DRAFT

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

(EIA)

For

JICA Preparatory Survey

for

The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project

March 2023
JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................. I

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................VI
LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................................IX
List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. XII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................1-1
1.2 Rationale of the Project ................................................................................................................ 1-2
1.3 Objective of the Project ................................................................................................................1-3
1.4 Objective of EIA Study ................................................................................................................1-3
1.5 Scope of Study/Work.................................................................................................................... 1-3
1.6 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................................... 1-4
1.6.1 Ambient Air Quality Measurements .....................................................................................1-6
1.6.2 Noise Level Measurements ..................................................................................................1-7
1.6.3 Vibration Level Measurements............................................................................................. 1-7
1.6.4 Surface Water Quality ..........................................................................................................1-8
1.6.5 Soil Quality ..........................................................................................................................1-9
1.6.6 Sediment Quality .................................................................................................................. 1-9
1.6.7 The EIA Team..................................................................................................................... 1-10
1.7 Limitation of the study ............................................................................................................... 1-10
1.8 Structure of the Report/Report Format ....................................................................................... 1-11
CHAPTER 2 LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ................................2-1
2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................2-1
2.2 Review of Environmental Policy and Regulatory Framework .....................................................2-1
2.2.1 National Environment Policy, 2018 .....................................................................................2-1
2.2.2 Relevant National Polices, Strategies and Plans in Bangladesh ........................................... 2-3
2.2.3 Other Relevant Acts, Laws, and Rules ................................................................................. 2-5
2.2.4 Implication of GoB Policies, Acts and Rules and their Classification ............................... 2-11
2.3 Compliance with JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (January 2022)2-
18
2.4 Organization related to Enforcement of Environmental Standards Relevant ............................. 2-25
2.4.1 Procedure for obtaining ECC from DOE, Bangladesh ....................................................... 2-25
2.4.2 Required Permits and Approvals ........................................................................................ 2-26
CHAPTER 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...........................................................................................3-1
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................3-1
3.2 Project Category ...........................................................................................................................3-4
3.3 Project Objectives ........................................................................................................................3-4
3.4 Project Options .............................................................................................................................3-4
3.5 Study Areas ..................................................................................................................................3-7
3.6 Details on wastewater (grey water and black water & sewage) generation ................................. 3-9
3.7 Details on present sewage system .............................................................................................. 3-11
3.7.1 Details on wastewater collection and treated water discharge system ............................... 3-12
3.7.2 Wastewater collection ......................................................................................................... 3-12
3.7.3 Treated water discharge system .......................................................................................... 3-14
3.8 Details on sewage treatment facilities with design, drawing and calculation ............................ 3-15
3.8.1 Design Parameter and Condition ........................................................................................ 3-15

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

3.8.2 Treatment Process .............................................................................................................. 3-18

3.8.3 Preliminary Design for Mechanical Part ............................................................................ 3-21
3.9 Resource & utility demand ......................................................................................................... 3-29
3.9.1 Overview of electricity supply situation in the project area ............................................... 3-29
3.9.2 Overview of natural Gas connection situation to the site ................................................... 3-30
3.10 Details of sludge generation and methods of disposal ............................................................... 3-31
3.10.1 Sewage Sludge Generation................................................................................................. 3-31
3.10.2 Sludge Disposal/Management Mechanism ........................................................................ 3-32
3.11 Land use of the study area delineating settlement, forest area, agriculture land, water bodies etc.3-
35
3.12 Project Implementation Arrangements ....................................................................................... 3-37
3.13 Project Implementation schedule ............................................................................................... 3-38
CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE........................................................ 4-1
4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................4-1
4.2 Project Boundary ..........................................................................................................................4-1
4.3 Physical Environment...................................................................................................................4-2
4.3.1 Physiography ........................................................................................................................4-2
4.3.2 Geology & Geomorphology .................................................................................................4-3
4.3.3 Land Use ..............................................................................................................................4-6
4.3.4 Soils ...................................................................................................................................... 4-8
4.3.5 Meteorology .........................................................................................................................4-9
4.3.6 Natural Disaster .................................................................................................................. 4-17
4.3.7 Hydrology........................................................................................................................... 4-24
4.3.8 Hydrology and Drainage .................................................................................................... 4-25
4.3.9 River Flow and Discharge .................................................................................................. 4-26
4.3.10 Water Level at Point 2 ........................................................................................................ 4-42
4.3.11 Riverbed Morphology ........................................................................................................ 4-46
4.4 Water Resources ......................................................................................................................... 4-46
4.4.1 Surface Water System......................................................................................................... 4-47
4.4.2 Drainage Congestion and Water Logging........................................................................... 4-48
4.4.3 Surface water quality of the nearby rivers .......................................................................... 4-53
4.4.4 Ground Water Quality ........................................................................................................ 4-61
4.5 Ambient Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 4-63
4.5.1 Monitoring Locations ......................................................................................................... 4-64
4.5.2 Monitoring Method ............................................................................................................ 4-66
4.5.3 Monitoring Results ............................................................................................................. 4-66
4.6 Ambient Noise and Vibration ..................................................................................................... 4-71
4.6.1 Ambient Noise Level.......................................................................................................... 4-71
4.6.2 Vibration level .................................................................................................................... 4-73
4.7 Soil and Sediment Quality.......................................................................................................... 4-74
4.7.1 Soil Quality ........................................................................................................................ 4-74
4.7.2 Sediment Quality ................................................................................................................ 4-76
4.8 Biological Environment ............................................................................................................. 4-78
4.8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 4-78
4.8.2 Scope .................................................................................................................................. 4-79
4.8.3 Approach and Methodology ............................................................................................... 4-79
4.8.4 Desktop Review and Secondary Data Collection ............................................................... 4-79
4.8.5 Primary Survey & Data Collection..................................................................................... 4-79
4.8.6 Study Area/Area of Influence (AOI) .................................................................................. 4-79
4.8.7 Aquatic life and fisheries .................................................................................................... 4-83
4.8.8 Terrestrial habitats, flora, and fauna ................................................................................... 4-90
4.8.9 Biodiversity-Sensitive areas ............................................................................................... 4-99
4.9 STP sites and Surroundings ...................................................................................................... 4-104
4.9.1 Site Condition of STP....................................................................................................... 4-104
4.9.2 Accessibility to the STP sites ........................................................................................... 4-106
4.9.3 Land Use Pattern .............................................................................................................. 4-107

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

4.10 Project Components & sub-components .................................................................................. 4-108

4.11 Socio Economic Condition....................................................................................................... 4-109
4.11.1 Administrative Areas ........................................................................................................ 4-109
4.11.2 Population......................................................................................................................... 4-111
4.11.3 Settlement and housing .................................................................................................... 4-112
4.11.4 Age structure and Age dependency .................................................................................. 4-113
4.11.5 Literacy rate and Employment ......................................................................................... 4-114
4.11.6 Labor Availability and Wage Rate .................................................................................... 4-117
4.11.7 Business and Industry....................................................................................................... 4-118
4.11.8 Public utilities ................................................................................................................... 4-119
4.11.9 Occupational and Livelihood ........................................................................................... 4-124
4.11.10 Small ethnic communities ................................................................................................ 4-125
4.11.11 Heritage Site ..................................................................................................................... 4-126
4.11.12 Health facility ................................................................................................................... 4-127
4.11.13 Traffic and Transport ........................................................................................................ 4-128
4.11.14 Social Safety Net .............................................................................................................. 4-130
4.11.15 Gender Analysis ............................................................................................................... 4-130
CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE ..................................................................................5-1
5.1 General descriptions .....................................................................................................................5-1
5.2 Alternative option Analysis ..........................................................................................................5-1
5.3 No Project Alternative (Implication of No-Project Alternative)................................................... 5-1
5.4 Alternative Relatives to Site/Locations ........................................................................................5-2
5.4.1 Construction sites for STP ....................................................................................................5-2
5.4.2 Construction sites for Sewerage Pumping Stations ..............................................................5-3
5.4.3 Sewer Pipe Laying Site ........................................................................................................ 5-7
5.5 Alternative relating to Design and Technology ............................................................................5-9
5.5.1 Design and Technology of STP ............................................................................................ 5-9
5.5.2 Design for Sewage Pumping Station/ No of Pumps, Active/Standby Pumps & Working Hours
5-15
5.5.3 Pipe Materials and Laying Method .................................................................................... 5-15
5.5.4 Alternative options for sludge management ....................................................................... 5-19
5.6 Environmental Implications of Alternatives ............................................................................... 5-22
CHAPTER 6 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES .................................6-1
6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................6-1
6.2 Scoping .........................................................................................................................................6-1
6.3 Environmental Risks Identification ..............................................................................................6-4
6.4 Assessment of Environmental and Social Issues.......................................................................... 6-4
6.4.1 Air Quality............................................................................................................................6-4
6.4.2 Water Quality .......................................................................................................................6-5
6.4.3 Waste ....................................................................................................................................6-7
6.4.4 Soil Contamination ...............................................................................................................6-9
6.4.5 Noise and Vibration .............................................................................................................. 6-9
6.4.6 Ground Subsidence............................................................................................................. 6-10
6.4.7 Offensive Odor ................................................................................................................... 6-10
6.4.8 Bottom Sediment ................................................................................................................ 6-11
6.4.9 Flora/Fauna and Biodiversity ............................................................................................. 6-11
6.4.10 Involuntary Resettlement ................................................................................................... 6-13
6.4.11 Poverty/ Local Economy (Employment, Livelihood) ........................................................ 6-13
6.4.12 Land Use and Utilization of Local Resources .................................................................... 6-14
6.4.13 Existing Social Infrastructure and Service ......................................................................... 6-14
6.4.14 Gender ................................................................................................................................ 6-14
6.4.15 Children’s Right ................................................................................................................. 6-16
6.4.16 Infectious Disease and HIV/AIDS ..................................................................................... 6-17
6.4.17 Occupational Health and Safety ......................................................................................... 6-18

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6.4.18 Accident ............................................................................................................................. 6-18

6.4.19 Cross-Border Impact, Climate Change............................................................................... 6-18
6.5 Impacts during Pre-Construction, Construction and Operation stages ....................................... 6-19
6.6 Detailed on Potential impact on water quality of the study area ................................................ 6-22
6.6.1 Approach and Methodology ............................................................................................... 6-22
6.6.2 Model Development ........................................................................................................... 6-23
6.6.3 Mesh Development............................................................................................................. 6-24
6.6.4 Hydro-Dynamic Model Development ................................................................................ 6-26
6.6.5 ECO Lab Module Setup ..................................................................................................... 6-28
6.6.6 Model Calibration and Validation....................................................................................... 6-30
6.7 Results and Discussions ............................................................................................................. 6-31
6.7.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) ..................................................................................................... 6-31
6.7.2 Nitrate Concentration ......................................................................................................... 6-32
6.7.3 Total Coliform Bacteria (E.Coli) ........................................................................................ 6-34
6.8 Details on potential impacts on land and biological environment, especially on aquatic life and
fisheries .................................................................................................................................................. 6-35
6.8.1 Ecological Status-Aquatic Species ..................................................................................... 6-35
6.8.2 Potential Impacts ................................................................................................................ 6-35
6.9 Details on impact on spills and contamination with water ......................................................... 6-36
6.9.1 Construction phase ............................................................................................................. 6-36
6.9.2 Operation phase .................................................................................................................. 6-38
6.10 Identify mitigation measures and any residual impacts that can’t be mitigated ......................... 6-39
6.11 Community Recommendations .................................................................................................. 6-40
CHAPTER 7 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ..........................................................................................7-1
7.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................7-1
7.2 Identification of stakeholders .......................................................................................................7-1
7.2.1 Project-affected Parties.........................................................................................................7-1
7.2.2 Interested Parties ..................................................................................................................7-2
7.3 Approach, Methods, and Process for consultation ....................................................................... 7-3
7.4 Stakeholder/Participation consultations .......................................................................................7-4
7.4.1 Key Informant Interview (KII) and In-Depth Interview (IDI) ............................................. 7-4
7.4.2 Focus Group Discussion (FGDs).......................................................................................... 7-1
7.5 Findings/summary from stakeholder/participation consultations ................................................. 7-2
7.5.1 Summary of focus group discussions (FGDs) ......................................................................7-2
7.5.2 Summary of Stakeholder Consultation Meeting .................................................................. 7-1
7.5.3 Stakeholder engagement plan throughout the project cycle ................................................. 7-3
7.5.4 Information disclosures and consultations ...........................................................................7-3
CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................8-1
8.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................8-1
8.2 Details of environmental protection measures .............................................................................8-1
8.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase ........................................................................................................8-2
8.2.2 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................... 8-2
8.2.3 Operation Phase....................................................................................................................8-5
CHAPTER 9 MONITORING PLAN/PROCEDURES ...................................................................... 9-1
9.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................9-1
9.2 Monitoring Plan............................................................................................................................9-2
9.3 Monitoring budget ........................................................................................................................9-1
CHAPTER 10 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN ................................................ 10-1
10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 10-1
10.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 10-1
10.3 Relevant Laws and Regulations ................................................................................................. 10-2

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10.4 Hazards Identification ................................................................................................................ 10-3

10.5 Potential Sources of OHS Risks ................................................................................................. 10-4
10.6 OHS Risks Management Procedures.......................................................................................... 10-5
10.7 General Safety Protocols ............................................................................................................ 10-8
CHAPTER 11 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ... 11-1
11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 11-1
11.2 Identification of Emergency ....................................................................................................... 11-1
11.3 Declaration of Emergency .......................................................................................................... 11-1
11.4 Emergency Procedures ............................................................................................................... 11-2
11.5 Coordination with relevant organizations................................................................................... 11-2
11.5.1 Notification......................................................................................................................... 11-2
11.5.2 Internal communication ...................................................................................................... 11-2
11.5.3 External communication..................................................................................................... 11-2
11.6 Responses to the Emergency ...................................................................................................... 11-3
11.6.1 Fire ..................................................................................................................................... 11-3
11.6.2 Explosion............................................................................................................................ 11-3
11.6.3 Chemical Spills .................................................................................................................. 11-3
11.6.4 Power Outage ..................................................................................................................... 11-4
11.6.5 Cyberattacks ....................................................................................................................... 11-4
11.7 Types of Disasters relevant to the project................................................................................... 11-4
11.8 Emergency Procedures during disaster period ........................................................................... 11-5
11.8.1 Flooding ............................................................................................................................. 11-5
11.8.2 Earthquakes ........................................................................................................................ 11-5
11.9 Roles and Responsibilities.......................................................................................................... 11-5
11.10 Evacuation Procedures ........................................................................................................... 11-6
11.11 Capacity Building ................................................................................................................... 11-7
11.12 Monitoring and Reporting ...................................................................................................... 11-7
CHAPTER 12 GRIEVANCES REDRESS MECHANISM ................................................................ 12-1
12.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.2 Rational to the Project ................................................................................................................ 12-1
12.3 Proposed Institutional Mechanisms............................................................................................ 12-1
12.4 GRM Implementation Approach ................................................................................................ 12-3
12.5 Grievances Redress Committee (GRCs) .................................................................................... 12-3
12.6 Public disclosure of the Grievance Redress Mechanism ............................................................ 12-4
12.7 Training/ workshops/meeting on Grievance Redress Mechanism ............................................. 12-4
12.8 Recording of grievances ............................................................................................................. 12-4
12.9 Appeal process ........................................................................................................................... 12-5
12.10 Grievance Resolution and Follow-Up .................................................................................... 12-5
12.11 Monitoring and Reporting ...................................................................................................... 12-5
CHAPTER 13 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................ 13-1

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Sampling and Analysis Method for Air Quality ................................................................1-6
Table 1.2 Details of Ambient Noise Monitoring Locations............................................................... 1-7
Table 1.3 Details of Vibration Level Monitoring Locations ..............................................................1-7
Table 1.4 Details of Surface Water Sampling Locations ...................................................................1-8
Table 1.5 Testing Method of Surface Water Quality Samples ........................................................... 1-8
Table 1.6 Soil Sampling Locations.................................................................................................... 1-9
Table 1.7 Sediment Sampling Location........................................................................................... 1-10
Table 1.8 EIA study team ................................................................................................................ 1-10
Table 2.1 Relevant Major Policies.....................................................................................................2-4
Table 2.2 Occupational health and safety related law and rules ........................................................ 2-8
Table 2.3 Relevant international treaties, conventions and protocols signed by Bangladesh.......... 2-10
Table 2.4 Applicability of Key Environmental Legislation at a Glance.......................................... 2-12
Table 2.5 Major Gaps analysis between Environmental Regulations of GoB and the JICA Guidelines
........................................................................................................................................ 2-20
Table 2.6 Comparison between the Government of Bangladesh and JICA Guidelines for Environment
and Social Consideration, 2022 - Land Acquisition and Resettlement........................... 2-22
Table 2.7 Required permits and approval during pre-construction, construction, and operation phase
........................................................................................................................................ 2-26
Table 3.1 Project Components in this project (Phase 1) .................................................................... 3-5
Table 3.2 Discharge Standard and Design Effluent Quality applied for Kalurghat STP ................... 3-5
Table 3.3 List of Wards in Catchment-2 and 4 ..................................................................................3-8
Table 3.4 Conditions to Calculate the Planned Sewage Volume .......................................................3-9
Table 3.5 Results of Road Width Survey and the Ratio of Slum Population .................................. 3-10
Table 3.6 Calculation Result of Planned Sewage Generation of Whole Catchment-2 and 4 .......... 3-11
Table 3.7 Features of Interceptor System and Separate Sewer System ........................................... 3-13
Table 3.8 Per capita pollution load and Inflow Quality proposed in other Projects ........................ 3-16
Table 3.9 Discharge Standard and Design Effluent Quality applied for Kalurghat STP ................. 3-17
Table 3.10 Water Level of Karnaphuli River at Kalurghat Station.................................................. 3-17
Table 3.11 Sewage Treatment Process Flow ................................................................................... 3-18
Table 3.12 Types of mechanical gate............................................................................................... 3-22
Table 3.13 Comparison of ventilation fan ....................................................................................... 3-23
Table 3.14 Comparison of sludge thickening method ..................................................................... 3-24
Table 3.15 Comparison of sludge dewatering method .................................................................... 3-25
Table 3.16 Monitoring and measurement items and points ............................................................. 3-26
Table 3.17 Application of technical standards in Bangladesh ......................................................... 3-27
Table 3.18 Disaster prevention, fire hydrant equipment and water supply in BNBC ..................... 3-28
Table 3.19 Fire protection flow requirement ................................................................................... 3-28
Table 3.20 Ceiling area for sprinkler ............................................................................................... 3-29
Table 3.21 Energy Access of the project site ................................................................................... 3-31
Table 3.22 Summary of Bangladesh Standards and Guidelines for Sludge Management............... 3-32
Table 3.23 Percentage of Each Land Use Category in Catchment-2 and 4 ..................................... 3-36
Table 4.1 Geomorphic Units of Chattogram .....................................................................................4-5
Table 4.2 Land use of the Study Area................................................................................................4-7
Table 4.3 Major Earthquakes in Bangladesh ................................................................................... 4-19
Table 4.4 Location of River Flow and Discharge Measurement ..................................................... 4-26
Table 4.5 Water depth and River Flow Velocity Measurement Data at the Location of Downstream of
Kalurghat Bridge ............................................................................................................ 4-28
Table 4.6 Water depth and River Flow Velocity Data at the Downstream of Kalurghat Bridge ..... 4-29
Table 4.7 River Discharge Measurement Data at Point 1................................................................ 4-30
Table 4.8 River Discharge Measurement at Point 1 (Kalurghat Bridge) ......................................... 4-31
Table 4.9 Water Level at Point 1 (500 m downstream of Kalurghat Bridge) .................................. 4-35
Table 4.10 Water depth and River Flow Velocity Measurement Data at the Location of Upstream of
Shah Amanat Bridge (Point 2)........................................................................................ 4-38
Table 4.11 Water depth and River Flow Velocity Data at the Downstream of Kalurghat Bridge ... 4-39

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Table 4.12 River Discharge Measurement Data at Point 2 .............................................................. 4-40

Table 4.13 River Discharge Measurement Data at Point 2. ............................................................. 4-41
Table 4.14 Water Level at Point 2 (500 m upstream of Shah Amanat Bridge)................................ 4-43
Table 4.15 Details of Water Sampling Locations ............................................................................ 4-53
Table 4.16 Analysis Method for Water Samples ............................................................................. 4-55
Table 4.17 Surface Water Quality in the Study Area ....................................................................... 4-56
Table 4.18 Surface Water Quality of Additional Samples ............................................................... 4-59
Table 4.19 Results of groundwater analysis .................................................................................... 4-62
Table 4.20 Ambient Air Quality Sampling Locations with Details ................................................. 4-64
Table 4.21 Sampling and Analysis Method for Air Quality ............................................................ 4-66
Table 4.22 Ambient Air Quality in the Study Area ......................................................................... 4-66
Table 4.23 Noise Level in the Study Area ....................................................................................... 4-72
Table 4.24 The results of vibration level in the wet and dry season samples of the study areas. .... 4-73
Table 4.25 Guidance on effects of vibration levels ......................................................................... 4-74
Table 4.26 Soil Sampling Locations................................................................................................ 4-76
Table 4.27 shows the results of soil quality in the wet season samples of the study areas. ............. 4-76
Table 4.28 Results of sediment samples in the study areas. ............................................................ 4-77
Table 4.29 Location and Description of Fishermen Village Adjacent to Project Area .................... 4-86
Table 4.30 A list of Fish market surveyed in Project AOI ............................................................... 4-87
Table 4.31 A list of Fish market surveyed in Project AOI ............................................................... 4-88
Table 4.32 Land use of the Study Area.......................................................................................... 4-107
Table 4.33 Project Components..................................................................................................... 4-108
Table 4.34 Recalculated Population Forecast of Whole Catchment-2 and 4................................. 4-111
Table 4.35 Demographic Information of Project Area .................................................................. 4-113
Table 4.36 Demographic Profile- Age, Marital Status and Health Status ..................................... 4-113
Table 4.37 Demographic Profile- Age, Marital Status and Health Status ..................................... 4-114
Table 4.38 Major Occupations of the Study Area ......................................................................... 4-116
Table 4.39 Major Occupations of the Study Area ......................................................................... 4-119
Table 4.40 Access to Water in the Study Area............................................................................... 4-120
Table 4.41 Energy Access in the Study Area ................................................................................. 4-123
Table 4.42 Major Occupations of the Study Area ......................................................................... 4-125
Table 4.43 List of Heritage Sites from the Project Areas .............................................................. 4-126
Table 4.44 Gender Segregated Impact Analysis Based on Household Activities .......................... 4-131
Table 5.1 Comparison of Without Project Alternatives .....................................................................5-1
Table 5.2 Comparison of STP Site Alternatives ................................................................................5-2
Table 5.3 Candidate locations of sewerage pumping station. ............................................................5-4
Table 5.4 Comparison of Trunk Line Route ...................................................................................... 5-8
Table 5.5 Comparison of 12 cases .....................................................................................................5-9
Table 5.6 Comparison of Basic Items of 12 Cases .......................................................................... 5-10
Table 5.7 Comparison of the Ratio of Stepwise Development with PR between 50% to 25% ....... 5-11
Table 5.8 Comparison of Wastewater Treatment Process................................................................ 5-13
Table 5.9 Dewatering Equipment .................................................................................................... 5-19
Table 6.1 Scoping of anticipated environmental impacts ..................................................................6-1
Table 6.2 Source of Air Pollution in Construction Phase ..................................................................6-5
Table 6.3 Comparison of Discharge Standard and Baseline Date .....................................................6-7
Table 6.4 Generated Waste in Construction Phase ............................................................................ 6-8
Table 6.5 Projection of Generated Volume of Dewatered Sludge ..................................................... 6-8
Table 6.6 Source of Noise and Vibration in Construction Phase ..................................................... 6-10
Table 6.7 List of Rare Territorial Flora............................................................................................ 6-11
Table 6.8 List of Threatened Fauna ................................................................................................. 6-12
Table 6.9 Positive Impacts on Women and Enhancement Measures ............................................... 6-15
Table 6.10 Needs and Issues for gender equality ............................................................................ 6-15
Table 6.11 Measures to meet needs for gender equality .................................................................. 6-16
Table 6.12 Legislation Related to Children’s Right ........................................................................ 6-17
Table 6.13 Potential Impact during pre-construction, construction, and operation period .............. 6-19
Table 6.14: State variable for downstream boundary of Chittagong Boat Club. ................................ 6-30
Table 6.15: State variable for the upstream boundary for Bolirhat canal. .......................................... 6-30

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Table 7.1 Identification of stakeholders both affected parties and interested parties ........................ 7-3
Table 7.2 Details of Consultations Held for the Project .................................................................... 7-5
Table 7.3 Participants details of FGDs ..............................................................................................7-2
Table 7.4 Summary of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) ................................................................7-1
Table 7.5 Summary of stakeholder consultation meeting (SCM)......................................................7-1
Table 7.6 Summary of the 2nd stakeholder consultation meeting ......................................................7-1
Table 7.7 Stakeholders engagement plan .......................................................................................... 7-3
Table 9.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan ........................................................................................9-1
Table 9.2 The estimated monitoring budget for environmental monitoring during construction and
operation period................................................................................................................9-1
Table 10.1 Applicable Rules and Regulations ................................................................................. 10-3
Table 10.2 Accident/Incident Reporting Form ................................................................................ 10-7
Table 12.1 Steps and Process to address the grievances.................................................................. 12-3
Table 12.2 Proposed GRC committees under this project ............................................................... 12-3
Table 12.3: Sample record Form of Grievance Received ................................................................... 12-5

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Location of Target Areas ..................................................................................................1-2

Figure 3.1 Location of Project Site ................................................................................................... 3-1
Figure 3.2 Planned Sewage Volume and Target STP Capacity to be Developed in the Initial Stage of
the Project......................................................................................................................... 3-2
Figure 3.3 Area for Land Reclamation and PVD in Phase I .............................................................3-2
Figure 3.4 Target Area .......................................................................................................................3-3
Figure 3.5 Flow Chart of STP ...........................................................................................................3-6
Figure 3.6 Location of Target Areas ..................................................................................................3-7
Figure 3.7 Ward Map of Catchment-2 and 4 .....................................................................................3-8
Figure 3.8 Photos of Narrow Road and Slum Area (July 16, 2022) ................................................ 3-10
Figure 3.9 Planned Sewage Generation of Whole Catchment-2 and 4 in Each Year ...................... 3-11
Figure 3.10 Wastewater Discharge and Blockage of Drainage Channel by Solid Waste ................ 3-12
Figure 3.11 Structures of Drainpipes to Discharge/Collect the Wastewater.................................... 3-14
Figure 3.12 Hydraulic Profile of STP.............................................................................................. 3-15
Figure 3.13 Layout Plan of STP site................................................................................................ 3-16
Figure 3.14 Flow Chart of STP ....................................................................................................... 3-20
Figure 3.15 Example of mechanical screen..................................................................................... 3-21
Figure 3.16 Example of sludge scraper ........................................................................................... 3-26
Figure 3.17 Primary grid system in Chattogram city in 2020 ......................................................... 3-30
Figure 3.18 Monthly Cooking Fuel Cost......................................................................................... 3-31
Figure 3.19 New solid waste landfill site of CCC ........................................................................... 3-34
Figure 3.20 Land Use Plan of Catchment-2 and 4 .......................................................................... 3-36
Figure 3.21 Standard Project Implementation Structure of CWASA .............................................. 3-37
Figure 3.22 Project implementing Schedule. .................................................................................. 3-38
Figure 4.1 Map showing the boundary of the project site .................................................................4-2
Figure 4.2 Physiography of the Study Area.......................................................................................4-3
Figure 4.3 Geology of the Study Area ...............................................................................................4-4
Figure 4.4 Geomorphology of Chattogram ....................................................................................... 4-6
Figure 4.5 Land use of the Study Area .............................................................................................. 4-7
Figure 4.6 General Soil Types of Bangladesh ................................................................................... 4-8
Figure 4.7 Project Site and Study Area Location on Climatic Zones f Bangladesh ........................ 4-10
Figure 4.8 Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Average Temperatures (1992-2021) of Chattogram
Weather Station .............................................................................................................. 4-11
Figure 4.9 Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Average Rainfall (1992-2021) of Chattogram Weather
Station............................................................................................................................. 4-12
Figure 4.10 Daily Chance of Precipitation in Chattogram .............................................................. 4-13
Figure 4.11 Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Average Humidity (1992-2021) of Chattogram
Weather Station .............................................................................................................. 4-14
Figure 4.12 The average of mean hourly wind speeds of Chattogram Weather Station.................. 4-15
Figure 4.13 Wind direction of Chattogram Weather Station ........................................................... 4-16
Figure 4.14 Hours of daylight and twilight of Chattogram Weather Station ................................... 4-16
Figure 4.15 Solar Elevation and Azimuth of Chattogram Weather Station ..................................... 4-17
Figure 4.16 Project Site in Earthquake Zones of Bangladesh Map ................................................. 4-18
Figure 4.17 Project Location in Cyclonic Hazard Zones of Bangladesh Map ................................ 4-20
Figure 4.18 Project Area in Flood Map of Bangladesh ................................................................... 4-21
Figure 4.19 Tsunami Vulnerability Map of Bangladesh.................................................................. 4-23
Figure 4.20 River System of the Study Area ................................................................................... 4-24
Figure 4.21 River System of the Study Area ................................................................................... 4-25
Figure 4.22 Proposed Project Location and Discharge, Water Level, Depth, and Velocity Measurement
Locations in Karnaphuli River ....................................................................................... 4-26
Figure 4.23 Comparison of Monsoon and Dry season discharge measurement at the point-1 near the
Kalurghat bridge in Karnaphuli River ............................................................................ 4-33
Figure 4.24 Comparison of Monsoon and Dry season water level at the point-1 near the Kalurghat
bridge in Karnaphuli River. ............................................................................................ 4-37

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Figure 4.25 Comparison of Monsoon and Dry season discharge at the point-2 near the Shah Amanat
bridge in Karnaphuli River. ............................................................................................ 4-42
Figure 4.26 Comparison of Monsoon and Dry season water level at the point-2 near the Shah Amanat
bridge in Karnaphuli River. ............................................................................................ 4-45
Figure 4.27 Agroecology of the Study Area.................................................................................... 4-46
Figure 4.28 Surface Sources of the project areas within 2 km buffer zone ..................................... 4-47
Figure 4.29 Ward-wise waterlogging hazard intensity map for Chattogram City ........................... 4-49
Figure 4.30 Existing Drainage System ............................................................................................ 4-51
Figure 4.31 Drainage System in Chattogram City .......................................................................... 4-52
Figure 4.32 Surface Water Sampling Location................................................................................ 4-54
Figure 4.33 Location of surface water samples ............................................................................... 4-61
Figure 4.34 Location Map of Groundwater samples in the study areas .......................................... 4-63
Figure 4.35 Monitoring location of air quality sampling in the study areas.................................... 4-65
Figure 4.36 PM10 Concentration in the Study Area ....................................................................... 4-67
Figure 4.37 PM2.5 Concentration in the Study Area ...................................................................... 4-68
Figure 4.38 SO2 Concentration in the Study Area .......................................................................... 4-68
Figure 4.39 NO2 Concentration in the Study Area ......................................................................... 4-69
Figure 4.40 CO Concentration in the Study Area............................................................................ 4-70
Figure 4.41 Pb Concentration in the Study Area ............................................................................. 4-70
Figure 4.42 The noise level locations in the project areas............................................................... 4-71
Figure 4.43 Noise Levels Recorded in the Study Area.................................................................... 4-73
Figure 4.44 The monitoring location of vibration level in the study areas...................................... 4-74
Figure 4.45 shows the location of soil samples. .............................................................................. 4-75
Figure 4.46 shows the sediment sample location in the study areas. .............................................. 4-77
Figure 4.47 Location Map of Transect Survey ................................................................................ 4-81
Figure 4.48 Bioecological zone of the study areas .......................................................................... 4-82
Figure 4.49 A Photo plate of Different Types of Aquatic Habitats.................................................. 4-85
Figure 4.50 Consultation and Fisheries Survey activities in the Study area.................................... 4-89
Figure 4.51 A Photo Plate of Different Types of Terrestrial Habitats.............................................. 4-91
Figure 4.52 Comparison of Number of Floral Species by Uses ...................................................... 4-92
Figure 4.53 A Photo of Observed Reptile Species in Study Area ................................................... 4-94
Figure 4.54 Comparison of Bird species based on Family .............................................................. 4-95
Figure 4.55 Photographs of Observed Mammal Species in Study Area.......................................... 4-96
Figure 4.56 Photographs of Observed Butterfly Species in Study Area.......................................... 4-98
Figure 4.57 Ecological Critical Area (ECA) near the Project Site ................................................ 4-100
Figure 4.58 Protected Areas (PAs) near the Project Site ............................................................... 4-101
Figure 4.59 Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) near the project Site ............................ 4-102
Figure 4.60 Location of Halda River and Project Site .................................................................. 4-103
Figure 4.61 Photos of the Site of STP ........................................................................................... 4-104
Figure 4.62 Cadastral Map of STP Site ......................................................................................... 4-105
Figure 4.63 Land use of the Study Area ........................................................................................ 4-108
Figure 4.64 Target Area and Facilities under This Project ............................................................ 4-110
Figure 4.65 Population Forecast of Whole Catchment-2 and 4..................................................... 4-111
Figure 4.66 Photographs of The Buddhist Temples in The Proposed Project Area....................... 4-112
Figure 4.67 Education Level in Study Area .................................................................................. 4-115
Figure 4.68 Economic Condition of the Study Area ..................................................................... 4-115
Figure 4.69 Economically Inactive Population ............................................................................. 4-116
Figure 4.70 Monthly Income of the Households ........................................................................... 4-117
Figure 4.71 Monthly Expenditure of the Households ................................................................... 4-118
Figure 4.72 Economic Condition of the Study Area ..................................................................... 4-118
Figure 4.73 Economically Inactive Population ............................................................................. 4-119
Figure 4.74 Ownership of the Source of Drinking Water .............................................................. 4-120
Figure 4.75 Ownership of the Source of Cooking Water .............................................................. 4-121
Figure 4.76 Availability of Uninterrupted Water ........................................................................... 4-121
Figure 4.77 Satisfactory Level of Quality of Supplied Water ....................................................... 4-122
Figure 4.78 Sanitation Facility in the Study Area ......................................................................... 4-122
Figure 4.79 Monthly Electricity Cost ............................................................................................ 4-123

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Figure 4.80 Monthly Cooking Fuel Cost....................................................................................... 4-124

Figure 4.81 Economic Condition of the Study Area ................................................................... 4-124
Figure 4.82 Economically Inactive Population ............................................................................. 4-125
Figure 4.83 Healthcare Facility in the Study Area ........................................................................ 4-127
Figure 4.84 Distance to the Hospital from the study areas ............................................................ 4-128
Figure 4.85 Traffic Jam in Chattogram City ................................................................................. 4-128
Figure 4.86 Existing Roads in Catchments 2 & 4 ......................................................................... 4-129
Figure 4.87 Traffic congestion in different times in the day ......................................................... 4-130
Figure 4.88 Gender based HHs (%) in the study areas.................................................................. 4-131
Figure 5.1 Location for Planned Sewerage Pumping Station ............................................................5-4
Figure 5.2 Planned Sewage Volume and Target STP Capacity to be Developed in the Initial Stage of
the Project....................................................................................................................... 5-12
Figure 5.3 Overview of Sewer Installation by Open Shield Pipe-jacking Method ......................... 5-16
Figure 5.4 Overview of Sewer Installation by Slurry Type Pipe-jacking Method .......................... 5-17
Figure 5.5 Image of Intermediate Pusher of Long-distance Pipe-jacking Method.......................... 5-17
Figure 5.6 Image of Shield Tunneling Method ............................................................................... 5-18
Figure 5.7 Comparison between Ordinal Method and Open Piping ............................................... 5-19
Figure 5.8 Energy-Saving Dehydrator (Screw Press with Multiple Layered Rings) ...................... 5-20
Figure 5.9 Energy-saving Dehydrator (Other Screw Press Type) ................................................... 5-21
Figure 5.10 Flow of Inclined Disc Dryer ........................................................................................ 5-22
Figure 6.1 Location of Halda River...................................................................................................6-6
Figure 6.2 Location of Baseline Sampling Point............................................................................... 6-7
Figure 6.3 Sludge Generation through Sewage Treatment Process ................................................... 6-8
Figure 6.4 Location of Landfill site ...................................................................................................6-9
Figure 6.5 Layout of STP site.......................................................................................................... 6-11
Figure 6.6 STP Site Boundary and Developed Area by JICA Project ............................................. 6-13
Figure 6.7: Flow chart for the water quality modelling...................................................................... 6-23
Figure 6.8: Mesh representing model bathymetry. ............................................................................. 6-25
Figure 6.9: Mesh (Surface Elevation Model) file showing variation of elevation in model area....... 6-25
Figure 6.10: Polygon for Mesh generation in the study area.............................................................. 6-26
Figure 6.11: Boundary location of this study model. ......................................................................... 6-28
Figure 6.12:Water Level comparison at Enayethat on Karnafuli River.............................................. 6-31
Figure 6.13: Dissolved Oxygen (DO) modelling for the Karnafuli River. ......................................... 6-32
Figure 6.14: Nitrate concentration modelling in Karnafuli River....................................................... 6-33
Figure 6.15: E.Coli bacteria molecule dispersion modelling in the Karnafuli River.......................... 6-34
Figure 10.1 Hierarchy of Controls .................................................................................................. 10-5
Figure 12.1: Proposed Grievance Mechanism.................................................................................... 12-2

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List of Abbreviations

AC Land Asst. Commissioner of Land

ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
AOI Area of Influence
APHA American Public Health Association
ARIPA-2017. Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Act, 2017
BANBEIS Bangladesh Education Statistics
BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
BECA, 1995 Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act, 1995
BFD Bangladesh Forest Department
BFIDC Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation
BIWTA Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority
BMD Bangladesh Meteorological Department
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BPDB Bangladesh Power Development Board
BWDB Bangladesh Water Developing Board
CAS Conventional activated sludge
CC Clearance Certificate
CCC Chattogram City Corporation
CCL Cash Compensation under Law
CDA Chattogram Development Authority
CDP Chattogram City Development Plan
CHTs Chittagong Hill Tracts
CO Construction
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
COVID-19 Corona Virus Disease 2019
CPRs Community Property Resources
CWASA Chattogram Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
DAP Detailed Area Plan
DC Deputy Commissioner
DO Dissolved Oxygen
DOE Department of Environment
DoF Department of Fisheries
DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering
DPP Development Project Proposal
ECA Ecological Critical Area
ECC Environmental Clearance Certificate
ECR 2023 Environmental Conservation Rule 2023
EHS Environment, Health, and Safety
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMoP Environmental Monitoring Plan
EPAS Environmental Perimeter Air Station
FGDs Focus Group Discussions
FSTP Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant
GHGs Green House Gases
GOB Government of Bangladesh
GSB Geological Survey of Bangladesh
GSPC Global Strategy for Plant Conservation
HHs House Holds
HIES 2016 Household Income and Expenditure Survey
HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
IBAs Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
IoL Inventory of Loss
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
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kV Kilo Volt
KWSP-2 Karnafuli Water Supply Project-2
LC Least Concern
LGD Local Government Division
M/P Sanitation Master Plan
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MLD Million Liters per Day
MOEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change
MOFL Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock
MOL Ministry of Land
MOLE Ministry of Labor and Employment
MoLGRDC Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives.
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NEP National Environmental Policy
NEQS National Environmental Quality Standard
O&M Operation and Maintenance
OP Operation
P&D Planning and Development
PA Protected Area
PAPs Project Affected People
PAUs) Project Affected Units
PC Pre-Construction
PFD Personal flotation device
PGA Peak ground acceleration
PGCB Power Grid Company of Bangladesh
PIU Project implementation unit
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
RAP) Resettlement Action Plan
RF Resettlement Framework
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SES Socio Economic Survey
SLCPs Short Lived Climate Pollutants
SRDI Soil Resource Development Institute
SS Suspended Solids
STPs Sewerage Treatment Plants
TOR Terms of Reference
UN United Nation
UNESCO United Nations Education, Science, Culture, Communication, and Information Organization
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
WARPO Water Resources Planning Organizations

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PROJECT RATIONALE

The Chattogram city is the second largest city in Bangladesh after Dhaka. It is the busiest seaport on the Bay
of Bengal and considered as commercial capital of Bangladesh. The population of Chattogram is expected to
increase from 2.59 million (2011) to 3.61 million in 2030 which will result in further increase in wastewater
load causing threat to the public health if existing sewage system is not updated on priority basis.

The city is situated on the banks of Karnaphuli River in between Chattogram Hill Tracts and the Bay of
Bengal with covering of 12% of Bangladesh’s GDP (gross domestic product), 40% of industrial production,
and 80% of international trade and 50% of tax revenue (Source Wikipedia).

In addition, the Chattogram Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (CWASA) developed a Sanitation Master
Plan (Master Plan) in 2017 with the support of the World Bank for the development of existing sewerage
system in the city areas. Following this Master Plan, CWASA is conducting feasibility studies at all the
possible catchment sites including Catchment 2 & 4 for construction of sewerage treatment plants (STPs)
under this project.

However, public sewage systems in the city is still in need of improvement and a large amount of sewage is
discharged via drainage channels into rivers, sea areas and other public waters without being treated (World
Bank, 2017). In order to promote public health, hygiene, and upgrading the state of environmental conditions
in the city, Chattogram WASA plans to construct a sustainable sewerage and sanitation system, which will
help government to achieve SDG Goal 6 (Clean water and Sanitation).

Under this proposed project, CWASA will construct one STP for Catchment 2 &4 at Kodalkata beel of Hamid
Char, Bolirhat, Chandgaon areas which is adjacent to the Karnaphuli River. After treatment, the wastewater
would be discharged via dom khal/ bolirhat canal into the Karnaphuli River which would improve the
wastewater quality and benefit both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The proposed site is vacant land where
no crops and economic activity is currently taking place other than domestic cattle grazing.

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Kalurghat
Industrial
Sholashaha
Area Candidate
r Industrial
Area Catchment-2 site for STP

Catchment-4

Source: Edited by JICA Survey Team based on MP

Figure Location of Target Areas

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This project is a sewage system development project based on the Sanitation Master Plan developed in 2017
(supported by the World Bank). The project site is covering Catchment-2 and 4 in Chattogram and the project
proponent is CWASA as the project implementing agency.

Outlines of developed facility and related facility in this project (Phase 1) with target year 2035 is described
in the Table and figure below. The sludge generated in the sewage treatment plant will be disposed in new
waste disposal site which are developed by CCC. Thus, scope of the new waste disposal site construction is
not including the project. Pump stations are not constructed in this project (Phase 1) and will be constructed
in the future.

Table Project Components in this project (Phase 1)

Facilities Outline
Sewage treatment The sewage treatment plant will receive wastewater to Catchment 2 and 4. The plant
plant is located in Bakulia & Kalurghat and capacity is 60 MLD (Target year 2035).
Sewers will be installed along existing roads and connected from each household to
the sewage treatment plant. With the target year 2035, length of sewer is as follows
Sewer
Trunk Sewer (Trenchless method) 10,672m, Branch Sewer (Open-Cut Method)
69,368m, Connection Pipe (Open-Cut) 70,000m.
Source: JICA survey team

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Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure Conceptual design of developed STP in this Project (Phase 1)

OBJECTIVE

The Chattogram Sewerage Improvement Project aims to improve the current sewerage network system and
treated the wastewater to receive from the households and domestic water of industrial area in Catchment 2
and 4, which are located in the center of the city.

The specific objective of the project as follows:

 To develop centralized sewerage management system

 To treat wastewater to meet water quality or effluent standards,
 Strictly maintained the wastewater quality to the disposal sites considering the terrestrial and
aquatic biodiversity and public health benefits.

SCOPE OF WORKS

The overall objective of the EIA study is to provide necessary instructions to CWASA, its contractors and
other operators as they need to plan, construct, and operate the project in an environmentally responsible
manner, ensuring that all adverse consequences are prevented or mitigated, and that positive impacts are
increased following the Government of Bangladesh Rules and Regulations, as well as JICA Environmental
and Social Guideline, 2022.

In the EIA study, the necessary actions that must be taken to eliminate or lessen the potential environmental
impacts have been identified.

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The EIA study was carried out in accordance with the Terms of Reference (TOR) which was approved by the
Department of Environment (DOE) on 12 October 2022. The study took in to account the following issues

Under natural environmental study, collecting baseline information on ambient air quality, and noise &
vibration level, assessing the current status of surface water quality at 8 locations of the Karnafuli River
which will serve as the final disposal site of STP, and conducting current river flow analysis to estimate future
wastewater dispersion after treatment at the disposal site, as well as assessing the groundwater quality of the
study area, and conducting soil sample analysis, assessing the biodiversity statement including terrestrial and
aquatic species (flora and fauna) etc.

Under social consideration survey, collecting data on socio-economic status of the project sites, and
conducting stakeholder consultation meetings with stakeholders at various levels including project affected
peoples, governmental agencies, private organizations, and non-governmental organizations etc., and

Finally, prepare the EIA report including the potential environmental impacts and prospective mitigation
measures, and outlined monitoring procedures, and budget provision for future implementation etc.

STUDY METHODOLOGY

This EIA report is prepared based on field investigations (natural environmental and social considerations
study) and stakeholder consultations to meet requirements of TOR which was approved by DOE on 12
October 2022 for environmental impact assessment process and documentation. Secondary data was also
collected from the Chattogram Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (CWASA), Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics (BBS), Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Department of Fisheries (DoF), Office of
the Asst. Commissioner of Land (AC Land), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN),
Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD), and other reports, journals, articles etc.

The significance of impacts from the proposed project were then assessed and for those impacts requiring
mitigation, suitable measures were proposed to reduce impacts to within acceptable limits as per local and
international applicable regulations. A detailed environmental management and monitoring plan was
developed to ensure compliance to the proposed measures during the project development.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

The proposed project site is located at Kodal Kata Beel of Hamid Char areas at Kodalkata, Ward no. 4, of
Chandgaon thana under Chattogram City Corporation (CCC) in Chattogram, covering an area of 30 hectares.

The proposed project site is adjacent by 800 to 1000 meters distant to the right Bank of Karnaphuli River.
Bolirhat Canal, also locally known as Dom Khal/ Old Chandgaon Khal, is a natural canal that runs close to
the project areas. It mainly originated by the Karnaphuli River and flows through the north-eastern, western,
and southwestern sides.

The project area is mostly barren land area, that is used for the grazing of domestic animals, mainly buffalo

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and cows, with no crops or other economic activities present. Figure-2 shows the boundary of the project
areas.

However, there are some settlements which are adjacent to the project areas such as Barua para, Kodalkata
para, and Bolirhat Bazar, Bolirhat Sluice Gate (which is now under construction) in the south-eastern side
and Kolapara, Shabanghata, Nazir Bari in the south and south-western side of the project areas and more than
100 meters away from the project sites.

Physical Environment: Outlines of physical environment is shown in the table below.

