly in a particular religion and obeying its laws and practices
54. Genre – a particular type or style of literature, art, film or music that you can recognize because
of its special features
55. Realms – a country ruled by a king or queen
56. Untold – used to emphasize how large, great, unpleasant, etc. something is
57. Compendia – a collection of facts, drawings and photographs on a particular subject, especially
in a book
58. Insatiable – always wanting more of something; not able to be satisfied
59. appetite – a strong desire for something
60. seek – to look for something/somebody
61. Empire – a group of countries or states that are controlled by one ruler or government