Items Description
Physiography The project site falls under the Chittagong coastal plain physiographic unit.
Geology &
The project site falls under the Valley Alluvial and colluvium geological zone.
Geomorphology
The majority of the area surrounding the proposed project site is settled with homestead
vegetation, which covers 62.61 percent of land within a 5 km radius zone. Within a 5 km
radius zone, open space and agricultural land account for approximately 23.65% of the
Land Use land, with rivers and channels accounting for 11.19%, sandbars accounting for 1.24%,
and waterbodies (ponds accounting for 1.16%). Within a 5 km radius, there is no declared
forest area, but there is a significant area covered by trees, mostly in rural orchards and
plantations. The project site's land use is currently open land with a grass field.
Soils The project area's soil characteristics are dark grey non-calcareous floodplain soils.
Throughout the year, the highest temperatures are generally in March to May, and the
lowest temperatures are from December to January. About 80% of the rainfall occurs
Meteorology during the monsoon season (May to October) with heavy rains in June and July. Average
relative humidity in the project area is generally above 80% from May to October. The
month of February is the driest with the average relative humidity of around 68.2%.
The project site falls under Zone 3 in the latest earthquake zoning map. This zone has
possible vulnerability for earthquakes with a risk of reaching magnitude up to seven on
Richter Scale. The project site is located approximately 16 km from the coastal area and
the site falls under the high wind zone. Hence, the project site may experience the cyclone
Natural Disaster
and storm surge. The project site is located near the bank of Karnafuli river which is
moderate flash flooding zone. the proposed project area falls within tsunami vulnerable
zone-I (Chittagong-Teknaf coastline), which is the most vulnerable for any kind of
Tsunami event.
The Karnaphuli is the nearest river located at the south-east side of the proposed project
Hydrology and the largest and most important river in Chattogram. The river is influenced by the
tidal effect. Different types and sizes boat move around the year.

Biological Environment: Outlines of Biological environment is shown in the table below.

Items Description
Ecologically The proposed project buffer area does not hold an Ecologically Critical Area (ECA) in
Critical Areas accordance with the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995. The nearest ECA
(ECAs) from the Project Site is the Sonadia Island which is 92 km away from the project site.
Protected Areas No Protected Areas (Pas) is present within the study area. The nearest PAs from the
(PAs) project site is Dudpukuria- Dhopachari Wildlife Sanctuary at an aerial distance of 23 km.
Important Bird &
There is no IBA in the project AOI, the nearest IBAs are Patenga Beach, and Ganges-
Biodiversity Areas
Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta are away from 12 km and 13 km respectively from the Site
(IBAs)
The Halda River of Chattogram is an icon being the only tidal river supporting the
spawning of the genetically pure major Indian carp species. The proposed project buffer
Halda River
area does not hold any part of the Halda River. The nearest part of Halda River from the
project site is at 3.5 km aerial distance

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Social Environment: Outlines of Social environment is shown in the table below.

Items Description
Population In Catchment 2&4, 943,941 people in 2011 (Census) and 1,290,489 people in 2022
(Census). The population is projected that it will be 1,542,524 people in 2030.
Occupation Among the total surveyed population in the study area, it is found that only 33% of people
are typically engaged in different economical activities whereas the remaining (67%) are
not fully engaged in earnings. The people who are actively involved in incomes/earnings
are mainly divided into 11 different occupational groups including service, business,
daily labor, agricultural labor and farming as their main occupations. Females are mostly
homemakers, with some of them are engaged in service, tailoring, small business and
farming (cattle/vegetable) for their livelihood.
Ethnic communities In the proposed project areas, the ethnic community is very rare. Currently no one was
found during HHs survey for the period of January 01 to 15, 2023.
Heritage site There are so many heritage sites in the CCC areas consisting of Mughal monuments,
sultani monuments, religious structures, and second world war cemetery etc. However,
all of the heritage site is far from the STP sites but many of them are close to the sewer
networks sites.
Traffic The west parts of Catchment-2 and 4 are congested as the main part of the city. chronic
traffic jams are found in the trunk roads and narrow roads. There are also the traffic safety
issues due to a deficiency of sidewalks in addition to the chronic congestion in the narrow
roads.
Gender Among the total surveyed population in the study area, 88% households are male headed
and reaming (12%) are females headed households.
Infectious disease Due to lifting the COVID-19 restrictions by the Government of Bangladesh, now
diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, etc. are the most prevalent infectious diseases in the study
areas.
Accidents The most road accident-prone areas of Chittagram city are the intersection areas, near
intersections, rail crossing, busy areas like shopping mall, educational institutes etc. The
highest number of accidents usually happen at Bahaddarhat, Gate-2, GEC Circle and
Lalkhan Bazar intersections.

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

Without Project Alternative: In with project scenario, environmental impact is expected during construction
stage, however the impact is limited and can be mitigated. The social impact is also expected; however, the
impact can be amicably solved with appropriate considerations and compensation procedures. Current
serious environmental problems such as odor of drains and public water quality deterioration due to untreated
water discharge is solved. In without project scenario, no social impact is occurred, however, odor from
drainage and water quality deterioration will be more serious because population will be increased, and
amount of wastewater will be also increased. Therefore, with project scenario is obviously recommended.

STP Sites Alternatives: Location of STP was originally proposed in Sanitation Master Plan (M/P) and STP
construction was planned in Catchment 2 and 4 respectively in the M/P. However, Bangabandhu Maritime
University is being constructed in the land for STP-2 which are proposed in the M/P. In addition, the land of
the sewage treatment plant (STP-4) in Catchment 4 will be used as a site for the outer ring road improvement
project and a residential development site. In such a situation, CDA in charge of ongoing Chattogram
Metropolitan Master Plan Project found that the area of 71.44 acre (30 hector) which is reserved for education
and research purposes in the Detailed Area Plan (DAP) of CDA is available and utilization of that land for

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STP 2 and 4 construction is decided.

POTENTIAL IMPACTS

Environmental and social impact for pre-construction (PC) stage, construction (CO) stage, and operation
(OP) stage.is summarized in the table below.

Phase
Items PC/ Impacts
OP
CO
Pollution control measures
[CO] Dust from excavation work etc. (especially dry season) and
exhaust gas from construction machinery/vehicles will be main source
of air pollution in construction site of STP and sewer laying. The impact
1 Air quality B- N/A is temporary and can be reduced with mitigation measures such as water
spraying and regular inspections of construction machinery/vehicles,
thus, the impact is considered low significance.
[OP] STP operation will not cause air quality deterioration.
[CO] The impact on surface water quality is induced when the water
with high turbidity is discharged from land filling work. The Halda
River, especially important for carp breeding, is located about 5 km
upstream of the Karnaphuli River where the STP is located. The impact
is temporary and can be reduced with mitigation measures such as
considering the carp spawning season (April to June) and prevention of
2 Water quality B- A+
discharging high turbidity water, thus, the impact is considered low
significance.
[OP] Treated water will be discharged into the Borihat Canal and
Karnaphuli Rivers. BOD and SS in the Borihat Canal will be improved
after the STP is operated. Water quality improvement in Karnaphuli river
is expected.
[CO] Certain amounts of waste will be generated such as Tree, Grass,
Concrete, Re-bar, Soil waste, Asphalt. he generated waste will be
managed and treated by contractor in accordance with Environmental
Management Plan.
[OP] Sewer sludge is generated through the sewage treatment process.
3 Waste B- B-
The volume of dried sewage sludge is estimated at 20.5 t-DS/day
(=98m3/day) when inflow quality is same as design parameter. The
sludge generated from the STP will be disposed at CCC's newly planned
landfill site located in Sandwip colony, north of Chattogram,
approximately 11 km far away from STP.
[CO] Pile driving for soil improvement work will not cause soil
contamination because bentonite, which are inorganic and natural
substance is used for preventing the collapse of the soil by forming a
layer over the exposed pile foundation surface. Since fuel and oil for
Soil construction machinery and vehicles are used, accidents or improper
4 B- D
contamination management could result in fuel or oil spills. With mitigation measures
such as storing hazardous materials in adequately protected sites,
impacts would be minimal.
[OP] No activities are assumed to cause impact to soil contamination is
predicted.
[CO] Noise and vibration will be mainly generated from construction
activities such as driving of piles etc. in STP site and demolition of
Noise &
5 B- D pavement by open-cut method for laying pipelines. The impact is
vibration
temporary and can be reduced with mitigation measures such as
coordinating with local people and using modern machinery/vehicles,

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Phase
Items PC/ Impacts
OP
CO
thus, the impact is considered low significance.
[OP] The noise emissions of the STP will mainly be generated by the
aeration system, engines, and pumps. The noise level generated by the
plant should not be detectable from the background noise during the day
and barely detectable during the night by the closest houses.
[CO/OP] Since the area has soft ground and there is a possibility of land
Ground
6 D D subsidence, piles will be driven for soil improvement. Thus, the impact
subsidence
on ground subsidence is considered of low significance.
[CO] Construction activity will not cause offensive odor.
[OP] Even offensive odor of STP will be mainly generated from Sludge
7 Offensive odor N/A B-
thickening, Fecal sludge inlet, and Sludge dewatering facilities, soil
filter will be installed for deodorization.
[CO/OP] The amount of dredged sand from the bottom of the Karnaphri
River for the land filling is estimated to be approximately 300,000 m3.
Bottom The impact on bottom sediment is managed by the authorized agency,
8 B- N/A
sediment BWDB (Bangladesh Water Developing Board) because the authority
will consider and decide the dredging location.
[OP] No activities are assumed to cause impact to bottom sediment.
Natural environment
[CO/OP] There is no protected area, reserved forest in the Catchment 2
9 Protected Area N/A N/A
and 4 and STP site.
[CO] There is a possibility that loss of these flora and fauna due to
cutting trees and soil erosion from construction site. The impact can be
minimized with mitigation measures such as compliance with
unnecessary logging bans, protection of vegetation, etc. and the STP site
is not categorized as biodiversity sensitive area, thus, the impact is
Flora/Fauna &
10 B- A+ considered low significance.
Biodiversity
[OP] Since treated water will be discharged into the Borihat Canal and
Karnaphuli Rivers, water quality of these water bodies will be improved.
Water quality of Halda river which are especially important for carp
breeding located in approximately 5 km upstream of discharge point in
Karnaphli river may also be improved.
[CO/OP] There is no activity is included to change current condition of
11 Hydrology N/A N/A
river flow.
[CO] Construction site is not located in mountainous area but urban area,
Topography thus no large scale of excavation work is implemented.
12 N/A N/A
and Geology [OP] The operation works of STP will not cause any impact to
topography and geology.
Social environment
[PC] Land acquisition and resettlement will be proceeded in accordance
Involuntary
13 B- N/A with related law and regulation.
resettlement
[OP] No activities are assumed to cause involuntary resettlement.
[PC] Since the land for STP site currently used for grazing cattle will be
acquired, loss of livelihood activities is concerned. To mitigate the
impact, mitigation measures such as implementation of Livelihood
Restoration Program is needed for those who lose their livelihood
activities.
Poverty/ Local
[CO] The construction phase will create job opportunities for both
Economy
14 B- A+ unskilled and skill manpower mainly recruited within Chattogram
(Employment,
District. In addition, procurement of materials and equipment from local
Livelihood)
retailers or wholesalers will enhance local economy for a short period.
[OP] The construction of the sewage treatment plant and sewage system
will have economic benefits for the Chattogram city. The project will
create employment opportunities, stimulate local businesses, and attract
investment.

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Phase
Items PC/ Impacts
OP
CO
Ethnic
[CO/OP] Existence of ethnic minorities and indigenous people is not
minorities &
15 N/A N/A confirmed in the project site. Thus, impact on ethnic minority and
indigenous
indigenous people is negligible.
peoples
[CO] A portion of the land will be no longer available for grazing by the
STP construction. Since only a part of the STP site will be developed in
Land Use and
this project, the land around the STP site remains available for grazing
Utilization of
16 B- D land. It is necessary to implement livelihood restoration programs and
Local
other measures to minimize the impact.
Resources
[OP] No activities are assumed to cause impact to land use and
utilization of local resources.
[CO/OP] In Chattogram city, water is supplied and also river water, pond
water, and ground water are also used for their daily life. Construction
and operation of the STP, including the pipeline would not use these
water sources. Therefore, there would be no impact on water use. In
17 Water usage N/A N/A
addition, treated wastewater will be discharged to the Karnaphuli River,
which is expected to have a positive impact on improving the water
environment since untreated wastewater will be treated and discharged
into the Karnaphuli River.
[CO] Laying pipeline by open-cut method will likely occupy one full
lane of the carriage way and will cause traffic congestion. The impact is
temporary and can be reduced with mitigation measures such as
coordinating with local people, thus, the impact is considered low
Existing social
significance.
18 infrastructure B- B-
[OP] Transportation of generated sewer sludge to landfill site may cause
and service
traffic congestion in the community near the STP site. The impact can
be reduced with mitigation measures such as coordinating with local
people and avoiding rush hour, thus, the impact is considered low
significance.
Social
institutions
such as social
[CO/OP] The project activities are construction and operation of STP,
infrastructure
19 N/A N/A thus no impact is predicted to social institutions such as social
and local
infrastructure and local decision-making institutions.
decision-
making
institutions
Maldistributio
[CO/OP] The project activities are construction and operation of STP,
20 n of damage N/A N/A
thus no impact is predicted to maldistribution of damage and benefit.
and benefit
Local conflict [CO/OP] The project activities are construction and operation of STP,
21 N/A N/A
of interest thus no impact is predicted to local conflict of interest.
[CO/OP] There is no UNESCO world heritage and some heritage sites
Cultural
22 D N/A which are declared by CDA in Catchment 2 and 4 area. However, these
heritage
heritage sites will not be affected by this project.
23 Landscape N/A N/A [CO/OP] There is no landscape resource within the project site.
[CO/OP] Equal payment for same job of male and female worker/staff
24 Gender B- B-
should be ensured.
[CO/OP] In order to prevent child labor and other violations of children's
Children’s rights, contractors and project implementing agencies must comply with
25 B- B-
rights the related laws and regulations and take measures to manage and
monitor workers.

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Phase
Items PC/ Impacts
OP
CO
[CO] The influx of workers may increase the risk of COVID-19, dengue
fever, and sexually transmitted diseases. Mitigation measures such as
Infectious
education of workers and awareness program for workers shall be
26 disease and B- D
conducted to reduce impact.
HIV/AIDS
[OP] No activities are assumed to cause impact to infectious disease and
HIV/AIDS.
[CO] Impact to workers due to exhaust gases, dust, and noise by
construction in construction sites is expected. The impact can be reduced
with mitigation measures such as wearing PPE (Personal Protective
Equipment), thus, the impact is considered low significance.
[OP] Work at STP is physically demanding and may involve hazards
Occupational such as open water, trenches, slippery walkways, working at heights,
27 B- B-
health & safety energized circuits, and heavy equipment and may also involve entry into
confined spaces, including manholes, sewers, pipelines, storage tanks,
wet wells, digesters etc.. Mitigation measures such as using a life line
and personal flotation device (PFD) and safe facility design to prevent
accidental falls etc. to minimize the impact on occupational health &
safety.
Others
[CO] There are concerns about the risk of accidents due to unskilled
workers and other errors in the use of construction machinery, and traffic
accidents due to the increase in the number of construction vehicles, and
accidents involving third parties who accidentally entered the yard.
Mitigation measures such as education of workers and implementing
28 Accident B- B-
traffic management plans shall be taken to minimize the risk if accident.
[OP] There is concern about the risk of traffic accidents due to sludge
transport and worker movement inside and around the STP site.
Mitigation measures such as education of workers and implementing
traffic management plan shall be taken to minimize the risk if accident.
[CO] Construction period is limited and amount of GHG emission is not
Cross-border large, and no impact is predicted to Cross-border impact, climate change.
29 impact, D B+ [OP] Wastewater is a major source of nutrients, and preventing nutrient
climate change influx through sewage treatment is expected to mitigate water quality
deterioration caused by climate change.
Note Project stage PC Pre-construction stage, CS Construction stage, OS Operation stage
Impact: A+/- Significant positive/negative impact is expected.
B+/- Positive/negative impact is expected to some extent.
D No impact is expected.
N/A Impact assessment isn’t conducted because the items was not checked “v” in scoping phase.
Source: JICA Study Team

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

MITIGATION MEASURES

Pre-Construction Phase Mitigation measures in Pre-Construction Phase is summarized in the table below.

No. Items Mitigation Measures

All of the necessary permits, clearances, and NOCs etc. shall be obtained before the start
1 Overall
of construction.
Involuntary Land Acquisition Plan has to be prepared by the project proponent following the national
resettlement legal frameworks and JICA Environmental and Social Considerations Guidelines in order
2
(Land to proceed appropriate compensation procedure.
acquisition) Compensation has to be paid based on the Land Acquisition Plan prior to construction.
Poverty/
Livelihood/
Livelihood Restoration Plan has to be prepared by the project proponent following the
Land use and
3 national legal frameworks and JICA Environmental and Social Considerations Guidelines.
utilization of
Livelihood restoration activities has to be started prior to construction.
local
resources

Construction Phase Mitigation measures in Construction Phase is summarized in the table below.

No. Items Mitigation Measures

Tire cleaning prior to leaving the STP site to the public roads and streets.
Regular inspections of the vehicles and equipment.
Vehicles travelling to and from the construction site must adhere to speed limits so as to
avoid producing excessive dust.
Cover with tarpaulin vehicles transporting soil and sand.
1 Air quality
Cover stockpiled construction materials with tarpaulin or plastic sheets.
Trenching and transport vehicles shall move only in designated areas and roads.
Water spraying to access roads, camp sites and work sites to reduce dust emissions.
Repair and maintain access roads, as necessary.
Monitor air quality according to the environmental monitoring plan.
Provision of temporary sedimentation canal and/or silt traps along construction areas
Avoid excavation work during the monsoon season.
Fuel and other petroleum products stored at storage areas away from water drainage.
2 Water quality For effluents from workplace, camps, and offices, provide treatment arrangements such as
retention ponds and septic tanks.
Discharge of oil-contaminated water will be prohibited.
Monitor water quality according to the environmental monitoring plan.
The contractor is required to prepare, implement, and maintain a Waste Management Plan
approved by PMU throughout construction period.
Insist waste segregation by source; organic wastes in one pot and inorganic wastes in
another pot.
3 Waste
The contractor will record the quantity in tons and types of waste and materials leaving
site during the construction phase.
Establish waste collection, transportation and disposal systems with the manpower,
equipment/vehicles needed, and disposal sites approved by local authorities;
Fuel, oil and other hazardous substances will be stored in adequately protected sites
consistent with national and local regulations to prevent soil and water contamination.
Equipment/ vehicle maintenance and refueling will be confined to areas in construction
Soil sites designed to contain spilled lubricants and fuels. Such areas will be provided with
4 contaminatio drainage leading to an oil-water separator that will be regularly skimmed of oil and
n maintained to ensure efficiency.
The contractor will identify personnel in the Waste Management Plan in charge of these
sites, and ensure they are properly trained to control access to these areas; entry will be
allowed only under authorization;
Communicate the construction schedule with the neighboring sensitive receptors before
Noise & starting works.
5
vibration Generators will be located away from sensitive receivers and will be enclosed.
Use modern vehicles and machinery with standard adaptations to reduce noise and

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

No. Items Mitigation Measures

vibration, and ensure they are maintained to manufacturers’ specifications.
Optimize the use of noisy construction equipment and turn off any equipment if not in use.
Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles.
Measure noise level according to the environmental monitoring plan.
Only trees that will require removal within the proposed construction areas of the sites
Flora/Fauna
will be cut.
6 &
For trees not proposed to be cut, taking all precautions to protect them from any damage
Biodiversity
from construction activities.
Existing
Vehicles travelling to and from the construction site must adhere to speed limits.
social
7 Construction vehicles travel only on defined routes.
infrastructure
Prepare Traffic Management Plan
and service
Provide adequate toilets, separate for women and men, at the construction sites, with septic
tanks.
A program to promote awareness of the construction workers on avoiding gender-based
8 Gender
violence such as sexual harassment.
The contractor will make sure that no discrimination is made on the basis of gender while
hiring of workers such as equal opportunity and fair treatment;
Children’s Prohibition of forced and children labour;
9
rights Compliance of Bangladesh legislation related to labour
Provide regular health check-ups, sanitation and hygiene, health care, and control of
epidemic diseases to the workforce.
Launch awareness programs concerning human trafficking and the possibility of spread
of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS using brochures, posters, and
Infectious
signboards.
10 disease and
Prepare the health and safety guidance for COVID-19 at work sites
HIV/AIDS
Ensure sufficient stock of soap, sanitizer, washing facility and safe water at the workers’
dwelling (both camp site and home).
Clean water hole around accommodation and construction site and protect workers from
mosquito using mosquito fogger and mosquito coil to avoid spreading dengue fever
Provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to all the laborers working at the
construction site such as earmuffs/protective hearing equipment, masks, gloves and hard
shoes etc.
Training on how and when to use PPE shall be conducted and ensure everyone entering
the worksite must wear PPE,
A proper occupational health and safety plan has to be prepared referring relevant
Occupational regulation and guidelines such as the Bangladesh Labor Act, 2006, WHO guidelines and
11 health & World Bank EHS Guidelines and will have to be followed to avoid health hazard of the
safety workers.
At every workplace, a readily available first aid unit and nursing staff
Compensation for the loss of life (a zero tolerance to loss of life policy should be
developed and implemented) or for any type of injuries.
Provide insurance to the workers.
Provide safe drinking water in sufficient quantity for the workforce at the construction site
as well as at the construction camps.
Vehicles travelling to and from the construction site must adhere to speed limits.
12 Accident Construction vehicles travel only on defined routes.
Prepare Traffic Management Plan

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Operation Phase Mitigation measures in Operation Phase is summarized in the table below.

No. Items Mitigation Measures

1 Water quality Monitoring water quality in discharge point of treated water
Noise and Optimize the use of noisy facility and turn off any equipment if not in use;
2
vibration Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles;
3 Offensive odor Installation of deodorization facility
Workers must be trained to understand potential hazards, proper work procedures,
Occupational appropriate emergency evacuation procedures, and appropriate use of PPE.
4 health and First aid facilities required to attend immediately for meeting emergency situations will
safety be made available at the facility
Use specially trained personnel to demount electrical parts
Vehicles will be parked inside the facility premises in the designated slots.
Entry and exit routes from the premises will be clearly marked.
5 Accident
Adequate lighting and reflective boards will be put up for nighttime safety;
All routes will be planned to cause minimal disturbance to local community;

STAKEHOLDER MEETINGS

4 KIIs (Key Informant Interviews), 11 FGDs (Focal Group Discussion) and 2 Stakeholder meetings were
conducted. Discussion points of stakeholder meetings is summarized in the table below.

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

The standard structure of CWASA for the project implementation is shown in Figure. The PIU is to take the
initiative in the project implementation and its supervision. The consultant is presumed to be engaged in
detailed design, preparation of specifications and contract documents, tendering assistance, construction
supervision, and facilitation to implement Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Environmental
Monitoring Plan (EMoP) in compliance with the “Guidelines for the Employment of Consultants under
Japanese ODA Loans” published in April 2012.

Relevant Organizations CWASA

LGD of
MLGRDC
Chattogram Managing Director
DPHE Development Project Implementation JICA
Authority Engineering Wing
Unit (PIU)
MEFCC
Chattogram City Financial Wing
Corporation
Ministry of AdministrationConsultant
Wing Contractors &
Finance Suppliers

• Detailed Design
• Prepare Tender documents
Legend
• Tendering Assistance
Subject to coordination
• Construction Supervision
Provision of arrangement
and support
Provision of review and
Ministry of concurrence
Water Resources Service provision
Abbreviation
Local Government Division

Ministry of Environment, Forest and

Ministry of Local Government, Rural
Climate Change
Development and Co-operatives
Department of Public Health Engineering
LGD
MLGRDC

DPHE
MEFCC

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

MONITORING AND REPORTING

Monitoring items were summarized in the table below.

Environmental Item Items Location Frequency

Pre-construction phase
Land Area of land to be acquired, number of
Acquisition/Resettlem housecleaned people who require STP Weekly
ent resettlement
Construction phase
Visual Check to confirm the
All Construction sites Daily
implementation of mitigation measures
Air Quality PM10, PM2.5, SO2, CO, NO2 Construction sites Once a month
Temperature, BOD, SS, Nitrate, Bolihat canal and
Water quality Once a month
Phosphate, Coliform Karnaphuli river
Once a-month
Waste Types and amount of solid waste Waste collection point or collection
period
Soil contamination Leakage of oil/fuel Construction sites Daily
Noise and Vibration Sound level and vibration. Construction sites Once a month
Existing social
Result of coordination with surrounding
infrastructure and Construction sites When necessary
community
service
Infectious Diseases Visible observation, interview, grievance
Construction sites Once a month
such as HIV/AIDS records, record of education
Visible observation, Occupational health
Occupational health
and safety Problem, record of education, Construction sites Once a month
and safety
record of safety patrol
Construction sites and Once a month,
Accident Record of accident, record of education
surrounding areas on demand
Operation Phase
Temperature, BOD, SS, Nitrate, Bolihat canal and
Water quality Once a month
Phosphate, Coliform Karnaphuli river
Visible observation, Occupational health
Occupational health
and safety Problem, record of education, STP Once a month
and safety
record of safety patrol
Once a month,
Accident Record of accident, record of education STP
on demand

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

The project will have significant positive impacts on the environment and public health by treating
wastewater, preventing untreated sewage from being discharged into water bodies, and reducing the risk of
waterborne diseases. The project will also create employment opportunities and stimulate the local economy.
However, some potential negative impacts are identified that must be addressed, such as cutting trees, land
acquisition, air pollution, noise and vibration, soil and water contamination, traffic congestion, and offensive
odour. The report recommends adopting appropriate mitigation measures, such as planting new trees,
preparation of RAP, prevention of dust spread, use of soundproof sheet, safety fuel management, appropriate
traffic management, use of PPE, installation of deodorization facility, and the implementation of a monitoring
program. The project is found to be feasible and environmentally beneficial, promoting sustainable
development practices and contributing to the overall improvement of the quality of life in Chattogram city.

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In the People's Republic of Bangladesh, the urban population will increase from 46.61 million (31.2% of the
urban population) to 81.68 million (45.6% of the urban population) between 2011 and 2030. (World Bank,
2018). This urban population growth has also led to an increase in sewage discharges. The population of
Chattogram, the second largest city after Dhaka, is expected to increase from 2.59 million (2011) to 3.61
million (2030), however public sewage systems are not yet in place and much of the sewage is discharged
into rivers, sea areas and other public waters via drainage channels without treatment (World Bank, 2017).
As a result, ditches and drains are impeded in their flow by solid waste, often causing road flooding during
the rainy season. In addition, the waterlogging of sewage causes odour, and the deterioration of water quality
in public water bodies is becoming more serious (World Bank, 2017).

In its Eighth Five-Year Plan (2020/21-2024/25), the Government of the country has identified the
implementation of sustainable environmental management to control water pollution as one of its priority
activities and has set a target to increase urban sewerage coverage from 5 % in 2017 to 10 % by 2025. In
addition, the National Strategy for Water and Sanitation (2021), which sets out the Government's
development strategy for the water and sanitation sector, states that one of the strategies for proper sewage
treatment to improve the urban environment is the construction of sludge treatment plants and public sewage
systems in urban areas. Furthermore, the Chattogram Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (CWASA)
developed a Sanitation Master Plan (Master Plan) in 2017 with the support of the World Bank.

The Chattogram Sewerage Improvement Project (hereinafter referred to as “the Project”) aims to promote
proper sewage treatment in the city by upgrading sewers in Catchment 2 and 4, which are located in the
center of the city and have a high urgency and need for support, and is positioned as an essential priority
project in the Master Plan.

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Kalurghat
Industrial
Sholashahar
Area Candidate
Industrial Area
Catchment-2 site for STP

Catchment-4

Source: Edited by JICA Survey Team based on MP

Figure 1.1 Location of Target Areas

1.2 Rationale of the Project

The Chattogram city is the second largest city in Bangladesh after Dhaka. It is the busiest seaport on the Bay
of Bengal and considered as commercial capital of Bangladesh. The population of Chattogram is expected to
increase from 2.59 million (2011) to 3.61 million in 2030 which will result in further increase in wastewater
load causing threat to the public health if existing sewage system is not updated on priority basis.

The city is situated on the banks of Krnaphuli River in between Chattogram Hill Tracts and the Bay of Bengal
with covering of 12% of Bangladesh’s GDP (gross domestic product), 40% of industrial production, and 80%
of international trade and 50% of tax revenue (Source Wikipedia).

In addition, the Chattogram Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (CWASA) developed a Sanitation Master
Plan (Master Plan) in 2017 with the support of the World Bank for the development of existing sewerage
system in the city areas. Following this Master Plan, CWASA is conducting feasibility studies at all the
possible catchment sites including Catchment 2 & 4 for construction of sewerage treatment plants (STPs)
under this project.

However, public sewage system in the city is still in need of improvement and a large amount of sewage is
discharged via drainage channels into rivers, sea areas and other public waters without being treated (World
Bank, 2017). In order to promote public health, hygiene, and upgrading the state of environmental
conditions in the city, Chattogram WASA plans to construct a sustainable sewerage and sanitation system,

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

which will help government to achieve SDG Goal 6 (Clean water and Sanitation).

Under this proposed project, CWASA will construct one STP for Catchment 2 &4 at Kodalkata beel of Hamid
Char, Kalurghat areas which is adjacent to the Karnaphuli River. After treatment, the wastewater would be
discharged via dom khal/ bolirhat canal into the Karnaphuli River which would improve the wastewater
quality and benefit both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The proposed site is vacant land where no crops
and economic activity is currently taking place other than domestic cattle grazing.

1.3 Objective of the Project

The Chattogram Sewerage Improvement Project aims to improve the current sewerage network system and
treated the wastewater to receive from the households and domestic water of industrial area in Catchment 2
and 4, which are located in the center of the city.

 The specific objective of the project as follows:

 To develop centralized sewerage management system
 To treat wastewater to meet water quality or effluent standards
 Strictly maintained the wastewater quality to the disposal sites considering the terrestrial and
aquatic biodiversity and public health benefits.

1.4 Objective of EIA Study

The main objectives of the EIA study will identify potential impacts and considering all appropriate
mitigation measures to reduce the risks and developing a monitoring method to track the status of
environmental management plan throughout the project cycle. During the EIA study, the following issues
were considered in order to understand the current status of baseline conditions:

 Conducting a biophysical environmental study that includes ambient air quality, noise and
vibration level, surface water quality, river flow analysis of Karnaphuli River, soil and
sediment quality, and as well as considering the current state of terrestrial & aquatic ecosystem
of the study areas.
 Conducting the socio-economic study including the existing livelihood condition, utility
services, road networks & accidents, age structure and education, drainage systems, and water
logging, as well as diseases, health services, gender disparities, and emission levels etc.

1.5 Scope of Study/Work

The overall objective of the EIA study is to provide necessary instructions to CWASA, its contractors and
other operators as they need to plan, construct, and operate the project in an environmentally responsible
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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

manner, ensuring that all adverse consequences are prevented or mitigated, and that positive impacts are
increased following the Government of Bangladesh Rules and Regulations, as well as JICA Environmental
and Social Guideline 2022.

In the EIA study, the necessary actions that must be taken to eliminate or lessen the potential environmental
impacts has been identified.

The EIA study was carried out in accordance with the Terms of Reference (TOR) which was approved by the
Department of Environment (DOE) on 12 October 2022. The study took in to account the following issues

 Under natural environmental study, collecting baseline information on ambient air quality, and
noise & vibration level, assessing the current status of surface water quality at 8 locations of
the Karnafuli River which will serve as the final disposal site of STP, and conducting current
river flow analysis to estimate future wastewater dispersion after treatment at the disposal site,
as well as assessing the groundwater quality of the study area, and conducting soil sample
analysis, assessing the biodiversity statement including terrestrial and aquatic species (flora
and fauna) etc.
 Under social consideration survey, collecting data on socio-economic status of the project sites,
and conducting stakeholder consultation meetings with stakeholders at various levels
including project affected peoples, governmental agencies, private organizations and non-
governmental organizations etc., and
 Finally, prepare the EIA report including the potential environmental impacts and prospective
mitigation measures, and outlined monitoring procedures, and budget provision for future
implementation etc.

1.6 Approach and Methodology

This EIA report is prepared based on field investigations (natural environmental and social considerations
study) and stakeholder consultations to meet requirements of TOR which was approved by DOE on 12
October 2022 for environmental impact assessment process and documentation. Secondary data was also
collected from the Chattogram Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (CWASA), Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics (BBS), Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Department of Fisheries (DoF), Office of
the Asst. Commissioner of Land (AC Land), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN),
Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD), and other reports, journals, articles etc.

Project Design and descriptions

The project design and description has been collected from JICA Survey Team for JICA Preparatory Survey
for Chattogram Sewerage System Development Project of CWASA.
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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Environmental and Social Baseline Information

The environmental and social baseline information has been taken from the natural environmental study and
social consideration survey undertaken by this project.

Selection of IECs (Important Environmental Components)

The IECs have been determined through the scoping sessions with the local stakeholder including CWASA.

Impact Assessment

The potential environmental impact has been assessed based on the natural environmental and social
considerations study undertaken by the project with general emphasis. Numbers of stakeholder consultation
meetings conducted at the site and views taken from the meeting’s output painstakingly.

Mitigation Measures

Site specific, and project component-wise possible mitigation measures have been prescribed in order to
reduce the risks and increase the positive outcomes following the environmentally friendly implementation
procedures. In this regard, consultation with the local stakeholders have been made.

Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

EMP has been prepared based on the potential impacts and prospective mitigation measures and opinion from
the local stakeholders including CWASA.

Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP)

Based on the nature of the project activities monitoring plan has been prepared with proposal of sufficient
budget allocations for tracking the environmental progress during the construction and operation period.

In considering the major objectives of EIA study, the study was conducted based on primary and secondary
data/information on physical, biological and social environment information of the sites. The following
approach and methods were considered to complete the sampling of environmental quality data and analysis.

For air quality and noise & vibration analysis, the sensitive receiver points or residential areas near the project
site was considered.

For testing water quality (both surface and groundwater), Surface water samples were taken at 8 (eight)
different points from 100 m upstream and 100 m downstream of Karnafuli River following the condition of
TOR provided by DOE, and tube-well water from household considered for groundwater quality.

For biodiversity assessment, process of data collection was undertaken in diverse habitat types adjacent to

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the Bolirhat Canal and Karnaphuli River in Chandgaon thana, Bolirhat union of Chattogram (August 28,
2022, to September 2, 2022, for wet season and 04-08 December, 2022 for dry season) to gather the primary
information for this study. This study was carried out using a multitude of scenarios including secondary data
review, primary survey and data collection, habitat survey, and categorized the bioecological zone of the
study areas.

1.6.1 Ambient Air Quality Measurements

The air quality samplings (PM10 and PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, and Pb) have been conducted at four different
locations of the study areas at the major and feeder roadsides interconnected with the project areas. Details
on sampling locations (Table 1.1), methodology of sampling, and methodology of analysis are given below.

Air quality monitoring was conducted in four locations during the monitoring period (29 August 2022 to 1st
September 2022 for wet season and 04-07 December 2022 for dry season). A total of 4 samples of AAQ have
been measured in these four locations.

Sampling and analysis of ambient air quality were conducted by referring to the recommendation of the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The Haz-Scanner Environmental Perimeter Air
Station (EPAS) was used to collect ambient air monitoring data. Sampling rate or air quality data was
measured automatically every one minute and directly read and recorded onsite for measured parameters
(SO2, NO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5 and Pb). Sampling pump was operated at 2 L/min. Different analysis methods
are integrated in the instrument, such as Particulates 90° Infrared Light Scattering for particulate matters
(PM10, PM2.5) and electrochemical sensors for toxic gases (CO, NO2, SO2) and extraction and atomic
absorption spectroscopy (AAS) analysis method for Lead (Pb).

Table 1.1 Sampling and Analysis Method for Air Quality

SN. Location GPS Location Setting and Monitoring Monitoring

No. coordinates distance from the date (Wet date (Dry
project areas season) season)
1 Kodal kata Pakkar 22°22'15.6"N South side and within the 01.09.2022 04.12.2022
Dokan, Moju Fokirer 91°51'52.3"E project boundary.
Bari, Chandgaon, Weather conditions was
Chattogram sunny.
2 Sanowara Govt. 22°22'16.9"N East side and adjacent to 31.08.2022 05.12.2022
Primary 91°51'36.3"E the project boundary, and
School, Khulapara, weather conditions was
Chandgaon, Chattogram sunny.
3 Nazir bari School, 22°22'29.7"N Northwest side, 225 m 30.08.2022 06.12.2022
Contractor Bari, 91°51'38.3"E away from the project
Chandgaon, boundary, and weather
Chattogram. conditions was sunny.
4 Kalabagh Jame Mosque, 23°36’32.06” N North side but 132 m 29.08.2022 07.12.2022
Shabdi, Bandor 90°32’47.28” E away from the project
boundary, and weather
conditions was sunny.
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1.6.2 Noise Level Measurements

Noise levels were recorded at seven locations in the study area during the monitoring period of 29 - 30 August
2022 for one time during wet season by using sound pressure levels e.g., Tekcoplus SLM25 sound level meter.
The details of noise monitoring locations are given in Table 1.2.

The sound level is recorded in form of A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level (Leq) values
with the use of A-weighting filters in the noise-measuring instrument.

Table 1.2 Details of Ambient Noise Monitoring Locations

Code Location Geographic location Location setting

NL1 (CHT Sewerage Project Area) Kodal kata 22°22'16.7"N Residential
Pakkar Dokan, Moju Fokir’s house, 91 °51'52.6"E
Chandgaon, Chattogram
NL 2 Sanowara Govt. Primary School, Khulapara, 22°22'16.4"N Silent
Chandgaon, 91 °51'35.1"E
Chattogram
NL 3 Kodal kata Monar Bari, Chandgaon, 22°22'12.1"N Residential
Chattogram 91 °51'44.4"E
NL 4 Kodal kata Khal, Morshed Alom house, 22°22'14.7"N Residential
Chandgaon, Chattogram 91 °52'3.3"E
NL 5 Nazir bari School, Contractor Bari, 22°22'29.6"N Residential
Chandgaon, Chattogram 91 °51'37.5"E
NL 6 Sri Sri Jogadhatri Mondir, 22°22'36.0"N Residential
Daspara, Chandgaon, 91 °51'44.2"E
Chattogram
NL 7 Khulapara Mosjid Road, Chandgaon, 22°22'20.4"N Residential
Chattogram 91 °51'33.4"E

1.6.3 Vibration Level Measurements

Vibration levels were recorded at seven locations in the study area during the monitoring period of 29 – 31
August 2022 for one time during wet season. Vibration levels were recorded in the form of mm/s levels using
UNI-T vibration level meter. The details of vibration level monitoring locations are given in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3 Details of Vibration Level Monitoring Locations

Code Location Geographic location Location setting

VL1 Kodal kata Pakkar Dokan, Moju Fokir’s house, 22°22'16.1"N Residential
Chandgaon, Chattogram 91 °51'53.1"E
VL 2 Sanowara Govt. Primary School, Khulapara, 22°22'15.1"N Residential
Chandgaon, Chattogram 91 °51'35.3"E
VL 3 Kodal kata Monar Bari, Chandgaon, 22°22'10.9"N Residential
Chattogram 91 °51'45.6"E
VL 4 Kodal kata Khal, Morshed Alom house, 22°22'18.2"N Residential
Chandgaon, Chattogram 91 °52'1.9"E
VL 5 Nazir bari School, Contractor Bari, 22°22'29.8"N Residential
Chandgaon, Chattogram 91 °51'38.2"E
VL 6 Sri Sri Jogadhatri Mondir, Daspara, 22°22'35.1"N Residential
Chandgaon, Chattogram 91 °51'44.5"E
VL 7 Khulapara Mosjid Road, Chandgaon, 22°22'20.5"N Residential
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Code Location Geographic location Location setting

Chattogram 91 °51'33.2"E

1.6.4 Surface Water Quality

Surface water samples were collected from surface and bottom layers at one point of the Karnaphuli River
which is flowing south-west side of the project site. The water sample collection location is presented in
Table 1.4, and method statement is given in Table 1.5.

Surface water samples were collected in a standard sampling bottle and 250 ml sterilized clean PET bottle
for complete physio-chemical and bacteriological tests respectively. The sample was analyzed as per standard
procedure/method given in Standard Method for Examination of Water and Wastewater Edition 20, published
by APHA as well as using an on-site field test kit.

Table 1.4 Details of Surface Water Sampling Locations

Sample collection Dates

GPS
Sl. Code Location Source Wet Dry
Coordinate
Season Season
SW1 Karnaphuli River, Near Bolirhat 22°21'54.1"N
River 02/09/2022 06/12/2022
(Surface) Switch Gate, Chattogram 91°52'32.8"E
SW2 Karnaphuli River, Near Bolirhat 22°21'46.8"N
River 02/09/2022 06/12/2022
(Bottom) Switch Gate, Chattogram 91°52'33.7"E

Table 1.5 Testing Method of Surface Water Quality Samples

Sl. Parameters Unit Analysis Method

1 NH4NO3 mg/L Nessler
2 Ammonia NH4) mg/L Nessler
3 Arsenic (As) ppm Modified Gutzeit Method
4 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) mg/L 5 Days Incubation
5 Boron mg/L AAS
6 Cadmium (Cd) mg/L -
7 Chloride (Cl) mg/L Mercury (II) Thiocyanate Method
8 Chromium (total Cr) mg/L Diphenyl carbohydrazide Method
9 COD mg/L USEPA 410.4
10 Chromium (hexavalent Cr) mg/L Diphenyl carbohydrazide Method
11 Copper (Cu) mg/L Bicinchoninate Method
12 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/L Ion Electron Method
13 Electric Conductivity (EC) µm/cm Ion Electron Method
14 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L Ion Electron Method
15 Fluoride (F) ppm Photometric Ion Selective Method
16 Sulfide (S) mg/L IS 14685 (1999)
17 Iron (Fe) mg/L Diphenyl carbohydrazide Method
18 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen mg/L KJELDHAL
19 Lead (Pb) mg/L ASTM D3559-15
20 Manganese (Mn) mg/L Periodate Oxidation Method
21 Mercury (Hg) mg/L AAS
22 Nickel (Ni) mg/L -
23 Nitrate mg/L Cadmium Reduction
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Sl. Parameters Unit Analysis Method

24 Nitrite mg/L Cadmium Reduction
25 Oil & Grease mg/L USEPA 1 Hexane Extractable Gravimetric Method
26 Phenolic Compound (as C6H5OH) mg/L IS 3025-43 (1992)
27 Dissolved Phosphate mg/L Ion Electron Method
28 pH -- Ion Electron Method
29 Selenium (Se) mg/L AAS
30 Zinc (Zn) mg/L Zincon Method
31 Temperature (T) °C Ion Electron Method
32 Suspended Solids (SS) mg/L Dry and filtration
33 Cyanide (Cn) mg/L Spectrophotometer
34 Coliform (fecal) n/100 ml AFNOR Approved Method
35 Coliform (total) n/100 ml AFNOR Approved Method

1.6.5 Soil Quality

The soil quality of the proposed project site has been assessed in two locations- including the STP locations
and nearby open land for one time during the monsoon season. The monitoring details are given in Table 1.6.

The samples were analyzed of the parameters of physio-chemical characteristics including certain heavy
metals and trace elements. Soil samples were collected with 500 mg sterilized clean PET jar to complete
physio-chemical test. The samples were analyzed as per standard procedure of spectrophotometric method
which is published by APHA (American Public Health Association), but there is no standard in Bangladesh
for soil quality analysis.

Table 1.6 Soil Sampling Locations

Sl. Sample collection

Code Sampling Location GPS Coordinate
No. Dates Wet Season
Kudal khata Barua para, Chandgaon, 22°22'21.8"N
1. SQ1 01.09.2022
Chattogram 91°51'54.8"E
Kodal kata Pakkar Dokan, Chandgaon, 22°22'15.9"N
2. SQ2 01.09.2022
Chattogram 91°51'51.9"E
Near Sanowara Govt. Primary School, 22°22'17.9"N
3. SQ3 01.09.2022
Khulapara, Chandgaon, Chattogram 91°51'38.6"E
Nazir bari School, Contractor Bari, 22°22'25.8"N
4. SQ4 01.09.2022
Chandgaon, Chattogram 91°51'34.1"E
22°22'33.4"N
5. SQ5 Daspara, Chandgaon, Chattogram 01.09.2022
91°51'44.0"E

1.6.6 Sediment Quality

A host of industrial activities like discharge of effluents from industrial spillage and leakage of oil from vessel,
urban discharge etc. stand to impact quality in the rivers. To assess the sediment quality in the river, primary
monitoring was carried out in one location in Karnaphuli River (Refer to sediment sampling locations in
Table 1.7. However, there is no standard set by Government of Bangladesh (GoB) for sediment quality

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analysis.

Table 1.7 Sediment Sampling Location

Sample collection
Code Sampling Location GPS Coordinate
Dates
Karnaphuli River, Near
22°21'48.3"N
SD1 Bolirhat Switch Gate, 01.09.2022
91°52'25.5"E
Chattogram

1.6.7 The EIA Team

The JICA survey team consists of a multidisciplinary team with extensive experience in conducting
environmental impact assessments. A list of team members is provided in Table 1.8. The team also engaged
a sub-consultant's survey team to gather necessary data and for stakeholder consultation with the local
stakeholders for natural and social environmental considerations etc.

Table 1.8 EIA study team

Sl. No. Name of the expert Position

EIA team members from JICA team
1 Takeki Kajiura Sewerage Planning Expert (Team Leader)
2 Keiichi Maeda International Environmental Expert
3 Md. Kamrul Hasan Bhuiyan National Environmental Expert-1
4 Md Al Mussabbir Hossen National Environmental Expert-2
EIA team members from the sub-consultant team
5 Tauhidul Hasan Pollution control / Natural environment expert
6 Md. Mahfuzur Rahman Pavel Socio-economic Expert-1
7 Ashraful Islam Shovon Biodiversity Assessment Expert
8 Md. Alim Socio-economic Expert-2

1.7 Limitation of the study

One of the main drawbacks of the study is that it would require a long time to commence the construction
works (in terms of processing of DPP (development project Performa) approval, consultant recruitment
including design, drawing, estimation, bid proposals for selection of contractor(s) etc.). After all of these
preparations are completed, the construction will begin, taking more than a year. The baseline conditions will
alter during that period. The second limitation was that it took a long time to conduct the first large
stakeholder consultation meeting due to administrative procedures of CWASA which resulted in a delayed
response to conduct socio-economic survey in the project areas. However, another significant barrier was the
local language barrier. The EIA report should be considered as a live document that can be updated as
necessary reflecting the changes in the project and its impact in order to reduce these constraints.

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1.8 Structure of the Report/Report Format

The report has been prepared based on the following structures:

Chapter-1 Introduction-It describes along with its background, rational, objectives, scope of study,
approach and methodology, and comprising of EIA team etc.

Chapter-2 Legal, Policy and Administrative Frameworks- Chapter two describes the policy, legal and
administrative requirements on environmental issues.

Chapter-3 Description- it describes proposed intervention of the projects, project objectives, project options,
details on wastewater (grey water and black water & sewage) generation, discuss on present sewage system,
wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal system, sewage treatment facilities with design, drawing, and
calculations, resources and utility demand, sludge management, and land use type of the study areas including
settlement, forest areas, agricultural land, and water bodies.

Chapter-4 Environmental and Social Baseline- it presents the descriptions of the environmental and social
baseline conditions of the study areas including physical and biological environment and socioeconomic
status etc.

Chapter-5 Analysis of Alternative- It describes the alternative scope of the project on site selection, and
alternative method of construction, establishment of approach or access road to the site etc.

Chapter-6 Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures- Chapter six describes the potential environmental
impact on water quality, land, and biological environment especially on aquatic life and fisheries, oil spillage
and contamination with water, identifying mitigation measures with residual impacts that couldn’t be
mitigated, and priority given to the community recommendations on the anticipated impacts.

Chapter-7 Public Consultation- This chapter presents the approach and methodology for the public
consultation conducted and tabulated their views, suggestions, and comments in favor of the project including
grievance redress mechanism.

Chapter-8 Environmental Management Plan- This chapter represents the potential environmental impacts
with proposed mitigation measures.

Chapter-9 Monitoring Plan/Procedures This chapter deals with the time-bound environmental monitoring
plan with sufficient budget provisions.

Chapter-10 Occupational Health and Safety Plan- it describes the workplace safety procedures.

Chapter-11 Emergency response plan and disaster management plan- It describes emergency responses,
evacuation, and disaster management.
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Chapter-12 Conclusion and Recommendations- This chapter gives the findings, conclusion, and
recommendations of the project.

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CHAPTER 2 LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE

FRAMEWORK

2.1 Introduction

This chapter outlines the legal and regulatory frameworks, guidelines, and standards related to addressing
environmental and social risks associated with a proposed project. It aims to ensure compliance with
environmental regulations throughout the entire project lifecycle, from planning to construction and
operation, in order to protect the natural environment from potential negative impacts.

2.2 Review of Environmental Policy and Regulatory Framework

The National Environment Policy,1992 and the associated legislations on environmental protection and
conservation are the most important documents of environmental protection and management in Bangladesh.
The National Environmental Policy, 1992, recognized a number of issues:

 Coordinated vigilance and necessary action plan (Considering the global and regional
environmental pollution).
 Adapting integrated Environmental Policy based on priorities.
 Sustainable use of natural environmental resources through mass awareness.
 Considering the natural disasters as integral parts of all relevant actions; and
 Improvement of national environment with global cooperation etc.

2.2.1 National Environment Policy, 2018

In 1992, the Bangladesh Government developed the National Environmental Policy (NEP) which defines the
overall environmental framework and assigns responsibility for regulatory development, administration, and
enforcement. This responsibility has been given to the Department of Environment (DOE) which is under
the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).

In 31 years since adoption of Environment Policy, 1992, the nature and level of environment and ecological
degradation have been changed. In order to address all those changes and with a view to protect and conserve
environment and ecosystem in a rigorous, pragmatic, and sustainable manner as well as to bring the climate
change to the mainstream of the environment and development, the government has revised the National
Environment Policy, 1992 and adopted the revised National Environment Policy, 2018.

Following are the key subject matters covered under the National Environment Policy, 2018:

 Ensuring sustainable development through reducing human pressure on nature and natural
resources.
 Considering environment protection as an integral part of the development programs planned

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to meet the need of the present and future generation.

 Making natural resources extraction, use, environmental conservation etc. based on science.
 Considering environmental impacts and risks in extracting and using natural resources.
 Evaluating the economic contribution of ecosystem services simultaneously to that of natural
resources.
 Giving priority to poor and under privileged groups of people in order to ensure their
participation, equity, justice, accessibility to the use of natural resources and getting ecosystem
services on which, they are dependent.
 Taking initiatives to prevent misuse and ensure optimum use of water, land, natural gas and
other natural resources in the production process as well as day-to-day purposes.
 Encouraging sustainable use of new and renewable resources.
 Enhancing long term poverty alleviation and food security through conserving biological
diversity.
 Realizing compensation from persons and institutes who are liable to environmental pollution
through applying polluter pay principle.
 Including environmental conservation and preservation in all national policies and ensuring
implementation of the environment policy at both government and nongovernment level.
 Giving priority to preventive measures over curative measures in environmental conservation.
 Including adaptation and mitigation programs in all development projects in order to address
adverse impacts of climate change.
 Ensure sustainable utilization of ecosystem goods and services.
 Implementation of 3R principle in utilization of resources.
 Strengthening institutional and legal capacity of institutions (Government, local, private and
technical) relevant to the enforcing and implementation of rules and regulation relating to
environment policy and environment conservation.
 Ensuring considerations of climate change and challenges of calamities in all kinds of
infrastructure projects.
 Reducing all SLCP (Short-Lived climate pollutants) which are harmful to health and
environment.
 Taking development programs considering sustainable production and consumption as
integral part of environmental conservation to meet the need of present and future generation.
 Allocating necessary funds to all areas of environmental conservation, preservation, and
control.
 Taking up programs in favor of flourishing environment friendly economy.

The policy has provided sector wise policy coverage for 24 different sectors along with their plan of
implementation, identification of respective implementing agencies, legal and institutional framework, and
directives on compliances.

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1. Land Use Resource Management.

2. Water Resources Management.

3. Air Pollution Control.

4. Safe Food and Water.

5. Agriculture.

6. Public Health and Health services.

7. Accommodation, Housing, and Urbanization.

8. Education and Mass awareness.

9. Forest and Wildlife.

10. Biodiversity, Ecosystem conservation, and Biosafety.

11. Hill Ecosystem.

12. Fisheries and Livestock.

13. Coastal and Marine Ecosystem.

14. Ecotourism.

15. Industrial Development.

16. Energy and Mineral Resources.

17. Communication and Transportation.

18. Human Resources Management.

19. Climate Change Preparedness and Adaptation.

20. Disaster Management.

21. Science, Research, Information, and Communication Technology.

22. Management of Chemical substances.

23. Other Pollutions Control, and

24. Environmentally friendly Economic Development, Sustainable Production, and Consumption etc.

2.2.2 Relevant National Polices, Strategies and Plans in Bangladesh

During recent years a number of national policy documents have been prepared and accepted by GOB. These
policy initiatives, strategies and plans emphasized consideration of the environment and natural resources in
order to achieve sustainable development. A summary of the major relevant policy documents prepared is
given in Table 2.1. However, GoB has prepared a National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction

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showing its strong commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as defined by the
UN (United Nation) in 2015. This report discusses the relevant policies that will need to emphasize the
necessary remedial actions to reduce the environmental constraints and as well as improving poverty
reduction etc:

Table 2.1 Relevant Major Policies

Policy Brief Description Responsible Agency

The National Water Protection and restoration of water resources. Ministry of Water
Policy (1999) Protection of water quality, including strengthening Resources
regulations concerning agro-chemicals and industrial
effluents.
Sanitation and potable water; Fish and Fisheries; Participation
of local communities in water sector development etc.
National Land Use The policy deals with land uses for several purposes including Ministry of Land
Policy (2001) agriculture, housing, forestry, industrialization, railways, and
roads. The plan identifies land use constraints in these sectors.
National Forest Afforestation of 20% land; Biodiversity of the existing Ministry of
Policy and Forest degraded forests. Environment, Forest,
Sector Review (1994, Strengthening of agricultural sector and Climate Change
2005) Control of global warming, desertification, control of trade in (MoEFCC)
wild birds and animals.
Prevention illegal occupation of the forestlands, tree felling
National Biodiversity Conserve, and restore the biodiversity of the country, Strategy Ministry of
Strategy and Action and Action Environment, Forest,
Plan (2004) Maintain and improve environmental stability of ecosystems. and Climate Change
Ensure preservation of the unique biological heritage of the (MoEFCC)
nation for the benefit of the present and future generations.
Guarantee safe passage, and conservation of globally
endangered migratory species, especially birds and mammals
in the country, and
Stop introduction of invasive alien species, genetically
modified organisms and living modified organisms.
National Fisheries Preservation, management and exploitation of fisheries and Ministry of Fisheries
Policy (1998) and resources in inland open water. and Livestock
Inland Capture Fish cultivation and management in inland closed water.
Fisheries Strategy Prawn and fish cultivation in coastal areas, and Preservation,
(2004) management, and exploitation of sea fishery resources etc.
National Agricultural The policy deals with programs to make the nation self- Ministry of
Policy, 1999 sufficient in food through increased production of all crops Agriculture
and ensuring a dependable food security system.
Draft Wetland Policy, Establishment of principles for sustainable use of wetland Ministry of
1998 resources. Environment, Forest,
Maintenance of existing level of biological diversity; and Climate Change
Maintenance of the functions and values of wetlands (MoEFCC)
Promotion, and
recognition of the value of wetland functions in resource
management and economic development etc.
Bangladesh Climate - Establishment of six strategic pillars for action, including Ministry of
Change Strategy and (l) food security, social protection, and health, Environment, Forest,
Action Plan (2008) (2) disaster management, and Climate Change
(3) protective infrastructure, (MoEFCC)
(4) research and knowledge management,
(5) Decreased carbon development, and
(6) capacity building and institutional strengthening etc.

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2.2.3 Other Relevant Acts, Laws, and Rules

The main acts and regulations guiding environmental protection and conservation in Bangladesh are outlined
in the following subsections.

2.2.3.1 The Environment Conservation Act, 1995 and Subsequent Amendments

The Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act (BECA), 1995 is the main legislation for conservation of
the environment, improvement of environmental standards, and control and mitigation of environmental
pollution.

The provisions of the act authorize the Director General of DOE to undertake any activity that is deemed fit
and necessary to conserve and enhance the quality of the environment and to control, prevent and mitigate
the pollution. The main objectives of the act are:

 Declaration of Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs).

 Obtaining an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC).
 Regulation with respect to vehicles emitting smoke which is harmful to the environment.
 Regulation of development activities from an environmental perspective.
 Promulgation of standards for quality of air, water, noise, and soils in different areas and for
different purposes.
 Promulgation of acceptable limits for discharging and emitting waste; and
 Formulation of environmental guidelines relating to control and mitigation of environmental
pollution, conservation, and improvement of the environment etc.

2.2.3.2 The Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 and Subsequent Amendments

The Environment Conservation Rules (ECR), 1997 is the main subsidiary legislation of the Environment
Conservation Act, 1995 which outlines various procedures or measures that need to be taken for compliance
with the related provisions of the Environment Conservation Act, 1995. The Environment Conservation
Rules, 1997 is the first set of rules promulgated under the Environment Conservation Act, 1995. These rules
provide for, inter alia, the following:

 The NEQS (National Environmental Quality Standard) for ambient air, surface water,
groundwater, drinking water, industrial effluents, emissions, noise, and vehicular exhaust.
 Categorization of industries, development projects, and other activities on the basis of actual
(for existing industries/development projects/activities) and anticipated (for proposed
industries/development projects/activities) pollution load.
 Procedure for obtaining ECC (Environmental Clearance Certificate);
 Requirements for undertaking IEE (Initial Environmental Examination) and EIA
(Environmental Impact Assessment)’s as well as formulating EMP (Environmental

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Management Plan) according to categories of industries/development projects/activities; and

 Procedure for damage-claim by persons affected or likely to be affected due to polluting
activities or activities causing hindrance to normal civic life.

The ECR provides specific rules and procedures for various categories of projects in relation to their approval
prior to construction and operation. For projects and activities listed within the ‘Red’ category, the ECR
requires that an Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) be first submitted for approval, and this can be
accompanied with the terms of reference (TOR) for an EIA, which is to follow the IEE. However, this stage
may be opted out by an application to directly submit an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report to
the DOE for its review and approval prior to the issuance of an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC).
The EIA is to be based on a TOR that has the prior approval of the DOE.

2.2.3.3 Noise Pollution (Control) Rules, 2006

This rule has been promulgated under the provision of clause 20 of the Environment Conservation Act, 1995.
The rules provide for standard limits of noise level of vehicles and designated areas. According to the Rules,
motor honking within a 100-meter radius of a hospital, school and office is prohibited. The rules also do not
allow use of brick crushers and cement mixers within a 500-meter radius of a residential area. Besides, prior
permission is mandatory for using loudspeakers or megaphones. The rules stipulate safety and precautionary
measures in workplaces, designated authorities for allowing noise generating appliances.

2.2.3.4 Air Pollution (Control) Rules, 2022

This rule has been promulgated under the provision of clause 20 of the Environment Conservation Act, 1995.
The rules provide for standard limits of air pollution level of vehicles and designated areas. According to the
Rules, if the level of air pollution in any city, region or specific place reaches extremely unhealthy levels,
relevant authority can impose restrictions or limitations on the movement or activities of industrial
establishments or projects, vehicles or any Source of air pollution located in that city, region, or place. The
rules also advise the Government on the closure of schools, colleges or educational institutions located in
such cities, regions, or places where the level of air pollution in a city, region or specific place has been
reached an extremely unhealthy level or to impose warnings or restrictions on public movement outsider. The
rules also instruct the authorities for recommending, advising or directing, where applicable, necessary
measures should be taken in any matter relating to air pollution.

2.2.3.5 EIA Guidelines for Industry, 2021

The EIA Guidelines are a handbook for procedures for preparing the EIAs and for reviewing them for the
benefit of the development partners, EIA consultants, reviewers, and academicians. While preparing these
guidelines, the present environmental status, as well as the need for the rapid economic development of
Bangladesh, has been kept in view. These considerations have essentially resulted in simpler procedures to

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be followed to prepare the EIAs and their review.

The EIA Guidelines for Industry, 2021, introduced by the Department of Environment, Bangladesh, is the
only guideline for conducting an Environmental Impact Assessment in Bangladesh. It is not only for
industries but also for all types of development works. It includes EIA procedures, methodology, guidelines
for impact identification, forecasting and evaluation, plans for mitigation measures, and monitoring programs
etc.

2.2.3.6 The Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Act, 2017

The principal legal instrument governing land acquisition in Bangladesh is the Acquisition and Requisition
of Immovable Property Act-2017. The 2017 Act requires that compensation be paid for (i) land and assets
permanently acquired (including houses, trees, and standing crops,); and (ii) any other impacts caused by
such acquisition. The Act stipulates some rules and considerations for ensuring fair compensation of acquired
properties. According to the Act-2017, the Deputy Commissioner (DC) determines and considers:

 market price of acquired land by averaging corresponding price of previous 12 months from
the date of serving notice under section-4 (u/s-4) for each type of land within the vicinity.
 Fair compensation for structures, trees and standing crops on the acquired land during Joint
Survey.
 Compensation for detachment from the residual productive land.
 Compensation for loss of income generated from the acquired land.
 Shifting cost of housing and commercial structures in case of displacement.
 May undertake appropriate step/action to resettle households displaced from homestead with
living /housing structures.
 If acquired land has standing crops cultivated by tenant (bargadar), the law requires that part
of the compensation money be paid in cash to the tenants.

Compensation payments or “awards” determines by the Deputy Commissioner popularly known as Cash
Compensation under Law (CCL).

The Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Act-2017 have some provisions adjusting
determined value with the current market price of acquired properties. These are as follows:

 The Deputy Commissioner will pay an additional 200% of the assessed/determined price for
land.
 The Deputy Commissioner will pay an additional 100% of assessed/determined value for
structures, trees, standing crops and other affected properties.

The Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the project has been prepared in the compliance with the
Resettlement Framework (RF) prepared based on relevant national (GoB) Law with the policy of the JICA
Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations, 2022, and World Bank OP 4.12. The RAP will be

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implemented after obtaining relevant approvals from the respective ministry (Ministry of Land).

2.2.3.7 Occupational Health and Safety Related Laws and Rules

During construction, the project will confirm the labor laws, for occupational and health related rules as
outlined in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Occupational health and safety related law and rules

Title Overview
Provides for safety of work force during construction period. The act
provides guidance of employer’s extent of responsibility and the
Bangladesh Labor Act 2006
workmen’s right to compensation in case of injury caused by accident
while working.
The act calls for ensuring water supply and sewerage system to the
Water Supply and Sewerage
public, preservation of system, and other related health and
Authority Act 1996
environmental facilities for the community.
Labor Relations under Labor Laws,
1996 (Revisions to scattered Acts General concerns during the project implementation state that the project
and Ordinances to formulate a manager must recognize labor unions.
unified code)
Calls for special provisions with regard to public health. In case of
emergency, it is necessary to make special provisions for preventing the
Public Health Emergency
spread of disease, safeguarding the public health, and providing adequate
Provisions Ordinance, 1994
medical services, and other services essential to the health of respective
communities and workers during construction-related works.
Workplaces provisions this Act and Labor Laws require medical
Bangladesh Factory Act, 1979 facilities, first aid, accident and emergency arrangements, and childcare
services to be provided to the workers at workplace.
The Employees State Insurance Act,
Health, injury, and sickness benefit should be paid.
1948
Covers accidents, risks and damages with respect to employment
The Employer’s Liability Act, 1938
injuries.
Framed rules for female employees, who are entitled to various benefits
Maternity Benefit Act, 1950
for maternity.

2.2.3.8 The Environment Court Act, 2010

The Environment Court Act, 2010 supports s for the establishment of environmental courts and matters
incidental thereto. This act also suggests the establishment of special magistrate’s court, trial procedure in
special magistrate’s court, jurisdictions of environment court, the penalty for violating court’s order,
judgment of offence by special magistrate’s court, procedure of judgment of special magistrate’s court, the
power of entry and arrest, the procedure for search, impose case and investigation, procedure and power of
environment court, power of impose penalty, procedure for collection of penalty, power for inspection of
environment court, appeal procedure and formation of environment appeal court.

2.2.3.9 The Forest Act, 1927 (and all amendments)

The Forest Act of 1927 provides for reserving forests over which the Government has an acquired property
right. This Act has made many types of unauthorized uses or destruction of forest produce punishable. The

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Government may assign any village community its right to or over any land which has constituted a reserved
forest.

According to the Act, the Government may prohibit certain Activities in the declared reserved forest area
such as any intervention kindles keeps or carries any firearms; trespasses or pastures cattle, or permits cattle
to trespass, causes any damage by negligence in felling any tree or cutting or dragging any timber etc.

This proposed project will fully comply with this Act because it doesn't fall within any protected areas (PAs)
or reserved forest areas, However, there are a few mangrove patches close to the project areas, and some of
them will be removed as a result of the construction of an access road for the transit of vehicles and materials
to the site during the construction phase. In that case, there will be a compensation plan and a tree planting
plan to lessen these projected effects on trees, and this won't need clearance from the Forest Department.
During the EIA study, this law and rules and regulations have been reviewed to justify whether the proposed
Activities violate any provisions of the Forest Act. In addition, The Supplementary Rules of 1959 empowered
the concerned Governmental bodies to restrict totally for a specified period, of the shooting, hunting, or
catching of various birds, animals, and reptiles in the controlled and vested forests. The Private Forest
Ordinance of 1959 provides the guidelines for the conservation of private forests and the forestation areas,
in certain cases, of wasteland in Bangladesh.

2.2.3.10 Wildlife (Conservation and Security, 2012

The Wildlife (protection and safety) Act 2012, passed in Parliament on 8 July 2012. Under this Act, the
hunting, trapping, killing of wildlife are strictly prohibited. After the establishment of this Act, a Board will
be formed with the concerned members recommended by the Government. There are certain provisions kept
in this Act, e.g., entrance, management, rules and regulation of the protected area etc. If any person without
a license performs any kind of trade, he will be jailed for at least a year.

2.2.3.11 Bangladesh Water Rules, 2018

According to the Clause-16 of Bangladesh Water Rules, 2018, for taking the initiative to establish the
following projects by the person or authority, Clearance Certificate (CC) has to be taken Resources Planning
Organizations (WARPO) (Director General)/District Committee (Deputy Commissionaire)/Upazila
Committee (Upazila Nirbahi Officer)/Union Committee (Chairman) for the specific project. The projects are:

 Flood Control and management project.

 Surface water extraction, supply and use related project and part of the project.
 Irrigation project using surface water.
 Construction of hydraulic structures
 Water conservation project
 Flood-affected plain land and wetland development project
 Surface water for industrial use

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 Riverbank protection and river control project

 River excavation and dredging project.
 Canal excavation and re-excavation project
 Fisheries development in surface water project
 Groundwater extraction, supply and use related project and part of the project; and
 Others project.

2.2.3.12 International Treaties

Bangladesh has signed most of the international treaties, conventions and protocols on environment, pollution
control, bio-diversity conservation, and climate change, including the Ramsar Convention, the Bonn
Convention on migratory birds, the Rio de Janeiro Convention on biodiversity conservation and the Kyoto
protocol on climate change. An overview of the relevant international treaties and conventions signed by
GOB is shown in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3 Relevant international treaties, conventions and protocols signed by Bangladesh

Treaty or Convention In Brief Description Responsible Agency

Department of
On Protection of birds,
1950 Protection of birds in wild state Environment/Department of
Paris
Forest
Convention on oil Department of
Civil liability on oil pollution
pollution damage 1969 Environment/Ministry of
damage from ships
(Brussels) Shipping
Department of
Ramsar Convention 1971 Protection of wetlands Environment/Department of
Fisheries
World Cultural and Protection of major cultural and natural
1972 Department of Archaeology
Natural Heritage (Paris) monuments
Ban and restrictions on international
CITES Convention Department of Environment/
1973 trade in endangered species of wild
(Washington) Department of Forest
fauna and flora
Department of
Conservation of migratory species of
Bonn Convention 1979 Environment/Department of
wild animals
Forest
Prevention and Control
Protect workers against occupational Ministry of Health and
of
1974 exposure to carcinogenic substances Family Welfare/Ministry of
Occupational hazards
and agents Labour and Employment
(Geneva)
Occupational hazards Ministry of Health and
Protect workers against occupational
due to air pollution, noise 1977 Family Welfare/Ministry of
hazards in the working environment
& vibration (Geneva) Labour and Employment
Occupational safety and Prevent accidents and injury to health Ministry of Health and
health in working 1981 by minimizing hazards in the working Family Welfare/Ministry of
environment (Geneva) environment Labour and Employment
Ministry of Health and
Occupational Health To promote a safe and healthy working
1985 Family Welfare/Ministry of
Services (Geneva) environment
Labour and Employment
Department of
Environment/Ministry of
Vienna convention 1985 Protection of ozone layer
Environment, Forest, and
Climate Change

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Treaty or Convention In Brief Description Responsible Agency

Civil liability on Safe methods for transport of
transport of dangerous 1989 dangerous goods by road, railway, and Ministry of Communication
goods (Geneva) inland vessels
Department of
Convention on oil Legal framework and preparedness for
1990 Environment/Ministry of
pollution (London) control of oil pollution
Shipping
Department of
Control of global emissions that Environment/Ministry of
London Protocol 1990
deplete ozone layer Environment, Forest, and
Climate Change
UN framework Department of
convention on climate Regulation of greenhouse gases Environment/Ministry of
1992
change. (Earth summit, emissions Environment, Forest and
Rio de Janeiro) Climate Change
Convention on
Conservation of biodiversity, Department of Environment/
Biological
1992 sustainable use of its components and Ministry of Environment,
Diversity (Rio de
access to genetic resources Forest, and Climate Change
Janeiro)
Department of
International Convention
International treaty on climate change Environment/Ministry of
on Climate Changes 1997
and emission of greenhouse gases Environment, Forest, and
(Kyoto Protocol)
Climate Change
Department of
Protocol on biological
Biological safety in transport and use Environment/Ministry of
safety (Cartagena 2000
of genetically modified organisms Environment, Forest, and
protocol)
Climate Change

2.2.4 Implication of GoB Policies, Acts and Rules and their Classification

The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has framed various laws and regulations for protection and
conservation of natural environment. These legislations with applicability to this project are summarized in
following Table 2.4.

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Table 2.4 Applicability of Key Environmental Legislation at a Glance

Name Key Requirement Applicability Remarks

Act/ Rules
Bangladesh Mandatory requirements of prior environment clearance for certain Applicable. Project classified Site approval is waived by the
Environmental categories of project for conservation and improvement of environment and under Red category. EIA DoE after being applied by the
Conservation Act, 1995 control and mitigations of pollution of the environment. Standards are study required to be CWASA. EIA study is carried out
(ECA, 1995) and described under ECR, 2023. undertaken. on the basis of ToR approved by
Environment DoE.
Conservation Rules 1997 To ascertain responsibility for compensation in case of damage to ecosystem
(ECR, 1997) Restriction on polluting automobiles, sale and production of environmental
ECA & ECR amendment harmful items;
2000
ECA & ECR amendment
2023
Environment Court Act, To give high priority to environmental pollution prevention. Applicable, for all projects All the developments to be carried
2000 and subsequent have potential of out as per ECA, 1995 & ECR,
amendments in 2002 environmental threat. 1997 and its amendments.
Regulatory authority is Judiciary
and Ministry of Environment
Forest, and Climate Change
Bangladesh Wildlife No person shall damage or destroy any vegetation in any wildlife sanctuary Not Applicable. Development activity will not
Preservation Act, 1974 & the wild Animals shall not be hunted or captured. For preservation of Project site is not located have any interface with wildlife or
and Revision 2008 Wildlife Sanctuaries, parks, reserves. within any wildlife wild habitat at any stage.
(Draft) sanctuary/ national park or Regulatory authority is Ministry
any other protected area of Environment, Forest and
under this act. Climate Change Bangladesh
Wildlife Advisory Board.
Bangladesh Wildlife This act repealing the current legislation governing Bangladesh's wildlife This Act applicable to this Project activities may have some
(Conservation) Act, 2012 management and conservation to ensure the preservation and security of the project for effective sorts of threat to the wildlife or
nation's biodiversity, forests, and wildlife in a large-scale. immediately. wild habitation occurred locally;
Regulatory authority is to be
Department of Forest/Department
of Environment or Ministry of
Environment, Forest, and Climate
Change.
The Forest Act 1927, Declare any forests land or wasteland as protected forests. Not Applicable. No forestland will be required/ to
Amendment 2000 May stop public or private interventions on the watercourse in the interest No forestland diversion is be diverted for this proposed

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Name Key Requirement Applicability Remarks

(Protected, village of preservation of the forest. involved within this project project.
Forests and Social Declare a reserved forest area as Village Forests activities.
Forestry) Declare an area as Social forests or launch a social forestry program in Govt.
land or private land with permission.
The Private Forests Conservation of private forests and for the afforestation in certain cases of Applicable Due to the project activities, a
Ordinance 1959 wastelands in Bangladesh. small number of trees will be cut
down, however, the number and
type of trees are still unknown.
The Penal Code (Act no Chapter XLV of the Penal Code provides offences effective public health, Applicable It is required to take all the
XLV of 1860) safety, convenience, decency, and morals; Section 277 Falling Water or measures proposed and suggested
Public Spring or Reservoir; Section 278 Making Atmosphere Noxious to by DoE, during both construction
Health. and operation phases to minimize
Section 284 Negligent Conduct with Respect to Poisonous Substance; the environmental pollution.
Section 285 Negligent Conduct with Respect to Fire or Combustible
Matter.
Section 286 Negligent Conduct with Respect to Explosive Substance.
Section 277 whoever voluntarily corrupts or fouls the water of any public
spring or reservoir, to render it less fit for the purpose for which it is
ordinarily used will be punished under the law.
Section 278 whoever voluntarily vitiates the atmosphere in any place so
as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carrying
on business in the neighborhood or passing along a public way will get
punishment.
The Protection and Prohibit or regulate the construction, temporary or permanent of weirs, Applicable The project site is located adjacent
Conservation of Fish Act, dams, bunds, embankment, and other structures to the Karnafully River. So, there
1950 and The Protection is a chance to pollute the water
and Conservation of Fish body due to discharging of treated
Rules, 1985 wastewater.
The Explosive Act, 1884 To prevent any accident due to explosive storage, use or transportation due Applicable Fuel will be stored and used at site
to careless handling/management. Possibly Applicable for running various construction
depending on quantity of fuel machinery and equipment, so, the
storage. Explosive Act, 1984, should be
maintained carefully.
Water Pollution Control Prevention of water pollution Applicable from the Applicable primarily during
Ordinance, 1970 prospective of prevention of construction stage (e.g., sewage
pollution and equipment washing and
maintenance; and liquid waste

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Name Key Requirement Applicability Remarks

discharges from construction
camps etc.)
Water Supply and Management and Control of water supply and sanitation in urban areas. Applicable for all The regulatory authority is the
Sanitation Act, 1996 development projects. Ministry of Local Government,
Rural Development and
Cooperatives.
The ground Water Management of Ground Water Resources. Applicable, if tube wells will Permission should be taken if
Management Ordinance, Tube well shall not be installed in any place without permission from be installed to develop water ground water is used before
1985 Upazila Parishad. supply system during installation of tube wells from the
operation phase. respective authority.
The Embankment and An Act to consolidate the laws relating to embankment and drainage and to Applicable due to the site Regulatory authority. Ministry of
Drainage Act, 1952 make better provision for the construction, maintenance, management, location and dike will be Water Resources.
removal and control of embankments and water courses for the better constructed to avoid
drainage of lands and for their protection from floods, erosion and other flooding.
damage by water.
Wetland Protection Act, Adhere to a formal environmental impact assessment (EIA) process, as set Not Applicable The project site is not situated at
2000 out in EIA guidelines and manuals for water sector projects or related to any wetland areas in the
alteration of natural drainage. Chattogram region.
No construction of roads if likely to affect the flow of navigable waterways
without clearance from concerned authority’s Upland flow in water
channels to preserve eco-system.
Protection against degradation and resuscitation of natural waterbodies such
as lakes, ponds, beels, khals, tanks, etc. affected by man-made interventions
or other causes.
Completely stop the filling of publicly owned water bodies and depressions
in urban areas.
Antiquities Act, 1968 Governs preservation of the national cultural heritage, protects and controls Not applicable as no The regulatory authority is the
ancient monuments, regulates antiquities as well as the maintenance, structure of national cultural Ministry of cultural Affairs.
conservation and restoration of protected sites and monuments, controls heritage will be affected due
planning, exploration and excavation of archaeological sites etc. to the project
development/activities.
The Building For the prevention of haphazard construction of building and excavation of Applicable as the project Regulatory authority is the
Construction Act 1952 tanks which are likely to interfere with planning of certain areas in involves development of Ministry of Public Works and
(with amendments) Bangladesh. infrastructures. Housing.
The Vehicle Act, 1927, To regulate vehicular exhaust emissions. Applicable as heavy vehicle Regular maintenance and upkeep
The Motor Vehicles movement is involved both of the vehicles should be carried
Ordinance, 1983, the construction and out. Regulatory authority is the

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Name Key Requirement Applicability Remarks

The Bengal Motor operation phases. Bangladesh Road Transport
Vehicle Rules, 1940 Authority.
The Land Acquisition To provide appropriate compensation for the land acquired. Applicable as the land Regulatory authority is the
Act, 1894. acquisition will be required Deputy Commissioner of
The Acquisition and for this proposed project. Chattogram.
Requisition of
Immovable Property
Ordinance 1982, and
subsequent amendments
in 1994, 1995, 2004 &
2017
The Factories Act, 1965, These Acts pertain to the occupational rights and safety of factory workers Applicable as the workers Regulatory authority is the
Bangladesh Labour Law, and the provision of a comfortable work environment and reasonable will be employed during the Ministry of Labour and
2006 working conditions. construction and operation Employments.
phase of STP and FSTP.
Bangladesh Labour Law, Provides health, safety, and well-being of workforce during project life Applicable, the project will Skill, semiskilled and day labor
2006, cycle. In addition, it also stipulated that child under 14 years are not allowed follow these rules strictly due will be worked in the project.,
Bangladesh Labour to be employed during project life cycle, and therefore, this law requires to to employment opportunities Regulatory authority is the
Act, 2013, and be complied. for the local people either on Ministry of Labor and
Bangladesh Labor Rules, a contractual or daily basis. Employments.
2015
Noise Pollution (Control) Prevention of Noise pollution, and standards set for noise levels. Applicable, Noise will be generated due to the
Rules 2006 construction activity, and
operation of STP and FSTP plants.
Air Pollution (Control) Prevention of Air pollution, and standards of ambient air quality Applicable Air pollutants will be generated
Rules 2022 due to the construction activity.
National Biodiversity Conserve and restore the biodiversity of the country for wellbeing of the Not Applicable There is no biological heritage site
Strategy and Action Plan present and future generations. and also no prominent forest area
Maintain and improve environmental stability for ecosystems. except the homestead vegetation.
Ensure preservation of the unique biological heritage of the nation for the
benefit of the present and future generations.
Guarantee the safe passage and conservation of globally endangered
migratory species, especially birds and mammals in the country.
Stop introduction of invasive alien species, genetically modified organisms
and living modified organisms.
National Water Bodies The characterization of water bodies as rivers, canals, tanks or flood plains Applicable The adjacent Karnafully River
Protection Act, 2000 identified in the master plans formulated under the laws establishing and the connected canal flowing

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Name Key Requirement Applicability Remarks

municipalities in division and district towns shall not be changed without through the project site which
approval of concerned ministry. needs to be kept natural.
Framework for Leasing The rules for allotting and leasing Government-owned (khas) land for land Not Applicable The project site is currently used
Government (Khas) less families. as grazing land for livestock, no
Agricultural Land agricultural activities are being
undertaken in the proposed sites.
Ozone Depleting Ban on the use of Ozone depleting substances. Applicable During operation period, there is a
Substances Control Phasing out of Ozone depleting substances possibility of using such gases in
Rules, 2004 terms of fire controlled or in case
of fire extinguishers to be used at
the STP sites.
Policies
National Environment For sustainable development Applicable for all Usage of energy efficient building
Policy, 1992 development projects material, fuel etc. should be
encouraged.
National Land Use Deals with several lands uses including agriculture (crop production, Applicable land use change from seasonal
Policy, 2001 fishery, and livestock), housing, forestry, industrialization, railways and grazing land to Industrial Area.
roads, tea and rubber etc.)
Identifies land use constraints in all these sectors
National Environment Conservation of natural habitats, biodiversity, energy, sustainable Applicable for all Usage of energy efficient
Management Action development and improvement of life of people. development projects. material, green building
Plan, 1995 techniques, reduction of carbon
footprints etc.
National Conservation Sustainable development of Industrial Sector Applicable for all Usage of energy efficient
Strategy development projects. material, green building
techniques, reduction of carbon
footprints etc.
National Fisheries Policy, Preservation, management, and exploitation of fisheries resources in inland Applicable Treated wastewater shall be
1998 open water discharged to the Karnufuli River
Fish cultivation and management in inland through adjacent Bolirhat canal
closed water. that can deteriorate the fisheries
Prawn and fish cultivation in coastal areas production in the river if
Preservation, management, and exploitation of sea fishery resources wastewater quality is not properly
maintained as of ECR 2023.
The National Forest Conserve the existing forest areas and to increase forest cover of country Not Applicable, No diversion of forest land would
Policy (1994) and increase the reserve forest. occur due to project activities.
The National Energy Protecting the environment by requiring an EIA for any new energy Not Applicable. Energy efficient materials and

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Name Key Requirement Applicability Remarks

Policy, 1995 development project, introduction of economically viable and environment techniques should be
friendly technology. explored/introduced during
project implementation.

The National Water To ensure efficient and equitable management of water resources, proper Not Applicable CWASA will supply drinking
Policy, 2000 harnessing and development of surface and ground water, availability of water to the STP sites, however,
water to all concerned and institutional capacity building for water resource STP sites will not use
management. groundwater resources for its
operation. In addition,
Conjunctive use of water should
be ensured at the project sites.

The National Water Addresses options for water quality, considerations behind measures to Applicable as it is STP STP will run to treat the
Management Plan, 2001 clean up industrial pollution, where effluent discharge monitoring and project and will involve wastewater and shall be
zoning regulations for new industries are emphasized; treatment of effluent and maintained DOE standard
sewage generated by the city following the ECR 2023.
dwellers.
Industrial Policy, 1999 Deals with industrial development, direct foreign investments, investment Applicable Applicable to the Project which
by public and private sector, introduction of new appropriate technology, promotes the industrial
women's participation, infrastructure development and environmentally development or expansion of
sound industrial development industry at the project areas
locally.

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2.3 Compliance with JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations
(January 2022)

The JICA Environmental and Social Guidelines,2022 confirm that project proponents are undertaking
appropriate environmental and social considerations, through various measures, to prevent or minimize the
anticipated impacts on the environment and local communities which may be caused by the projects to be
funded by JICA. It will thus contribute to the sustainable development of developing regions.

In its confirmation of environmental and social considerations, JICA places importance on dialogue with all
involved partners (e.g., the host country, local governments, borrowers and project proponents) regarding
environmental and social considerations. Transparent and accountable processes, as well as active
participation of key stakeholders (e.g., local residents and local NGOs affected by the project) in all stages
of the project are highly considered.

The JICA Guidelines categorized the projects in to four categories as per its environmental classification
system.

Category A A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse impact
on the environment. Borrowers and related parties must submit Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
reports. For projects that will result in large-scale involuntary resettlement, basic resettlement plans must be
submitted. EIA and other associated reports need to be submitted through the borrower to JICA for its reviews.

Category B A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impact is
less adverse than that of Category A projects.

Category C A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse

environmental impact.

Category FI A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it satisfies all of the following:

 JICA’s funding of the project is provided to a financial intermediary etc.

 the selection and assessment of the actual sub-projects is substantially undertaken by such an
institution only after JICA’s approval of the funding and therefore the subprojects cannot be
specified prior to JICA’s approval of funding (or assessment of the project); and

Those sub-projects are expected to have a potential impact on the environment.

The Project, as per the above categorization, falls under Category B, and no EIA is required for JICA review
but as per DOE Guideline following the ECR 2023, this proposed project is categorized as ‘’Red’’ category,
that’s why it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report for
approval of DOE or getting an Environmental Clearance Certificate from DOE, which will also be shared
with JICA as per Disclosure policy. Gap Analysis and Gap Filling Measures between GoB Regulations and
JICA Guidelines:

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There are several gaps in between GoB laws & Regulations, and JICA’s Guidelines for Environmental and
Social Consideration, 2022, in preparation of EIA and RAP (resettlement action plan). Gap analysis and gaps
filling measures related to environmental and social regulations are presented in Table 2.5 and Table 2.6.

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Table 2.5 Major Gaps analysis between Environmental Regulations of GoB and the JICA Guidelines

Relevant laws/regulations/Guidelines
Items JICA Guidelines Policies to be taken by the project
of Government of Bangladesh
Environment Conservation Act (1995)
Environmental EIA is required as per GoB laws and
JICA Guidelines for Environmental Environment Conservation Rules (2023)
Policy and regulations, but it is not required as of
and social consideration, January 2022 EIA guidelines on Industrial projects
Regulations JICA policies.
etc.
Environmental impact must be assessed and examined from In case negative impacts on environment
the earliest possible planning stage. are predicted, EIA shall be implemented. All possibles alternative measures shall
Basic Matters/
Alternatives studies shall be made to avoid or minimize ECA (1995) and ECR (2023) do not be undertaken to minimize the project
Underlying Principles
adverse impact must be examined and incorporated into the explicitly ask for identification and impact
project plan. assessment of alternatives.
To ensure for implementation of public
In projects, especially can have adverse effects on
consultation provisions throughout
environment, information on projects needs to be known at
the project cycle including preparation
early stage and stakeholders, such as local people, should be
There is a detailed provision for Public and implementation stages of the
adequately consulted.
Public Consultation Consultation in the EIA Guidelines for Project.
The consultation result needs to be incorporated in projects.
Industries 2021. During the preparation of the EIA
(Holding consultations is highly
report, consultations should be
desirable, especially at scoping stage and when the draft
undertaken at scoping stage and after the
report is being prepared)
draft report preparation.
There is a clear indication or provision
for EIA disclosure in the EIA Guidelines
It is needed that EIA report is disclosed to projected countries
for Industries 2021, in terms of Findings of the EIA should be disclosed
and local people, and stakeholders, such as local people, can
Information disclosure of all activities, discussions, to the stakeholders. Setting up the time
access the report all the time. Also, allowance for copying the
Disclosure approvals and such in the EIA of EIA disclosure can guarantee people
report is needed. JICA discloses EIA reports 120 days prior to
document, with dates of each provided. to access to the report.
concluding agreement documents.

It includes impacts on both natural environments along with

health and safety issues.
Major items of natural environment include air, water, soil, Direct, Indirect and Cumulative impacts
EIA Guidelines for Industries 2021 has
waste, water usage, climate change, ecosystems, fauna and of the project shall be assessed in line
Impacted Items clear provision for the assessment of
flora, including trans-boundary or global scale impacts. with the EIA Guidelines for Industries,
Direct, Indirect and Cumulative Impact.
Major items of social impacts includes migration of 2021.
population and involuntary resettlement, local economy such
as employment and livelihood, utilization of land and local

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Relevant laws/regulations/Guidelines
Items JICA Guidelines Policies to be taken by the project
of Government of Bangladesh
resources, social institutions such as social capital and local
decision-making institutions, existing social infrastructures
and services, vulnerable social groups such as poor and
indigenous peoples, equality of benefits and losses and
equality in the development process, gender, children’s rights,
cultural heritage, local conflicts of interest, infectious diseases
such as HIV/AIDS, and working conditions including
occupational safety.
In addition to the direct and immediate impacts of projects,
their derivative, secondary, and cumulative impacts as well as
the impacts of projects that are indivisible from the project are
also to be examined and assessed to a reasonable extent. It is
also desirable that the impacts that can occur at any time
throughout the project cycle should be considered throughout
the life cycle of the project.
Steps should be taken by the project proponent to make the
monitoring results available to the local stakeholders of the
There is no clear indication in EIA
project.
Guidelines for Industries 2021 regarding
When third parties point out, in concrete terms, that Project proponents should be published
the disclosure of monitoring results.
Monitoring/Grievance environmental and social considerations are not being fully Monitoring reports on their website.
There is a clear indication provided in
Redress Mechanism undertaken, forums for discussion and examination of Grievance Redress Mechanism should
the EIA Guidelines for Industries, 2021,
(GRM) countermeasures are established based on sufficient be established for the project, so that any
regarding Grievance Redress
information disclosure, including stakeholders’ participation person can submit grievance.
Mechanism or grievances received from
in relevant projects. Project proponents etc. should make
workers or community
efforts to reach an agreement on procedures to be adopted
with a view to resolving problems.
ECA’95 has a provision regarding the
declaration of Ecologically Critical Area
(ECA). Project shall comply with the
Projects must not involve significant conversion or significant
Ecosystems and Biota As per the ECA Management Rules Ecologically Critical Area Management
degradation of critical natural habitats and critical forests.
2016, alteration or any significant Rules, 2016.
degradation of critical natural habitat
and forests are strictly prohibited.
Any adverse impacts that a project may have on indigenous There is no stipulated provision in EIA Project proponent should analyze the
Indigenous peoples peoples are to be avoided when feasible by exploring all Guidelines for Industries 2021 regarding alternatives to check whether it is
viable alternatives. When, after such an examination, the Indigenous peoples. However, there feasible or not to avoid any adverse

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Relevant laws/regulations/Guidelines
Items JICA Guidelines Policies to be taken by the project
of Government of Bangladesh
avoidance is proved unfeasible, effective measures must be is a checklist provided in EIA guidelines impacts towards Indigenous peoples.
taken to minimize impacts and to compensate indigenous for Industries, 2021, relating to If the outcome of the alternatives
peoples for their losses. Indigenous people rights and/or becomes unfeasible, proper mitigation
minority rights issues. measures should be taken and
compensations should be provided for
loss and damages.

Table 2.6 Comparison between the Government of Bangladesh and JICA Guidelines for Environment and Social Consideration, 2022 - Land Acquisition
and Resettlement

Gap Between GoB and JICA

Sl. Aspects/Issues ARIPA-2017 JICA Policy/Guidelines (April 2017)
Policy/Guidelines
Involuntary resettlement and loss of means Gaps with regard to this principle
Avoid Involuntary Avoidance of resettlement is not specifically
1 of livelihood should be avoided by to avoid resettlement impact
resettlement (IR) mentioned in the 2017 Act.
exploring all viable alternatives. through alternative options.
The law only implicitly discourages unnecessary
When, after such an examination,
and excess land acquisition, as excess land
avoidance is proved unfeasible, effective Notice u/s-4 under ARIPA, 2017
Minimize involuntary remains idle and unused, and lands acquired for
2 measures to minimize impact and to Act requires notification only; no
resettlement one purpose cannot be used for a different
compensate for losses must be agreed consultation is required.
purpose. Land that remains unused should be
upon with the people who will be affected.
returned to the original owner(s).
People who must be resettled involuntarily Only cash-based Compensation
The mitigation measures are cash compensation
and people whose means of livelihood will for acquired assets.
Mitigate adverse social only for lost assets. The Complexities of
3 be hindered or lost must be sufficiently The impacts of income and
impact resettlement are not addressed by the ARIPA-
compensated and supported by project livelihood and the need for
2017. .
proponents etc. in a timely manner. resettlement is not considered.
The ARIPA, 2017 Act requires preparation of a The impacts to be assessed with regard to Impact assessments are typically
Land Acquisition Plan (LAP) for land acquisition environmental and social considerations. conducted in the case of externally
Identify, assess and address and compensation purposes. However, GoB These also include social impacts funded projects; otherwise, a land
4 the potential social and environmental rules/ guidelines (1997) including migration of population and acquisition plan is prepared for
economic impacts synchronize various applicable laws and policy involuntary resettlement, local economy acquisition purposes. Project
frameworks of the country for early such as employment and livelihood, impacts on properties, livelihoods
identification of impacts on biophysical, utilization of land and local resources, and employment, health and

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Gap Between GoB and JICA

Sl. Aspects/Issues ARIPA-2017 JICA Policy/Guidelines (April 2017)
Policy/Guidelines
socioeconomic and cultural environment of a social institutions and local decision- environment are discussed in
project intervention and their mitigations. making institutions, existing social IEE/EIA reports, but do not
Requires the assessment of technical alternatives, infrastructures and services, vulnerable provide enough information to
including the no action alternative to minimize social groups such as poor and indigenous determine losses and basis for
adverse environmental impacts, include impact peoples, equality of benefits and losses and compensation. Existing laws do
on human health and safety. equality in the development process, not have provision for
EIA identifies measures to minimize the gender, children's rights, cultural heritage, identification of indigenous people
problems and recommends ways to improve the local conflicts of interest, infectious to recognize their particular
projects. diseases such as HIV/AIDS, and working problem and inconveniences due
conditions including occupational safety. to the project.
The Deputy Commissioners (DCs) has the
mandate in their respective jurisdiction as per law Existing law and methods of
to acquire land for any requiring person (public assessment do not ensure
agency or private person). The requiring body replacement cost of property at
requests the Deputy Commissioners for current market price. The ARIPA-
acquisition of land for their project/scheme. DCs 2017 has provision for
investigate physically the requirement of land resettlement of displaced
and carry out Joint Verifications of assets and People who will be displaced must be households but don't have
type of land for assessing the quantity of losses resettled and people whose means of provision for rehabilitation of
Prepare mitigation plans for
5 (u/s 9 (1) of the law). The Affected titled holders livelihood will be hindered or lost must be affected persons or their loss of
affected persons
receive compensation based on the assessed and sufficiently compensated and supported by income or livelihood resources.
determined by DC according to the mouza rates project proponents etc. in a timely manner. "Market value" of property is often
plus 200% additional for land and 100% found low in respect of current
additional for Structures, Trees and crops. market price, it can be raised, if
The Deputy Commissioner follows the rate of appealed, by a maximum of 10
PWD for structure, DAE for crops, DoF for trees, percent each time which in most
etc.). Affected owners have the right to appeal on case is not sufficient to match with
acquisition or on the compensation amounts real market price.
determined as per law.
Appropriate participation by affected There is no provision in the law for
The ARIPA- 2017 has provisions (Section 4 and people and their communities must be consulting the stakeholders but the
4/1) to notify the owners of property to be integrated in the planning, land allocation committees at
Involve and consult with
6 acquired. implementation, and monitoring of district, division, and central
stakeholders
Any party having any objections can appear to resettlement action plans and measures to government level.
DC for a hearing with 15 days of notification prevent the loss of their means of People have limited scope to
livelihood. negotiate with the government on

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Gap Between GoB and JICA

Sl. Aspects/Issues ARIPA-2017 JICA Policy/Guidelines (April 2017)
Policy/Guidelines
the price of land but have no right
to refuse acquisition.
The ARIPA-2017 requires serving a "notice" to In preparation of a resettlement action
be published at convenient places on or near the plan, consultations must be held with the
Disclose and inform PAPs of Disclosure takes place in case of
7 property in a prescribed form and manner stating affected people and their communities
RAP and mitigation measures donor-funded projects.
that the property is proposed to be acquired based on sufficient information made
(u/section 3). available to them in advance.
The impacts to be assessed with regard to
environmental and social considerations.
If avoidance is not possible, the
Support existing social and These also include social impacts,
Generally, any social and cultural institutions Government shall acquire, but will
8 cultural institutions of the including social institutions such as social
should be avoided. reconstruct or rebuild the social
affected persons capital and local decision-making
and cultural institutions.
institutions, existing social infrastructures
and services.
JICA makes efforts to enhance the
comprehensive capacity of organizations There is a gap in regard to build
Build capacity of the
and operations in order for project capacity of borrower or clients of
9 borrower(s) in IR No provision in the ARIPA-2017.
proponents etc., to have consideration for managing resettlement action plan
implementation
environmental and social factors, implementation.
appropriately and effectively, at all times.

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2.4 Organization related to Enforcement of Environmental Standards Relevant

The MoEFCC is the nodal agency in the administrative structure of the GoB, for overseeing all environmental
matters relating to national environmental policy and regulatory issues in the country. The MoEFCC oversees
the activities of the following technical/implementing agencies:

 Department of Environment (DOE)

 Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD)
 Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation (BFIDC)
 Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI)
 Bangladesh National Herbarium (BNH)
 Water Resources and Planning Organization (WARPO)
 Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA)
 Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MOFL)
 Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB)
 Ministry of Labor and Employment (MOLE)
 Ministry of Law and Parliamentary Affairs
 Ministry of Land (MOL); and
 City Corporation/Pourashava/Union Parishad.

The DOE has been placed under the MoEFCC as its technical wing and is statutorily responsible for the
implementation of the ECA, 1995. The department was created in 1989, to ensure sustainable development
and to conserve and manage the environment of Bangladesh. The principal activities of the DOE are:

 Defining EIA procedures and issuing environmental clearance permits the latter being the
legal requirement before the proposed Project can be implemented.
 Providing advice or taking direct action to prevent the degradation of the environment.
 Pollution control, including the monitoring of effluent sources and ensuring mitigation of
environmental pollution.
 Setting Quality Standards for environmental parameters.
 Declaring ECAs, where the ecosystem has been degraded to a critical state; and
 Review and evaluation of IEEs and EIAs prepared for projects in Bangladesh.

2.4.1 Procedure for obtaining ECC from DOE, Bangladesh

According to the new ECR 2023, the applicability of environmental clearance and the process in Bangladesh
is described. The EIA process consists of three stages, screening, IEE, and detailed EIA:

 Projects categorized as Green and Yellow require no IEE or EIA for environmental clearance,
however, the proponent has to apply in a prescribed format along with specified documents.
 Projects categorized as Orange require an IEE to be submitted to the DOE along with an

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

application in a prescribed format and other specified documents; and

 Red category projects require both IEE and EIA. An IEE is required for the site clearance and
an EIA is required for the environmental clearance.

As per the Schedule-1 of ECR 2023, the project falls under the Red Category.

2.4.2 Required Permits and Approvals

The following Table 2.7 shows the major environmental permits and approval that will be required before,
during and after construction and in the operation phase of the project.

Table 2.7 Required permits and approval during pre-construction, construction, and operation
phase

Required Implementation Expected Institutional Responsibility

Permit/Approval Phase Deliverables Implementation Supervision

Permission for
establishment of Engineer/
Pre- construction Approval letter Contractor
Construction Yard from CWASA
CWASA

Permission for
Groundwater usage for
Engineer/
construction from Pre-construction Approval letter Contractor
CWASA
Chattogram City
Corporation /CWASA
Permission for Surface
water usage for
construction from Engineer/
Pre-construction Approval letter Contractor
Chattogram City CWASA
Corporation/ Chattogram
Development Authority
Permission for tree cutting
Engineer/
from the Department of Pre-construction Approval letter Contractor
CWASA
Forest
Permission for construction
waste disposal from Engineer/
Construction Approval letter Contractor
Chattogram City CWASA
Corporation
Approval from Bangladesh
Inland Water Transport
Engineer/
Authority (BIWTA) Construction Approval letter Contractor
CWASA
through CWASA to select
dredging site (if required).

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CHAPTER 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 Introduction

In accordance with CWASA’s policy, a separate sewer system will be developed and every household in the
target area will be connected by household connection. The Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) for Catchment-2
(STP- 2) and for Catchment-4 (STP-4) will be integrally constructed at the site of STP at Kalurghat. In this
regard, the new STP, integrated STP-2 and STP-4 at Kalurghat, is constructed to treat sewage from both
Catchment -2 and 4. Location of Project site is shown in Figure 3.1.

Legend
Catchment 3
Catchment-2

Catchment-4
Catchment 2
Catchment 5 STP

Catchment 4 Sewer
Catchment 1 Catchment 2
Industrial Area

Catchment 6

Catchment 4

Figure 3.1 Location of Project Site

The capacity of STP will be proposed 300MLD based on the ultimate capacity targeting 2070. The capacity
of Kalurghat STP will be increased step-by-step, according to the increase of inflow by the expansion of
sewered area and installation of property connection. Thus, the step-wised development plan will be proposed

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based on the estimation of annual inflow.

In this project (Phase 1), the target year is 2035 and the target PR is 30 – 40 %, the capacity of STP to be
constructed in this project is 60MLD as shown in Figure 3.2. The area STP developed in this project (land
reclamation and the area for the measures against consolidation settlement by PVD) is shown in the Figure
3.3. Priority area to be served by sewerage system in this project is shown in Figure 3.4.

300
261
250
219
Further
200 178 188 stage
161
159 169 To be constructed
150
144 at the next stage
130 139
100 118 30-40%
60 MLD of STP will be constructed at the initial stage.
50

0
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070
Year
Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.2 Planned Sewage Volume and Target STP Capacity to be Developed in the Initial Stage of
the Project

Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.3 Area for Land Reclamation and PVD in Phase I

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STP

Pump station

Trunk sewer

Catchment-2

Catchment-4

JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Legend

Catchment-2

Catchment-4

KSA

 Target Wards
No. Name No. Name  PR = 31-34% in 2035
Ward 4 Chandgaon Ward 14 Lalkhan Bazar
Ward 7 West Sholashahar Ward 15 Bagmaniram  Amount of sewage to be collected to STP
Ward 8 Sholokbahar Ward 16 Chawkbazar 43,000 - 47,000m3/day
Ward 13 Pahartali Ward 21 Jamal khan

Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.4 Target Area

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

3.2 Project Category

According to the Environmental Conservation Rule 2023 (ECR 2023) of the Government of Bangladesh, the
project falls under the "Red" Category, which requires an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report
and approval from the Department of Environment (DOE) before construction can commence. However,
according to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Environmental and Social Consideration
2022, the proposed project is considered as a "B" category project, which does not require the EIA report but
does require an Environmental Assessment.

3.3 Project Objectives

The general objectives of the proposed project are:

 To improve the quality of wastewater received from households and small industries in the
city areas.
 To treat the wastewater through STP-2 & 4
 To bring positive outcomes for public health
 To enhance the protection of the natural environment.

STP will have an estimated capacity of 300MLD for wastewater, with the option for later expansion. Water
quality in the local drainage network will be improved by the removal of sewage from the drains. The
outcome of the project can be summarized as follows

 The majority of households in the catchment area will have access to the sewerage system,
 Water quality in the local drainage network will be improved by the removal of sewage from
the drains,
 Pollution of khals and other water bodies will be reduced,
 Up to 300 MLD of wastewater will be treated at the Catchment 2&4 STP

3.4 Project Options

There is no sewerage system in Chattogram City, the second largest city of Bangladesh. Since the
establishment of Chattogram Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (CWASA), CWASA has gone without
having any proper sewage management system, the activity is limited mainly to supply of pure drinking water.
In the absence of a sewerage system in the country's second largest city, wastewater of Catchment 2&4 is
discharged into the Karnaphuli river.

This Project is a part of the wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure development program for the
City of Chattogram to create sewerage services in Chattogram. The sewerage system of Catchment 2&4
composes a sewer network including gravity sewers and house connections leading to sewage treatment plant
(STP) in Kalurghat. Outlines of developed facility and related facility in this project (Phase 1) with target
year 2035 is described in the Table 3.1. The sludge generated in the sewage treatment plant will be disposed

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in new waste disposal sites which are developed by CCC. Thus, the scope of the new waste disposal site
construction is not included in the project. Pump stations are not constructed in this project (Phase 1) and
will be constructed in the future.

Table 3.1 Project Components in this project (Phase 1)

Facilities Outline
Sewage treatment The sewage treatment plant will receive wastewater to Catchment 2 and 4. The plant is
plant located in Kalurghat and capacity is 60 MLD (Target year 2035).
Sewers will be installed along existing roads and connected from each household to the
sewage treatment plant. With the target year 2035, length of sewer is as follows Trunk
Sewer
Sewer (Trenchless method) 10,672m, Branch Sewer (Open-Cut Method) 69,368m,
Connection Pipe (Open-Cut) 70,000m.
Source: JICA survey team, 2022

The STP will treat all the collected effluent from Catchment 2&4, and ensure compliance with the current
Bangladeshi standards for wastewater discharge into the environment. Kalurghat STP will apply design
effluent quality as shown in Table 3.2. The flowchart of STP is proposed as shown in Figure 3.5.

Table 3.2 Discharge Standard and Design Effluent Quality applied for Kalurghat STP

Standard of Sewage Discharge in The

Parameters Design Effluent Quality
Environment Conservation Rules, 2023
Temperature 30 ℃ -
pH 6-9 6-9
20 mg/L (1month average)
BOD 30 mg/L
30 mg/L (1week average)
COD 125 mg/L -
30 mg/L (1 month average)
SS 100 mg/L
45 mg/L (1week average)
50 mg/L
Nitrate (NO3-) 50 mg/L
(50 mg/L of N-NO3-)
15 mg/L
Phosphate (PO43⁻) 15 mg/L
(15 mg/L of P-PO43-)
Coliform 1000 MPN/100mL 1000 MPN/100mL
Source: DOE, Bangladesh and CWASA

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Inflow

Inlet Pump Station

Fine Screen
Grit Chamber
Distriburtion Tank

Gravity Thickener
Effluent
Primary
Sedimentation Tank

Return Sludge
Excess Sludge

Reaction Tank

Final Sedimentation Sludge Tank

Tank
Drain
Disinfection Dehydrator

Discharge to Khal Transportation to Final Disposal Site

Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.5 Flow Chart of STP

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3.5 Study Areas

The target areas of the Survey consist of Catchment-2 and Catchment-4 as shown in Figure 3.6 below.

Kalurghat
Industrial
Sholashahar
Area Candidate
Industrial
Area Catchment-2 site for STP

Catchment-4

Source: Edited by JICA Survey Team based on MP

Figure 3.6 Location of Target Areas

The features of the target area are summarized below.

 The target area is located between the center of Chattogram City Corporation (hereinafter
referred as “CCC”) area1 and the eastern end that is along Karnaphuli River and Halda River.
 The target area consists of 21 wards totally, which are listed in Table 3.3 and Figure 3.7.
 The western part of the Catchment-2 is near the center of CCC area and densely populated
area, at which many high-rise buildings are located.
 Agricultural lands are located at the east end and northeast end of the Catchment-2, which are
along Karnaphuli River. The candidate site for STP is located at the east end.
 Kalurghat Industrial Area is located at northeastern part of the Catchment-2, and Sholashahar
Industrial Area is located at the western part of the Catchment-2, the major categories of
industries of both industrial areas are textile, food, and chemical/plastic industries.
 There are densely populated areas in the whole Catchment-4. Especially, many small-sized
shops and commercial facilities are located at the southwestern part of the Catchment -4.

1 The center of CCC area means the central region of Chattogram where the head offices of CCC and CWASA locate.
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Table 3.3 List of Wards in Catchment-2 and 4

Ward No. Ward Name Ward No. Ward Name

02 Jalalabad 16 Chawkbazar
03 Panchlaish 17 West Bakalia
04 Chandgaon 18 East Bakalia
05 Mohra 19 South Bakalia
06 East Sholashahar 20 Dewan Bazar
07 West Sholashahar 21 Jamal khan
08 Sholokbahar 32 Anderkilla
09 North Pahartali 33 Firinghee Bazar
13 Pahartali 34 Patharghata
14 Lalkhan Bazar 35 Boxirhat
15 Bagmaniram
Source: CWASA

Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.7 Ward Map of Catchment-2 and 4

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3.6 Details on wastewater (grey water and black water & sewage) generation

(1) Conditions to Calculate the Planned Sewage Volume

Planned sewage volume consists of domestic, commercial, the domestic part of wastewater generated from
industrial area and ground water infiltration. Wastewater generated from the industrial process is not added
to the planned sewage volume.

The conditions to calculate the planned sewage volume are summarized in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 Conditions to Calculate the Planned Sewage Volume

Item Calculation method Remarks and Sources

Same as Catchment-1 and 5
120 lpcd unit water supply amount
Unit wastewater generation defined in KWSP-2
for domestic and commercial 120 lpcd x 90% = 108 lpcd 90% Wastewater return rate (80%
wastewater source MP) x rate of unit consumption of
non-domestic water (12% source
KWSP-2) = 90%
Domestic and commercial
108 lpcd x Target population Same as Catchment-1 and 5
wastewater
Only for six wards which include the land
for industrial use (Ward 02, 04, 05, 06, 08,
Domestic part of wastewater
18)
generated from industrial Domestic wastewater x 15%
15% round up of the rate of unit
area
consumption of non-domestic water
defined in KWSP-2 (12%)
Groundwater infiltration Source Japanese guideline for planning and
Total wastewater x 15%
(GWI) design of sewerage facilities
Source: JICA Survey Team

The daily average sewage volume and the daily maximum sewage volume are calculated with the following
formula.

 Daily average sewage volume = Wastewater (domestic, commercial, and small industrial
wastewater) + GWI

 Daily maximum sewage volume = 1.25 x wastewater + GWI (1.25 ratio of daily maximum
per dairy average described in Japanese guideline)

(2) Consideration of Actual Water Supply Situation

The planned sewage volume described above (1) is the maximum sewage generation on the assumption of
100% target population are connected to the water supply service. However, actually the water supply service
has not yet reached 100% population in Catchment-2 and 4. Therefore, the actual sewage generation is
calculated with the following formula.

 Actual wastewater generation = 90% x actual water supply volume (actual data of supplied
water) (Source of 90% is described in (1).)

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

 Actual daily maximum sewage volume = 1.25 x actual wastewater generation + GWI (1.25
ratio of daily maximum per dairy average described in Japanese guideline)

(3) Condition of Population to be Served by Sewerage System

Moreover, the planned sewage volume described above (1) and (2) are under the assumption that 100%
wastewater generated in target area can be connected to sewer network. However, there are many narrow
roads and slum areas where it is difficult to install sewer pipes as shown in Figure 3.8.

Narrow road in Ward 33 Slum area in Ward 34

Figure 3.8 Photos of Narrow Road and Slum Area (July 16, 2022)

In these areas where it is difficult to install sewer pipes, the urban sanitation will not be improved by sewerage
system but the Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) to collect and treat the septage sludge. Based on the result
of road width survey and the latest Census of Slum Areas and Floating Population issued by Bangladesh
Bureau of Statistics (BBS), the coverage ratio of areas where it is difficult to install sewer pipes is 18% of
whole Catchment-2 and 4 as described in Table 3.5 Therefore, the actual sewerage generation with
consideration for the population to be served by sewerage system and FSM is 82% (100-18%) of the planned
sewage volume described above (2).

Table 3.5 Results of Road Width Survey and the Ratio of Slum Population

Item Figure
Ratio of the road with less than 2m width in Catchment-2 and 4 except for the
slum areas (where the pipe installation cannot be executed based on the examples 6.9 %
in Japan and other countries)
Ratio of the population of the slum area in Catchment-2 and 4 11.2 %
Total 18.1 % (approx. 18%)
Source: JICA Survey Team

(4) Calculation Result of Planned Sewage Generation

Based on the above-described (1), (2) and (3), the planned sewage generation of whole Catchment-2 and 4
are calculated as shown in Table 3.6 and Table 3.9.

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 － －
－ －

Blue line Maximum sewage

generation in whole catchment-2 &
300 4 on the assumption of 100%
water supply connection 261
250
219
200 188 Green line Actual
178
161 sewage generation in
159 169

JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA
whole catchment-2 & 4
150
144 139 based on the actual
130 water supply
100 118 Orange line Actual sewage connection numbers
generation with consideration for and water supply
the fecal sludge management (18% volume
50
of whole population based on the
CCC data and initial site survey)
0
2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070
Year

Table 3.6 Calculation Result of Planned Sewage Generation of Whole Catchment-2 and 4

Actual daily maximum sewage Actual daily maximum sewage

generation based on the actual generation with consideration
Planned daily maximum
Year waer supply connection for the population to be served
sewage generation (MLD)
number and water supply by sewerage system and FSM
volume (MLD) (MLD)
2022 161 144 118
2030 178 159 130
2035 188 169 139
2050 219
2070 261
Source: JICA Survey Team

Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.9 Planned Sewage Generation of Whole Catchment-2 and 4 in Each Year

3.7 Details on present sewage system

There is currently no piped sewerage system in Chattogram. Most households in the CCC area are served by
on-site sanitation solutions such as septic tanks. However, these are, in most cases hybrid systems (rather
than truly on-site) as wastewater from kitchens and shower rooms (gray water) is discharged into the roadside
ditches or the drainage channels by dedicated outflow pipes as shown in the left side photo in Figure 3.10.
Septic tanks overflows are also discharged to the drainage system in most cases. When septic tanks are full
of fecal sludge, the sludge is sometimes collected by CCC trucks and transported to landfill sites. However,
more commonly, sludge is removed by hired private cleaners and disposed to nearby drains.

Therefore, the (surface) drainage system receives the vast majority of the city’s sewage and is used as a
combined drainage system for stormwater and wastewater. However, the drainage system was never designed

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as a combined system and cannot efficiently perform such an operation. The drainage system suffers from
lack of proper design, low quality of construction and insufficient maintenance. Due to insufficient slope,
velocities in the system are low during the dry period causing siltation which minimizes the capacity of drains
and leads to blockages. A significant percentage of the city solid waste is also discarded into the drains as
shown in right side photo in Figure 3.10. The solid waste disposal, along with dumping of fecal sludge,
further aggravates the situation. Under these circumstances, the drainage system cannot efficiently carry
sewage from households. Instead, low velocities and blockages allow solids suspended in the sewage to be
separated and deposited to the bottom and sides of the drains and channels, thus further enhancing this vicious
cycle.

Based on the above-described situation, there are currently no domestic wastewater treatment facilities in
Chattogram. All domestic sewage eventually finds its way to the watercourses of the city and the sea. The
lack of a dedicated sewerage system and treatment facilities results in extensive environmental degradation
of the watercourses. The inadequate condition of the drainage system also means that wastewater can often
exfiltrate, polluting the underlying soil layers as well as the groundwater aquifer (which is one of the sources
of drinking water for the city).

Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.10 Wastewater Discharge and Blockage of Drainage Channel by Solid Waste

3.7.1 Details on wastewater collection and treated water discharge system

3.7.2 Wastewater collection

A separate sewer system will be developed and every household in the target area will be connected by
household connection. The features of the separate sewer system are summarized in Table 3.7.

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Table 3.7 Features of Interceptor System and Separate Sewer System

Item Separate Sewer System

Over
view

 Separate sewage and rainwater collection systems in separate pipelines.

 Sewage pipes to collect only sewage.
 Separate rainwater drainage pipes must be installed to eliminate rainwater (not applicable to
Features
this project).
 Currently in Japan, the principle is to adopt a separate-flow system when introducing a new
sewerage system.
 Only sewage is collected, so theoretically there is no impact of rainwater on the sewage
treatment plant.
Merit  Untreated sewage does not discharge into public waters even during rainy weather.
 CWASA can stably collect sewage regardless of the condition of roadside ditches and
waterways that are outside its jurisdiction.
 From the viewpoint of promoting both sewage and rainwater control, the necessary cost and
time are large because it is necessary to develop separate sewage and rainwater pipe networks.
Demerit
 In order to collect sewage and realize the effect of sewerage facility improvement, it is essential
to promote house connection.
Source: JICA Survey Team

To complete the separate sewer system, it is essential to connect the drainpipes in household to the new sewer
so that the wastewater generated from household/building can be collected to STP through sewer network.
In other words, “house connection” is essential in separate sewer system.

Figure 3.11 shows the two cases of the structures of drainpipes to discharge/collect the wastewater including
the cases of before and after the completion of separate sewer system. Presently, black water generated from
the toilet is discharged to road ditch after the treatment at septic tank, and gray water generated from shower
room and kitchen is discharged to road ditch without any treatment. On the other hand, after the completion
of separate sewer system, both black water and gray water are collected to new sewer through the newly
installed drainpipes, catch pit and connection pipe, and septic tank can be demolished or infilled.

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<Present> <After the completion of separate sewer system>

New drainpipe in household

is privately-owned property.

Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.11 Structures of Drainpipes to Discharge/Collect the Wastewater

To develop the separate sewer system in whole Catchment 2 and 4, it is necessary to consider how to treat
the ownership of new drainpipe in household that is privately-owned property.

CWASA has a strong desire to include the development of new drainpipe in household in the scope of the
ownership of drainpipe in household is transferred to houseowner soon after the STP starts operations based
on CWASA’s regulation.

In order to settle such issue, CWASA decided the followings:

 CWASA will continue to keep the ownership of the new drainpipe in household/building for
a certain period (for ex. 10 years) and maintain the drainpipe after the start of operation of
STP.
 The period to keep the ownership will be decided at a later stage.

3.7.3 Treated water discharge system

Based on the High-Water Level (HWL) of effluent stream, the elevation of water treatment facility will be
designed. The level of water treatment facility will be designed as low as possible within the range to avoid
the flooding and backwater.

The treated water is planned to be discharged to the neighboring Dom Khal which is flowing into Karnaphli
River. Dom Khal is now under development by the water logging project and its improvement work at the
upstream of STP site has been completed. As of December 2022, the design of the downstream side; namely
from STP site to the connection point to the Karnaphuli River, has not yet been completed.

Design water level at Jaillapara Bridge, Hamidchar, will be proposed to be 3.5m. Thus, the HWL of the Dom

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Khal at STP site was set at 5.0m tentatively considering the HWL of Karnaphuli River (4.98m), and it will
be updated in the detailed design (or basic design) stage when the design of Dom Khal and its discharge
pumps are officially completed.

Hydraulic profiles were proposed as shown in Figure 3.13.

Dom Khali

Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.12 Hydraulic Profile of STP

3.8 Details on sewage treatment facilities with design, drawing and calculation

3.8.1 Design Parameter and Condition

The layout of STP is shown in Figure 3.13. The capacity of STP will be proposed 300MLD based on the
ultimate capacity targeting 2070. The capacity of Kalurghat STP will be increased step-by-step, according to
the increase of inflow by the expansion of sewered area and installation of property connection. Thus, the
step-wised development plan will be proposed based on the estimation of annual inflow. In this project (Phase
1), the target year is 2035 and the target PR is 30 – 40 %, the capacity of STP to be constructed in this project
is 60MLD.

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Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.13 Layout Plan of STP site

3.8.1.1 Inflow quality of STP

In Catchment-2&4 is planning to apply the same inflow quality as that of Catchment-5 project because
CWASA explained that the inflow quality of Catchment-5 is more reliable than PESSCM-1 because
PESSCM-1’s proposal is based on hypothesis and Catchment-5 applied World Bank data. Due to difference
of unit water consumption, the planned inflow quality is slightly higher than Catchment-5 project as shown
in Table 3.8.

Table 3.8 Per capita pollution load and Inflow Quality proposed in other Projects

Pollution Load per Unit WW Volume Planned Influent

Parameters Capita (incl. others and I&I) Quality
gpcd Lpcd mg/L
BOD 40 310
SS 48 124 =120 x 90% 372
TKN 4 x (115% for I/I) 31
T-P 6 43
Source: JICA Survey Team

3.8.1.2 Discharge Standard and design effluent quality of STP

Since the existing discharge standard is not so strict, DOE has already released the new ECR 2023 on 5th of
March 2023, it has been said that a new discharge standard will follow the new ECR 2023. Considering the
future update, more strict design effluent quality was proposed by CWASA, and STP-1 applied following

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design effluent quality, and alsoSTP-5, and STP-6 will follow STP-1 as per the comment from CWASA.
Therefore, considering the future update, Kalurghat STP will apply same design effluent quality of STP-1
and 5 in the parameter of BOD and SS as shown in Figure 3.9. As of December 2022, the sewerage planning
of Catchment-3 is still ongoing, and the application of design effluent quality will be studied.

Table 3.9 Discharge Standard and Design Effluent Quality applied for Kalurghat STP

Standard of Sewage Discharge in The

Parameters Design Effluent Quality
Environment Conservation Rules, 2023
Temperature 30 ℃ -
pH 6-9 6-9
20 mg/L (1month average)
BOD 30 mg/L
30 mg/L (1week average)
COD 125 mg/L -
30 mg/L (1 month average)
SS 100 mg/L
45 mg/L (1week average)
50 mg/L
Nitrate (NO3-) 50 mg/L
(50 mg/L of N-NO3-)
15 mg/L
Phosphate (PO43⁻) 15 mg/L
(15 mg/L of P-PO43-)
Coliform 1000 MPN/100mL 1000 MPN/100mL
Source: DOE, Bangladesh and CWASA

3.8.1.3 Ground level of STP to prevent inundation

The ground elevation of STP site shall be more than the flooding level of surrounding area to protect the
facilities of STP. To determine the land development level, the water level of Karnaphuli river at Kalurghat
station was confirmed by Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). The highest water level at
Kalurghat station from 2011 to 2020 was 4.98m as shown in Table 3.10.

Table 3.10 Water Level of Karnaphuli River at Kalurghat Station

(Unit m)
Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
LWL -0.68 -.074 -1.09 -0.77 -1.84 -0.64 -0.90 -0.39 -0.39 -0.39
HWL 4.44 4.54 4.78 4.58 4.70 4.77 4.98 4.65 4.85 4.35
Source: Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB)

On the contrary, the outer ring road and sluice gates, called as “regulator”, constructed at the connection point
of khals and river will function as dike to protect CCC area against flooding. According to the information
of residents around STP site, flooding situation is much better than before after the construction of ring road.
In addition, as of December 2022, the Dom Khali Khal is under improvement by water logging project
conducted by CDA. After the improvement of Dom Khali Khal, the risk of flooding is expected to be lower.
However, the design of drainage pumps at sluice gate (regulator) is not yet determined and there is still risk
of flooding if the capacity of drainage pumps is insufficient or operation of the pumps is not suitable.
Considering the said risks, the ground level of STP was proposed at 5.5m to prevent the flooding even in the
HWL of Karnaphuli River in high tide and simultaneous heavy rain.

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3.8.2 Treatment Process

3.8.2.1 Sewage Treatment Process

Conventional activated sludge (CAS) was proposed as shown in Table 3.11. The operation of CAS plant is
not easy as OD process or a kind of lagoon process, but the know-how to operate CAS plant can be shared
by municipalities of developed countries because it is commonly applied all over the world.

Environmental laws and regulations are gradually improved in parallel with economic growth in Bangladesh.
Therefore, the treatment process shall be selected to accommodate future change of environmental laws and
regulations. When the discharge standard upgraded to require nitrogen and phosphorus treatment in future,
CAS process can be upgraded to A2O (Anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic) process with anaerobic and anoxic tank is
constructed additionally.

Table 3.11 Sewage Treatment Process Flow

Item Conventional Activated Sludge

(CAS)
Outline of
Process

CAS is commonly used all over the world and there is a variety of its modified
treatment process.
Even if the effluent quality standard upgraded to require nitrogen and phosphorus
treatment in the future, this treatment process is relatively easily upgraded
compared with other treatment processes.
1)Effluent Quality Discharge standard can be satisfied
2) N and P treatment Advanced treatment such as A2O process can be applied in future.
(future)
3) Required Area Moderate
4) Operation skill Fair
5) Influence on
Moderate with deodorization facility
surrounding environment
Source: JICA Survey Team

3.8.2.2 Disinfection Process

The targets of disinfection are bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. For the safety of treated water, the number of
coliforms is applied as the parameter because high level of coliform is included in the wastes from humans
and livestock, and it can survive in water for a long time, which means that coliform is the indicator of the
presence of other pathogenic organisms. According to the discharge standard coliform in the effluent shall be
less than 1000 MPN/100mL. Chlorination by chlorination was selected to minimize electricity consumption.

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Chlorination Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) or Chlorine (Cl2) is commonly applied because of its simple
facilities of chemical storage tank and injection pump, so even in the existing WTPs applies this process for
disinfection. According to the information from CWASA, Sodium Hypochlorite is not available in
Bangladesh, so liquid chlorine is applied for exiting WTPs in Chattogram. Therefore, the same type of
chlorination is recommended for the Kalurghat STP.

3.8.2.3 Deodorization Process

Deodorization facility is indispensable for the proposed STP to minimize the negative impact to the
surrounding residents. The main sources of offensive odor at the STP are pretreatment facilities (screen and
grit chamber), primary sedimentation tank, sludge treatment facilities (sludge thickening, sludge digestion,
sludge dewatering machine, etc.). These facilities will be the target of deodorization and the odor from these
facilities will be discharged after deodorization treatment.

A soil filter method was proposed at the initial stage to save the construction and operation cost. Then, and
application of other methods will be considered in future considering the availability of chemicals and
material at the time of upgrade.

Through Soil Filter Method, the odor is removed by oxidative decomposition from metabolism in the soil
with high air permeability. The adaptability of fluctuation of odor concentration is low and 3-5 m2 of area
per treated air is required. The cost of construction and maintenance is low and in addition, no machinery
facility is required. In case of increase in the soil bed pressure, although cultivated, replacement of soil, and
routine works including weeding are required, the soil bed can be utilized as open space. The operation cost
of its process is only limited to labor cost.

3.8.2.4 Process Flow of STP

As a result of aforementioned study, the flowchart of STP is proposed as shown in Figure 3.14.

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Initial Stage

Inflow

Inlet Pump Station

Fine Screen
Grit Chamber
Distriburtion Tank

Gravity Thickener
Effluent
Primary
Sedimentation Tank

Return Sludge
Excess Sludge

Reaction Tank

Final Sedimentation Sludge Tank

Tank
Drain
Disinfection Dehydrator

Discharge to Khal Transportation to Final Disposal Site

After installation of Sludge Digester

Inflow

Inlet Pump Station

Distriburtion Tank Fine Screen

Grit Chamber
Gravity Thickener
Effluent
Primary
Sedimentation Tank
Drain
Mechanical Thickener
Return Sludge

Drain
Sludge Digester
Reaction Tank

Final Sedimentation Sludge Tank

Excess Sludge
Tank
Drain
Disinfection Dehydrator
Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.14
Discharge to Khal FlowTransportation
Chart of STP to Final Disposal Site

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3.8.3 Preliminary Design for Mechanical Part

3.8.3.1 Mechanical coarse and fine screens

The influent pump station shall be equipped with coarse screens as preliminary treatment to protect pumps
and downstream piping from potential damage or clogging. The main screens shall be mechanically operated
multi-rake bar screens with openings of around 25 mm intervals. Screens shall be the front-rake and front-
return type, attached on both ends to continuous-operated drive chains2.

In addition, fine screen units shall be provided in the grid chamber. The mechanical screen is proposed as
shown in Figure 3.15 for instance. Each screen will be installed in a 2 m width channel that can be isolated
and drained for maintenance by closing slide gates installed at upstream and downstream ends of channel. 3
additional screen units for a total of 5 will be installed in the future, as sewage increases beyond 180,000
m3/d, to provide an ultimate capacity of 300,000 m3/d.

As for the sand removal equipment, it shall comprise one or more fully integrated units designed to remove
90% of grit/sand particles of diameter 0.1mm and above and with a specific gravity equal to or greater than
2,650 kg/ m3.

Source: ShinMaywa Industries, Ltd.

Figure 3.15 Example of mechanical screen

3.8.3.2 Mechanical gate

Table 3.12 shows the types of mechanical gate. The operation of gates shall be automated for the reduction
of the loads for operators due to the large fluctuation of sewage volume. The gates shall be selected according

2 The project for capacity development of management for sustainable water related infrastructure in the
People's Republic of Bangladesh final report project completion report. -, JICA IDEA Consultants, Inc.
INGEROSEC Corp. Earth System Science Co., Ltd., September 2017

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to the detailed consideration for configuration of STP.

Table 3.12 Types of mechanical gate

Items Ductile Iron Sluice Gate Steel Sluice Gate Adjustable Weir

Image

300mm x 200mm x 200mm -

Size 200mm - 3000mm 500mm - 4000mm
1000mm x 600mm x 600mm
High durability with simple structure. Round type is also Excellent tight shut off
Features available. feature at any opening height.
It can be used as an ESO gate with ESO headstock.
Frame / Door / FC200 / FC200 / SUS304 SUS304 / SS400, SUS / FC200 / FC200 / CAC or
Stem SUS304 SUS304
Source: Maezawa Industries, Inc.

3.8.3.3 Ventilation

Ventilation shall be considered for the operation of STP and pump station. Regarding odor control in general
site of STP, the deodorizing Soil (1,200m2) is proposed. In addition, the pumping station will be a hazardous
environment with potentially high levels of toxic hydrogen sulfide and explosive methane gas. In addition,
the influent will contain other compounds causing odor problems. Therefore, specific countermeasures
should be considered.

Table 3.13 shows the comparison of ventilation fan. Multi-wing fan is suitable for large footprint area and
axial flow fan is for small footprint. Ventilation systems in all underground spaces accessible by staff should
provide at least 12 air changes per hour to ensure safety.

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Table 3.13 Comparison of ventilation fan

Centrifugal fan Axial flow fan Specific fan

Item
Multi-wing fan Turbo fan Propeller fan Skewed flow fan Line flow fan

Image

 High efficiency  Suitable for  Suitable for  Suitable for  The most
 Suitable for high pressure low pressure duct ventilation stable
Features large footprint case case  Difficult to  Suitable for
 Highest  Slightly adjust small
efficiency unstable footprint
Air B C A B B
volume
Noise B B B-A A A
Puressure A (Middle-High) B (Extra High) B (Low-Middle) B (Middle) C (Low)
Evaluatio For large - For small - -
n footprint footprint
Source: Mitsubishi Electric.

3.8.3.4 Air diffuser

Typical requirements for specifications are mentioned below. Details shall be considered at a later stage.

 The air diffusion system shall be of the fine bubble type (2-3mm) provided by flexible
membrane diffusers which shall enable airflow to be varied to match the demand and improve
energy efficiency.
 The diffusers shall provide satisfactory service for at least 10 years. Where membrane
diffusers are used, they must be able to maintain their elasticity, original aperture size and
have a low record of tearing over long periods of service.

3.8.3.5 Sludge thickener

Table 3.14 shows the comparison of sludge thickening method. In terms of the LCC and simplicity for O&M,
gravity thickener shall be applied. Regarding the capacity of thickener, diameter is 18 m, effective depth is
3.5 m and retention time shall be 12 hours in CAS operation phase. The number of tanks is 8 in the final
phase, and it shall be constructed with the increment of sewage volume. The arms shall be selected according
to the effective radius of thickener and whole capacity in final phase is estimated approximately 450 kV.

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Table 3.14 Comparison of sludge thickening method

Item Gravity thickener Centrifugal thickener Belt filter thickener

Image

Sludge is retained in tank Solid that is sedimented Flocculated sludge is fed onto belt
and thickened in natural inside of wall are thickenedand filtered, thickened by gravity
Principle gravity, the thickened and collected by screw in a short period, where it is
sludge is collected by conveyor to cone, extracted filtered, thickened during the time
scraper in extraction. with dewatering. to discharge section.
Concentrati A
2.0-3.0% B 4.0% A 4.0%
on
Chemical No injection A 0.2% (Coagulant) B 0.4% (Coagulant) C
Recovery 95% A
80% B 90-95% A
ratio
Footprint Larger than others B Small A Small A
Partly manual, odor Almost automated, less Partly automated, less odor, B
Operation B A
control odor chemical
Maintenanc High frequency Simple configuration, belt B
Easier than others A C
e maintenance cleaning
CAPEX 100% B 125-150% C 80-90% A
OPEX 90-100% B
100% B 150-200% C
(Year)
Better LCC, simple Difficult to O&M, cleaning is
Evaluation A The highest LCC C B
O&M required
Source: JICA Survey Team

3.8.3.6 Sludge dewatering

Table 3.15 shows the comparison of sludge dewatering method. In terms of the LCC and simplicity for O&M,
screw press shall be applied. Regarding with the capacity of screw press without digester, diameter is 1,100
m and the number of dehydrators shall be 7 in final phase, and it shall be constructed with the increment of
sewage volume. In addition, the operation time shall be 17 hours per day with 300 and the volume of
dewatered sludge shall be approximately 300 m3/d. The whole requirement power in final phase is estimated
as 1,300 kV.

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Table 3.15 Comparison of sludge dewatering method

Item Belt filter press Centrifugal dehydrator Screw press

Image

Centrifugal force inside outer Screw rotates at low pressure

Filtrated by two or more
bowl which rotates at high inside cylinder. Flocculated
filter cloths, rolls to tension
speed, sludge is fed into field to sludge is fed, screw rotation
Principle and pressure it, is
settle, separate solid and liquid transports it from inlet towards
dewatered by filtration and
sludge through centrifugal outlet for filtration.
pressing.
effect.
Solid 20% over B 20% over B 22% over A
concent.
Noise/Vibrat Less A
Less A Loud B
ion
Release easily, require Less release, less water A
Odor control B Less release, less water A
water
Operation Many inspected items C Less inspected items B Easier than others A
Skilled mainten., annual Skilled maintenance B
Maintenance Easier than others A C
inspection
Spare parts General A Expensive B Expensive B
CAPEX 100% A 110% B 100% A
OPEX 60 - 70% A
100% B 300 - 400% C
(Year)
Many inspected items, The highest LCC, annual The best LCC, easy for
Evaluation B C A
Odor inspection operation
Source: JICA Survey Team

3.8.3.7 Monitoring items and points

Table 3.16 shows the recommendation for monitoring and measurement items and points. Measurement
equipment shall be installed properly, and the results shall be recorded for the feedback to the operations.

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Table 3.16 Monitoring and measurement items and points

Bioreactor Anaerobic Anaerobic Bioreactor Final sedimentation

Item
(Inlet) tank tank (Outlet) tank
pH (D) - - (D) D
MLDO - - - D / Con. -
MLSS - - - Bio. / Con. -
SV - - - D -
ORP - - (D) - -
NH4+-N R / A / (Bio.) R / A / Bio. R / A / Bio. D / R / A / Bio. D / R / A / (Bio.)
NHx+-N R / A / Bio. R / A / Bio. R / A / Bio. R / A / Bio. D / R / A / Bio.
Org-N R / A / Bio. - - - R / A / Bio.
T-N R / A / (Bio.) - - - R / A / Bio. / Con.
S- R / A / Bio. R / A / Bio. D / R / A / Bio. D / R / A / (Bio.)
PO43— R / A / (Bio.)
P
T-P R / A / (Bio.) - - - R / A / Bio. / Con.
Alkalinit - - Bio. R / A / (Bio.)
R / A / (Bio.)
y
※ D Daily measurement (Everyday), R Regular measurement (Once a week), A All-day measurement (fourth a year,
every four hours in one day), Con. Continuous measurement, Bio. Measurement in Bioreactor, ( ) Measured if necessary
Source: Mitsubishi Electric.

3.8.3.8 Sludge scraper for sedimentation tank

The sludge scrapers shall be of the half or full bridge rotating type or fixed bridge type. Figure 3.16 shows
the example of sludge scraper. Blades shall be arranged to form a continuous spiral across the floor and
vertically up the side wall of the tank and slotted holes shall be provided on the scraper steel blades for
adjustment against wear. In addition, the scum arm shall sweep the scum to the box at periphery of the tank
which shall automatically discharge the scum via pipe work to a scum trap.

Source: Monroe Environnemental Corporation

Figure 3.16 Example of sludge scraper

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3.8.3.9 Disaster prevention, fire hydrant equipment and water supply in STP

3.8.3.9.1 Technical standards in Bangladesh

Table 3.17 shows technical standards that shall be applied to the Project. Building regulations in Bangladesh3
are enforced in accordance with the “Building Construction Act 1952 (BCA)” established by the Parliament.
BCA provides that "the government may prescribe necessary Rules for the implementation of the BCA" and
based on this provision, the Ministry of Housing and Public Works (MHPW) has established and is operating
“Dhaka Metropolitan City Building Rules 2008 (DBR)” as Rules mainly applicable to the Dhaka
Metropolitan Area and referred with other large cities. In addition, BCA provides that "the government may
prescribe the Bangladesh National Building Code necessary for implementation of the BCA" and under this
provision, the MHPW has established and is operating “Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC)” as
applicable nationwide. Table 3.18 shows disaster prevention, fire hydrant equipment and water supply in
BNBC.

Table 3.17 Application of technical standards in Bangladesh

Items DBR BNBC Application in this Project

Performance oriented bulk control system Stipulated
Stipulated
Evacuation route (Not Dhaka)
Fire resistance requirement
Fire
Smoke, firefighting facilities
safety Non-specific
Storage of hazardous substances BNBC shall be followed
Stipulated
Construction materials
Non-specific
Structural safety
(BNBC rule)
Area of each room Stipulated
Elevator installation
Others Stipulated
Building permit Non-specific DBR shall be followed
Occupancy certificate
Source: Bangladesh building code regulations as of September 2020

3 Building Construction Act 1952 (2006 Revision), Bangladesh National Building Code
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Table 3.18 Disaster prevention, fire hydrant equipment and water supply in BNBC

Chap. Items Sub. Explanations

The required flow rate and duration for sprinkler within the building
Fixed type 4.2.1
according to the classification shall be in accordance with Table 3.19.
4.2 fire hydrant
The required celling for sprinkler shall be in accordance with
system 4.2.7
Table 3.20.
In accordance with the occupancy hazard, the minimum number of
4.4.2
portable fire extinguishers for different classes of fire shall be ascertained.
Potable fire
4.4 Maintenance, servicing, and recharging shall be performed by trained
extinguisher
4.4.7 people having available the appropriate servicing manual, proper types of
tools, recharge materials and parts listed for use in fire extinguisher.
Provision shall be made by the owner for water supply requirements for
Water 5.5.3.2 firefighting purposes, depending upon the height and occupancy of the
requirement building, in conformity with the requirements laid down in BNBC.
for fire The requirements for capacity of fire pumps, arrangements of wet riser-
fighting 5.5.3.3 cum-down feeder and wet riser installations for high rise buildings,
5.5
depending upon occupancy use, shall be in accordance with BNBC.
Water supply Domestic water requirements for industrial building is 40 lpcd, for
requirement laboratory is 70 lpcd and for storage building is 10 lpcd.
5.7.2
Quality of WHO Water Safety Plan (WSP), Environment Conservation Rules (1997)
water and WHO Guideline (2004) Values shall be referred for drinking water.
Source: Bangladesh National Building Code

3.8.3.9.2 Sprinkler

Table 3.19 shows the fire protection flow requirement of each building type. In STP, most of the buildings
and facilities are classified into Light hazard. The alarm system shall be interconnected with the central fire
alarm panel in order that alarm bells in various locations can be actuated. The distance between sprinklers
shall not exceed 3.5 m and the maximum floor area to be covered by single sprinkler is mentioned in Table
3.20.

Regarding cabling, the wiring size shall be not less than 1.5 mm for call/detector circuits and 2.5 mm type
for bell and battery circuits. The system shall be of the two wires. Fire alarm cables shall be rated for 600/1000
V grade.

Table 3.19 Fire protection flow requirement

Building type※1 Sprinkler Standpipe and hose Duration for building※2

Light hazard-Ⅰ 1,000 (L/min) 1,000 (L/min) 30 min
Light hazard-Ⅱ 1,900 (L/min) 50 min
Ordinally hazard-Ⅰ 2,650 (L/min)
1,900 (L/min)
Ordinally hazard-Ⅱ 3,200 (L/min) 75 min
Ordinally hazard-Ⅲ 4,800 (L/min)
※1 The target building with chemical such as laboratory in STP has possibility to be classified into ordinally hazard category.
※2 This duration shall be applied for the height up to 51m
Source: JICA Survey Team

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Table 3.20 Ceiling area for sprinkler

Light hazard Ordinary hazard Extra hazard

Protected Protected Protected
Construction type Spacing Spacing Spacing
area area area
㎡ m ㎡ m ㎡ m
Floor on trussed, giders 18.6
Open wood joints 20.9 4.6 12.1 4.6 9.3 3.7
Other type of construction 15.6
Source: JICA Survey Team

3.8.3.9.3 Fire hydrant

Working pressure of the hydrant shall be 14 bars and the testing pressure shall be28 bars according to the
standard mentioned above. Nozzle section, barrels, standpipe flanges, breakable flange, base, main valve
flange, weather-shield operating nut and bon net all shall be ductile iron.

3.9 Resource & utility demand

Various resources like water, electric power, natural gas, sewage, transmission and distribution of power, air,
fuel like petrol, diesel, etc. are used in this proposed project.

3.9.1 Overview of electricity supply situation in the project area

In the power transmission sector, 33kV/11kV in Chattogram city is under the jurisdiction of the distribution
and substation division of BPDB (Bangladesh Power Development Board) South. On the other hand,
400kV/230kV/132kV is owned and controlled by the Power Grid Company of Bangladesh (PGCB). The
transmission voltage for STP of the project is 33 kV and therefore, the management is under the jurisdiction
of BPDB. JICA Survey Team has confirmed that Kalurghat and Bakulia substations which will be the
coverage with the project have both BPDB and PGCB offices and control rooms respectively on the same
parcel4.

4 Site investigation in Kalurghat Substation in this study as of August 2022

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Source: BPDB annual report (2020)

Figure 3.17 Primary grid system in Chattogram city in 2020

JICA Survey Team has confirmed following points for power supply to pump stations with Kalurghat and
Bakulia substations in BPDB.

 Regarding the system of power supply distribution line from existing distribution line, it does
not matter where pump stations are located as long as it is within the project area.
 The concept of cost sharing between CWASA and BPDB will be the same as for sewage
treatment plant.
 Coordination with other stakeholders or adjustment with construction plans might be
necessary and shall be discussed in advance before the implementation of the project with
BPDB.

Receiving and transforming capacity of pump stations and location of main pump stations and distribution
lines from substation or existing distribution lines were studied in November 2022.

3.9.2 Overview of natural Gas connection situation to the site

According to the baseline survey in January 2023, the proposed project area has more than half (52.2%) of
the House Holds (AHs) have access to the Natural gas connectivity for cooking purposes. Among the
remaining AHs, 37.6% are using LPG, 9.7% are using Firewood and 0.5% use kerosene for cooking purposes.
Energy access AHs presented in Figure 3.20.

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Table 3.21 Energy Access of the project site

SL No. Fuel/ Energy for Cooking Frequency Percentage

1 Natural Gas 97 52.2
2 LPG Gas 70 37.6
3 Firewood 18 9.7
4 Kerosene 1 0.5
Total 186 100
Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Around 49.5% of the AHs have to spend up to 1200 BDT per month for fuel cost. On the other hand, 29% of
the households spend between 1200
Cost to 2500 BDT per month and 21.5% spend above 2500 BDT per month
of Cooking
for their cooking fuel cost. The Figure 3.18 shows the cooking fuel cost of the households of study area.

Figure 3.18 Monthly Cooking Fuel Cost

49.5

60.0

50.0 29.0
21.5
40.0

30.0

20.0
Below 1200 1201 - 2500 More than 2500
10.0 Cooking Fuel Cost (BDT)
Source: Census, SES, IoL 0.0
Survey, January 2023

3.10 Details of sludge generation and methods of disposal

3.10.1 Sewage Sludge Generation

At the initial stage with the STP capacity of 60MLD, the sewage sludge will be disposed at final disposal site
of CCC after the treatment of gravity thickening and mechanical dewatering. The volume of dried sewage
sludge is estimated at 20.5 t-DS/day (=98m3/day) when inflow quality is same as design parameter. In future
when the capacity of STP reaches 300MLD, sewage sludge volume will be five times of initial volume,
namely 102.6 t-DS/day (=489m3/day). Since the capacity of the final disposal site is limited although the
volume of sewage sludge is huge, the volume of sewage sludge shall be reduced as much as possible to
extend the life of final disposal site. To reduce the volume of sewage sludge, the digestor will be applied
when 3rd or 4th expansion of STP is implemented. With the sludge digester, the volume of sludge will be
68.4 t-DS/day (=360 m3/day).

The sludge volume is highly depended on the SS concentration of inflow. Thus, expansion of sludge treatment

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facilities such as thickening, digesting, and dewatering shall be well studied considering the actual sludge
volume after starting operation. In addition, since the volume of sewage sludge is very huge, CWASA shall
consider incineration as an effective solution in future by possessing CWASA’s own incinerator for sewage
sludge or co-incineration with solid waste at CCC’s incinerator.

Regarding sludge reuse and recycle, in normal renewal material of sewage sludge such as fertilizer, filling
material, brick, cement or asphalt making, etc. is much costly compared with raw materials. So, sewage
sludge reuse and recycle shall be carefully studied to avoid over investment although the resources contained
in sewage sludge such as nitrate, phosphorous, and carbon is very precious. In this regard, when CCC applies
to incineration plants for solid waste management, the co-treatment of solid waste and sewage sludge is
recommended to reduce the volume of solid waste and sewage sludge.

3.10.2 Sludge Disposal/Management Mechanism

Since sludge is definitely generated through the sewage treatment process, it is necessary to reduce the sludge
volume with the sludge treatment facilities including thickening, dewatering and digestion. The treated sludge
is basically disposed of to the landfill site with the general solid waste. Therefore, it is an unavoidable problem
to find a sludge disposal site to ensure the sustainable sewerage service.

However, in terms of sludge management, CWASA will follow the all-applicable rules and regulations of
Government of Bangladesh and as well as JICA Environmental and Social Considerations, 2022. In most
cases, “The Bangladesh Standards and Guidelines for Sludge Management (DoE Dhaka, February 2015)” is
to be the basis for sewage sludge management of Catchment-2 & 4 areas. According to this Bangladesh
Standards and Guidelines, followings shall be considered by CWASA

 Sewage sludge generated from STP which does not treat industrial effluent is classified in
Category A,
 Sewage sludge in Category A can be utilized or disposed for all purpose such as agricultural
use, landfill at controlled landfill site, thermal incineration, land application (filling material),
and recycling in brick, cement, etc.
 Basically, agricultural use after digestion is seemed to be promoted,
 If sewage sludge is landfilled, the controlled landfill site with ETP for leached water and
measures against land contamination is needed. And the controlled landfill site shall apart at
least 500m from residential area.

The outline of it the Bangladesh Standards and Guidelines is summarized in Table 3.22.

Table 3.22 Summary of Bangladesh Standards and Guidelines for Sludge Management

Item Measure
1) General CWASA shall submit sludge management plan to DOE:
Requirement The amount of sludge that is to be expected per year in tones dry matter (t DM/yr),
The origin of the wastewater Code Number 19 08 05,

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Item Measure
The class of sludge
Planned option for safe disposal or use,
Documentation on fulfillment of requirements relevant for this option,
Company and address of further parties involved in sludge management including
collection, transport, recovery and disposal of sludge, including the supervision of such
operations and after-care of disposal sites CWASA and CCC,
Documentation on suitability of recovery or disposal plant or site,
Company and address of the laboratory accredited by the appropriate authority.
commissioned to conduct any analysis, if applicable.
Evidence of sufficient, qualified, and appropriate independent laboratory facilities, if
applicable.
2) Category of Category A Municipal sludge including comparable sludge:
Sewage Sludge If the sludge is produced in a STP treating only domestic or urban wastewater, it may be
counted as municipal sludge and classified as Category A.
If the sludge is produced in a STP treating wastewater comparable to domestic or urban
wastewaters as described in Annex 3, it may be counted as municipal or comparable sludge
and classified as Category A.
3) Sludge
Management
Option per
Waste Class

4) Management Condition for agricultural use

Options for
Category A

The quantity is limited:

< 3 t dry substance sewage sludge per ha in 3 years
< 10 t dry substance sludge compost per ha in 3 years
5) Controlled Basic requirements for the location of a landfill site:
Landfill The over flooding level should be > 2.0 m of the maximum expected water level of the
surrounding water bodies.
> 500 m distance to populated areas.
No construction in protected areas
No construction in flood plains and areas with a high risk of natural disasters
The underground has to resist mechanical stresses, has to hold back or prevent leachate and
pollutants.
Water impermeability
Buoyancy safety has to be considered

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In addition, CWASA will possibly make a MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) with CCC in order to gain
access to the disposal sites of CCC for sludge disposal of Catchment-2 and 4. CCC has primarily agreed to
finding CWASA sludge management options in their solid waste dumping site(s). Basically, CCC is
responsible of managing the city's solid waste, but there isn't enough space in their current landfills to
accommodate the sewage sludge that will be produced in Catchments 2 and 4. As of September 2022, CCC
has a plan to develop a new solid waste landfill site at Sandwip colony, north of Chattogram located 11km
north west from the candidate site of STP as described in Figure 3.19.

Proposed
Landfill
Site

11km

STP

Source: JICA Survey Team:

Figure 3.19 New solid waste landfill site of CCC

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The information of the new solid waste landfill site as of September 2022 is summarized below.

 Expected capacity of the new landfill site total 75 – 95 acres (30 – 38 ha), in which 45 acres
private land, 30 – 45 acres government owned land.
 Expected lifetime 30 – 40 years.
 CCC has a plan to acquire private land with its own fund in 3 to 4 months.
 CCC intends to complete the development of the new landfill site within 2 years after the land
acquisition.

JICA Survey Team strongly recommends that CWASA makes an agreement with CCC to utilize the new
solid waste landfill site on the disposal of sewage sludge to be generated from the Catchment-2 and 4 to
materialize sustainable sewerage services. After the commencement of operation of sewerage system of the
Catchment-2 and 4, it is necessary for CWASA to prepare the next plan of sludge disposal including the
finding of next sludge disposal site and the reduction of sludge volume with use of sludge dryer/incinerator.

3.11 Land use of the study area delineating settlement, forest area, agriculture land,
water bodies etc.

Chattogram Development Authority (CDA) has authorization to prepare the Chattogram City Development
Plan (CDP). The latest CDP was prepared in 2005, and CDA is updating the CDP as of 2022, however, this
will be completed in 2024 – 2025. Therefore, the current land use plan is based on the latest CDP, although
the latest CDP was prepared in 2005, 17 years ago before 2022.

The current land use plan in Catchment-2 and 4 is shown in Figure 3.20.

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Source: Edited by JICA Survey Team based on CDP

Figure 3.20 Land Use Plan of Catchment-2 and 4

The percentage of each land use category is described in Table 3.23.

Table 3.23 Percentage of Each Land Use Category in Catchment-2 and 4

Percentage of Landuse Category

Environmen
tal Recreation,
Community Culture and Transport Utility
Agriculture Commercial Protection/ Industrial Mixed Use Leisure & Residential Restricted River
Facility Heritage Related Use Facility
Enhanceme Open Space
nt
(%)
6.6% 11.6% 4.8% 0.5% 3.1% 8.8% 10.9% 5.0% 47.2% 0.2% 0.7% 0.1% 0.4%

Source: JICA Survey Team based on CDP

Catchment-2 and 4 are urbanized, therefore, residential area, commercial area, mixed area (residential and
commercial) and industrial area account around 80% of whole land of the Catchment-2 and 4.

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3.12 Project Implementation Arrangements

CWASA has set up a project implementation unit (PIU) as a temporary cross-cutting unit for the
implementation of a large-scale construction project, in addition to the permanent Planning and Development
(P&D) Circle under CE (chief engineer), which has such functions as to communicate and coordinate with
related various institutions on the development, preparation, and monitoring of projects. The standard
structure of CWASA for the project implementation is shown in Figure 3-22. The consultant is presumed to
be engaged in detailed design, preparation of specifications and contract documents, tendering assistance,
construction supervision, and facilitation to implement Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and
Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) in compliance with the “Guidelines for the Employment of
Consultants under Japanese ODA Loans” published in April 2012.

Relevant Organizations CWASA

LGD of
MLGRDC
Chattogram Managing Director
DPHE Development
Authority Project Implementation JICA
Engineering Wing
Unit (PIU)
MEFCC
Chattogram City
Financial Wing
Corporation
Ministry of
Finance
AdministrationConsultant
Wing Contractors &
Suppliers

• Detailed Design
• Prepare Tender documents
Legend
• Tendering Assistance
Subject to coordination
• Construction Supervision
Provision of arrangement
and support
Provision of review and
concurrence
Ministry of Service provision
Source: Water Resources
JICA Survey Team Abbreviation
Local Government Division
Figure 3.21 Standard Project Implementation Structure of CWASA

Ministry of Environment, Forest and

Ministry
Climate of Local Government, Rural
Change
Development and Co-operatives
Department of Public Health Engineering
LGD
MLGRDC

DPHE
MEFCC

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3.13 Project Implementation schedule

The draft project implementation schedule is described in Figure 3.22, which is proposed for the following
case.

 i) Target year 2035

 ii) The population ratio to be covered in the initial stage of the project against whole
population of the Catchment-2 and 4 30%
 iii) STP capacity 60,000m3/day

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

Procurement of consultant
Detailed Design Work by Consultant
PQ procedure
Tender
Construction service
Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 3.22 Project implementing Schedule.

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CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE

4.1 Introduction

The Chattogram Sewerage Improvement Project intends to provide the proper sewerage treatment facilities
in the city areas by enhancing the current sewer network system in Catchment-2 &4 at Kalurghat areas in
accordance with the CWASA’s Sanitation Master Plan developed in 2017 with the assistance of World Bank.

It is necessary to collect baseline data for an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study in order to
understand the existing environmental conditions of the studied areas, including the physical and biological
environment and socio-economic environmental condition. Under the natural environmental study, it covers
of ambient air quality, ambient noise & vibration quality, soil quality, sediment quality, surface and
groundwater quality, river flow analysis of Karnaphuli River, and assessing the biodiversity statement of the
project areas). The socio-economic study, however, also considers the current conditions of the housing,
settlement, economic conditions, road and traffic conditions, utility services, education & employment,
gender, social safety net, and pollution abatement etc.

4.2 Project Boundary

The proposed project site is located at Kodal Kata Beel at Bakulia, Ward no. 4, Chandgaon thana under
Chattogram City Corporation (CCC) in Chattogram, covering an area of 30 hectares.

The proposed project site is adjacent by approx. 1km to the right Bank of Karnaphuli River. Bolirhat Canal,
also locally known as Dom Khal/ Old Chandgaon Khal, is a natural canal that runs close to the project areas.
It mainly originated by the Karnaphuli River and flows through the north-eastern, western, and southwestern
sides.

The project area is mostly barren land area, that is used for the grazing of domestic animals, mainly buffalo
and cows, with no crops or other economic activities present. Figure 4.1 shows the boundary of the project
areas.

However, there are some settlements which are adjacent to the project areas such as Barua para, Kodalkata
para, and Bolirhat Bazar, Bolirhat Sluice Gate (which is now under construction) in the south-eastern side
and Kolapara, Shabanghata, Nazir Bari in the south and south-western side of the project areas and more than
100 meters from the project sites.

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Kalurghat
Industrial
Sholashahar
Area
Industrial
Candidate
Area Catchment-2 site for STP

Catchment-4

Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 4.1 Map showing the boundary of the project site

4.3 Physical Environment

4.3.1 Physiography

In the context of physiography, Bangladesh has been classified into three distinct regions (a) floodplains, (b)
terraces, and (c) hills having distinguished characteristics of its own. The physiography of the country has
been divided into 24 sub-regions and 54 units. The project site falls under the Chittagong coastal plain
physiographic unit. The study area physiography map of project site is given in Figure 4.25.

The plain land in the greater Chittagong district and the eastern portion of the Feni district makes up this
study area. It covers a maximum area of 3,720 km2. It is a composite unit of floodplains along rivers, estuaries,
piedmonts, and tidal zones. Piedmont and river floodplain ridges are above the normal flood level, but flash
floods do occasionally submerge them. In the rainy season, the majority of other land is shallowly flooded,
with some basins experiencing moderately deep flooding. High salinity during the dry season is the main
issue with these soils (October to May). Although this area is complex, the soils are mostly uniform
throughout, consisting of silty clay loams and grey, nearly neutral silt loams. The tidal floodplains around
mangroves have acidic sulphate soils. The general fertility is medium, and the organic matter content is low
to moderate6.

5 Rashid. H., (1991). Geography of Bangladesh, the Dhaka University press Ltd. 482 P.
6 Huq I. S. M., Shoaib J. U. (2013). The Soils of Bangladesh, ISSN 2211-1255, ISBN 987-94-007-1127-3, Springer, Dordrecht
Heidelberg, New York.
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Source: Rashid, 1991

Figure 4.2 Physiography of the Study Area

4.3.2 Geology & Geomorphology

Bangladesh's geology is influenced by the country's location, as it is primarily a riverine country. It comprises
the eastern two-thirds of the Ganges and Brahmaputra River delta plain that stretches north from the Bay of
Bengal. According to the Geological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB) map, the 5 km study area falls within the
geological zones of Dihing formation, Tipam sandstone, Valley Aluvium and colluvium7. The project site
falls under the Valley Alluvial and colluvium geological zone (Figure 4.3).

Valley alluvium and colluvium consist of medium to dark grey or light brown silt, clayey silt, and fine to
medium sand; coarse debris derived from local bedrock and organic matter are also present. Alluvial
processes flush colluvium into narrow valleys and rework it.

7 Geological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB), 1990, Geological map of Bangladesh. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources,
Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh.
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Source: Geological Survey of Bangladesh

Figure 4.3 Geology of the Study Area

According to the Geological Survey of Bangladesh, there are several geomorphic units in Chittagong. The
project site falls under the ancient point bar geomorphic unit (Figure 4.4).8

8MoFDM, Engineering Geological Mapping of Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet City Corporation Area of Bangladesh, 2009,
Comprehensive Disaster Management Program, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM), GoB
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Table 4.1 Geomorphic Units of Chattogram

Land Type Geomorphic Unit Land Type Geomorphic Unit

Low Land Active Channel Hilly Area Hill Slope
Depression Level Hill
Sandy Beach Piedmont Plain
Clayey Beach Rounded Top Highly
Lower Tidal Flat Dissected Hill
Estuarine Tidal Flat Sharp Crest Highly
Inter Tidal Flat Dissected Hill
Supra Tidal Flat Sharp Crest Slightly
Younger Point Bar Dissected Hill
Ancient Point Bar Isolated Valley
Natural Levee
Sand Dune
Deep Valley Fill
Gully Fill
River Tidal Flat
Fluvio Tidal Plain
Alluvial Fan
Source: MoFDM, 2009

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Project Location

Source: MoFDM, 2009

Figure 4.4 Geomorphology of Chattogram

4.3.3 Land Use

Land use/cover studies are an important part of land resource evaluation and environmental studies. The
proposed project site's land use pattern was analyzed using a Google Earth image (considering 5 km). The
image was analyzed with Arc GIS software to determine the land use area.

The results show the distribution of various land use / land cover classification which is presented in Table
4.2 (Land Use pattern) and Figure 4.5 presents the land use map of the study area.

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The total land area within a 5-kilometer radius is 22363 acres. According to land use data, the majority of the
area surrounding the proposed project site is settled with homestead vegetation, which covers 62.61 percent
of land within a 5 km radius zone. Within a 5 km radius zone, open space and agricultural land account for
approximately 23.65% of the land, with rivers and channels accounting for 11.19%, sandbars accounting for
1.24%, and waterbodies (ponds accounting for 1.16%). Within a 5 km radius, there is no declared forest area,
but there is a significant area covered by trees, mostly in rural orchards and plantations. The project site's
land use is currently open land with a grass field.

Table 4.2 Land use of the Study Area

5 km radius zone
Classes
Area in Acre Land (%)
Settlements and homestead vegetation 14001.4 62.61%
Open Space and Agricultural land 5289.3 23.65%
River and Channels 2501.9 11.19%
Sandbar 276.4 1.24%
Waterbodies 259.2 1.163%
Brickfield 34.8 0.16%
Grand Total 22363.0 100.0%

Source: Landsat 8 imagery (accessed January 2022)

Figure 4.5 Land use of the Study Area

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4.3.4 Soils

In Bangladesh, the Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI) has identified approximately 500 soil series,
which are further classified into 23 broad types. The study area is classified as non-calcareous dark grey,
floodplain soils, and Madhupur soil. The project area's soil characteristics are Dark grey non-calcareous
floodplain soils (Figure 4.6).

The topsoil has surface layers 5-10 cm thick overlying a 5-cm thick plow pan. These layers range in color
from grey to dark grey and contain rusty iron stains along root channels and cracks. When dry, the soil is
medium to very strongly acidic in reaction and neutral when reduced. The subsoil is typically 20-45 cm thick.
These soils have a dark grey upper part with oxidized mottles and a strong coarse prismatic structure. The
texture of the topsoil is much lighter than that of the subsoil. Ridges are silt loam or silty clay loam, while
basins are silty or clay. The texture of the substratum is typically lighter than that of the subsoil. In reaction,
the substrate is typically neutral to moderately alkaline. The agricultural potential of these soils is highest on
shallowly flooded ridge soils a lowest in deep basin centers.

Figure 4.6 General Soil Types of Bangladesh

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4.3.5 Meteorology

The Himalaya Mountain range has created a tropical macroclimate across the majority of the east Bengal
land mass because less than half of Bangladesh is located in the tropics (Rashid, 19919; Brammer, 199610).
As a result, there are four distinct weather patterns, including seasons:

 Pre-Monsoon Season (March to May) Characterized by some of the year’s highest

temperatures (up to 36°C). Tropical cyclones can occasionally affect the coastal areas, causing
some rainfall.
 Monsoon Season (June to September) Period of highest rainfall (up to 80% of the annual
rainfall), humidity and cloud cover. Increased rain and cloud cover generally cause a small
reduction in daily mean temperatures.
 Post-Monsoon Season (October to November) Temperature remains hot and humid, though
cloud cover decreases in this season. Limited tropical thunderstorms may still, particularly in
coastal areas; and
 Dry Winter Season (December to February) Coolest time of the year with average minimum
temperatures falling below 10°C in some areas. Reduced humidity and cloud cover. Rainfall
is scarce.

Despite the general predictability of the seasons in Bangladesh, local conditions may still vary widely across
the country. As such, Bangladesh can be divided into seven climactic zones based on differences in a range
of factors including rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration, and local seasonality (Rashid, 1991).
According to the climatic zones of Bangladesh, the study area including the project site are located in South-
eastern zone (Figure 4.7).

Long-term Meteorological data for 30 years (1992-2021) was collected from the nearest BMD stations in
Chattogram, which is analyzed to get the overall micro-climatic conditions of the study area.

9 Rashid, H. E. (1991). “Geography of Bangladesh”. University Press Limited, Dhaka.

10 Brammer, H. (1996). “The Geography of the Soils of Bangladesh”. University Press Ltd., Dhaka.
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Source: Rashid and Haroun, 1991

Figure 4.7 Project Site and Study Area Location on Climatic Zones f Bangladesh

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4.3.5.1 Temperature

The maximum, minimum and average of maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at the Chattogram
weather station are presented below in Figure 4.8. The data analysis of 30 years (1992-2021) shows that
monthly maximum temperature varies from 32.6°C to 40.7°C whereas monthly minimum temperature varies
from 8.3°C to 22.8°C. The lowest temperature recorded in the past 30 years was in January 2013 (8.3°C).
The highest temperature reached 40.7°C in April 2014. Throughout the year, the highest temperatures are
generally in March to May, and the lowest temperatures are from December to January (Figure 4.8).
Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Average Temperature at Chattogram Weather
Station

45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max 33.2 37.5 39.2 40.7 39.5 35.8 36.0 35.5 36.8 37.2 35.3 32.6
Min 8.3 10.6 14.0 17.3 20.2 21.7 22.7 18.4 22.8 19.2 14.8 9.5
Avg of Max 25.5 28.2 30.7 31.8 32.0 31.1 30.5 30.8 31.3 31.3 29.7 26.5
Avg of Min 15.6 18.3 22.3 25.2 26.0 26.4 26.2 26.2 26.2 25.2 21.3 17.3
Avg 19.7 22.7 26.3 28.3 28.9 28.5 28.1 28.2 28.4 27.7 24.6 21.0

Month
Source: Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD)

Figure 4.8 Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Average Temperatures (1992-2021) of Chattogram
Weather Station

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4.3.5.2 Rainfall

About 80% of the rainfall occurs during the monsoon season (May to October) with heavy rains in June and
July. Minimum rains occurred from November to February whereas average showering does occur in March,
April, and November. The last 30 years data of the Chattogram meteorological station shows that the annual
average rainfall is recorded as 2940.9 mm/year and monthly maximum rainfall occurs in July 1466 mm
(maximum) whereas monthly minimum rainfall occurred in the winter season. The monthly maximum,
minimum and average rainfall of the last 30 years (1992-2021) of Chattogram weather station is shown in
Figure 4.9.
Monthly Average Rainfall at Chattogram Weather Station

1600.0
1400.0
1200.0
1000.0
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max 56.0 119.0 223.0 419.0 859.0 1268.0 1466.0 1194.0 740.0 635.0 314.0 81.0
Min 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 110.0 132.0 245.0 138.0 86.0 53.0 0.0 0.0
Avg 6.0 22.7 49.3 121.2 328.5 608.5 697.1 491.5 317.0 242.5 46.3 10.3

Month
Source: Bangladesh Meteorological Department

Figure 4.9 Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Average Rainfall (1992-2021) of Chattogram
Weather Station

A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. The chance of wet days
in Chittagong varies very significantly throughout the year. The wetter season lasts 5.1 months, from May
4 to October 9, with a greater than 36% chance of a given day being a wet day. The month with the most wet
days in Chittagong is July, with an average of 21.3 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation. The drier
season lasts 6.9 months, from October 9 to May 4. The month with the fewest wet days in Chittagong
is January, with an average of 0.8 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation. Among wet days, we
distinguish between those that experience rain alone, snow alone, or a mixture of the two. The month with
the most days of rain alone in Chittagong is July, with an average of 21.3 days. Based on this categorization,
the most common form of precipitation throughout the year is rain alone, with a peak probability
of 70% on July 8.

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Figure 4.10 Daily Chance of Precipitation in Chattogram11

11 Chittagong Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Bangladesh) - Weather Spark

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4.3.5.3 Humidity

Due to the heavy rainfall and proximity to the Bay of Bengal, the humidity levels in Bangladesh remains
high. Average relative humidity in the project area is generally above 80% from May to October. The month
of February is the driest month with an average relative humidity of around 68.2%. The monthly average
relative humidity at the project area varies from 68.2% to 86.6% throughout the year. The monthly maximum,
minimum and average humidity of the last 30 years (1992-2021) of Chattogram weather station is shown in
Figure 4.11.
Monthly Average Relative Humidity at Chattogram Weather Station

120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max 96.0 97.0 95.0 97.0 99.0 100.0 100.0 99.0 99.0 100.0 99.0 97.0
Min 47.0 37.9 38.0 33.1 59.0 71.0 72.0 72.0 73.0 69.0 62.9 55.0
Avg 73.5 68.2 71.4 77.6 80.4 85.1 86.6 85.8 84.6 83.7 79.2 77.7

Month
Source: Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD)

Figure 4.11 Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Average Humidity (1992-2021) of Chattogram
Weather Station

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4.3.5.4 Wind and Sunshine

This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) 10 meters above the
ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors,
and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages. The average hourly wind
speed in Chittagong experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year. The windier part
of the year lasts for 3.7 months, from May 13 to September 2, with average wind speeds of more than 8.7
miles per hour. The windiest month of the year in Chittagong is July, with an average hourly wind speed
of 11.0 miles per hour. The calmer time of year lasts for 8.3 months, from September 2 to May 13.
The calmest month of the year in Chittagong is November, with an average hourly wind speed of 5.7 miles
per hour.

Figure 4.12 The average of mean hourly wind speeds of Chattogram Weather Station

The predominant average hourly wind direction in Chittagong varies throughout the year. The wind is most
often from the west for 1.6 weeks, from February 23 to March 6, with a peak percentage of 34% on March
5. The wind is most often from the south for 7.1 months, from March 6 to October 10, with a peak percentage
of 93% on July 10. The wind is most often from the north for 4.4 months, from October 10 to February 23,
with a peak percentage of 67% on January 1.

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Figure 4.13 Wind direction of Chattogram Weather Station

The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions,
excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 1.0 mph. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries
are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and
northwest)12.

The length of the day in Chittagong varies over the course of the year. In 2023, the shortest day is December
22, with 10 hours, 46 minutes of daylight; the longest day is June 21, with 13 hours, 30 minutes of daylight.

Figure 4.14 Hours of daylight and twilight of Chattogram Weather Station

The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line). From bottom (most yellow) to top (most
gray), the color bands indicate full daylight, twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and full night.

12 Chittagong Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Bangladesh) - Weather Spark

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The figure below presents a compact representation of the sun's elevation (the angle of the sun above the
horizon) and azimuth (its compass bearing) for every hour of every day in the reporting period. The horizontal
axis is the day of the year, and the vertical axis is the hour of the day. For a given day and hour of that day,
the background color indicates the azimuth of the sun at that moment. The black isolines are contours of
constant solar elevation.

Figure 4.15 Solar Elevation and Azimuth of Chattogram Weather Station

Solar elevation and azimuth over the course of the year 2023. The black lines are lines of constant solar
elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon, in degrees). The background color fills indicate the azimuth
(the compass bearing) of the sun. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries of the cardinal compass points
indicate the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest)13.

4.3.6 Natural Disaster

4.3.6.1 Earthquake and Seismicity

Bangladesh is listed as being more earthquake-prone in the Asia Pacific Disaster Report 2015, and research
support that Bangladesh is one of the most tectonically active regions in the world since it is surrounded
mostly by India and to a lesser extent by Myanmar and is situated where three tectonic plates—Eurasia, India,
and Burma—meet. Bangladesh has been the victim of numerous destructive as well as minor earthquakes
during the past 200 years. Many of seismic tectonic studies have been undertaken on the area comprising the
Indo-Burman ranges and their western extension and in the northern India. A seismic zoning map of
Bangladesh has been proposed in 1979 by Geological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB) dividing the country into
three seismic zones promoting the earthquake resistant design. Later, an updated seismic zoning map and

13 Chittagong Climate, Weather by Month, Average Temperature (Bangladesh) - Weather Spark

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detailed seismic design provisions have been incorporated in Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC,
1993). Recently GSB and BNBC introduce a new earthquake zone map for Bangladesh having four zone.
The zone coefficients (Z) of the four zones are z=0.12 g (Zone 1), Z=0.20 g (Zone 2), Z=0.28 (Zone 3) and
Z=0.36 g (Zone 4). The most severe earthquake prone zone is Zone 4 which is in the northeast region of the
country including Sylhet and has a maximum peak ground acceleration( PGA) 0.36g. Latest earthquake
zoning map showing location of the project site is shown in Figure 4.16.

Source: Geological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB)

Figure 4.16 Project Site in Earthquake Zones of Bangladesh Map

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The Project Site and AOI are situated in Zone-3. The seismic zone co-efficient for this area is Z=0.28 g. This
zone has possible vulnerability for earthquakes with a risk of reaching magnitude up to seven on Rechter
Scale. The strongest earthquake in Bangladesh happened on 06/02/1988 in the Sylhet; India (Tipura-Assam)
region with a magnitude of 5.8 on the Richter scale. The shifting of tectonic plates in a depth of 45 km
resulted in 2 deaths. Chattogram experienced earthquake on 07/11/2007 with a magnitude of 5.1 on the
Richter scale resulted in no death.

Table 4.3 Major Earthquakes in Bangladesh

Date Region Depth Magnitude Deaths

10.09.2010 Narayanganj 16 km 4.8 0
12.01.2008 Rangamati, Bangladesh 47 km 5.0 0
07.11.2007 Chittagong, Bandarban, Rangamati 21 km 5.1 0
26.07.2003 Rangamati 17 km 5.7 2
20.06.2002 Rangpur, Thakurgaon, Almanagar 43 km 4.5 0
19.12.2001 Dhaka 7 km 4.5 0
22.07.1999 Maheshkhali Island, Cox's Bazaar 11 km 4.2 6
12.06.1989 Banaripara 9 km 5.1 1
06.02.1988 Sylhet; India (Tipura-Assam) 45 km 5.8 2
Source: WorldData.info (statistics are based on data from the National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service)

4.3.6.2 Cyclone

Bangladesh is ranked 5th in terms of risk and 10th in terms of exposure to natural disasters in the 2015 Asia
Pacific Disaster Report. Natural disasters like cyclones, floods, droughts, earthquakes, riverbank erosion, etc.
occur every year throughout the nation.

However, the coastal areas of Bangladesh have been considered the most cyclone prone areas in the country
due to its geographical context and funnel shaped coast of the Bay of Bengal. Due to effect of cyclone, the
damages mostly occur in the coastal regions of Khulna, Patuakhali, Barisal, Noakhali and Chattogram and
the offshore islands of Bhola, Hatiya, Sandwip, Manpura, Kutubdia, Maheshkhali, Nijhum Dwip, Urir Char,
and other newly formed islands. Figure 4.17 shows cyclone affected area map of Bangladesh.

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Source: Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD)

Figure 4.17 Project Location in Cyclonic Hazard Zones of Bangladesh Map

Devastating cyclones and associated storm surges hit the coastal zones almost every year and are usually
experienced by high-speed winds, of 250 km/hr or more (at some cases) and with 3 m to 10 m high waves,
causing extensive damage to life, property, and livestock. These cyclones usually occur in two seasons, April-
May, and October-November – i.e., before and after the monsoon season. The project site is located
approximately 16 km from the coastal area and the site falls under the high wind zone. Hence, the project
site may experience a cyclone and storm surge. Severe cyclone tracks which have made an appearance near
to the proposed project site is provided in Figure 4.17.

4.3.6.3 Floods

Floods are annual phenomena in Bangladesh. Normally, the most severe flood occurs in Bangladesh during
the months of July and August. Regular River floods (during monsoon season) affect 20% of the country
which may increase up to 67% in extreme years like the 1998 flood. The most disastrous floods take place in
1988, 1998, 2004, 2010 and 2017. There are four types of floods usually occur in Bangladesh:

 Monsoon floods along major Rivers during the monsoon rains (June-September);
 Flash floods caused by overflowing of hilly Rivers of eastern and northern Bangladesh
(Normally during April-May and September-November);
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 Rain floods caused by drainage congestion during heavy rains; and

 Coastal floods caused by storm surges.

The project site is located near the bank of Karnafuli river which is moderate flash flooding zone. Figure 4.18
shows the flood-affected areas of Bangladesh.

Data Source: BARC

Figure 4.18 Project Area in Flood Map of Bangladesh

4.3.6.4 Tsunami

Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes or other seismic eruptions on the ground of an ocean and can cause
massive tidal waves. It can cause great destruction and loss of life within a minute on shores near their source.
In coastal areas, their height can be as great as 30 feet or more (100 feet in extreme cases), and they can move
inland several hundred feet. The danger from a tsunami can last for several hours after the arrival of the first
wave. Tsunamis can move faster than a person can run. Tsunamis can occur at any time, day, or night.
However, the 2004 Asia Tsunami raised the question why Bangladesh was not hit by the Tsunami.
Bangladeshi scientists put together the following reasons:

 Long distance from the Epicenter

 Long continental shelf (200 km) at the front of Ganges-Brahmaputra active delta system

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 Thick sedimentation in Bengal fan

 The high density of seawater in Bay of Bengal around/along the coast (suspended load)
 Anti-clockwise oceanic current at Bay of Bengal (winter season).

Considering the state of tsunami vulnerability and potential seismic sources, Geological Survey of
Bangladesh has divided the Bangladesh coastal belt into three zones is shown in following Figure 4.19.

 Tsunami Vulnerable Zone-I (Chittagong-Teknaf coastline) Most vulnerable. The intra-

deltaic coastline is very close to the tectonic interface of Indian and Burmese plates. The active
Andaman-Nicobar fault system is often capable of generating tsunami waves.
 Tsunami Vulnerable Zone-II (Sundarban-Barisal coastline) Moderately vulnerable. This old
deltaic belt is moderately vulnerable to local tsunamis due to the presence of Swatch of No
Ground; and
 Tsunami Vulnerable Zone-III (Barisal-Sandwip estuarine coastline) Low vulnerability. The
estuarine coastal belt is considered to be less vulnerable due to the presence of numerous islets
and shoals in the upper regime of the continental shelf.

According to the classification of the tsunami vulnerability zone of Bangladesh, the proposed project area
falls within tsunami vulnerable zone-I (Chittagong-Teknaf coastline), which is the most vulnerable for any
kind of Tsunami event.

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Source: Geological Survey of Bangladesh, 2005

Figure 4.19 Tsunami Vulnerability Map of Bangladesh

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4.3.7 Hydrology

The Karnaphuli River is the major river that flows beside the project area. Figure 4.20 shows major rivers
and water body around the project area.

The Karnaphuli is the nearest river located at the south-east side of the proposed project and the largest and
most important river in Chattogram. The river originates from the Lushai hills in Mizoram, India. It flows
about 270 km (170 miles) southwest through Chattogram Hill Tracts and Chattogram and finally falls into
the Bay of Bengal near Patenga. The width of the river is about 667 meters (2188 feet) and the channel is
braided in type. The highest difference between high and low tide is about 4 meters. The main tributaries of
the Karnaphuli River are the Halda, Ichamati, Kasalong and Thega rivers. The river is influenced by the tidal
effect. Different types and sizes of boat move around the year. Some ponds and canals are also found around
the project site.

Figure 4.20 River System of the Study Area

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4.3.8 Hydrology and Drainage

The Karnaphuli River is the major river that flows beside the project area. Figure 4.20shows major rivers and
water body around the project area.

The Karnaphuli is the nearest river located at the south-east side of the proposed project and the largest and
most important river in Chattogram. The river originates from the Lushai hills in Mizoram, India. It flows
about 270 km (170 miles) southwest through Chattogram Hill Tracts and Chattogram and finally falls into
the Bay of Bengal near Patenga. The width of the river is about 667 meters (2188 feet) and the channel is
braided in type. The highest difference between high and low tide is about 4 meters. The main tributaries of
the Karnaphuli River are the Halda, Ichamati, Kasalong and Thega rivers. The river is influenced by the tidal
effect. Different types and sizes of boat move around the year. Some ponds and canals are also found around
the project site.

Figure 4.21 River System of the Study Area

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4.3.9 River Flow and Discharge

The study of Karnaphuli river flow and discharge measurement was carried out near the project area in
Chattogram district of Bangladesh. Two measurement locations have been selected, one is near the
downstream of Kalurghat bridge and another one is near the upstream of Shah Amanat bridge as shown in
the Table 4.4 and Figure 4.22. The river discharge was measured for 13 hours duration in a day; thereby the
data acquisition is fragmented into 13 sections means each hour interval makes 13-sections. Two location
points were covered in two consecutive days in two seasons both Wet and Dry seasons.

Table 4.4 Location of River Flow and Discharge Measurement

Sampling
Sampling Date
Code Location GPS Coordinate Date (Dry
(Wet season)
season)
Near Kalurghat Bridge (500 m 22.393034°N
Point-1 30-08-2022 06-12-2022
downstream of the bridge) 91.884907°E
Near Shah Amanat Bridge (500 22.328002°N
Point-2 31-08-2022 07-12-2022
m upstream of the bridge) 91.856962°E

Figure 4.22 Proposed Project Location and Discharge, Water Level, Depth, and Velocity
Measurement Locations in Karnaphuli River

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4.3.9.1 Methodology

The river discharge has been measured using Acoustic Doppler

Current Profiler (ADCP), is a hydroacoustic current meter like a
sonar, used to measure water current velocities over a depth range
using the Doppler effect.

Water velocity is determined using a current meter for each sub-

section. The discharge in each sub-section is computed by
multiplying the sub-section area by the measured velocity.

Two (2) locations have been selected to measure the Karnaphuli

river flow. The distance between the 2-locations is 8 km.

The river depth was measured as the absolute value of the water
column height irrespective of any reference datum level like
PWD or MSL. In comparison. The water levels have been
measured with respect to the reference datum level from the
above mean sea level. The flow velocity has been measured as the
moving boat speed calibrated in the river sections.

Time started from 6:54:46 AM to 7:39:00 PM. Total 13-hour’s measurement with high and low tides, were
undertaken. Total survey time was carried out within 11.5-13 hours approximately. This variation of time was
observed due to factors like- diurnal and seasonal variation. The survey was carried out to cover as much as
possible data for accuracy within the daytime for better understanding of the tidal conditions.

4.3.9.2 River Depth and Flow Velocity at Point-1

4.3.9.2.1 Monsoon Season

The river depth and flow velocity were measured and presented with 13-sections time interval as shown in
the Table 4.5. From the table, it reveals that, the maximum water depth is 20.22m, average depth is 9.47m
and the minimum depth is 0.07m during the measurement time. The value found in section-12 for river depth
(red marked) and section-10 for flow velocity were an abnormal value from the site surveying and it might
be caused by any external factors like unusual turbulence or any obstacles, thus this value was discarded from
the calculation. Similarly, during the flow velocity measurement, the maximum flow velocity has been found
19.80 m/s which is an unusual value, and it might be occurred due to the large water vehicle movement or
any other turbulence over the river. Thus, this value was discarded from the calculation. So, the maximum
flow velocity found 2.29 m/s, average flow velocity was1.16 m/s, and the minimum flow velocity was
0.01m/s during the measurement.

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Table 4.5 Water depth and River Flow Velocity Measurement Data at the Location of Downstream
of Kalurghat Bridge

Depth (m) Flow Velocity (m/s)

Sections Time Lapse
Max Avg. Min Max Avg. Min
Section 1 6:54:46 AM-7:06:52 AM 17.97 9.76 3.81 1.60 0.83 0.03
Section 2 8:04:04 AM-8:14:46 AM 17.97 9.75 4.96 1.63 0.86 0.03
Section 3 9:19:37 AM-9:29:26 AM 15.33 8.05 1.91 1.90 0.78 0.09
Section 4 10:01:55 AM-10:12:13 AM 12.96 7.49 1.91 1.31 0.57 0.03
Section 5 11:02:57 AM-11:15:07 AM 15.81 7.72 1.77 1.40 0.58 0.08
Section 6 12:27:26 PM-12:39:06 PM 18.96 10.21 3.78 1.51 0.79 0.24
Section 7 1:37:00 PM-1:47:03 PM 20.15 11.40 2.84 2.29 0.82 0.06
Section 8 2:40:32 PM-2:48:55 PM 20.22 12.43 5.38 1.96 0.79 0.04
Section 9 3:42:32 PM-3:52:36 PM 18.32 11.37 0.56 1.60 0.55 0.01
Section 10 4:46:37 PM-4:57:16 PM 17.53 5.96 0.07 19.80 5.76 0.05
Section 11 5:47:16 PM-5:57:51 PM 18.35 10.16 2.37 1.59 0.85 0.13
Section 12 6:32:24 PM-6:43:03 PM 44.32 9.76 3.28 1.89 0.92 0.10
Section 13 7:28:45 PM-7:39:00 PM 15.93 9.11 2.46 2.08 0.92 0.02
20.22 12.43 5.38 19.80 5.76 0.24
Max
Avg. 17.46 9.47 2.70 2.29 1.16 0.07
Min 12.96 5.96 0.07 1.31 0.55 0.01
Source: Onsite measurement on 30 August 2022

4.3.9.2.2 Dry Season

The river depth and flow velocity were measured and depicted with 14-sections time interval in the below
Table 4.6 for the dry season measurement. From this Table, it has been shown that, the maximum water depth
was 20.37m, average depth was 10.25m and the minimum depth was 0.56m during the measurement time.
The value found in section-11 for river depth, was an abnormal value from the site surveying and it might
have been caused by any external factors like unusual turbulence or any obstacles, thus this value has not
considered during the calculation. During the flow velocity measurement, the maximum flow velocity has
been found 2.89 m/s. The average flow velocity has been found 0.66 m/s, and the minimum flow velocity
found 0.01m/s.

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Table 4.6 Water depth and River Flow Velocity Data at the Downstream of Kalurghat Bridge

Depth (m) Flow Velocity (m/s)

Sections Time Lapse
Max Avg. Min Max Avg. Min
Section 1 6:28:34 AM-6:33:18 AM 17.00 9.41 0.60 2.89 0.62 0.01
Section 2 7:00:01 AM-7:04:39 AM 16.13 9.35 1.51 2.13 0.65 0.02
Section 3 8:04:35 AM-8:09:21 AM 17.39 9.42 1.59 1.71 0.61 0.06
Section 4 9:01:06 AM-9:05:54 AM 17.21 9.52 1.55 1.69 0.78 0.07
Section 5 9:54:50 AM-10:00:35 AM 19.31 10.99 1.75 1.78 0.66 0.09
Section 6 10:59:54 AM-11:05:33 AM 19.29 10.98 2.49 1.83 0.75 0.02
Section 7 11:59:52 AM-12:04:53 PM 19.18 11.28 2.10 1.55 0.65 0.06
Section 8 12:23:36 PM-12:29:04 PM 19.33 11.56 2.10 0.62 0.35 0.09
Section 9 12:58:22 PM-1:03:35 PM 20.37 10.92 1.66 1.84 0.53 0.01
Section 10 1:57:02 PM-2:01:48 PM 19.78 10.95 0.58 1.76 0.71 0.05
Section 11 3:00:59 PM-3:05:49 PM 45.93 9.96 1.48 1.70 0.77 0.02
Section 12 3:55:53 PM-4:00:45 PM 18.61 10.24 0.56 1.80 0.71 0.01
Section 13 4:57:35 PM-5:02:03 PM 17.61 9.73 1.91 1.74 0.76 0.02
Section 14 5:57:30 PM-6:02:16 PM 17.20 9.25 1.85 1.50 0.69 0.06
20.37 11.56 2.49 2.89 0.78 0.09
Max
Avg. 20.31 10.25 1.55 1.75 0.66 0.04
Min 16.13 9.25 0.56 0.62 0.35 0.01
Source: Onsite measurement on 6 December 2022.

Note In dry season, the water depth was 20.37m whereas, in monsoon season water depth was 20.22m, dry
season shows 0.15m more depth than the monsoon season. This happened due to the 2 times tidal actions in
a 24-hours day of the moon and this variation can be occurred due to tidal starting time variation from season
to season. Even, this variation is minor to be considered.

4.3.9.3 Water Discharge at Point 1

4.3.9.3.1 Monsoon season

River discharge data was collected from 6:54 AM to 7:28 PM on 30 August 2022. During this time, High tide
was calculated from 11:02 AM to 3:42 PM and low tide time was 6:54 AM to 10:01 AM and 11:02 AM to
3:42 PM. River discharge measurement data for total 13 hours during low and high tide at point 1 of
Karnaphuli River is shown in. Table 4.7

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Table 4.7 River Discharge Measurement Data at Point 1

Tide Sections Time Lapse Total Discharge (m3/s)

Low Tide Section 1 6:54:46 AM 5,239.17
Section 2 8:04:04 AM 4,878.67
Section 3 9:19:37 AM 3,927.30
Section 4 10:01:55 AM 3,175.74
Section 10 4:46:37 PM 3,214.39
Section 11 5:47:16 PM 4,910.42
Section 12 6:32:24 PM 4,778.07
Section 13 7:28:45 PM 4,517.22
Max 5,239.17
Avg. 4,330.12
Min 3,175.74
High Tide Section 5 11:02:57 AM 821.817
Section 6 12:27:26 PM 2,857.17
Section 7 1:37:00 PM 4,851.48
Section 8 2:40:32 PM 2,630.76
Section 9 3:42:32 PM 195.244
Max 4,851.48
Avg. 2,271.29
Min 195.24
Source: Onsite measurement on 30 August 2022

From the above Table 4.7 it has been observed that the maximum, minimum and average discharge was
5,239.17 m3/s, 3,175.74 m3/s and 4,330.12 m3/s respectively during the low tide time. During High tide, the
maximum, minimum and average discharge was 4,851.48 m3/s, 195.24 m3/s and 2,271.29 m3/s respectively.

During low tide discharge the direction was towards downstream, i.e., north-east to south-west of the
Karnafuli river. Similarly, during high tide, discharge direction was towards upstream, i.e., south-west to
north-east of the Karnafuli river. Here it is mentionable that the Karnafuli river is located north-east to south-
west. Measuring Point-1 is located upstream, and point-2 located at the downstream of the Karnafuli river.
During high tide river water level, discharge and flow velocity started increasing towards upstream from
downstream and during low tide reverse scenario has been occurred, which is common in this tidal Karnafuli
river.

River discharge has been measured in the cross section wise near the Kalurghat bridge. From left bank to
right bank and again right bank to left bank discharge value have been measured. At high tide and low tide
water level have been measured and presented in the Figure 4.23

Figure 4.23 represents Discharge vs Time plotting graph near Kalurghat Bridge in Karnaphuli River. The
graph shows that all the discharge values at point-1 were taken at a certain specific time. For example,
discharge value taken during 6:54 AM was 5239.17 m3/s, during 10:01 AM the value was 3175.736 m3/s
etc., and, from 8:04 AM to 12:27 PM discharge was in decreasing order. Then again, the discharge values
were obtained in increasing trend till 5:47 PM. Onwards, the discharge values were again in decreasing trend
from 5:47 PM to 7:30 PM.

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4.3.9.3.2 Dry season

River discharge data was collected from 6:28 AM to 6:02 PM on 06 December 2022. During this time, High
tide was calculated from 8:04 AM to 12:58 PM and low tide time was 6:28 AM to 7:00 AM and 1:57 PM to
5:57PM. River discharge measurement data for total 12.5 hours during low and high tide at point 1 of
Karnaphuli River has been shown in the Table 4.12.

Table 4.8 River Discharge Measurement at Point 1 (Kalurghat Bridge)

Tide Sections Time Lapse Total Discharge (m3/s)

Low Tide Section 1 6:28:34 AM 2,784.95
Section 2 7:00:01 AM 1,997.11
Section 10 1:57:02 PM 1,076.30
Section 11 3:00:59 PM 2,896.64
Section 12 3:55:53 PM 3,840.78
Section 13 4:57:35 PM 2,747.20
Section 14 5:57:30 PM 2,582.94
Max 3,840.78
Avg. 2,560.84
Min 1,076.30
High Tide Section 3 8:04:35 AM 923.932
Section 4 9:01:06 AM 2,324.89
Section 5 9:54:50 AM 3,612.39
Section 6 10:59:54 AM 2,540.23
Section 7 11:59:52 AM 2,510.97
Section 8 12:23:36 PM 2,645.58
Section 9 12:58:22 PM 975.938
Max 3,612.38
Avg. 2,219.13
Min 923.93
Source: Onsite measurement on 6 December 2022.

From the above Table 4.8, it has been observed that the maximum, average and minimum discharge was
3,840.78 m3/s at section-12, on 3:55:53 PM, 2,560.84 m3/s and 1,076.30 m3/s at section 10, on 1:57:02 PM
respectively during the low tide time. During High tide, the maximum, average and minimum discharge was
3612.38 m3/s (section 5 at 9:54 AM), 2219.13 m3/s and 923.93 m3/s (section 3 at 8:04 PM) respectively.

4.3.9.3.3 Comparison of Monsoon and Dry Season

The discharge values for both seasons follow the same pattern (decreasing to increasing trend) at Kalurghat
Bridge (Point-1). During monsoon period, the decreasing trend was observed from 6:54 AM to 1:37 PM,
whereas 6:28 AM to 9:54 AM at dry season. Increasing trend of discharge was encountered from 1:37 PM to
5:47 PM during monsoon period and 9:54 AM to 3:55 PM during the dry season. Onwards, a slight decreasing
water level pattern was observed in both seasons.

In the monsoon and dry season, tidal starting time was not the same and moon tidal action like spring tide
and neap tides time were not the same. For example, in the monsoon season, high tide was found in 10:00:00
AM (approx.) and low tide was in 3:30PM. Similarly in the dry season, high tide was found in 7:00 AM
(approx..) and low tide was in 12:23 PM.

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The difference between the monsoon and dry season’s high tide and low tide was approximately 3hrs, that
means, the monsoon tide time was 3hours ahead of dry season tide time. For this reason, the graph shows the
different curve.

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Discharge vs Time at Point 1

6,000.00
5,239.17
4,878.67 4,910.424,778.07
4,517.22
3,927.30 3,840.78
4,000.00
3,175.74 3,214.39
2,784.95 2,896.64 2,747.20 2,582.94
1,997.11
2,000.00
1,076.30

-195.244
0.00
-923.932 -821.817 -975.938

-2,324.89
-2,000.00 -2,540.23 -2,510.97
-2,645.58 -2,630.76
-2,857.17
-3,612.39
Total Q (m3/s) (Monsoon Season) Total Q (m3/s) (Dry Season)
-4,000.00
-4,851.48

Time
-6,000.00
5:02 AM 7:26 AM 9:50 AM 12:14 PM 2:38 PM 5:02 PM 7:26 PM

Source: Onsite measurement on 30 August 2022; and 06 December 2022.

Figure 4.23 Comparison of Monsoon and Dry season discharge measurement at the point-1 near the Kalurghat bridge in Karnaphuli River

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4.3.9.4 Water Level at Point 1

4.3.9.4.1 Monsoon Season

The maximum, average and minimum water level during high tide near Kalurghat Bridge in the Karnafuli
River was found 3.537 m, 1.969 m, and 0.004 m (MSL) respectively. During the low tide time, the maximum,
average and minimum water level was found 0.866 m, 0.592 m, and 0.053 m (MSL) respectively. The water
level data of point 1 is presented Table 4.9.

Tidal water levels have been measured in respect to a reference datum which is mean sea level (MSL), During
the low tide, water level was found below the reference level and during high tide time, water level was also
found above the refence level. For that reason, minimum water level 0.004m is above the mean sea level and
greater than the minimum level found 0.053m during low tide time.

The river water level has been measured in the cross section wise near the Kalurghat bridge. From left bank
to right bank and again right bank to left bank. At high tide and low tide, water level has been measured and
presented in the Table 4.9.

Figure 4.23 represents Water level vs Time plotting graph near Kalurghat Bridge (Point-1) in Karnafuli River.
The figure represents water level vs time plotting graph near kalurghat Bridge (point 1) in Karnafuli River.
Water level data has been acquired at some specific time during the measurement. Exact measured time has
been used for plotting graph as water level vs time. From the figure, the water has been showing against exact
time when it has been captured and plotted correspondingly. Results show that, water level was in a
decreasing trend from 6:00 AM to 11:00 AM and increases as time goes up from 11:00 AM to 3:36 PM.
Gradually, it became in decreasing trend onwards till 7:30 PM during the low tide again.

4.3.9.4.2 Dry Season

The maximum, average and minimum water level during high tide near Kalurghat Bridge in the Karnafuli
River was found 2.43 m, 1.45 m, and 0.011 m (MSL) respectively. During the low tide time, the maximum,
average and minimum water level was found 0.77 m, 0.49 m, and 0.08 m (MSL) respectively. The measured
data of water level at point 1 has shown in the Table 4.9 in dry season part.

Tidal water levels have been measured in respect to a reference datum which is mean sea level (MSL), During
the low tide, water level was found below the reference level and during high tide time, water level is found
above the refence level. For that reason, minimum water level 0.011m is above the mean sea level in high
tide time and greater than the minimum level found 0.079m during low tide time.

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Table 4.9 Water Level at Point 1 (500 m downstream of Kalurghat Bridge)

Tide Time Lapse Water Level m (MSL)

Monsoon Season
High Tide 8/30/2022 6:10:00 AM 1.637
8/30/2022 6:45:00 AM 1.137
8/30/2022 7:00:00 AM 0.967
8/30/2022 7:15:00 AM 0.767
8/30/2022 7:30:00 AM 0.577
8/30/2022 7:45:00 AM 0.377
8/30/2022 8:00:00 AM 0.187
8/30/2022 8:15:00 AM 0.027
8/30/2022 11:00:00 AM 0.004
8/30/2022 11:15:00 AM 0.324
8/30/2022 11:30:00 AM 0.634
8/30/2022 11:45:00 AM 0.984
8/30/2022 12:00:00 PM 1.314
8/30/2022 12:15:00 PM 1.604
8/30/2022 12:30:00 PM 1.904
8/30/2022 12:45:00 PM 2.194
8/30/2022 1:00:00 PM 2.424
8/30/2022 1:15:00 PM 2.814
8/30/2022 1:30:00 PM 3.004
8/30/2022 2:15:00 PM 3.297
8/30/2022 2:30:00 PM 3.387
8/30/2022 2:45:00 PM 3.447
8/30/2022 3:00:00 PM 3.487
8/30/2022 3:15:00 PM 3.517
8/30/2022 3:30:00 PM 3.537
8/30/2022 3:45:00 PM 3.437
8/30/2022 4:00:00 PM 3.357
8/30/2022 4:15:00 PM 3.267
8/30/2022 4:30:00 PM 3.117
8/30/2022 4:45:00 PM 2.927
8/30/2022 5:00:00 PM 2.727
8/30/2022 5:15:00 PM 2.507
8/30/2022 5:30:00 PM 2.277
8/30/2022 5:45:00 PM 2.057
8/30/2022 6:00:00 PM 1.847
8/30/2022 6:15:00 PM 1.627
8/30/2022 6:30:00 PM 2.044
8/30/2022 6:45:00 PM 1.784
8/30/2022 7:00:00 PM 1.524
8/30/2022 7:15:00 PM 1.434
8/30/2022 7:30:00 PM 1.224
Max 3.537
Avg. 1.969
Min 0.004
Low Tide 8/30/2022 8:30:00 AM 0.053
8/30/2022 9:00:00 AM 0.466
8/30/2022 9:15:00 AM 0.626
8/30/2022 9:30:00 AM 0.746
8/30/2022 9:45:00 AM 0.836
8/30/2022 10:00:00 AM 0.866
8/30/2022 10:15:00 AM 0.816
8/30/2022 10:30:00 AM 0.606
8/30/2022 10:45:00 AM 0.316

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Tide Time Lapse Water Level m (MSL)

Max 0.866
Avg. 0.592
Min 0.053
Dry season:
Tide Time Lapse Water Level m (MSL)
High Tide 9:30:00 AM 0.133
9:45:00 AM 0.363
10:00:00 AM 0.583
10:15:00 AM 0.783
10:30:00 AM 0.963
10:45:00 AM 1.153
11:00:00 AM 1.313
11:15:00 AM 1.473
11:30:00 AM 1.583
11:45:00 AM 1.733
12:00:00 PM 1.823
12:15:00 PM 1.893
12:30:00 PM 1.973
12:45:00 PM 1.993
1:00:00 PM 1.983
1:15:00 PM 1.953
1:30:00 PM 1.893
1:45:00 PM 1.853
2:00:00 PM 1.613
2:15:00 PM 1.583
2:30:00 PM 1.423
2:45:00 PM 1.293
3:00:00 PM 1.143
3:15:00 PM 0.953
3:30:00 PM 0.803
3:45:00 PM 0.593
4:00:00 PM 0.433
4:15:00 PM 0.283
4:30:00 PM 0.093
Max 1.993
Avg. 1.230
Min 0.093
Low Tide 7:00:00 AM 1.197
7:15:00 AM 1.257
7:30:00 AM 1.277
7:45:00 AM 1.207
8:00:00 AM 1.047
8:15:00 AM 0.867
8:30:00 AM 0.657
8:45:00 AM 0.497
9:00:00 AM 0.277
9:15:00 AM 0.097
4:45:00 PM 0.067
5:00:00 PM 0.244
5:15:00 PM 0.407
5:30:00 PM 0.587
5:45:00 PM 0.727
6:00:00 PM 0.847
6:15:00 PM 0.987
6:30:00 PM 1.117
6:45:00 PM 1.207

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Tide Time Lapse Water Level m (MSL)

7:00:00 PM 1.297
7:15:00 PM 1.317
Max 1.317
Avg. 0.818
Min 0.067
Source: Onsite measurement on 7 December 2022

4.3.9.4.3 Comparison of Monsoon and Dry Season

Water level at both Monsoon and Dry season follows almost the same pattern (decreasing-increasing-
decreasing trend) as per surveying time which is shown in Figure 4.24 for Kalurghat Bridge (Point-1). During
the monsoon, the water level decreasing trend was observed from 6:10 AM to 10:00 AM whereas decreasing
trend was found from 6:00 AM to 7:30 AM in dry season. From the Figure 4.24, the rising trend i.e.,
increasing of water level was observed from 10:00 AM to 3:30 PM during monsoon period and during dry
season from 7:30 AM to 12:30 PM. Onwards, the decreasing trend continued from 3:30 PM to 7:30 PM
Water Level vs Time at Point 1
(monsoon) and 12:30 PM to 6:15 PM (dry season).

The tide starting time difference is 3 hours and graph shows different time tide starting. For this reason, tidal
action varies the water level. Monsoon season maximum water level and minimum water level is shown in
the Table 4.9.

4.00
3.50
3.00 Water Level (Monsoon Season) Water Level (Dry Season)

2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00 Time
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
5:02 AM 7:26 AM 9:50 AM 12:14 PM 2:38 PM 5:02 PM 7:26 PM

Figure 4.24 Comparison of Monsoon and Dry season water level at the point-1 near the Kalurghat
bridge in Karnaphuli River.

4.3.9.5 River Depth and Flow Velocity at Point 2

4.3.9.5.1 Monsoon season

The river depth and flow velocity were measured 13 sections at 500 m upstream of Shah Amanat bridge in

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Karnaphuli river and results shown in Table 4.10.

Table 4.10 it has been found that, the maximum water depth is 26.84m, average depth is 23.42m and the
minimum depth is 19.11m. The value found in section-9 is an abnormal value from the site surveying due to
any external factors like unusual turbulence or any obstacle, thus this value has been omitted from the
calculation.

Similarly, during the flow velocity measurement, the maximum flow velocity was found 3.01 m/s, average
flow velocity was 0.84 m/s, and the minimum flow velocity was 0.0m/s.

Table 4.10 Water depth and River Flow Velocity Measurement Data at the Location of Upstream of
Shah Amanat Bridge (Point 2)

Depth (m) Flow Velocity (m/s)

Sections Time Lapse
Max Avg. Min Max Avg. Min
Section 1 6:54:46 AM-7:06:52 AM 17.97 9.76 3.81 1.60 0.83 0.03
Section 2 8:04:04 AM-8:14:46 AM 17.97 9.75 4.96 1.63 0.86 0.03
Section 3 9:19:37 AM-9:29:26 AM 15.33 8.05 1.91 1.90 0.78 0.09
Section 4 10:01:55 AM-10:12:13 AM 12.96 7.49 1.91 1.31 0.57 0.03
Section 5 11:02:57 AM-11:15:07 AM 15.81 7.72 1.77 1.40 0.58 0.08
Section 6 12:27:26 PM-12:39:06 PM 18.96 10.21 3.78 1.51 0.79 0.24
Section 7 1:37:00 PM-1:47:03 PM 20.15 11.40 2.84 2.29 0.82 0.06
Section 8 2:40:32 PM-2:48:55 PM 20.22 12.43 5.38 1.96 0.79 0.04
Section 9 3:42:32 PM-3:52:36 PM 18.32 11.37 0.56 1.60 0.55 0.01
Section 10 4:46:37 PM-4:57:16 PM 17.53 5.96 0.07 19.80 5.76 0.05
Section 11 5:47:16 PM-5:57:51 PM 18.35 10.16 2.37 1.59 0.85 0.13
Section 12 6:32:24 PM-6:43:03 PM 44.32 9.76 3.28 1.89 0.92 0.10
Section 13 7:28:45 PM-7:39:00 PM 15.93 9.11 2.46 2.08 0.92 0.02
20.22 12.43 5.38 2.29 5.76 0.24
Max
Avg. 17.46 9.47 2.70 2.29 1.16 0.07
Min 12.96 5.96 0.07 1.31 0.55 0.01
Source: Onsite measurement on 31 August 2022

4.3.9.5.2 Dry Season

The river depth and flow velocity were measured and presented with 14-sections time interval in the below
Table 4.11 for the dry season measurement. From this Table, it has been shown that, the maximum water
depth was 20.37m, average depth was 10.25m and the minimum depth was 0.56m during the measurement
time. The value found in section-11 for river depth, was an abnormal value from the site surveying and it
might have been caused by any external factors like unusual turbulence or any obstacles, thus this value has
not considered during the calculation. During the flow velocity measurement, the maximum flow velocity
has been found 2.89 m/s. The average flow velocity has been found 0.66 m/s, and the minimum flow velocity
found 0.01m/s.

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Table 4.11 Water depth and River Flow Velocity Data at the Downstream of Kalurghat Bridge

Depth (m) Flow Velocity (m/s)

Sections Time Lapse
Max Avg. Min Max Avg. Min
Section 1 6:28:34 AM-6:33:18 AM 17.00 9.41 0.60 2.89 0.62 0.01
Section 2 7:00:01 AM-7:04:39 AM 16.13 9.35 1.51 2.13 0.65 0.02
Section 3 8:04:35 AM-8:09:21 AM 17.39 9.42 1.59 1.71 0.61 0.06
Section 4 9:01:06 AM-9:05:54 AM 17.21 9.52 1.55 1.69 0.78 0.07
Section 5 9:54:50 AM-10:00:35 AM 19.31 10.99 1.75 1.78 0.66 0.09
Section 6 10:59:54 AM-11:05:33 AM 19.29 10.98 2.49 1.83 0.75 0.02
Section 7 11:59:52 AM-12:04:53 PM 19.18 11.28 2.10 1.55 0.65 0.06
Section 8 12:23:36 PM-12:29:04 PM 19.33 11.56 2.10 0.62 0.35 0.09
Section 9 12:58:22 PM-1:03:35 PM 20.37 10.92 1.66 1.84 0.53 0.01
Section 10 1:57:02 PM-2:01:48 PM 19.78 10.95 0.58 1.76 0.71 0.05
Section 11 3:00:59 PM-3:05:49 PM 45.93 9.96 1.48 1.70 0.77 0.02
Section 12 3:55:53 PM-4:00:45 PM 18.61 10.24 0.56 1.80 0.71 0.01
Section 13 4:57:35 PM-5:02:03 PM 17.61 9.73 1.91 1.74 0.76 0.02
Section 14 5:57:30 PM-6:02:16 PM 17.20 9.25 1.85 1.50 0.69 0.06
20.37 11.56 2.49 2.89 0.78 0.09
Max
Avg. 20.31 10.25 1.55 1.75 0.66 0.04
Min 16.13 9.25 0.56 0.62 0.35 0.01
Source: Onsite measurement on 6 December 2022.

Note In dry season, water depth was 20.37m whereas, in monsoon season water depth was 20.22m, dry
season shows 0.15m more depth than the monsoon season. This happened due to the 2 times tidal actions in
a 24-hour day of the moon and this variation can be occurred due to tidal starting time variation from season
to season. Even, this variation is minor to be considered.

4.3.9.6 Water Discharge at Point 2

4.3.9.6.1 Monsoon season

Discharge data was collected from 7:58 AM to 8:40 PM. However, Low tide was calculated from 11:06 AM
to 4:03 PM. High Tide time were from 11:06AM to 4:03PM. River discharge data was measured for total 13
hours during low and high tide at point 2 (near Shah Amanat Bridge) of Karnaphuli River is shown in Table
4.12

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Table 4.12 River Discharge Measurement Data at Point 2

Tide Sections Time Lapse Total Discharge (m3/s)

Low Tide Section 1 7:58:21 AM 4,517
Section 2 9:07:47 AM 3,561.16
Section 3 10:09:46 AM 2,350
Section 10 5:28:29 PM 3,159.68
Section 11 6:19:57 PM 4,533.09
Section 12 7:24:44 PM 3,572.26
Section 13 8:40:42 PM 3,135.87
Max 4,533.09
Avg. 3,547.01
Min 2,350.00
High Tide Section 4 11:06:06 AM 1,000.73
Section 5 12:05:52 PM 3,812.36
Section 6 1:08:02 PM 6,345.19
Section 7 2:11:56 PM 3,060.86
Section 8 3:04:33 PM 1,633.82
Section 9 4:03:47 PM 456.77
Max 6,345.19
Avg. 2,718.29
Min 456.77
Source: Onsite measurement on 31 August 2022

In Table 4.12, it has been observed that, the value of maximum, average and minimum discharge are of
4,533.09 m3/s, 3,547.01m3/s and 2,350.00 m3/s respectively at low tide time.

During the High Tide time, the maximum, average and minimum discharges were found to be 6,345.19 m3/s,
2,718.29 m3/s, and 456.77 m3/s respectively.

During low tide discharge the direction was towards downstream, i.e., north-east to south-west of the
Karnafuli river. Similarly, during high tide, discharge direction was towards upstream, i.e., south-west to
north-east of the Karnafuli river. Here it is mentionable that the Karnafuli river is located north-east to south-
west. Measuring Point-1 is located upstream, and point-2 located downstream of the Karnafuli river. During
high tide river water level, discharge and flow velocity started increasing towards upstream from downstream
and during low tide reverse scenario has been occurred, which is common in this tidal Karnafuli river.

Figure 4.25 represents, Water level vs Time plotting graph near Shah Amanat Bridge in Karnafuli River. The
graph was represented in such a way that all the discharge values at point-2 were taken at certain specific
time. For example, discharge value taken during 7:58 AM was 4517 m3/s, during 10:09 AM the value was
2350 m3/s and so on. Results show that, decreasing trend of water level was observed from 7:00 AM to 11:00
AM. Increasing trend of water level was observed from 11:00 AM to 4:00 AM. Then onwards decreasing
trend of water level was observed till 8:45 PM.

4.3.9.6.2 Dry Season

Discharge data has been measured during 7:22 AM to 6:55 PM on 7 December 2022. However, Low tide
was calculated from 7:22 AM to 7:58 AM and 1:56 PM to 6:55 PM. High Tide time noted from 8:56 AM to

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12:57 PM. River discharge data was measured for total 11.5 hours approximately (from 7:22 AM to 7:01
PM) during low and high tide at point 2 (near Shah Amanat Bridge) of Karnaphuli River is shown inTable
4.13.

Table 4.13 River Discharge Measurement Data at Point 2.

Tide Sections Time Lapse Total Discharge (m3/s)

Low Tide Section 1 7:22:15 AM 2388.948
Section 2 7:58:30 AM 277.842
Section 8 1:56:34 PM 1429.323
Section 9 2:56:27 PM 3679.819
Section 10 3:54:53 PM 4747.559
Section 11 4:55:14 PM 4626.951
Section 12 5:54:06 PM 3767.761
Section 13 6:55:33 PM 2993.805
Max 4747.56
Avg. 2989
Min 277.84
High Tide Section 3 8:56:58 AM 3133.63
Section 4 9:55:46 AM 4699.393
Section 5 10:56:33 AM 5105.073
Section 6 11:56:40 AM 4580.292
Section 7 12:57:01 PM 2242.624
Max 5105.07
Avg. 3952.20
Min 2242.62
Source: Onsite measurement on 7 December 2022

In Table 4.13, it has been observed that, the value of maximum, average and minimum discharge are of
4747.56 m3/s at section- 10 (3:54 PM), 2989.00 m3/s and 277.84 m3/s at section- 2 (7:58 AM) respectively
at low tide time.

During the High Tide time, the maximum, average and minimum discharges have been found 5105.07 m3/s
at section- 5 (10:56 AM), 3952.20 m3/s and 2242.62m3/s at section- 7 (12:57 PM) respectively.

4.3.9.6.3 Comparison of Monsoon and Dry Season

The discharge values for both seasons follow the same pattern (firstly decreasing then increasing trend) at
Shah Amanat Bridge (Point-2) during the surveying time. During monsoon period, the decreasing trend was
observed from 7:58 AM to 1:08 PM whereas 7:22 AM to 10:56 AM at dry season. The increasing trend of
water level was encountered from 1:08 PM to 6:419 PM during monsoon period and 10:56 AM to 3:54 PM
during the dry season. Onwards, a slight decreasing water level pattern was observed in both seasons.

The maximum discharge in monsoon season during low tide was 4,533.09 m3/s and in dry season it was
4747.56 m3/s. the difference caused by the tide time difference and even in the same tide time in a same
location, sedimentation, discharge, and flow velocity are not same due to moon position in different season.
But the graph shows the similar nature and high tide time discharge difference shown the expected nature.

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Discharge vs Time at Point 2

6,000.00
4,000.00
2,000.00
0.00
-2,000.00
-4,000.00
-6,000.00
-8,000.00Total Q (m3/s) (Monsoon Season) Total Q (m3/s) (Dry Season)
6:28 AM 8:52 AM 11:16 AM 1:40 PM 4:04 PM 6:28 PM 8:52 PM
Time

Figure 4.25 Comparison of Monsoon and Dry season discharge at the point-2 near the Shah
Amanat bridge in Karnaphuli River.

4.3.10 Water Level at Point 2

4.3.10.1 Monsoon season

The maximum, average and minimum water level during high tide near the Shah Amanat Bridge have been
found of 3.15 m, 1.75 m, and 0.004 m (MSL) respectively and at the low tide, the value (maximum, average
and minimum) was found, 1.13 m, 0.60 m, and 0.1 m (MSL) respectively. The water level data of point 2 is
presented in Table 4.14.

Tidal water levels have been measured in respect to a reference datum which is mean sea level (MSL), During
low tide time, water level can be found below the reference level and during high tide time it was found
above the refence level. For that reason, the minimum water level is 0.004m which is above the mean sea
level at high tide time and greater minimum level found 0.1m during low tide time.

On the other hand, River water level was calculated as cross section wise near the Shah Amanat bridge,
considering the left bank to right bank and again right bank to left bank. The water level was measured
considering the high tide and low tide time and presented in the Figure 4.26.

Figure 4.26 represents water level vs time plotting graph near Shah Amanat Bridge in Karnafuli River. Water
level data has been acquired at some specific time during the measurement. Exact measured time has been
used for plotting graph as water level vs time. From the figure, the water has been showing against exact time
when it has been captured and plotted correspondingly.

Results show that a decreasing trend of water level was observed from 7:00 AM to 11:00 AM and increasing
trend was observed from 11:00 AM to 4:00 AM. Then onwards decreasing trend of water level was observed

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till 8:45 PM.

4.3.10.2 Dry season

The maximum, average and minimum water level during high tide near the Shah Amanat Bridge have been
found of 1.99 m, 1.23 m, 0.09 m (MSL) respectively and at the low tide, the value (maximum, average and
minimum) was found, 1.32 m, 0.82 m, 0.067 m (MSL) respectively. The water level data of point 2 is
presented Table 4.14 in Dry season part.

Table 4.14 Water Level at Point 2 (500 m upstream of Shah Amanat Bridge)

Tide Time of Measurement Water Level m (MSL)

Monsoon season:
High Tide 8/31/2022 7:35 AM 0.367
8/31/2022 7:45 AM 0.247
8/31/2022 8:00 AM 0.067
8/31/2022 11:15 AM 0.004
8/31/2022 11:30 AM 0.224
8/31/2022 11:45 AM 0.514
8/31/2022 12:00 PM 0.854
8/31/2022 12:15 PM 1.214
8/31/2022 12:30 PM 1.354
8/31/2022 12:45 PM 1.741
8/31/2022 1:00 PM 2.011
8/31/2022 1:15 PM 2.211
8/31/2022 1:30 PM 2.403
8/31/2022 1:45 PM 2.608
8/31/2022 2:00 PM 2.790
8/31/2022 2:15 PM 2.906
8/31/2022 2:30 PM 3.007
8/31/2022 2:45 PM 3.079
8/31/2022 3:00 PM 3.152
8/31/2022 3:15 PM 3.153
8/31/2022 3:30 PM 3.149
8/31/2022 3:45 PM 3.108
8/31/2022 4:00 PM 3.041
8/31/2022 4:15 PM 2.943
8/31/2022 4:30 PM 2.781
8/31/2022 4:45 PM 2.593
8/31/2022 5:00 PM 2.355
8/31/2022 5:15 PM 2.179
8/31/2022 5:30 PM 1.943
8/31/2022 5:45 PM 1.783
8/31/2022 6:00 PM 1.580
8/31/2022 6:15 PM 1.378
8/31/2022 6:30 PM 1.160
8/31/2022 6:45 PM 0.976
8/31/2022 7:00 PM 0.782
8/31/2022 7:15 PM 0.570
8/31/2022 7:30 PM 0.342
8/31/2022 7:45 PM 0.086
Max 3.15
Avg. 1.75

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Tide Time of Measurement Water Level m (MSL)

Min 0.004
8/31/2022 8:15 AM 0.143
8/31/2022 8:30 AM 0.283
8/31/2022 8:45 AM 0.443
8/31/2022 9:00 AM 0.495
8/31/2022 9:15 AM 0.805
8/31/2022 9:30 AM 0.937
8/31/2022 9:45 AM 1.047
8/31/2022 10:00 AM 1.126
8/31/202210:15 AM 1.056
8/31/2022 10:30 AM 0.876
8/31/2022 10:45 AM 0.566
8/31/2022 11:00 AM 0.336
8/31/2022 8:00 PM 0.100
8/31/2022 8:15 PM 0.282
8/31/2022 8:45 PM 0.470
Max 1.13
Avg. 0.60
Min 0.1
Dry season:
Tide Time Lapse Water Level m (MSL)
High Tide 9:30:00 AM 0.133
9:45:00 AM 0.363
10:00:00 AM 0.583
10:15:00 AM 0.783
10:30:00 AM 0.963
10:45:00 AM 1.153
11:00:00 AM 1.313
11:15:00 AM 1.473
11:30:00 AM 1.583
11:45:00 AM 1.733
12:00:00 PM 1.823
12:15:00 PM 1.893
12:30:00 PM 1.973
12:45:00 PM 1.993
1:00:00 PM 1.983
1:15:00 PM 1.953
1:30:00 PM 1.893
1:45:00 PM 1.853
2:00:00 PM 1.613
2:15:00 PM 1.583
2:30:00 PM 1.423
2:45:00 PM 1.293
3:00:00 PM 1.143
3:15:00 PM 0.953
3:30:00 PM 0.803
3:45:00 PM 0.593
4:00:00 PM 0.433
4:15:00 PM 0.283
4:30:00 PM 0.093
Max 1.993
Avg. 1.230
Min 0.093
Low Tide 7:00:00 AM 1.197
7:15:00 AM 1.257
7:30:00 AM 1.277

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Tide Time of Measurement Water Level m (MSL)

7:45:00 AM 1.207
8:00:00 AM 1.047
8:15:00 AM 0.867
8:30:00 AM 0.657
8:45:00 AM 0.497
9:00:00 AM 0.277
9:15:00 AM 0.097
4:45:00 PM 0.067
5:00:00 PM 0.244
5:15:00 PM 0.407
5:30:00 PM 0.587
5:45:00 PM 0.727
6:00:00 PM 0.847
6:15:00 PM 0.987
6:30:00 PM 1.117
6:45:00 PM 1.207
7:00:00 PM 1.297
7:15:00 PM 1.317
Max 1.317
Avg. 0.818
Min 0.067
Source: Onsite measurement on 7 December 2022

4.3.10.3 Comparison of Monsoon and Dry Season

Water level at monsoon season flows s pattern like-decreasing-increasing-decreasing trend whereas during
dry season the pattern follows increasing to decreasing trend found during the surveying time as shown in
Water Level vs Time at Point 2
the Figure 4.26. During the monsoon, the water level decreasing trend was observed from 7:35 AM to 10:00
AM. From the figure below, the rising trend i.e., increasing of water level was observed from 10:00 AM to
3:15 PM during monsoon period and 7:30 AM to 12:45 PM. Onwards, the decreasing trend continued from
3:15 PM to 8:45 PM (monsoon) and 1:00 PM to 7:15 PM (dry season).

3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00 WL_(Monsoon Season) WL_(Dry Season)
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
6:14 AM 8:38 AM 11:02 AM 1:26 PM 3:50 PM 6:14 PM 8:38 PM
Time

Figure 4.26 Comparison of Monsoon and Dry season water level at the point-2 near the Shah
Amanat bridge in Karnaphuli River.

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During the measurement of water level, the tidal action was not the same in the monsoon season. The tidal
starting time in Monsoon and dry season was differed approximately 3hours, for this reason, the peak points
of water level in two seasons are not similar in the graph. But the maximum water level found in the monsoon
season at high tide time was 3.15m (MSL) and 1.993m (MSL) found in dry season at high tide time.

4.3.11 Riverbed Morphology

4.3.11.1 Agroecological Zones

The agroecological zones of Bangladesh have been identified on the basis of four elements physiography,
soils, land levels in relation to flooding and agroclimatology. Bangladesh has 30 agroecological zones which
is subdivided into 88 agroecological subregions and 535 agroecological units. The agroecological zone map
of the study area is shown in Figure 4.27

Source: BARC (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council)

Figure 4.27 Agroecology of the Study Area

4.4 Water Resources

The Karnaphuli River along with Bolirhat canal and some ponds are the major sources of surface water in
the project areas. However, CWASA water supply network is not connected in and around the project areas,
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tube well water is the main source of drinking water for most people. The details are given below.

4.4.1 Surface Water System

In the study areas, the significant surface water sources are the Karnaphuli River and other water bodies (e.g.,
canals and ponds) on the south-east side of the project areas. The river is mainly tidal, has a width of roughly
667 meters (2188 feet), and is braided in nature. The difference between the highest and lowest tide is about
4 meters. The major rivers and waterways near the project sites are depicted in Figure 4.28. The main
tributaries of the Karnaphuli River are the Halda, Ichamati, Kasalong and Thega rivers which are greatly
impacted by tidal effect. Boats of all shapes and sizes travel throughout the year in these rivers. Bolirhat
canal, however, is a natural canal also locally known as Dom Khal/ Old Chandgaon Khal, runs close to the
project areas which is mainly originated by the Karnaphuli River and flows through the north-eastern, western,
and southwestern sides of the project sites. The total areas of the water bodies in the study areas 855.24 acres
comprising of rivers and channels within 2 km buffer zone whereas the water bodies (mainly pond) 111.04
acres in the same periphery.

Source: JICA survey team

Figure 4.28 Surface Sources of the project areas within 2 km buffer zone

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4.4.2 Drainage Congestion and Water Logging

Chattogram City experienced waterlogging up to 12 times a year, with inundation heights ranging from 0.5
and 0.9 meters in some parts of the city areas. Due to an inadequate and obsolete drainage system and tidal
effects, it swamped 80% of the warehouses and garment factories and damaged more than 30% of the city's
road system. The mostly waterlogging affected areas in the city are Kapasgola and Badurtola (ward no. 6),
the Muradpur junction area (ward no. 7), Solokbahar (ward no. 8), Probartok Moore, Katalgonj (ward no.
16), the CDA residential area (ward no. 27), Firingi Bazar (ward no. 30), and the Chaktai Canal area (ward
no. 35)14. The project areas mainly covering the area of Kodalkata beel, and its adjacent areas under ward
no. 4 is rarely affected by water logging, except the Samser para which is 1.5 km away from the project sites.
The areas with the most waterlogging found on the east side of the city adjacent to the Karnaphuli River,
with the elevation ranges from 3 to 6 meters above mean sea level. However, during the period of severe
rains, about 25% of city’s dwellers including the project sites suffer tidal effects with 0.5 to 1 meter flooding
for longer than two hours a day. Ward-wise waterlogging hazard intensity map for Chattogram City is shown
in the Figure 4.29.

14 Islam, R. M., & Raja, R.D (2021), Waterlogging Risk Assessment An Undervalued Disaster Risk in Coastal Urban
Community of Chattogram, Bangladesh,
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Figure 4.29 Ward-wise waterlogging hazard intensity map for Chattogram City

The drainage system in Chattogram (Figure 4.30 and Figure 4.31) can be categorized into three elements

 Primary system composed of the primary khals, mainly based on natural channels which
existed before the city was built. Two primary routes are identified 12 khals discharging at
the Karnaphuli River and 1 khal discharging at the Halda River in Catchment 2 & 4.
 Secondary system also called secondary khals. Their primary function is to carry discharge
from tertiary systems to the primary khals. They are in some cases original natural drainage
channels, but for the most part they are man-made channels built together with residential or
industrial developments.
 Tertiary system smaller tertiary drains and roadside channels constructed without drainage

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considerations for the surrounding areas and without planning scenarios for future urban
development (higher runoff coefficients). They are mainly used as a dumping ground for
domestic wastewater as well as for road drainage.

Besides the primary, secondary and tertiary systems, both the Halda and Karnaphuli Rivers are very important
for the drainage of Chattogram. The Karnaphuli River receives the discharge of 24 primary khals, while only
2 khals discharge at the Halda River.

Karnaphuli River is tidal all the way from its mouth to Kaptai dam, approximately 70 km upstream. There
are two tides a day in the Karnaphuli River, one tidal cycle lasting about 12.5 hours. This represents a big
challenge for the drainage system, as the water level in the river is not stable, which means it effectively acts
as the dominating parameter in design considerations, especially in coping with maximum peak and mean
tidal levels in July and August.

On the other hand, the Halda River is also tidal about 45 km upstream of the confluence with the Karnaphuli.
However, tidal influences in this river are less significant for the drainage system of Chattogram city.

Cyclonic storms are a relatively frequent phenomenon in the Bay of Bengal. These storms cause tidal surges,
which can be defined as a sudden and rapid rise in water levels over and above the prevailing tidal level.
Hence, tidal surges represent yet another risk for flooding in Chattogram.

All the wastewater is discharged by gravity, and there are no pumping facilities in the system. As a result,
flow velocities in many drains and particularly in the main khals are well below the minimum general
standards required for self-cleansing. Also, the lack of pumping facilities means there is no provision for
removing storm and foul flows from the city when the flow in khals is reduced by backwater effects and/or
high tide levels during storm surges.

Solid waste collection and disposal is inadequate and uncollected garbage is often deposited in drains, leading
to frequent blockage of open and covered drainage systems. This, combined with encroachment and silting,
reduces the capacities of the main khals. Moreover, the capacity of the drainage system is reduced by a lack
of regular maintenance, and blockage of street drains by physical structures, i.e., under-dimensioned culverts.

Deposition of silt and other solids in some drains and most khals has increased over the years due to (a)
uncontrolled development on steep hillsides, which removes vegetation and increases the amount of silt
carried down into drains, and (b) inflow of solid waste into drains and khals. The resultant flooding with
sewage-contaminated storm water poses serious public health hazards to the citizens of Chattogram.

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Source: CWASA, CCC

Figure 4.30 Existing Drainage System

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Source: CWASA

Figure 4.31 Drainage System in Chattogram City

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4.4.3 Surface water quality of the nearby rivers

The Karnaphuli river flows south-west side of the project site. Surface water samples were collected from
surface and bottom layers at one point for both wet (September 2022) and dry periods (December 2022) from
the Karnaphuli River. Additional seven water samples were collected during dry period from upstream and
downstream of Karnaphuli River. The water sample collection location is presented in Table 4.15 and
depicted Table 4.15. Water samples were collected in a standard sampling bottle and 250 ml sterilized clean
PET bottle for complete physio-chemical and bacteriological tests respectively. The sample was analyzed as
per standard procedure/method given in Standard Method for Examination of Water and Wastewater Edition
20, published by APHA as well as using an on-site field test kit. The surface water analysis method and
protocol are given in Table 4.16.

Table 4.15 Details of Water Sampling Locations

Code Location GPS Coordinate Source Date

450 m upstream of the discharge 22°22'6.20"N Karnaphuli
SW1 06/12/2022
point 91°52'30.48"E River
260 m upstream of the discharge 22°22'1.04"N Karnaphuli
SW2 06/12/2022
point 91°52'28.61"E River
130 m upstream of the discharge 22°21'56.39"N Karnaphuli
SW3 06/12/2022
point 91°52'27.65"E River
Karnaphuli River, Near Bolirhat
SW4 02/09/2022
Switch Gate, Chattogram (proposed 22°21'52.95"N Karnaphuli
(Surface and and
discharged point of treated water 91°52'26.39"E River
bottom layer) 06/12/2022
from STP)
200 m downstream of the discharge 22°21'52.95"N Karnaphuli
SW5 06/12/2022
point 91°52'26.39"E River
430 m downstream of the discharge 22°21'39.24"N Karnaphuli
SW6 06/12/2022
point 91°52'23.36"E River
570 m downstream of the discharge 22°21'34.97"N Karnaphuli
SW7 06/12/2022
point 91°52'21.85"E River
680 m downstream of the discharge 22°21'31.74"N Karnaphuli
SW8 06/12/2022
point 91°52'19.66"E River

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Figure 4.32 Surface Water Sampling Location

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Table 4.16 Analysis Method for Water Samples

Sl. Parameters Unit Analysis Method

NH4NO3 mg/L Nessler
Ammonia NH4) mg/L Nessler
Arsenic (As) ppm Modified Gutzeit Method
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) mg/L 5 Days Incubation
Boron mg/L AAS
Cadmium (Cd) mg/L -
Chloride (Cl) mg/L Mercury (II) Thiocyanate Method
Chromium (total Cr) mg/L Diphenyl carbohydrazide Method
COD mg/L USEPA 410.4
Chromium (hexavalent Cr) mg/L Diphenyl carbohydrazide Method
Copper (Cu) mg/L Bicinchoninate Method
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/L Ion Electron Method
Electric Conductivity (EC) µm/cm Ion Electron Method
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L Ion Electron Method
Fluoride (F) ppm Photometric Ion Selective Method
Sulfide (S) mg/L IS 14685 (1999)
Iron (Fe) mg/L Diphenyl carbohydrazide Method
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen mg/L KJELDHAL
Lead (Pb) mg/L ASTM D3559-15
Manganese (Mn) mg/L Periodate Oxidation Method
Mercury (Hg) mg/L AAS
Nickel (Ni) mg/L -
Nitrate mg/L Cadmium Reduction
Nitrite mg/L Cadmium Reduction
mg/L USEPA 1 Hexane Extractable Gravimetric
Oil & Grease
Method
Phenolic Compound (as C6H5OH) mg/L IS 3025-43 (1992)
Dissolved Phosphate mg/L Ion Electron Method
pH -- Ion Electron Method
Selenium (Se) mg/L AAS
Zinc (Zn) mg/L Zincon Method
Temperature (T) °C Ion Electron Method
Suspended Solids (SS) mg/L Dry and filtration
Cyanide (Cn) mg/L Spectrophotometer
Coliform (fecal) n/100 ml AFNOR Approved Method
Coliform (total) n/100 ml AFNOR Approved Method

The quality of surface water of the project area is analyzed depending on the biological and chemical
parameters. All the parameters are compared with the Schedule-10 (Standards for Waste from Industrial Units
or Project Waste) of Environmental Conservation Rules 1997. The water quality analysis result of upper and
lower layer for one point is presented in Table 4.17. The water quality analysis result of additional seven
samples is presented in Table 4.18.

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Table 4.17 Surface Water Quality in the Study Area

SW4 (Surface) SW4 (Bottom) Standard (Inland ECR 2023 (Inland

Surface Water, Surface Water
Parameters Unit
Wet Dry Wet Dry ECR 2023, Rule standard, Rule 32,
32, Schedule-3) * Schedule 4)
Not exceeding 5 degrees
Temperature oC 31.3 29.0 30.9 29.0 30 from the normal
temperature
Electric Conductivity (EC) µS/cm 300 4180 550 5170 12X108
pH 7.67 7.60 8.27 7.50 - 6-9
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/L 150 2170 280 2690 2100
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/L 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.2 4.5-8.0
Arsenic (As) mg/L 0 <0.01 0 <0.01 - 0.2
Iron (Fe) mg/L 0.068 0.02 0.026 0.03 2.0
Phosphate mg/L 2.8 <0.01 3.1 0.2 15.0
Zinc (Zn) mg/L 0.2 0.03 0.28 <0.01 5.0
Chromium (Cr+) mg/L 0.05 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 - 0.1
Total Chromium mg/L 1.8 0.03 0.6 <0.03 - 0.5
Chloride (Cl) mg/L 40 950 80 1000 - 600
Fluoride mg/L 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.0 - 2.0
Sulfur (S) mg/L ND ND ND ND - 1.0
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen mg/L 4.5 11.37 4.8 12.97 - 100
Lead (Pb) mg/L <0.01 0.0049 <0.01 0.016 - 0.1
Manganese (Mn) mg/L <0.05 0.0052 <0.05 0.019 - 2.0
Mercury (Hg) mg/L <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 - 0.01
Nickel (Ni) mg/L <0.02 <0.001 <0.02 <0.001 - 1.0
Nitrate mg/L 3.93 4.33 <3.0 5.26 50.0 10.0
Nitrite mg/L <0.02 <1.0 <0.02 <1.0 - 50
Oil & Grease mg/L <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 - 10.0
Phenolic Compound (as
mg/L Nil Nil Nil Nil - 1.0
C6H5OH)
Selenium (Se) mg/L < 0.023 BDL < 0.023 BDL - 0.05
Cyanide (Cn) mg/L Nil Nil Nil Nil - 0.1
Copper (Cu) mg/L 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 - 3.0
BOD5 (at 20°C) mg/L 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.4 30 30
Boron (B) mg/L <0.03 BDL <0.03 BDL - 2.0

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SW4 (Surface) SW4 (Bottom) Standard (Inland ECR 2023 (Inland

Surface Water, Surface Water
Parameters Unit
Wet Dry Wet Dry ECR 2023, Rule standard, Rule 32,
32, Schedule-3) * Schedule 4)
Cadmium (Cd) mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - 2.0
COD mg/L 28 31 23 26 130 200
NH4-N mg/L 0.14 0.11 0.2 0.17 - 50
NH4+ mg/L 0.18 0.16 0.25 0.12 - 5.0
Total Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/L 173 64 141 61 100 100
Total Coliform n/100 ml 60 48 52 40 - 100
Fecal Coliform n/100 ml 42 36 36 26 - -

Source: EQMS and BCSIR Laboratory

Note BDL – Below Detection Limit, ND – Not Detected

* Environmental Conservation Rules 1997 Schedule-10 (Standards for Waste from Industrial Units or Project Waste)

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4.4.3.1 Interpretation of Surface Water Quality Results

Temperature of the upper and bottom layer of samples varied from 30.9°C to 31.3°C in wet season whereas
temperature was found 29°C both surface and bottom layers in dry season. The pH of the surface water
samples varied from 7.67 (surface layer) to 8.27 (bottom layer) in wet season and 7.50 (bottom layer) to 7.60
(surface layer) in dry season. The DO levels ranging from 5.5 mg/l (bottom layer) to 5.8 mg/l (surface layer)
in wet season whereas it varies 5.2 (bottom layer) to 5.5 (surface layer) in dry season, indicating favourable
conditions for the growth and reproduction fish and other aquatic organisms in the water body. Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD) values of the sample varied from 1.2 mg/l (bottom layer) to 1.6 mg/l (surface layer)
in wet season and 1.4 mg/l (bottom layer) to 1.8 mg/l (surface) in dry season. Such low BOD values
confirmed the presence of low concentrations of biologically oxidizable organic matter in the receiving water
body. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values of the samples varied from 23 mg/l (bottom layer) to 28 mg/l
(surface layer) whereas COD found 26 mg/l (bottom layer) and 31 mg/l (surface layer) in dry season; the
higher COD level may be due to discharge of effluent from different industries.

TDS levels range from 150 mg/l (surface layer) to 280 mg/l (bottom layer) in wet season whereas it varies
2170 mg/l (surface layer) to 2690 mg/l (surface layer) in dry season. TDS levels were found to be higher than
the standard (2100 mg/l) during dry season both surface and bottom layers. Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
levels found in the range of 141 mg/l (bottom layer) to 173 mg/l (surface layer) in wet season whereas it
varied 61 mg/l (bottom layer) to 64 mg/l (surface layer) during dry season. Surface layer TSS in wet season
was found higher than the standard value (150 mg/l).

Chloride values of the sample varied from 40 mg/l (surface layer) to 80 mg/l (bottom layer) in wet season
and 950 mg/l (surface layer) to 1000 mg/l (surface) in dry season. Chloride values of dry season found to be
higher than the standard (600 mg/l).

The total Coliform count of the surface water samples found between 52 n/100 ml (bottom layer) to 60 n/100
ml (surface layer) and 40 n/100 ml (bottom layer) to 48 n/100 ml in dry season. Oil and grease found within
the limit.

Total chromium levels ranging from 1.8 mg/l (surface layer) to 0.6 mg/l (bottom layer) in wet season and
<0.03 mg/l (bottom layer) to 0.03 mg/l in dry season. Total chromium was found to be higher than standard
(0.5 mg/l) during wet season. Other heavy metals (Arsenic, Chromium, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Nickel,
Copper, Cadmium) were found within the standard in both surface and bottom layer of wet and dry season
water samples.

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Table 4.18 Surface Water Quality of Additional Samples

ECR 2023 ECR 2023

(Inland Surface (Inland Surface
Parameters Unit SW1 SW2 SW3 SW5 SW6 SW7 SW8 Water standard, Water standard,
Rule 32, Rule 31,
Schedule 4) Schedule 2)
Temperature °C 29.0 29.8 28.4 28.3 28.3 28.2 28.5 40 -
pH - 7.84 7.86 7.78 7.95 7.97 7.82 7.82 6-9 6.5-8.5
TDS mg/L 2436.0 2630.0 2523.0 4250.0 3870.0 2790.0 2768.0 - 1000
TSS mg/L 81.0 119.0 114.0 66.5 44.50 50.0 90.0 100 -
Coliform (total) CFU/100 ml >1600 >1600 >1600 >1600 >1600 220 >1600 - < 100
Oil and Grease mg/L 5.37 10.4 6.87 16.15 25.89 22.79 20.93 10 -
DO mg/L 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.1 5.4 5.2 5.8 - <6
BOD5 mg/L 24.0 27.0 33.0 39.0 46.0 42.0 45.0 30 <2
COD mg/L 51.0 87.0 51.0 63.0 73.0 70.0 67.0 200 10
Total Phosphorus mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 5.0 -
Total Nitrogen mg/L 1.10 1.20 1.10 1.40 1.10 1.10 1.10 10 7.0
Source: Onsite test and CUET Laboratory
* Environmental Conservation Rules 1997 Schedule-10 (Standards for Waste from Industrial Units or Project Waste)

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4.4.3.2 Interpretation of Additional Surface Water Quality Results

An additional seven water samples were collected and analyzed in December 2022 following the DOE
instructions on the approved TOR for EIA study. Temperature of the of samples varied from 28.2°C to 29.8°C
which meet the standard. The pH of the surface water samples varied from 7.78 (SW3) to 7.97 (SW6). The
pH values of the surface water found within the standard. The DO levels range from 5.1 mg/l (SW5) to 5.9
mg/l (SW1 & SW3) which are well within the standard value (4.5-8 mg/l). Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD) values of the samples varied from 24.0 mg/l (SW1) to 46.0 mg/l (SW6) that meet the standard for
waste from industrial unit or project (50 mg/l). Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values of the samples
varied from 51.0 mg/l (SW1 &SW3) to 87 mg/l (SW2) which are well within the standard (200 mg/l).

TDS levels range from 2436 mg/l (SW1) to 4250 mg/l (SW5). TDS levels were found to be higher than the
standard (2100 mg/l) in all samples. Total Suspended Solid (TSS) levels found in the range of 44.50 mg/l
(SW6) to 119.0 mg/l (SW2) which are well within the standard value (150 mg/l).

The total Coliform count of the surface water samples found between 220 CFU/100 ml (SW7) to >1600
CFU/100 ml. Oil and grease found in the range of 5.37 mg/l (SW1) to 25.89 mg/l (SW6). The oil and grease
level of two samples (SW1 & SW3) meet the standard value (10 mg/l) whereas the other five (5) samples oil
and grease level exceed the standard value.

Total phosphorous levels of all samples found <0.1 mg/l. Total nitrogen levels ranging from 1.10 mg/l to 1.40
mg/l. There is no standard for total nitrogen.

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Figure 4.33 Location of surface water samples

The surface water quality of the project area was evaluated based on biological and chemical parameters.
The results of comparing all the parameters to the base line are shown in Table 4.17 and Table 4.18. According
to the inland surface water quality standard of ECR 2023 (Schedule-3), BOD, DO, pH and Coliform levels
are within the range. Only after disinfection can the quality of the surface water be used as a source of
provision of drinking water.

4.4.4 Ground Water Quality

In order to ensure that the water quality of the CWASA supplied water would be complied with the national
laws and regulations, particularly, for the Environmental Conservation Rules 1997 (ECR 2023). The CWASA
periodically collected and tested groundwater samples from their supply zones (MODS). For this EIA study,
the quality of groundwater in the project areas using CWASA groundwater samples and results. On 27
February 2023, CWASA collected several groundwater samples from different locations of Dampara police
line areas. The results of the samples (total coliforms, turbidity, TDS, chloride, Fe, As, pH etc.) was found
within the national standards (ECR 2023, Schedule-3B), and as well as WHO standards. The results are
shown in Table 4.19.

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Table 4.19 Results of groundwater analysis

Sample Collected By: Executive Engineer, MOD-2

Sample Supplied By: Executive Engineer, MOD-2
Source of Sample: Various locations of Dampara Police Line
Date of Collection: 27/02/2023
Date of Analysis: 27/02/2023-28/02/2023
Result
ECR 2023
Garib WHO
no Parameter Unit Almas Ambagan Hill View (Schedule-3-
Ullah Guideline
Pump Pump Pump B, Rule 31)
Pump
Total
1 Cfu/100mL Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0
Coliform
2 Turbidity JTU 4.16 2.87 0.87 1.60 Max. 5 5
TDS mg/L 163 155 179 52 - 1000
4 Chloride mg/L 20 15 20 7 - 250*
5 Iron mg/L 0.14 0.25 0.11 0.28 - 0.3 – 1.0
6 pH - 7.18 7.20 7.14 7.11 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5
7 Arsenic mg/L Nil Nil Nil Nil Max. 0.01 0.05
Source: CWASA

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Figure 4.34 Location Map of Groundwater samples in the study areas

4.5 Ambient Air Quality

The Parameters for Air Quality monitoring were analyzed of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5), Nitrogen
Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Lead (Pb). The air quality sampling
locations were considered both of rural and semi-rural areas in the project sites including existing industrial
zone, road traffic, river vessel movement, and rural settings within 5 km of the study area, however, the
assessment was made to identify the existing and potential emission sources such as dust from road, industrial
emission, engine vehicles, river vessels, fugitive dust from agricultural lands, sand filling lands, and exposed
earth, and domestic cooking.

Air quality monitoring was conducted in four locations during the monitoring period (29 August 2022- 1st
September 2022) for wet season and December 04-07, 2022, for dry season. Figure 4.35 shows the 4 samples
of AAQ that have been measured from these four locations.

The air quality survey results obtained every minute at each monitoring site were combined to make daily
average values (8 hours and 24 hours) for further evaluation and comparison with corresponding National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).

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4.5.1 Monitoring Locations

To assess the air quality of the study areas, four (4) Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) Stations were
installed at different locations of the study areas. The locations were selected on the basis of meteorological
data, topography, sensitivity, easy access, and security etc. the details of the location of air quality monitoring
are given in Table 4.20 and Figure 4.35.

Table 4.20 Ambient Air Quality Sampling Locations with Details

Distance
Sampling Station Geographic Location Monitoring from Weather
Station Code Location Setting date Project Conditions
Boundary
Kodal kata
Pakkar Dokan, South side
01.12.2022 Inside the
Moju Fokirer 22°22'15.6"N of the
AQ1 and project Sunny
Bari, 91°51'52.3"E project
04.12.2022 boundary
Chandgaon, boundary
Chattogram
Sanowara
Govt. Primary
East side of 31.08.2022 Adjacent of
School, 22°22'16.9"N
AQ2 the project and the project Sunny
Khulapara, 91°51'36.3"E
boundary 05.12.2022 boundary
Chandgaon,
Chattogram
Nazir bari
Northwest
School,
side of the 30.08.2022
Contractor 22°22'29.7"N
AQ3 project and 225 meters Sunny
Bari, 91°51'38.3"E
boundary 06.12.2022
Chandgaon,
Chattogram
Kalabagh North side
29.08.2022
Jame Mosque, 23°36’32.06” N of the
AQ4 and 132 meters Sunny
Shabdi, 90°32’47.28” E project
07.12.2022
Bandor boundary

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Source: JICA Survey Team, 2022.

Figure 4.35 Monitoring location of air quality sampling in the study areas

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4.5.2 Monitoring Method

Sampling and analysis of ambient air quality were conducted by referring to the recommendation of the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The Haz-Scanner Environmental Perimeter Air
Station (EPAS) was used to collect ambient air monitoring data. Sampling rate or air quality data was
measured automatically every one minute and directly read and recorded onsite for measured parameters
(SO2, NO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5 and Pb) as shown in Table 4.21. Sampling pump was operated at 2 L/min.
Different analysis methods are integrated in the instrument, such as Particulates 90° Infrared Light Scattering
for particulate matters (PM10, PM2.5) and electrochemical sensors for toxic gases (CO, NO2, SO2) and
extraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) analysis method for Lead (Pb).

Table 4.21 Sampling and Analysis Method for Air Quality

No. Parameter Sampling Method Analysis Method

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) On Site Reading High Sensitivity Electrochemical
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) On Site Reading High Sensitivity Electrochemical
Carbon monoxide (CO) On Site Reading High Sensitivity Electrochemical
Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) On Site Reading Light Scattering Nephotometer
Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) On Site Reading Light Scattering Nephotometer
Lead (Pb) On Site Sampling Extraction and AAS analysis
Source: Field Survey, 29.08.2022 – 01.09.2022

4.5.3 Monitoring Results

The air quality survey results obtained every minute at each monitoring site were combined to make daily
average values (8 hours and 24 hours) for further evaluation and comparison with corresponding National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The monitored ambient air quality is summarized in Table 4.22.

Table 4.22 Ambient Air Quality in the Study Area

PM10 PM2.5 CO NO2 SO2 Pb

Location (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (mg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3)

Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry

AQ1 30.61 43.76 14.28 28.94 0.02 0.13 16.14 30.56 35.11 27.83 0.039 <0.001

AQ2 57.18 60.84 21.94 38.22 0.03 0.36 4.02 9.01 46.43 41.0 0.021 <0.001

AQ3 41.65 51.03 18.32 35.15 0.04 0.43 4.85 12.03 39.27 40.29 0.043 <0.001

AQ4 33.14 40.12 13.91 29.07 0.02 0.19 3.0 9.55 28.55 34.24 0.046 <0.001

Duration 24-hr 24-hr 8-hr 24-hr 24-hr 24-hr

Standard
Bangladesh** 150 65 5 80 80 0.50
WHO*** 45 15 - 25 40 -
Source: Primary Monitoring (Wet season 29.08.2022 – 01.09.2022 & Dry season 04.12.2022-07.12.2022)
* CO concentrations and standards are 8-hourly only.
**Air Pollution Control Rules, 2022 (Schedule 2)
***WHO Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values 2021, which are also being referred in the World Bank and IFC’s General
EHS Guidelines (2007)

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4.5.3.1 Particulate Matter (PM10)

Average PM10 (24 hrs calculation) concentrations in the monitoring locations were found from 30.61 μg/m3
(AQ1) to 57.18 μg/m3 (AQ2) in wet season (August) and 40.12 μg/m3 (AQ4) to 60.84 μg/m3 (AQ2) in dry
season (December). PM10 concentration found higher in dry season compared to the wet season. During
summer or wet season, the lowest layer of the atmosphere is warmer and lighter as compared to winter, which
makes it easy for air to rise upwards. As a result, the pollutants are carried away from the ground. However,
during winter, the air near the atmosphere of the earth is dense and cooler. The warm air traps the cool air
and forms a kind of atmospheric lid, which is known as inversion. The vertical mixing of air happens within
this layer, as a result of which the pollutants disperse back into the atmosphere. However, PM10
PM Concentration
concentration was found within the national ambient air quality standard-NAAQS (150 μg/m3-24 hourly
average). The result is shown in Figure 4.36.

160

140

120

100 10

80

60
Wet Season Dry Season Standard
40

20

0
AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4
Locations

Figure 4.36 PM10 Concentration in the Study Area

4.5.3.2 Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Average PM2.5 (24hrs) concentrations in the monitoring locations were found from 13.91 μg/m3 (AQ4) to
21.94 μg/m3 (AQ2) in wet season and 28.94 μg/m3 (AQ1) to 38.22 μg/m3 (AQ2) in dry season. The PM2.5
concentration was found higher in dry season compared to the wet season. During the winter season, PM2.5
concentration is usually high due to the burning of biomass to warm up and brick kiln which mainly operate
in the winter season. The average concentration of PM2.5 was within the NAAQS (65 μg/m3-24 hourly
average) in all the monitoring locations. The PM2.5 concentration in the study area is presented in Figure
4.37.

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PM Concentration

70
2.5
60

50

40

30

20

10
Wet Season Dry Season Standard
0
AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4
Locations

SO Concentration
Figure 4.37 PM2.5 Concentration in the Study Area

4.5.3.3 Sulphur Di-oxide (SO2)

The average concentration of SO2 at the monitoring locations ranged from 28.55 μg/m3 (AQ4) to 46.43
90
μg/m3 (AQ2) during wet season whereas it was found 27.83 μg/m3 (AQ1) to 41.0 μg/m3 (AQ2) which are
80
within the range of NAAQS (80 μg/m3-24 hourly average). SO2 was found to be slightly lower in dry season
70
compared
60 to wet season. The result is given in Figure 4.38.
50
Wet Season Dry Season Standard
40
2
30
Locations
20
10
0
AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4

Figure 4.38 SO2 Concentration in the Study Area

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4.5.3.4 Nitrogen di Oxide (NO2)

The average concentration of NO2 in the monitoring locations ranged from 3.0 μg/m3 (AQ4) to 16.14 μg/m3
(AQ1) in wet season and 9.01 μg/m3 (AQ2) to 30.56 μg/m3 (AQ1) which are within the value of NAAQS
(80 μg/m3-24-hour average). The NO2 concentration was higher during the dry period. The NO2
concentration of the study area isNO Concentration
shown in Figure 4.39.

90
80
70 2

60
50
40
30
20
Wet Season Dry Season Standard
10 Locations
0
AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4

Figure 4.39 NO2 Concentration in the Study Area

4.5.3.5 Carbon Mono-oxide (CO)

The 8 hourly average concentration of CO in the monitoring locations was found 0.02 mg/m3 (AQ1, AQ4)
to 0.04 mg/m3 (AQ3) in wet season whereas it was 0.13 mg/m3 (AQ1) to 0.43 mg/m3 (AQ3) in dry season
which is covered the value of NAAQS (5 mg/m3-8 hourly average). The result of CO concentration of the
study area is shown in Figure 4.40.

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CO Concentration

0 Wet Season Locations Standard

Dry Season
AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4

Pb concentration in the study areas

Figure 4.40 CO Concentration in the Study Area

4.5.3.6 Lead (Pb)

0.05lead (pb) concentrations in the monitoring locations ranged from 0.021 μg/m3 (AQ2) to 0.046
The average
μg/m3 (AQ4)
0.04in wet season and pb was found <0.001 μg/m3 in dry season. The average concentration of pb

was within the NAAQS (0.5 μg/m3-24 hourly average) during both wet and dry seasons in Figure 4.41.
0.03

0.02

Seasonal data
0.01

0
wet season Dry season

Figure 4.41 Pb Concentration in the Study Area

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4.6 Ambient Noise and Vibration

4.6.1 Ambient Noise Level

Noise levels were recorded at seven locations in the study area during the monitoring period of wet season
samples from 29 - 30 August 2022 by using sound pressure levels e.g., Tekcoplus SLM25 sound level meter.

Figure 4.42 The noise level locations in the project areas.

The purpose of ambient noise level measurement was to determine sound intensity at the monitoring locations.
These locations were selected in such a way that representative data could be recorded all over the block, and
it was carried out for 24 hours during monitoring period with 1-min interval. The measurements were
calculated by dividing 24 hours into two parts, i.e., for daytime was from 0600 to 2100 hours and night from
2100 to 0600 hours. The recorded noise levels in the study area are summarized in Table 4.23.

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Table 4.23 Noise Level in the Study Area

Average Noise level [dB(A)] in Wet season samples

Location Code Location Setting
Leqday Leqnight Lmax Lmin
NL1 47.80 44.90 65.90 30.80 Residential
NL2 52.60 49.80 69.20 30.79 Silent
NL3 47.72 45.90 66.30 30.80 Residential
NL4 51.00 47.20 72.10 33.10 Residential
NL5 52.80 44.81 72.30 41.50 Residential
NL6 51.70 49.60 71.50 30.78 Residential
NL7 54.50 49.35 77.00 30.79 Residential
Applicable Standard* [dB(A)] Noise pollution (Control) Act, 2006 of Government of Bangladesh:
Category Day Time Nighttime
Residential Zone: 55 45
Silent Zone: 50 40
Mixed Zone: 60 50
Industrial Zone: 75 60
Source: JICA Survey Team, 2022.
Note
Exceeding Standard
*Time from 0600 hrs to 2100 hrs is counted as daytime and from 2100 hrs to 0600 hrs is counted as nighttime.
*Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997 (Schedule 4) (subsequent amendment in 2006)
**IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) General Guidelines, April 30, 2007

Ambient daytime noise level (Leqday) was recorded in the wet season samples which ranged from 47.72 to
54.50 dB (A) and nighttime results were from 44.81 to 49.80 dB (A). Maximum noise levels (Lmax) at the
monitoring locations were recorded of 65.90 to 77.0 dB(A) and the minimum were from 30.79 to 41.50
dB(A).

The project site falls into residential zone according to the Environmental Conservation Rule 2023 (ECR ’97)
standard. The background noise level in the project site (NL1) is within the national standard value. However,
the average noise level at daytime NL2 and nighttime in five locations (NL2, NL3, NL4, NL6 to NL7) were
higher than national noise level standard due to domestic activities, vehicle movement and people’s
movement etc. and rest of the locations were within the standard limit of ECR ’97.

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60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
NL1 NL2 NL3 NL4 NL5 NL6 NL7
Leqday 47.80 52.60 47.72 51.00 52.80 51.70 54.50
Leqnight 44.90 49.80 45.90 47.20 44.81 49.60 49.35
Standard(Day) 55 50 55 55 55 55 55
Standard (Night) 45 40 45 45 45 45 45

Figure 4.43 Noise Levels Recorded in the Study Area

4.6.2 Vibration level

Vibration levels were recorded at seven locations in the study area during the monitoring period of 29– 31
August 2022. Vibration levels were recorded in the form of mm/s levels using UNI-T vibration level meter.
During the recording period, vibration level monitoring was carried out for 30 minutes, and the result shows
that there was no such vibration activity observed during the monitoring period. The result is given Table
4.24.

Table 4.24 The results of vibration level in the wet and dry season samples of the study areas.

Vibration level in wet season samples

Location Average Vibration (ppv, mm/s) Vibration velocity level in decibels (VdB)
VL1 0.10 59.86
VL2 0.04 51.90
VL3 0.07 56.76
VL4 0.12 61.45
VL5 0.02 45.88
VL6 0.05 53.84
VL7 0.05 53.84
Peak component particle velocity at Daytime
Residential
Offices

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Figure 4.44 The monitoring location of vibration level in the study areas.

Table 4.25 Guidance on effects of vibration levels

Vibration Level Effect

0.14 mm/s Vibration might be just perceptible in the most sensitive situation for most
vibration frequencies associated with construction. At lower frequencies,
people are less sensitive to vibration.
0.3 mm/s Vibration might be just perceptible in residential environments.
1.0 mm/s It is likely that vibration of this level in residential environments will cause
complaint but can be tolerated if warning and explanation has been given to
residents.
10 mm/s Vibration is likely to be intolerable for any more than a very brief exposure to
this level.

Based on the field level observation in the wet season sampling of the study areas, the vibration level and
comparison with standard are within the acceptable level.

4.7 Soil and Sediment Quality

4.7.1 Soil Quality

The soil samples of the proposed project site were collected with 500 mg sterilized clean PET jar to complete
physio-chemical test from two locations e.g., project site and nearby open land adjacent to the project areas.
The samples were analyzed of the parameters of physio-chemical characteristics including certain heavy
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metals and trace elements as per standard procedure/method which published by APHA (American Public
Health Association).

Soil sample locations:

Figure 4.45 shows the location of soil samples.

The soil quality of the proposed project site has been assessed in two locations- at site and nearby open land.
The monitoring details are presented in Table 4.26 and Table 4.27. The samples were analyzed of the
parameters of physio-chemical characteristics including certain heavy metals and trace elements. Soil
samples were collected with 500 mg sterilized clean PET jar to complete physio-chemical test. The samples
were analyzed as per standard procedure/method which published by APHA.

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Table 4.26 Soil Sampling Locations

Sl. Code Sampling Location GPS Coordinate Date

Kudal khata Barua para, Chandgaon, 22°22'21.8"N
1. SQ1 01.09.2022
Chattogram 91°51'54.8"E
Kodal kata Pakkar Dokan, Chandgaon, 22°22'15.9"N
2. SQ2 01.09.2022
Chattogram 91°51'51.9"E
Near Sanowara Govt. Primary School, 22°22'17.9"N
3. SQ3 01.09.2022
Khulapara, Chandgaon, Chattogram 91°51'38.6"E
Nazir bari School, Contractor Bari, 22°22'25.8"N
4. SQ4 01.09.2022
Chandgaon, Chattogram 91°51'34.1"E
22°22'33.4"N
5. SQ5 Daspara, Chandgaon, Chattogram 01.09.2022
91°51'44.0"E
Source: JICA Survey Team

The soil samples lab results are depicted in Table 4.28. The result shows that the pH level in soil samples
varied from 5.04 to 6.66 which indicates slightly acidic soils as per standard soil classification. Organic matter
content of the samples was from 0.93-2.72%, the available nitrogen content was from 0.13 to 0.26%, and Oil
and grease varied between 0.0-703.32 ppm. However, the levels of iron were between 0.45% to 2.75%,
Manganese was from 0.70% to 1.45%, Chromium from 39.84 ppm to 47.51 ppm, Lead was from 19.01 ppm
to 22.23 ppm and Cadmium was lower than 0.10 ppm.

Table 4.27 shows the results of soil quality in the wet season samples of the study areas.

Wet season
Sl.
Parameters Unit Standards
No. SQ1 SQ2 SQ3 SQ4 SQ5
1. pH -- 6.56 6.30 5.30 5.04 6.66
2. OM % 1.20 0.93 2.26 2.72 1.15
3. Nitrogen % 0.19 0.15 0.23 0.26 0.13
4. Fe % 2.26 2.75 0.69 0.66 0.45 No Standard
5. Mn % 0.79 1.45 1.01 0.87 0.70 Set by GoB
6. Cr ppm 41.19 39.84 47.51 45.97 41.54
7. Pb ppm 22.11 19.01 19.44 22.23 21.86
8. Cd ppm <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10
9. Oil and grease ppm 375.45 352.29 703.32 405.43 Nil
Source: BCSIR and Waffen research laboratory

The pH level in soil samples varies in between 5.04 to 6.66 indicating slightly acidic soils as per standard
soil classification. Organic matter content of the samples varies between 0.93-2.72%. The available nitrogen
content varied between 0.13 to 0.26%. Oil and grease varies between 0.0-703.32 ppm. The levels of iron in
the soil samples ranged between 0.45% to 2.75%, Manganese ranged between 0.70% to 1.45%, Chromium
ranged between 39.84 ppm 47.51 ppm, Lead ranged between 19.01 ppm to 22.23 ppm and Cadmium found
<0.10 ppm.

4.7.2 Sediment Quality

A host of industrial activities like discharge of effluents from industrial spillage and leakage of oil from vessel,

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urban discharge etc. stand to impact quality in the rivers. To assess the sediment quality in the river, primary
monitoring was carried out in one location in Karnaphuli River, near Bolirhat Switch Gate, Chattogram.

Table 4.28 Results of sediment samples in the study areas.

Sl. Parameters Unit Results Standards

1. Water Content % 45.5 No Standard Set by
2. TOC % 0.61 GoB
3. Total Nitrogen % 0.12
4. Total Phosphate ppm 473.85
5. CODsed (CrO) ppm 11400
6. Sulfide ppm Nil
7. Particle Size Distribution % Clay- 22.84
Silt- 71.51
Sand- 5.65
8. Loss of Ignition % 0.10
Source: BCSIR and Waffen Research Laboratory

Figure 4.46 shows the sediment sample location in the study areas.

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4.8 Biological Environment

4.8.1 Introduction

The biological environment encompasses both ecosystem and biodiversity of an area, including all living
things like plants, animals, and small micro-organisms like bacteria, algae, and fungi etc. Industrialization is
one of the main drivers of ecological, environmental, and socio-economical change worldwide15. It is a
central component of land transformation processes and fundamental changes in land use and landscape
pattern around the globe, especially in developing countries. This provision is fully applicable to the adjacent
areas of Bolirhat Canal and Karnaphuli River of Chandgaon thana of Chattogram, located in one of the
densely populated regions of Bangladesh, facing today the complexity of the socio-economic and ecological
issues.

Due to rapid population growth and urbanization, the use of the Karnaphuli River increased for public
services such as transportation, sanitation, livelihood, and water supply. Rapid population growth has also
led to an increase in sewage discharges into rivers, sea areas and other public waters via drainage channels
without treatment. As a result, ditches and drains are over-flowed by wastewater including solid waste, often
causing road flooding during the rainy season. However, the waterlogging of sewage causes odor, and the
deterioration of water quality in the surrounding water bodies is becoming more serious. The consequences
of such urbanization and development activities result in drastic changes to the biodiversity and composition
of floral and faunal communities and even lead to species extinction. Maintaining biodiversity and natural
environments in industrialized areas is one of the biggest conservation challenges today16. However, the first
key step to achieving this goal is to compile the updated lists of taxa in these areas17.

Despite not being completely natural, the habitats and ecosystems of the Karnaphuli River and adjacent areas
have a rich biodiversity in its diverse ecological habitats. The study areas for the ecological survey includes
a buffer area from the estimated center of the proposed project location. Land use of buffer area includes
river, canals, grasslands, fallow lands, wetlands, mangrove patches, woodlands including scattered
plantations. Ecosystem services are the benefits that people, including businesses, derive from ecosystems.
It is valued by humans and is often underpinned by biodiversity. Protecting and conserving biodiversity,
maintaining ecosystem services, and sustainably managing living natural resources are fundamental to
sustainable development. Therefore, conducting studies on the biodiversity of this human-dominated area is
necessary to know the extent and status of this natural resource and the trend of its changes under various
anthropogenic pressures including rapid urbanization, and to estimate the scope of conservation there.

15 Freitas, E.V.D., M.D.M. Veloso, and W.S. Araújo. 2020. Urbanization alters the composition, but not the diversity and
structure of Neotropical savanna woody plant communities. Folia Geobotanica 55 95–108
16 Kowarik, I. 2011. Novel urban ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation. Environ Pollut 159 1974–1983
17 Sharrock, S. 2012. Global Strategy for Plant Conservation A guide to the GSPC. All the targets, objectives, and facts.
Botanic Gardens Conservation International (2012). Richmond, UK.
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4.8.2 Scope

The overall scope of this study was to examine and provide background information on the overall ecological
status of floral and faunal composition at the study area. The specific scopes were as follows:

 Identifying vegetation cover and status of natural habitats or species

 Identifying and assessing ecological resources within the study area
 Identifying endangered or protected species or endemic floral and faunal species prevailing in
the study area through primary ecological surveys
 Listing of floral and faunal species of conservation significance (Critically Endangered,
Endangered, and Vulnerable species by IUCN Red List of Bangladesh within the study area)
 Assessing fish faunal composition at the study area by boat-to-boat survey, fish market survey,
and Informal consultation with local fishermen
 Collection of secondary information including literature review, Informal consultation, and
discussion with local people to know the floral and faunal components and habitats of the
study area.

4.8.3 Approach and Methodology

Process of data collection was undertaken in diverse habitat types adjacent to the Bolirhat Canal and
Karnaphuli River in Chandgaon thana, Bolirhat union of Chattogram (August 28, 2022, to September 2,
2022) to gather the primary database for this study. This study was carried out using a multitude of scenarios.

4.8.4 Desktop Review and Secondary Data Collection

The team combed through existing literature for the AOI, comprising published reports and scholarly articles,
as part of secondary data collection. Various government databases, documents, and publications were also
scrutinized during this approach.

4.8.5 Primary Survey & Data Collection

The primary survey for this study was accomplished at the proposed project site and project AOI within a 2
km radius of the proposed project site. Different information was collected for the 5 km study area from
published journal, book etc. Various study components specified in the objectives were observed,
documented, and assessed. The team conducted informal consultation and discussion with various
stakeholders to collect information on the ecosystems and biodiversity of the AOI within a 2 km buffer zone
surrounding the proposed project site.

4.8.6 Study Area/Area of Influence (AOI)

The Study Area/Area of Influence (AOI) encompasses a buffer zone of 2 km radius and 5 km radius around

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the proposed project site. Primary surveys were carried out for a 2 km buffer zone around the project site and
secondary data review was done for 5 km radius around the proposed project area. The primary habitat pattern
incorporates Agricultural Land, Homestead Areas, Mangrove patches adjacent to the proposed project area,
and Aquatic Habitats.

4.8.6.1 Habitat survey

4.8.6.2 Floral Survey

Transect Survey

For a qualitative sampling of floral species, the transect method was applied to record the plant species by
traveling road networks within the project AOI. Field identification has been done based on professional
experience and following standard field guides18 and identification keys. A total of five transect lines were
selected to carry out the floral composition study around the project site and adjacent areas. The transect
survey sites have been provided in Figure 4.47.

18 Siddiqui, K. U., Islam, M. A., Ahmed, Z. U., & Kabir, S. M. H. (Eds.). (2007). Encyclopedia of flora and fauna of
Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
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Figure 4.47 Location Map of Transect Survey

4.8.6.3 Faunal Survey

Herpetofauna (Amphibians and Reptiles)

Amphibians and reptilian groups are known as herpetofauna. Visual encounter surveys were conducted
mainly for reptile fauna over a wider area. These surveys generally comprised walking through various
habitats, such as bushy areas, along the riverside, agricultural areas, or swamps, looking for active reptiles,
disturbing logs, and other ground debris to check for sheltering animals. In addition, Informal consultation
with local people help us to get information about the local species available in the study area.

Avifauna

To know the status of the avian fauna in the study area, the transect method was applied to record the bird
species. The avifauna was also identified visually by hearing their calls and then recorded in the datasheet.
This method involves identifying all the birds; it has been seen or heard while standing at a series of points
along with a transect (Straight line through the site). The survey was conducted early in the morning. It is
also a time of maximum bird movement as birds through the bush begin feeding. Informal discussion with
local people helps us to get information on the local species available in the proposed project area.

Mammals

Visual Encounter Survey was followed for observing and counting the wild mammalian species. These
surveys generally comprised walking through a vegetation trail or specific transect line to check for sheltering
animals. Whenever we encountered a species, instantly the species name, sighting time, the number of
observed individuals, and size class (either juvenile or adult) were recorded in a data sheet. Informal
consultation and discussion with local people were also carried out to collect information regarding the
mammalian species found in the proposed project AOI.

Fish

The fish survey was carried out based on direct observation through boat-to-boat fish survey, Discussion with
the fishermen and local fish market survey, interviewing local community people, conducting informal KII
(Key Informant Interview) with deputy assistant director of district fisheries office of Chattogram for
secondary information about fish species in the proposed project area.

Butterflies

The butterflies were documented by random walks and opportunistic sighting. The photographic recording
was done with the help of a high-resolution digital camera (NIKKON COOPIX P610). The information
regarding habitat characteristics and nectar plant sources were noted down.

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4.8.6.4 Bio-ecological zone of the study areas

Bio-geographically, Bangladesh is situated in the Oriental Region lying at the transitional point between the
Indo-Himalayan and Indo-Chinese sub-region. In the context of physiographic and biological diversity,
IUCN has classified Bangladesh into Twenty-Five (25) Bio-Ecological Zones19.

The study area has fallen under the Bio-ecological Zone of 9a Chittagong Hills and the CHTs (Figure 4.48).
Details on the bio-ecological zones are presented below.

Figure 4.48 Bioecological zone of the study areas

Chittagong Hills and the CHTs is situated in the southeastern hill ranges of Bangladesh. The zone is composed
of tropical evergreen and semi evergreen forests and the height of the hill ranges about 600 meters. The hill
of this area is rugged and often steep. This area is the most important watershed area of the country. The
biodiversity of the Bio-ecological zone of ‘9a Chittagong Hills and the CHTs’ includes the following:

Floral Diversity
Trees Garjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus), Civit (Swintonia floribunda), Telsur (Hopea adorata),
Shilbatna (Quercus velutina), Goda (Vitex pubescens).
Shrubs Kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica), Silchaonri (Mussaenda roxburghii), Kestoma/Keura

19 Nishat, A., S.M.I. Huq, S.P. Barua, A.H.M.A. Reza and A.S.M. Khan. 2002. Bio-ecological Zones of
Bangladesh. The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Dhaka, Bangladesh. 141 pp.

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(Glochidion multiloculare), Swet Rangan (Ixora parviflora)

Herbs Shothi (Curcuma zeodaria), Sharpagandha (Rauwolfia sarpentina)
Climbers Guachcha Lata (Calycopteris floribunda), Jhum Alu (Dioscorea pentaphylla),
Kamkui/Kantakui (Bridelia retusa)
Orchids Pholidota pallida, Acampe premorsa, Aerides odoratum

Faunal diversity
Mammals Mainland Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis), Asiatic Wild Dog/Dhole (Cuon alpinus), Leopard
(Panthera pardus), Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang), Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata),
Sambar (Cervus unicolor) and Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus)
Birds Black Francolin (Francolinus francolinus), Manipur Bush Quail (Perdicula manipurensis),
Alexandrine Parakeet (Psittacula eupatria), Brown Crake (Amauronis akool), Great Hornbill
(Buceros bicornis)
Reptiles Tawny Cat Snake (Boiga ochraceus), Green Rat Snake (Coluber nigromarginatus), King Cobra
(Ophiophagus hannah), Large Spotted Cat Snake (Boiga multimaculata)
Amphibians Puddle Frog (Occidozyga lima), Balloon Frog (Uperodon globulosus), Taipeh Frog (Rana
taipehensis), Leaf Frog (Rana erythraea)
Source: JICA Survey Team, 2022.

4.8.7 Aquatic life and fisheries

4.8.7.1 Habitats

The proposed project and its surrounding area have diverse waterbodies such as Karnaphuli River, Bolirhat
Canal, Ponds, Riparian vegetation, and Mangrove patches. A photo plate of Different types of Aquatic habitat
in the study area is presented in Figure 4.49.

4.8.7.1.1 Riverine Habitat of Karnaphuli River

The Karnaphuli River is the principal river of Chittagong region, originated from the Lushai Hills of Mizoram
(India), flows through Rangamati, the port city of Chittagong, and finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal
near Patenga. The proposed project site is situated on the right bank (South-western side) of Karnaphuli river
adjacent to Chandgaon thana of Chattogram.

4.8.7.1.2 Bolirhat Canal

Bolirhat Canal (Locally called ‘Dom Khal/ Old Chandgaon Khal) is a branch originated from the right bank
of the Karnaphuli River adjacent to Bolirhat union of Chandgaon thana. The canal is positioned in the North-
eastern side of the proposed project boundary. A small sub-branch of this canal entered the project area. Cattle
of surrounding area used this canal and adjacent land for grazing and bathing purpose. This area provides a
home for aquatic macrophytes, insects, birds, fishes etc. During the field visit, the team observed a under
constructed Sluice gate (Bolirhat Sluice Gate) at the mouth of canal (Eastern side of the project area) which
is temporarily blocked the natural flow of the canal. The water of this canal is polluted by polyethene, sewage
water and industrial discharge. Fish and wildlife species often mistake polyethylene as food. Once the
polyethylene is eaten, it cannot be digested and ends up harming the animal by lodging in the gut which can
cause suffocation and death of animals. Sewage and industrial discharge contain several harmful substances

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or chemicals, which may cause adverse environmental impacts such as changes in aquatic habitats, species
composition, and decrease in biodiversity. The study team did not observe any kind of fishing activity in this
canal and the consultation with local people confirmed the issue.

The habitat type that can be considered a “Natural Habitat” within the study area is the “Riverine Habitat of
Karnaphuli River” and “Bolirhat Canal”.

4.8.7.1.3 Ponds

Ponds are largely located at roadside area and associated with individual houses or Mosques. Ponds are
maintained in town areas often to fulfill the requirement of water for household use and fish culture purpose.
In the study area, there are many roadside ponds and other ponds available which are used for extensive,
semi-intensive, intensive aquaculture.

4.8.7.1.4 Riparian Vegetation

Riparian vegetation is present along the sides of rivers, ponds, canals, and other water bodies. The riparian
vegetation species play an important role in the reduction of riverbank erosion which contributes to the
maintenance of the river depth. The main plant species observed are Rain tree (Samanea saman), Coconut
(Cocos nucifera), Keora (Sonneratia apetala), Kolmi (Ipomoea spp.), Hogla (Typha elephantiana), etc.

4.8.7.1.5 Mangrove Patches

Some Natural and planted mangrove species are present near the wetland habitats of Bolirhat canal
(southeastern part of KodalKata Barua Para), adjacent of Hamid Char embankment roadside area and right
bank of Karnaphuli river adjacent to project site. Mangrove apple (Sonneratia apetala) is the dominant species
with some other floral species such as Shirish (Albizia lebbeck), Mango-pine (Barringtonia acutangula),
Morning Glory (Ipomoea spp.) etc.

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Karnaphuli River Pond

Bolirhat Canal Mangrove Patches

Riparian Vegetation
Source: JICA Survey Team, 2022

Figure 4.49 A Photo plate of Different Types of Aquatic Habitats

4.8.7.2 Fish Production and Effort

The study area has a river, canal, and various small ponds. The area has rich and diverse fisheries. According
to the consultation with the Deputy Assistant Director of District fisheries office of Chattogram, the total fish
production of the Chattogram is 128402.74 metric tons (MT). The study team also conducted Informal
consultation with fishermen, local people, fish farmers and fish market survey to understand the fishing
efforts of the study area. There are three fishermen village near the project area (Table 4.29). Two of

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fishermen community actively catching fish in small scale in Karnaphuli river and other community shifts
their livelihood scope. As the rivers have much tidal influence, the fishermen capture fishes in Karnaphuli
River based on high tide and low tide. The average fishing is 5-6 hours a day and catching fish twice a day.
They sell their fish in the local area and local markets.

Table 4.29 Location and Description of Fishermen Village Adjacent to Project Area

Number of Number of Co-ordination

Village/ Para Name Remarks
Households fishermen of the village
Inactive fishermen community.
who choose alternative
22°22’36.87” N
Das Para/ Jailla Para 18 12 livelihood such as rickshaw
91°51’44.49” E
pulling, Motor van driving,
carpenter, garments worker etc.
Jugol Kisshore Das 22°21’51.15” N
23 34 Active fishermen Community
Para 91°52’18.65” E
22°21'16.30"N
Dokkhin Para 22 19 Active Fishermen community
91°52'4.71"E
Source: JICA Survey Team, 2022.

4.8.7.3 Fishing Craft and Gears

Fishing crafts are the devices which are used to catching and transportation of fish. Mechanized and non-
mechanized boats were observed for fishing around the study area and in a boat, 2-3 fishermen catching
fishes in a group. Fishing gear is any form of equipment, implement, tool or mechanical device used to catch,
collect, or harvest. According to the informal consultation and discussion with Deputy Assistant Director of
District Fisheries Office, fishermen, local fish sellers and visual observation, different types of fishing gears
of two categories (active and passive gear) were observed to harvest fish in the study area. Dominant gears
are Gill net and Drift Net (Current Jal, Chandi Jal, Sutar Jal), Seine Net (Ber Jal), Fixed purse net (Behundi
Jal, Jhaki Jal), Hook and Line etc. Most of the Fishermen of Karnaphuli River adjacent to project area used
Gill net (Current Jal and Sutar Jal) and Fixed purse net (Behundi Jal).

4.8.7.4 Fish Migration

Migration is an instinct and facilitating act in fulfilment of bio-physiological urges in animals. Fish are no
exception and constitute one amongst the distant migrating groups in the aquatic sphere. For some fish species
migration is intra environmental, limited to shorter range of distance while for others trans-environmental
migration extends from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers. The Karnaphuli River plays a great role
in fish migration. Fishes pass from Bay of Bengal to Karnaphuli and its confluences during tidal period.
fishermen can catch fishes from the river and most of the fishes are small. According to IUCN red list 2015,
some vulnerable (Ayre, Baim, Chapila and Chela) and endangered (Chital, Gojar, Pabda and Pangus) fishes
are also found Karnaphuli River adjacent to the project area.

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4.8.7.5 Fish Inventory

Fisheries resources of the study area (2 km radius for primary survey and 5 km radius for secondary review)
are rich and diversified. The study area consists of the Karnaphuli River, Bolirhat canal, and aquaculture
ponds.

The prime objective of the fisheries study is to examine and evaluate the overall fisheries status in the study
area. Local fish market survey, Boat to Boat survey, informal Consultation with fishermen and local people
was applied to know the fish species composition. In this area, there is no permanent fish market adjacent to
the project site. Floating Fish seller used rickshaw van to sell fish. Fishermen lived adjacent to the project
area and selling of fish directly to the local people.

For comparative primary data collection and better understanding of fish, shrimp, and prawn species, three
fish markets were also surveyed. The names of the surveyed fish market are presented in Table 4.31.

Table 4.30 A list of Fish market surveyed in Project AOI

Name of Fish Market Address GPS Coordination

Pathania Goda, Old
Allahor Dan Fish Market 22°22’38.17” N and 91°51’15.67” E
Chandgaon
Hamid Char, Old
Akota Bazar Fish market 22°22’54.40” N and 91°52’2.58” E
Chandgaon
Bohoddar Hat City
Bohoddar Hat, Chattogram 22°22’5.74” N and 91°50’33.94” E
Corporation Fish Market
Source: JICA Survey Team, 2022

A total Forty-five (45) species of fish under twenty-two (22) families and Seven (07) species of Shrimp and
Prawn species under 3 families were recorded during the study period (both wet and dry season).

4.8.7.5.1 Monsoon Season

During the fisheries study, fishing boats were observed in the Karnaphuli River adjacent to the proposed
project site. A total of Thirty-eight (38) species of fish and four (4) species of Prawn and shrimps were
recorded. Most of the fish found in the study area were capture species. The abundant fish species found in
the Karnaphuli River adjacent to the study area were Bacha (Eutropiichthys vacha), Tular dandi (Sillaginopsis
panijus), Poa (Otolithoides pama), Phasa (Setipinna phash), Chiring (Apocryptes bato), Topshe (Polynemus
paradiseus), and Gura Icha (Macrobrachium lamarrei).

The recorded Thirty- nine (39) fish species are covered under Sixteen (17) families. The highest number of
fish species belongs to the family Cyprinidae (9 species). In addition, four (4) species of Prawns and shrimps
under three (3) families were recorded. Among the recorded fish species, four endangered species namely
Chital (Chitala chitala), Gojar (Channa marulius), Pabda (Ompok pabda), Pangus (Pangasius Pangasius) and
four vulnerable species namely Ayre (Sperata aor), Baim (Anguilla bengalensis), Chapila (Gudusia chapra),
Chela (Chela cachius), were enlisted. Different types of fishing gear were observed to harvest fish in the
study area. Dominant gears are Current Jal, Behundi Jal, White thread net, Veshal Jal etc.

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4.8.7.5.2 Dry Season

During the dry season fisheries study, small fishing boats were observed to catch fish from the project
adjacent Karnaphuli river area. For comparative primary data collection and better understanding of fish,
shrimp, and prawn species, three fish markets were also surveyed. The names of the surveyed fish market are
presented in Table 4.31.

Table 4.31 A list of Fish market surveyed in Project AOI

Name of Fish Market Address GPS Coordination

Pathania Goda, Old
Allahor Dan Fish Market 22°22’38.17” N and 91°51’15.67” E
Chandgaon
Hamid Char, Old
Akota Bazar Fish market 22°22’54.40” N and 91°52’2.58” E
Chandgaon
Bohoddar Hat City
Bohoddar Hat, Chattogram 22°22’5.74” N and 91°50’33.94” E
Corporation Fish Market
Source: EQMS Field Survey, December 2022

Most of the fish Species found in the fish market survey were coming from different area of Chattogram and
outside of the Chattogram city. Consultation with local fish seller and aratdar indicates that cultured fish
species viz, Rui, Catla, Mrigal, Silver carp, Bighead carp, Kalbaus, Sarphunti etc. were coming from
Boalkhali Upazila and Karnaphuli Upazila of Chattogram. Some shrimp and prawn species came from
Satkhira, Bagerhat, Jessore, Cox’s Bazar district.

According to the direct observation and informal consultation with fishermen, generally Bacha
(Eutropiichthys vacha), Poa (Otolithoides pama), Phasa (Setipinna phash), Topshe (Polynemus paradiseus),
Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola), Golda Chingri (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and Gura Chingri
(Macrobrachium lamarrei) are commonly found in the Karnaphuli river adjacent to the project area.

The recorded Thirty-six (36) fish species are covered under twenty (20) families. The highest number of fish
species belongs to the family Cyprinidae (8 species). In addition, seven (7) species of Prawns and shrimps
under three (3) families were recorded. Among the recorded fish species, two endangered species namely
Chital (Chitala chitala), Pabda (Ompok pabda), and three vulnerable species namely Ayre (Sperata aor),
Chapila (Gudusia chapra), Chela (Chela cachius), were enlisted.

A comparative checklist of fish, shrimp, and prawn species (both wet and dry season) have been presented
in Annexure-5 and Annexure-6, respectively. A photo plate of different fish, prawn and shrimp species
observed from the study area is presented in Annexure7.

A photo plate of consultation and fisheries survey activities in the study area have been presented in Figure
4.50.

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Informal Consultation with Deputy Assistant Temporary fish selling in Rickshaw van
Director, District Fisheries Office of Chattogram

Informal consultation and discussion with local Fishing Activity using Purse seine net
fishermen

Non-mechanised fishing boat in the Karnaphuli Grading of Fish species from the waste materials
River

Fish Market Survey at Allahor Dan Fish Market, Old Consultation with aratdar on the bank of Karnaphuli
Chandgaon River (Bolirhat Ghat)
Source: JICA Survey Team, 2022

Figure 4.50 Consultation and Fisheries Survey activities in the Study area

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4.8.7.6 Aquatic Mammals

During the Monsoon period study, no aquatic mammals were observed in Krnaphuli River adjacent to the
project site area. But in dry season study, one (01) dolphin was reported to observe in adjacent area (Lattitude
22°23'10.94" and Longitude 91°53'3.16"E) of Kalurghat bridge at a 2.54 km Northeast side from the
proposed project site.

Literature review suggested that the Karnaphuli River (Near Halda River mouth to Sattar Ghat area) has good
population of the Ganges River Dolphin and there are frequent movements of dolphins from the Karnaphuli
to Halda and vice versa20. But informal consultation and discussion with local people, fishermen revealed
that they rarely observe Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) in Karnaphuli stretch in Chandgaon
thana (adjacent to Project site area and downstream of Kalurghat bridge). Also, consultation and discussion
with the Deputy Assistant Director of District Fisheries Office, Chattogram confirms the rare presence of
Ganges River Dolphin in Chandgaon and adjacent areas.

4.8.8 Terrestrial habitats, flora, and fauna

The ecological setting is mostly settled with typical homestead vegetation, roadside vegetation, grassland,
mangrove patches, and fallow land. The study area is mainly covered by different types of grassland and
some natural mangrove plantations and a wide variety of trees.

4.8.8.1 Habitat

4.8.8.1.1 Homestead Vegetation

A characteristic feature of the homestead landscape is the presence of a variety of plant and fruit trees.
Common homestead vegetation was recorded in the proposed project and surrounding areas and settlements
that gives a green panoramic view. Common species include Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Jackfruit (Artocarpus
heterophyllus), Mango (Mangifera indica), Guava (Psidium guajava), Papaya (Carica papaya), Lemon
(Citrus spp.), Java Plum (Syzygium cumini), Areca palm (Areca catechu), Banana (Musa sapientum),
Raintree (Samanea saman), etc. This vegetation offers numerous urban wildlife species such as birds,
herpetofauna, and mammals around the project area.

4.8.8.1.2 Roadside Vegetation

The major roadside vegetation consists of Raintree (Samanea saman), Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Purple coral
tree (Erythrina fusca), Java Plum (Syzygium cumini), Custard apple (Annona reticulata) Indian rosewood
(Dalbergia sissoo), Mahogony (Swietenia mahagoni), etc. This vegetation is an additional habitat for many

20 Khan, M. M. H. (2019). Management Plan for the Ganges River Dolphin in Halda River of Bangladesh.
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birds and small mammal species.

4.8.8.1.3 Grassland

Grasslands are regions where grasses predominate the vegetation, and it occurs naturally. Durba grass
(Cynodon dactylon), Dhoincha (Sesbania bispinosa), Hatishundi (Heliotropium indicum), Para grass
(Brachiara mutica), Ruzi grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) Jungle Rice (Echinochloa colona), Cogon Grass
(Imperata cylindria), Wild sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum) are (dominant herb species in the grassland
habitat.

4.8.8.1.4 Fallow Land

Fallow land is uncultivated highland near the settlement that is often utilized for plantation. Fallow land
provides habitat for a multitude of grass birds species. The major plant species of these sites are Akshmoni
(Acacia auriculiformis), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), Coconut (Cocos nucifera), and Mahagony
(Swietenia mahagoni).

Homestead vegetation Roadside vegetation

Grassland Fallow Land

Figure 4.51 A Photo Plate of Different Types of Terrestrial Habitats

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4.8.8.2 Terrestrial Flora

4.8.8.2.1 Floral Species Composition

Floral species composition was evaluated employing primary survey data from five (5) transects planted in
the study area. The terrestrial flora covers most of the vegetation in the study area. A total of 51 species under
26 families of floral species were enumerated during the field survey (both wet and dry season) from the
transect samples. The highest number of floral species (9 species) were recorded under the Fabaceae family
and the second-highest number of species (5 species) were under Arecaceae. Major floral species observed
in and around the study area were Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Mango (Mangifera indica), Elephant
Apple (Dillenia indica) Java Plum (Syzygium cumini), Mahogoni (Swietenia mahagoni), Coconut (Cocos
nucifera), Shishu (Dalbergia sissoo), Mangrove apple (Sonneratia apetala), mango pine (Barringtonia
acutangula), Shirish (Albizia lebbeck), Calamus Palm (Clamus gibbsianus) etc. Most of the recorded species
produce fruits (42%) and timber (40%). Pictorial presentation of observed terrestrial floral species has been
shown in Annexure-5. A comparison of floral species by uses present in Figure 4.52.52 and detailed checklist
of Terrestrial Flora has been presented in Annexure-6.

Comparison of Floral species by uses

Timber
40% Fruit
42%

Medicinal Aesthetic
12% 6%

Fruit Aesthetic Medicinal Timber

Source: Field Survey, August 2022

Figure 4.52 Comparison of Number of Floral Species by Uses

4.8.8.3 Terrestrial Fauna

The total faunal biodiversity of the study area is basically divided into three major classes such as
Herpetofauna (Amphibians & Reptiles), Avifauna, Mammals, and Butterflies.

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4.8.8.3.1 Herpetofauna (Amphibians & Reptiles)

4.8.8.3.1.1 Monsoon season

Diverse species of amphibians and reptiles were found in the study area, which is due to diverse vegetation
types and the availability of wetlands of different types. During wet season study (August 28 to September
2, 2022), a total of six (6) species of amphibians belonging to three (3) families and ten (10) species of reptiles
belonging to seven (7) families were listed from the project area based on primary and secondary data
(Annexure-8).

Among the recorded amphibian species, the highest number of amphibians (4 species) dominated in the study
area belonging to the family Dicroglossidae. On the other hand, the reptilian species were recorded under the
Colubridae, Agamidae, Elapidae, Gekkonidae, Scincidae, Homalopsidae and, Varanidae family. Among the
reptilian species, four (04) nocturnal species namely- Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus), Indian Rat snake
(Ptyas mucosus), Common House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), and House Lizard (Hemidactylus
bowringii) were recorded.

4.8.8.3.1.2 Dry Season

During the dry season (December 3 to December 7, 2022), the study team observed one (02) species of
amphibian (Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis) and two (02) species of reptiles (Calotes
versicolor, and Hemidactylus bowringii) in the study area.

Amphibians and reptiles are ectotherms which reduce activity and or hibernate during the winter period. Due
to sub-tropical climate condition in Bangladesh, winter that generally begins in November and continues
until February. In that reason, direct observation of herpetofaunal species is lower in dry season field survey.

All the amphibian species are included in the Bangladesh Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act, 2012 in
Schedule-II which protects them from hunting, killing, and capturing. On the other hand, two (2) Near
Threatened (NT) reptile species such as Bengal Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis) and Spectacled Cobra
(Naja naja) were found in the study area. A sample Photo plate of Reptile species is shown in Figure 4.53.

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Common Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor)

Source: JICA Survey Team, 2022

Figure 4.53 A Photo of Observed Reptile Species in Study Area

4.8.8.3.2 Avifauna

4.8.8.3.2.1 Monsoon season

A total of forty-one (41) species under twenty-five (25) families have been found within the study area. The
highest number of birds dominating the study area belong to the family Sturnidae (4 species) and in addition,
Alcedinidae, Ardeidae, Columbidae, Corvidae are the second dominated family (3 species). Homestead
forests, grassland and bush, and some aquatic habitats of this area have supported the wild birds for feeding
and roosting ground. Two migratory bird species also found in this area viz Common Greenshank (Tringa
nebularia), and Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos). All the bird species found in this area the least
concern (LC) both locally and globally according to IUCN red list.

4.8.8.3.2.2 Dry season

During the dry season field visit, a total of fifty-one (51) species under thirty (30) families have been found
within the study area. The highest number of birds dominated in the study area belong to the family Sturnidae
and Ardeidae (4 species of each family). However, Alcedinidae, Charadriidae, Columbidae, Corvidae, and
Cuculidae, are the second dominated family (3 species of each family). Eight species of Winter migrant
species such as, Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus), Grey-
headed Lapwing (Vanellus cinereus), Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), White Wagtail (Motacilla
alba), Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus), Brown-headed Gull (Larus brunnicephalus) and Citrine Wagtail
(Motacilla citreola) was observed in the study area.

According to the IUCN Red list of Bangladesh 2015 and IUCN Red list of Threatened Species (Version 2022-
2), Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) categorized as Vulnerable (VU) and Near Threatened
(NT), respectively. During the field visit, it was observed in the mud flat area (Latitude 22°22'11.65"N and
Longitude 91°52'29.21"E) of Karnaphuli river approximately 770m ariel distance from the project site.

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This species used to be a resident bird up to 1980s and has now become a winter migrant (usually seen in
flocks in winter in coastal mudflats) to Bangladesh21. All other bird species found in this area of the least
concern (LC) both locally and globally as per IUCN Red List.

A Checklist of observed avifauna species (Both wet season and dry season) in the study area is presented in
Annexure-7 A Comparison of Observed bird species based on family has been presented in Figure 4.54. Some
observed avifaunal Comparison
species are shown
of Bird in Annexure-8.
species based on Family

Wet season Dry season

Name of Family

Source: JICA Survey Team, 2022

Figure 4.54 Comparison of Bird species based on Family

4.8.8.3.3 Mammals

4.8.8.3.3.1 Monsoon Season

Mammals that were reported to observe in the project area are Common mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii),
Common Indian field mouse (Mus booduga), Indian Fruit Bat (Pteropus giganteus), Common House Rat
(Rattus rattus) and Irrawaddy Squirrel (Callosciurus pygerythrus). All the mammalian species found in the

21 Onu, Tareq. 2015. Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, 1790). In IUCN Bangladesh. Red List of Bangladesh Volume 3
Birds. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Bangladesh Country Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh. p. 108
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study area are Least Concern (LC) both locally and globally according to IUCN Red List.

4.8.8.3.3.2 Dry Season

During dry season field visit, three species of mammalian species were reported to be observed in the study
area. Observed mammalian species were Indian Fruit Bat (Pteropus giganteus), Irrawaddy Squirrel
(Callosciurus pygerythrus) and Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus). According to the Red List of
Bangladesh, 2015 and Red List of Threatened species (version 2022-2), observed mammalian species is Least
Concern (LC).

Generally, Mouse, rats, and mongoose shows some seasonal dormancy in dry season (winter season). Rodents
live in wilderness and domestic environments and do not typically hibernate during the winter months.
During the winter months rodents like mice and rats are in search of warm place where they can find shelter
and protection from predators. In this reason, they became less active in winter periods.

A comparative checklist of mammalian species (both wet and dry season) has been presented in Annexure-
6. Observed mammal species is present in Figure 4.55.

Irrawaddy Squirrel (Callosciurus pygerythrus)

Source: JICA Survey Team, 2022

Figure 4.55 Photographs of Observed Mammal Species in Study Area

4.8.8.3.4 Butterflies

Butterflies play a vital role in the ecosystem and act as bioindicator; the diversity and abundance of butterflies
is a good indicator of the state of a habitat or biosphere.

4.8.8.3.4.1 Monsoon Season

A total of Twelve (12) species of Butterflies were recorded from the project site and the adjacent area. All the
species found in the study area are very common in nature and widely distributed.

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4.8.8.3.4.2 Dry Season

A total Thirteen (13) species of butterflies were observed during the dry season field visit. Plain Tiger (Danaus
chrysippus), The psyche (Leptosia nina) and Common Castor (Ariadne merione) were observed which was
not seen during the previous wet season field visit.

Butterflies are cold blooded (ectothermic) animals. They remain less active in very low temperatures in the
winter season. During the field visit, the temperature is not so much low, and butterflies were observed
basking and puddling different parts of the project area and project adjacent area. However, observed species
are verry common and widely distributed as per IUCN Red List of Bangladesh, 2015.

A Comparative Checklist of Butterflies are given in Annexure-7. Pictorial presentation of observed

Butterflies species is shown in Figure 4.56.

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Peacock Pancy (Junonia almana) Common Emigrant (Catopsilia pomona)

Grey Pancy (Junonia atlites) Common Crow Butterfly (Euploea core)

Common Gull butterfly (Cepora nerissa) Three spot grass yellow (Eurema blanda)

Striped albatross (Appias libythea) Psyche (Leptosia nina)

Source: JICA Survey Team, 2022

Figure 4.56 Photographs of Observed Butterfly Species in Study Area

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4.8.9 Biodiversity-Sensitive areas

4.8.9.1 Ecological Status-Terrestrial Species

The baseline study revealed that the terrestrial ecosystem in the proposed project areas is mainly homestead
vegetation, typically Common species include Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Jackfruit (Artocarpus
heterophyllus), Mango (Mangifera indica), Guava (Psidium guajava), Papaya (Carica papaya), Lemon
(Citrus spp.), Java Plum (Syzygium cumini), Areca palm (Areca catechu), Banana (Musa sapientum),
Raintree (Samanea saman), etc, roadside vegetation with common species ofRaintree (Samanea saman),
Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Purple coral tree (Erythrina fusca), Java Plum (Syzygium cumini), Custard apple
(Annona reticulata) Indian rosewood (Dalbergia sissoo), Mahogony (Swietenia mahagoni), etc., and
grassland, the dominating herb species are Durba grass (Cynodon dactylon), Dhoincha (Sesbania bispinosa),
Hatishundi (Heliotropium indicum), Para grass (Brachiara mutica), Ruzi grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) Jungle
Rice (Echinochloa colona), Cogon Grass (Imperata cylindria), Wild sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum) and
fallow land including Akshmoni (Acacia auriculiformis), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), Coconut
(Cocos nucifera), and Mahagony (Swietenia mahagoni) etc., are very common species observed in the study
areas.

On the other hand, the typical terrestrial floral species are Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Mango
(Mangifera indica), Elephant Apple (Dillenia indica) Java Plum (Syzygium cumini), Mahogoni (Swietenia
mahagoni), Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Shishu (Dalbergia sissoo), Mangrove apple (Sonneratia apetala),
mango pine (Barringtonia acutangula), Shirish (Albizia lebbeck), Calamus Palm (Clamus gibbsianus) etc.,
including fruits (42%) and timber (40%).

In regard to terrestrial fauna, mainly herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) such as Banded Krait (Bungarus
fasciatus), Indian Rat snake (Ptyas mucosus), Common House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), and House
Lizard (Hemidactylus bowringii) are very common in the study areas. Avifauna are mainly Greenshank
(Tringa nebularia), and Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis
melanocephalus), Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus), Grey-headed Lapwing (Vanellus cinereus), Common
Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), White Wagtail (Motacilla alba), Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus),
Brown-headed Gull (Larus brunnicephalus) and Citrine Wagtail (Motacilla citreola) was found in the study
area.

Common butterflies are Plain Tiger (Danaus chrysippus), The psyche (Leptosia nina) and Common Castor
(Ariadne merione), mainly found in the wet season study which were not observed in the dry season field
study.

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4.8.9.2 Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs)

The proposed project buffer area does not hold an Ecologically Critical Area (ECA) in accordance with the
Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995. The nearest ECA from the Project Site is the Sonadia
Island which is 92 km away from the project site (Figure 4.57).

Figure 4.57 Ecological Critical Area (ECA) near the Project Site

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4.8.9.3 Protected Areas (PAs)

The different categories of PAs in Bangladesh defined by Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act, 2012 are
Wildlife Sanctuary, National Park, Safari Park, Ecopark, Botanical Garden, Wild Animal Breeding Center,
Special Biodiversity Conservation Area, National Heritage, Memorial Tree, Sacred Tree and Kunjaban. There
are fifty-nine (59) PAs in total according to the Forest Department Website (February 16, 2022) in Bangladesh
and forty-nine (49) of them are managed by Bangladesh Forest Department.

There are a total of twelve (12) Protected Areas (PAs) in the Chattogram region however, no PA is present
within the study area. The nearest PAs from the project site is Dudpukuria- Dhopachari Wildlife Sanctuary
at an aerial distance of 23 km (Figure 4.58).

Figure 4.58 Protected Areas (PAs) near the Project Site

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4.8.9.4 Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas (IBAs)

According to BirdLife International (2021), there are twenty (20) Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas
(IBAs) in Bangladesh. Although there is no IBA in the project AOI, the nearest IBAs are Patenga Beach, and
Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta are away from 12 km and 13 km respectively from the Site (Figure 4.59).

Between these two IBAs, Patenga Beach (#BD016), declared as IBA in 2004 with an area of 500 ha22. This
site has been declared globally as an IBA because of the observation of globally and nationally Threatened
migratory shorebird species Spoon-billed Sandpiper Calidris pygmaea (CR) and Spotted Greenshank Tringa
guttifer (EN) along with other species including terrestrial bird species.

On the other hand, Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta (#BD011), declared as IBA in 2004 with an area of
75000 ha23. This site has been declared globally as an IBA because of the observation of globally and
nationally Threatened migratory shorebird and waterbird species.

Figure 4.59 Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) near the project Site

22 BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet Patenga Beach. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org
on 12/09/2022.
23 BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 12/09/2021.
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4.8.9.5 Halda River

The Halda River of Chattogram is an icon being the only tidal river supporting the spawning of the genetically
pure major Indian carp species. Halda River rises from the Badnatali Hill Ranges in the Chattogram hill tracts
and enters Chattogram district through Fatikchhari Upazila. Then it flows southwest keeping off the higher
regions to the north and then due south past Bibirhat, Nazirhat, Sattarghat and other important places of
Fatikchhari, Hathazari, Raozan and Kotwali of Chattogram which form its basin. It falls into the Karnaphuli
at Kalurghat area. Its total length is about 81 km, of which 29 km up to Nazirhat are navigable by big boats
throughout the year. Halda is the only river in the country where fishermen can collect fertilized eggs from
the riverbed and arrange for them to hatch later, whereas only hatched fish fries (young fish), and not fertilized
eggs can be caught in other rivers. Halda river is also home to the endangered Gangetic dolphin (Platanista
gangetica). The Government of Bangladesh has declared the Halda River and 23,422 acres of land adjoining
its banks as ‘Bangabandhu Fisheries Heritage’ due to the broader support for movement towards its
conservation24. Although the proposed project buffer area does not hold any part of the Halda River. The
nearest part of Halda River from the project site is at 3.5 km aerial distance (Figure 4.60).

Figure 4.60 Location of Halda River and Project Site

24 Kibria, M. M., Dilshad, T., & Al Asek, A. (2022). Policy implications based on stakeholders’ perceptions for integrated
management of the Halda River Bangabandhu Fisheries Heritage of Bangladesh. Water Policy, 24(3), 517-533.
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4.9 STP sites and Surroundings

4.9.1 Site Condition of STP

The site is nearby the outer ring road along Karnaphuli River and the Dom Khali Khal. The improvement
works of Dom Khali Khal is carried out in the water logging project under CDA and the gate to prevent
backflow from the river is under construction at the confluence of Karnaphuli river by the Bangladesh Water
Development Board (BWDB). As of October 2022, there is no building at the site of STP and the site is used
as farming purpose as shown in Figure 4.61 & Figure 4.62.

Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 4.61 Photos of the Site of STP

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Source: CWASA

Figure 4.62 Cadastral Map of STP Site

The boundary of site of STP was proposed by JET under the condition to locate STP with the capacity of
400MLD. As of 2022, there are several households at the eastern and south-eastern side of proposed area. As
shown in Figure-, the site of STP was divided into many plots, which means each plot shall be purchased
from plenty of landowners. To obtain the land for STP, CWASA has already prepared land acquisition DPP
and has already submitted it to LGD. As of October 2022, the DPP is under review by LGD and waiting its
approval to proceed land acquisition by DC office.

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4.9.2 Accessibility to the STP sites

The existing coastal embankment along the west coast of the Karnafuli River, which is situated at the east
side of the proposed project, is to be used as a means of access to the project site. However, a road that is
roughly 800 meters long and no wider than 50 meters would need to be developed from the coastal
embankment to the proposed project site. Additionally, approximately a 200-meter-long culvert or small
bridge would need to be constructed or installed over the Dom Khal, which is close to the project site. The
access road and small bridge will be constructed during the pre-construction phase of this project in order to
minimize local impact.

Figure 4.64 Site Layout Plan including the proposed access road

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4.9.3 Land Use Pattern

Land use/cover studies are an essential component in land resource evaluation and environmental studies.
Google earth image was used to analyze the land use pattern in the proposed project site (considering 5 km).
Image was analyzed using Arc GIS software and calculate the land use area.

The results show the distribution of various land use / land cover classification which is presented in Table
4.32 (Land Use pattern) and Figure 4.64 presents the land use map of the study area.

Total land within a 5 km radius is 22363 acres. Land use data shows that the majority area surrounding the
proposed project site is settled with homestead vegetation area which covers 59.86 percent of land within 5
km radius zone. Open space and agricultural land are about 23.65 % of land within 5 km radius zone followed
by 11.19% river and channels, 2.71% Industrial area, 1.24% sandbar, 1.23% waterbodies (pond) and 0.16%
brickfield respectively. There is no declared forest area within 5 km zone but has significant area covered by
trees, mostly rural orchard, and plantations. At present the land use of the project site comprises of open land
with grass-fields.

Table 4.32 Land use of the Study Area

5 km radius zone
Classes
Area in Acre Land (%)
Settlements and homestead
13387.4 59.86%
vegetation
Open Space and Agricultural land 5281.6 23.62%
River and Channels 2501.9 11.19%
Industrial Area 606.7 2.71%
Sandbar 276.4 1.24%
Waterbodies 274.2 1.23%
Brickfield 34.8 0.16%
Grand Total 22363.0 100.0%

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Source: Landsat 8 imagery (accessed January 2022)

Figure 4.63 Land use of the Study Area

4.10 Project Components & sub-components

This project is a sewage system development project based on the Sanitation Master Plan developed in 2017
(supported by the World Bank). The project site is covering Catchment-2 and 4 in Chattogram and the project
proponent is CWASA as the project implementing agency. The components of the project are described below
Table 4.33.

Table 4.33 Project Components

Facilities Outline
Sewage treatment The sewage treatment plant will receive wastewater to Catchment 2 and 4. The plant
plant is located in Bakulia & Kalurghat and capacity is 60 MLD (Target year 2035).
Sewers will be installed along existing roads and connected from each household to
the sewage treatment plant. With the target year 2035, length of sewer is as follows
Sewer
Trunk Sewer (Trenchless method) 10,672m, Branch Sewer (Open-Cut Method)
69,368m, Connection Pipe (Open-Cut) 70,000m.
Source: JICA survey team

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4.11 Socio Economic Condition

The socio-economic survey was carried out to collect the present condition of socio-economic profile in the
project areas including Project Affected People (PAPs) and assess the extent of the impacts caused by the
project intervention. The survey identified Project Affected Units (PAUs) such as residential households,
plain landowners, and community properties. The socio-economic characteristics of the affected households
were collected through face-to-face interviews with the family head or senior proxy of all affected households
and plain landowners. Based on the data and information collected, appropriate mitigation measures have
been formulated according to the level of impacts on the affected people. This section presents demographic
information, such as age, gender, occupation, income, marital status, and other socio-economic issues of the
PAPs.

4.11.1 Administrative Areas

The proposed project site (KodalKata Beel) is located at Chandgaon Mouza, Bolirhat Union, Chandgaon
(Ward No. 4) thana of Chattogram District and is located within the Chattogram City Corporation Area. The
Geographic coordinate is 22°22'24.26"N and 91°51'43.58"E which is near the bank of the Karnaphully river.
The land for STP site described in DPP and total area is 30ha. The land is privately owned and being used as
grazing land for Buffaloes and Cows and people live in a part of the land. CWASA will acquire land of 30ha.
Thus, people who live within the project site is required resettlement. However, as shown in Figure 4.65, the
project site is limited and the target facilities under this project will not use the whole project site and
resettlement is not required for the 1st stage of the project site. Resettlement will be required for the expansion
of STP facilities in the future that will be constructed by CWASA as shown in Figure 4.65.

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Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 4.64 Target Area and Facilities under This Project

There are some settlements near Kodalkata Borua para, Kodalipara, Bolirhat Bazar, Bolirhat Sluice Gate
(Under construction) in the south-eastern side and Kolapara, Shabanghata, Nazir Bari in the south and south-
western side of the project area. A natural canal known as Bolirhat Canal (Locally called ‘Dom Khal/ Old
Chandgaon Khal), originated from the Karnaphuli River and flows through the north-eastern to west and
southwestern side. A distributary section of Bolirhat canal crossed the project area and flows through the
south-western side.

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4.11.2 Population

According to the BBS, 2011, the total number of households in Chandgaon Thana are 54,949 Nos and the
total population is around 256,411 Nos. Among the total population, male is around 132,054 Nos and the
female is around 124,357 Nos. In ward no. 4, total population is around 107,807 Nos. where the male is
around 55,150 Nos. and the female is around 52,657 Nos. Total households (HHs) under ward no. 4 are
around 23,333 Nos. Total voter of this ward no. 4 is around 71,485 Nos. Out of this voter, males are 36,223
Nos and the females are 35,262 Nos.

Table 4.34 Recalculated Population Forecast of Whole Catchment-2 and 4

2011 2022
Year 2030 2035 2040 2050 2060 2070
(Census) (Census)
Population forecast 943,941 1,290,489 1,542,524 1,649,327 1,758,632 1,983,119 2,212,685 2,444,067
Source: Recalculated by JICA Survey Team based on the Census 2011 and the Census 2022

Figure 4.65 below shows two lines of the population forecasts of whole Catchment-2 and 4, the blue line is
the result of recalculation in this survey, and the orange line is the population forecast in MP. As the result of
using the latest census, the recalculated population forecast in 2030 is 6.7% higher than the originally
calculated population forecast of MP.

3,000,000

2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000
Caluculated in MP

500,000 Recalculated in this survey

0
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070
Year
Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 4.65 Population Forecast of Whole Catchment-2 and 4

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4.11.3 Settlement and housing

The survey respondents were 186 HHs who will be affected due to the intervention of the project. Among
the surveyed HHs, 163 nos. are Male headed and 23 nos. are Female headed HHs. The HHs comprises of
total 778 population where Male population is 424 (54.5%) and Female population is 354 (45.5%). Apart
from the HHs, 2 community properties (Buddhist Temple) and one crematorium have been identified which
will also be affected due to the proposed project intervention. Both the CPRs will need to be relocated since
primary structures will be affected by the proposed project. Figure 4.66 contains the photographs of the
Buddhist Temples and crematorium.

The Buddhist Temples 1 The Buddhist Temples 2

Crematorium at Project area

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.66 Photographs of The Buddhist Temples in The Proposed Project Area

The average household size among the affected people is 4.2 which is much higher than the national average
household size as per HIES 2016 is 4.06. No ethnic group will be affected by the project. A significant number
(23 nos.) of female headed HHs will be affected which may require special gender sensitive approach for the
successful implementation of the project. The project also allocated resettlement benefits for the female
headed HHs as described in Chapter 6 Eligibility Policy and Entitlement Matrix. Table 4.35 shows the
household demographic profile:

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Table 4.35 Demographic Information of Project Area

Male Female Male Female Total HH.

District Thana HH
HH HH No % No % Pop. Size
Chattogram Chandgaon 186 163 23 424 54.5 354 45.5 778 4.2
Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

In the case of age distribution of the population, the majority (19%) of the population are concentrated
between 21 to 30 years and about 17.2% are between 51 to 65 years of age. About 14.4% are up to 14 years
of age while the elderly population (more than 65+) is about 5.4%.

The marital status of the respondents shows that about 64.3% are married, 33.8% are unmarried,1.8%
divorced/widow and 0.1% are Separated. The health status among the households has been found quite well.
Around 99% of the population are found physically normal and only 1% are physically challenged.

Table 4.36 Demographic Profile- Age, Marital Status and Health Status

Demographic Information Details Total %

Male 424 54.5
Total Population
Female 354 45.5
Total 778 100
Up to 14 112 14.4
15 to 18 50 6.4
19 to 20 42 5.4
21 to 30 147 19.0
Age
31 to 40 132 16.9
41 to 50 119 15.3
51 to 65 134 17.2
Above 65 Years 42 5.4
Total 778 100
Married 500 64.3
Unmarried 263 33.8
Marital Status
Divorced/ Widow 14 1.8
Separated 1 0.1
Total 778 100
Physically Normal 770 99.0
Health Status
Physically Challenged 8 1.0
Total 778 100.0
Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

4.11.4 Age structure and Age dependency

In the case of the age distribution of the population, 65% of people are concentrated between 18 to above.
Around 15% of people are aged between 14-18 and around 20% of people are aged up-to 14%. From the
survey, the majority (19%) of the population are concentrated between 21 to 30 years and about 17.2% are
between 51 to 65 years of age. About 14.4% are up to 14 years of age while the elderly population (more
than 65+) is about 5.4%.

The marital status of the respondents shows that about 64.3% are married, 33.8% are unmarried,1.8%
divorced/widow and 0.1% are Separated. The health status among the households has been found quite well.
Around 99% of the population are found physically normal and only 1% are physically challenged (Details

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in Table 4.37).

Table 4.37 Demographic Profile- Age, Marital Status and Health Status

Demographic As per % as per % as per

Details Surveyed
Information BBS 2011 BBS, 2011 Survey
Male 55150 424 51.16 54.5
Total Population
Female 52657 354 48.84 45.5
Total 107807 778 100
Up to 14 21664 112 20.10 14.4
15 to 18 15877 50 14.73 6.4
19 to 20 42 5.4
21 to 30 147 19.0
Age
31 to 40 132 16.9
70266 65.18
41 to 50 119 15.3
51 to 65 134 17.2
Above 65 Years 42 5.4
Total 107807 778 100
Married N/A 500 64.3
Unmarried N/A 263 33.8
Marital Status
Divorced/ Widow N/A 14 1.8
Separated N/A 1 0.1
Total 778 100
Physically Normal N/A 770 99.0
Health Status
Physically Challenged N/A 8 1.0
Total 778 100.0
Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

4.11.5 Literacy rate and Employment

The education level of the people affected by the proposed project in the area is significantly higher than the
national average. The national literacy rate for people over the age of seven, according to Bangladesh
Education Statistics (BANBEIS) in 2021, is approximately 75.2%, while the literacy rate in the proposed
project area is around 91.4%. Only 8.6% of the affected population are illiterate, with 4.8% never having
received any education and 3.9% being children. The surveyed data indicates a decrease in higher education
in the project area, as shown in Figure 4.67 which displays the educational profile of the project area.

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31.6
35.0 28.0
30.0

25.0
14.8
Percentage
20.0 11.1
15.0 5.5
3.9 4.8
10.0 .4
5.0

0.0

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.67 Education Level in Study Area

Among the total surveyed population in the study area, only 33% are economically active and 67% are not
engaged in any economic activities. Figure 4.68 shows the economic condition of the proposed project area.

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.68 Economic Condition of the Study Area

Among the economically active population, around 11 different occupational groups have been found active
including service, business, daily labor, agricultural labor and farming as their main occupations. Females
are mostly homemaker, although some females were found engaged in service, tailoring, business and
farming for their livelihood. The Table 4.38 shows the major occupations of the proposed project area.

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Table 4.38 Major Occupations of the Study Area

Occupations Total Percentage Male Percentage Female Percentage

Farming 8 1.0 7 87.5 1 12.5
Agricultural Labor 1 0.1 1 100 0 0.0
Daily Labor 13 1.7 12 92.3 1 7.7
Service 77 9.9 71 92.2 6 7.8
Commercial Business 86 11.1 85 98.8 1 1.2
Driving 7 0.9 7 100.0 0 0.0
Welding 5 0.6 3 60.0 2 40.0
Tailor 5 0.6 3 60.0 2 40.0
Carpentry 25 3.2 25 100.0 0 0.0
Mechanics 12 1.5 11 91.7 1 8.3
Technicians 7 0.9 7 100.0 0 0.0
Others 8 1.0 7 87.5 1 12.5
Total 254 32.6 239 89.17 15 10.83
Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Out of the 524 economically inactive people, most of them are homemakers (27%) followed by students
(27%), elderly/children (15%). Only 2% (combining male and female) of total inactive people are
unemployed who are searching for jobs. The affected people who are unemployed or doing petty business
can be selected for project civil work by the contractor. Besides, youth groups within the age of 18-30 can be
trained in Income Generating alternatives. Livelihood restoration programs can enhance the capacity of the
people particularly female and vulnerable people for doing more income-generating activities. Below Figure
Economically Inactive Population (%)
4.82 shows the details of economically inactive population.

15

27

Homemaker Unemployed Student None

24 2

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.69 Economically Inactive Population

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4.11.6 Labor Availability and Wage Rate

According to the census, SES and IoL survey, it is found that most (26.3%) of the HHs maximum income
range is up to 24,000 BDT. The Figure 4.70 shows that only 22.1% people’s income is more than 50,000
BDT while a significant percentage of population’s (51.6%) income level is up to BDT 50,000. In comparison
of income level, it is easily found that large number of populations will be affected whose ability is very
vulnerable to recover if they are not properly compensated by the project. Actually, lower income level
population has limited ability to reconstruct their HH without adequate compensation.

30.0
26.3
25.0
19.4
20.0 17.7 16.7
14.5
Percentage

15.0

10.0
5.4
5.0

0.0

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.70 Monthly Income of the Households

Majority (39.2%) of the HHs monthly expenditure remains within 24,000 BDT. Around 20.4% of the HHs
in the study area spend between 40,000 BDT to 50,000 BDT per month. While 12.4% families were found
who spend more than 50,000 BDT per month. The monthly expenditure of the HHs of the study area is shown
in Figure 4.71.

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45.0
39.2
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0 20.4
Percentage

20.0 14.5 13.4

15.0
8.1
10.0
4.3
5.0
0.0

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.71 Monthly Expenditure of the Households

4.11.7 Business and Industry

Among the total surveyed population in the study area, only 33% are economically active and 67% are not
engaged in any economic activities. Figure 4.68 shows the economic condition of the proposed project area.

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.72 Economic Condition of the Study Area

Among the economically active population, around 11 different occupational groups have been found active
including service, business, daily labor, agricultural labor and farming as main occupation. Females are
mostly homemaker, although some females were found engaged in service, tailoring, business and farming
for their livelihood. The Table 4.38 shows the major occupations of the proposed project area.

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Table 4.39 Major Occupations of the Study Area

Occupations Total Percentage Male Percentage Female Percentage

Farming 8 1.0 7 87.5 1 12.5
Agricultural Labor 1 0.1 1 100 0 0.0
Daily Labor 13 1.7 12 92.3 1 7.7
Service 77 9.9 71 92.2 6 7.8
Commercial Business 86 11.1 85 98.8 1 1.2
Driving 7 0.9 7 100.0 0 0.0
Welding 5 0.6 3 60.0 2 40.0
Tailor 5 0.6 3 60.0 2 40.0
Carpentry 25 3.2 25 100.0 0 0.0
Mechanics 12 1.5 11 91.7 1 8.3
Technicians 7 0.9 7 100.0 0 0.0
Others 8 1.0 7 87.5 1 12.5
Total 254 32.6 239 89.17 15 10.83
Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Out of the 524 economically inactive people, most of them are homemakers (27%) followed by students
(27%), elderly/children (15%). Only 2% (combining male and female) of total inactive people are
unemployed who are searching for jobs. The affected people who are unemployed or doing petty business
can be selected for project civil work by the contractor. Besides, youth groups within the age of 18-30 can be
trained on Income Generating alternatives. Livelihood restoration programs can enhance the capacity of the
people particularly female and vulnerable people for doing more income-generating activities. Below Figure
Economically Inactive Population (%)
4.82 shows the details of economically inactive population.

15

27

Homemaker Unemployed Student None

24 2

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.73 Economically Inactive Population

4.11.8 Public utilities

4.11.8.1 Drinking Water Supply

According to the survey results, it is revealed that most of the households have access to deep tube-well water

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even, many of them, has own deep tube-well. But in the study areas have no connection with CWASA supply
water. Some of them fully depended on other sources such as rivers, canals, ponds, shallow tube well etc. for
getting water for HHs purposes. In case of ownership status, more than half of the households own the sources
of their water, and the rest of the respondents share their sources. An overview of the water supply situation
is depicted in below Figure 4.74 and Figure 4.75.

Table 4.40, Figure 4.74 and Figure 4.75.

Table 4.40 Access to Water in the Study Area

Drinking Purpose Cooking Purpose

SL No Sources of Water
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Tap Water 76 40.9 76 40.9
Tube well 4 2.1 5 2.7
Deep Tube well 98 52.7 96 51.6
River/ Canal 1 0.5 1 0.5
Pond/Ring 0 0 2 1.1
Others 7 3.8 6 3.2
OWNERSHIP OF THE SOURCE: OF
Total 186
DRINKING WATER 100 186 100
Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Shared
45%
Owned
55%

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.74 Ownership of the Source of Drinking Water

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OWNERSHIP OF THE SOURCE: OF
COOKING WATER

Shared
42%

Owned
58%

Availability of Uninterrupted Water (%)

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.75 Ownership of the Source of Cooking Water

Yes
The majority of the 95.2% of CWASA tap water No
users who receive uninterrupted water supply are mostly
satisfied (95%) with the quality of the supplied water. Figure 4.76 and Figure 4.77 show the availability and
4.8
perception of the PAPs regarding CWASA water supply.

95.2

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.76 Availability of Uninterrupted Water

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Satisfactory Level of Quality of Supplied Water (%)

5
Satisfactory
Unsatisfactory

95

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.77 Satisfactory Level of Quality of Supplied Water

Sanitation Facility in the Study Area (%)

4.11.8.2 Sanitation and Solid Waste

In the study area, most of the households (93%) use water-sealed sanitary latrine. On the other hand, non-
water-sealed sanitary latrine facility is used by only 5.9%. The rest 1.1% households have no access to
hygienic latrine facilities. The 93.0
following Figure 4.78 shows sanitation facility of the project area.

100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0 5.9
1.1
50.0
40.0Sanitary (Water Sanitary (Non Water Open
Sealed) Sealed)
30.0
20.0 Sanitation Facilities
10.0
0.0

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.78 Sanitation Facility in the Study Area

4.11.8.3 Electricity and Energy Access

Electricity is an important indicator for measuring the quality of life in the study area. In the proposed project
area, all of the surveyed households have grid electricity connection. More than half of the households

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(53.2%) spend between 1001 to 3000 BDT per month on electricity. Only 4.8% of the HHs spend more than
3000 BDT per month paying electricity bills. Figure 4.79 shows the electricity cost of the households of study
Cost of Electricity
area.

60.0
53.2
50.0
41.9
40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0 4.8

0.0
Up to 1000 1001 - 3000 Above 3000

Electricity Cost (BDT)

Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.79 Monthly Electricity Cost

As per the survey conducted in the proposed project area, more than half (52.2%) of the households have
access to the Natural gas connectivity for cooking purposes. Among the remaining HHs, 37.6% are using
LPG, 9.7% are using Firewood and 0.5% use kerosene for cooking purposes. Energy access in the Proposed
Project Area presented in Table 4.41.

Table 4.41 Energy Access in the Study Area

SL No. Fuel/ Energy for Cooking Frequency Percentage

1 Natural Gas 97 52.2
2 LPG Gas 70 37.6
3 Firewood 18 9.7
4 Kerosene 1 0.5
Total 186 100
Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Around 49.5% of the HHs have to spend up to 1200 BDT per month for fuel cost. On the other hand, 29% of
the households spend between 1200 to 2500 BDT per month and 21.5% spend above 2500 BDT per month
for their cooking fuel cost. The Figure 4.80 shows the cooking fuel cost of the households of study area.

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Cost of Cooking

60.0 49.5

50.0

40.0 29.0
21.5
30.0

20.0

10.0
Below 1200 1201 - 2500 More than 2500
0.0 Cooking Fuel Cost (BDT)
Source: Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.80 Monthly Cooking Fuel Cost

4.11.9 Occupational and Livelihood

Economic Condition of the Study Area

Among the total surveyed population in the study area, it is found that only 33% of people are typically
engaged in different economical activities whereas the remaining (67%) are not fully engaged in earnings.
Reasonably most of the people are of are housemakers (27%) followed by students (27%), elderly/children
(15%). Only 2% (combining male and female) that’s why earning percentage is low in the study areas. Figure
Economically
4.51 shows the typical economic conditions in the study areas. Active
33%

Economically
Inactive
67%

(Source: JICA survey team, Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023)

Figure 4.81 Economic Condition of the Study Area

However, the people who are actively involved in incomes/earnings are mainly divided into 11 different
occupational groups including service, business, daily labor, agricultural labor and farming as main
occupations. Females are mostly homemakers, with some of them are engaged in service, tailoring, small

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business and farming (cattle/vegetable) for their livelihood. Table 4.42 shows the major occupations of the
people in the proposed project area.

Table 4.42 Major Occupations of the Study Area

Occupations Total Percentage Male Percentage Female Percentage

Farming 8 1.0 7 87.5 1 12.5
Agricultural Labor 1 0.1 1 100 0 0.0
Daily Labor 13 1.7 12 92.3 1 7.7
Service 77 9.9 71 92.2 6 7.8
Commercial Business 86 11.1 85 98.8 1 1.2
Driving 7 0.9 7 100.0 0 0.0
Welding 5 0.6 3 60.0 2 40.0
Tailor 5 0.6 3 60.0 2 40.0
Carpentry 25 3.2 25 100.0 0 0.0
Mechanics 12 1.5 11 91.7 1 8.3
Technicians 7 0.9 7 100.0 0 0.0
Others 8 1.0 7 87.5 1 12.5
Total 254 32.6 239 89.17 15 10.83
(Source: JICA survey team, Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023)

Additionally, the project affected people who are currently unemployed or doing petty business. They can be
considered during construction works to work with the project either on a contractual or daily basis. On the
other hand, youth group within the age of 18-30 can be trained enough on Income Generating alternatives,
and Livelihood restoration programs can enhance their capacity particularly for the female and vulnerable
group to create opportunities for income-generating activities. Below Figure 4.83 shows the details of
economically inactive population in the project areas.
Economically Inactive Population (%)

15

27

Homemaker 24
Unemployed 2
Student None

Source: JICA survey team, Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure 4.82 Economically Inactive Population

4.11.10 Small ethnic communities

According to HHs census, 2011, it is reported that around 32165 ethnic people living in the Chattogram City
Corporation (CCC) areas including 16329 male and remaining (15836) are females. The dominated ethnic

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communities in the CCC areas are mainly Chakma and Marma. However, in the proposed project areas, the
ethnic community is very rare. Currently no one was found during HHs survey for the period of January 01
to 15, 2023. Mostly young group (male/female) are living in the CCC areas for education & other purposes,
many of them are doing their graduation and post-graduation in Chittagong University, Asian University for
Women, where a special quota for the ethnic community students.

4.11.11 Heritage Site

There are so many heritage sites in the CCC areas consisting of Mughal monuments, sultani monuments,
religious structures, and second world war cemetery etc. The list of heritage sites is listed below Table 4.43.
However, all of the heritage site is far from the STP sites but many of them are close to the sewer networks
sites that’s why necessary preventive measures should be undertaken during the construction period to lessen
the impacts and the listed sites should be remained intake without any disturbance occurred by the project
activities.

Table 4.43 List of Heritage Sites from the Project Areas

Sl.
Name of heritage site Location Remarks
No.
SULTANI MONUMENTS
Badr Auliya (R) Tomb known as Bara Auliyar Approx.1.5 km from
1 Boxirhat
Desh the project site
Approx.1 km from the
2 Shah Qatal (R) Tomb A square tomb Katalganj, Sulokbahar
STP site.
MUGHAL MONUMENTS
Approx.3 km from the
3 Anderkilla Shahi Jame Mosque Anderkilla
STP site
Approx. 2 km from the
4 Hamza Khan (R) Mosque and Tomb Panchlaish
STP site.
beside the railway track west Approx. 4 km from the
5 Hazi Mosque
of Dewanhat Over Bridge STP site.
Ward-2 on the eastern slope of
500m from the STP
6 Mullah Miskin (R) Mosque and Tomb a hill known as Madrasa
site.
Pahar Chandanpura mahallah
Wali Khan’s Mosque Built by Mughal Approx. 4.0 km from
7 Chawkbazaar
Fauzdar Wali Beg Khan the STP site.
Approx. 4.5 km from
8 Kadam Mubarak Mosque Jamal khan Ward
the STP site.
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
9 K. S. Abdul Hakim Mosque Mansurabad
Approx. 4.5 km from
10 St. Mary’s Church Jamal Khan Ward-21
the STP site.
11 Patharghata Church Patharghata Ward
Approx. 4.5 km from
12 Love Lane Church Jamal Khan Ward-21
the STP site.
Dampara, 19 Badsha Mia Approx. 5 km from the
13 Second World War Graveyard (War Cemetery)
Road STP site.
North of Ctg. cantonment Approx. 6.5 km from
14 Shadur Pahar
ward-01 the STP site.
Source: Chattogram Development Authority (CDA), Heritage of Chittagong –(cda.gov.bd)

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4.11.12 Health facility

Easy access to healthcare services is important for any community. Survey results revealed that 78.2% of the
households received health care facilities from nearest dispensaries, whereas 19.7% received it from
Government hospitals and only 2.1% from Private hospitals. Distance frequently makes people reluctant to
travel to medical facilities for essential care, which is risky even in an emergency. During the survey, it was
found that 78.7% of the total households have healthcare facilities within 1 km of their houses, while 6.4%
have healthcare services between 1 to 3 km distance. But a significant number of HHs (14.9%) have to travel
more than 3 km to get healthcare facilities. Below Figure 4.84 and Figure 4.85 show the details of healthcare
Healthcare Facility in the Study Area (%)
facilities in the proposed project area.

78.2

90.0
80.0
Distance to Hospital
70.0from the Study Area (%)
60.0
19.7
50.0
40.0 2.1
30.0
Dispensary Govt. Hospital Pvt. Hospital
20.0
10.0 Healthcare Centers
Source: JICA survey team,0.0
Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

Figure
78.7 4.83 Healthcare Facility in the Study Area

90.0
80.0
70.0
14.9
60.0 6.4
50.0
40.0 Up to 1 1 to 3 Above 3

30.0 Distance (km)

20.0
10.0
0.0

Source: JICA survey team, Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023

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Figure 4.84 Distance to the Hospital from the study areas

4.11.13 Traffic and Transport

The existing road network in Chattogram City has been insufficiently developed compared to the volume of
traffic in the city. As shown in Figure 4.86 the west parts of Catchment-2 and 4 are congested as main part of
the city. The chronic traffic jams are found in the trunk roads and narrow roads as shown in Figure 4.85,
There are also the traffic safety issues due to a deficiency of sidewalks in addition to the chronic congestion
in the narrow roads. The city’s greatest infrastructure bottleneck is considered to be the inadequate
development of roads and bridges. The development of a satisfactory road network for particularly trunk
roads is vital to the further growth of Chattogram City, one of the backbones of industrial activity in
Bangladesh.

Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 4.85 Traffic Jam in Chattogram City

On some roads, existing drain under the road occupies large space of the roads. In these areas, the installation
of sewer pipes beside the drains is quite difficult. One example exists in Ward 34 in Catchment 4 and the
location is shown in Figure 4.86.

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Source: CWASA

Figure 4.86 Existing Roads in Catchments 2 & 4

Out of 41, the project area mostly consists of 21 wards of Chattogram City Corporation (CCC) but the STP
sites is located at Ward no. 4 Chandgaon, remaining are designated for sewer networks (Figure 4.87). The
main transportation system in the Chattogram city is rickshaw, bus, truck, lorry, tempo, and different types
of human hauler). The road condition is narrow due to topographic features of the city. The most traffic
congested areas is mainly Bahaddarhat Moor, Chawkbazer Moor, Dewanhat Moor, New Market Moor,
Muradpur Moor, GEC Moor, 2 No gate Moor, Tiger pass Moor and Agrabad Moor (Ali, B. et.al.2009).
However, intersections and near intersection areas are more congested because of passengers (waiting for
vehicle), pedestrian, hawker (various types of merchandisers), legal stoppage of vehicles, fruits shop and
shopping center etc., near this place. Bus terminals and rail crossings are the second most position of traffic
congestion (Ali, B. et.al.2009). During construction period, particularly for sewer network line, the project
vehicle will use these roads for materials transportation which significantly contributes to increase the traffic
load also.
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But STP site is rated as having less traffic zone due to outside of the city and project vehicle will not increase
any excessive traffic volume in these areas. However, during the construction period, contractor(s) will
prepare a comprehensive traffic management plan to control the project’s vehicles movement following the
zero-accident policy of CWASA. However, during the social survey, it was found that only 16.7% of the total
road of the proposed project area are earthen road whereas 83.3% are pavement road. Various types of
vehicles are available on these roads including CNG, Rickshaw, Auto rickshaw, motorcycle etc., (Figure
Traffic congestion in the CCC areas
4.87).

30

20

10

Time/Day
0

Figure 4.87 Traffic congestion in different times in the day

4.11.14 Social Safety Net

The common social safety net programs of8 the

am-10 am 10 am-12 12 pm - 2 2 pm-4 pm 4 pm - 6 pm 6 pm- 8 pm Others
Government of Bangladesh are old age allowance, allowance
pm pm
for Deserted and Destitute Women, allowances for the financially insolvent disabled, assistance for Cancer,
Kidney, Liver Cirrhosis and other Patients, maternity allowance for the poor, allowances for urban lactating
mothers, honorarium for freedom fighters, stipend for disabled students etc., that are also applicable to the
residents of the project areas. However, the most often used safety net programs in the urban areas are Open
Market Sales (OMS), Vulnerable Group Development (VGD), Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF), and Test
Relief (TR) Cash for the poor and ultra-poor families.

The project will offer training to the impacted persons in addition to the current social safety net program as
part of a plan to restore their means of subsistence. After determining the training needs during the
construction phase, the training subjects and participants will be chosen.

4.11.15 Gender Analysis

Decision making and income generation are essential components of any household. It can create a significant
impact on the household as well as on the community. The survey collected gender segregated data on the
household activities of the PAPs. According to the findings of the survey, 88% households are male headed
and reaming (12%) are females headed households. Among them,10% households depended on have female
who works outside of home, and around 28% females HHs have their own bank account. The following

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Figure 4.88 and Table 4.44 shows the gender segregated data on the household activities in Table 4.44.

Gender based HHs (%)

12

88

Female Headed Male Headed

Figure 4.88 Gender based HHs (%) in the study areas

Table 4.44 Gender Segregated Impact Analysis Based on Household Activities

Percentage
Components
Male Female Both
Owner of HH Land 88 10 2
Decision Maker of HH 63 5 32
Decision Maker on spending HH income 68 4 28
Better knowledge on Farmland and Cropping 80 5 15
Involved in raising Poultry or Other Animals 65 13 22
Source: JICA survey team (Census, SES, IoL Survey, January 2023)

4.11.15.1 Infectious Disease

Due to lifting the COVID-19 restrictions by the Government of Bangladesh, now diarrhea, cholera, dysentery,
etc. are the most prevalent infectious diseases in the study areas. Moreover, there is a risk of additional
contagious diseases like HIV/AIDS due to the influx of labor during the construction period. To lessen this
anticipated risk, the project proponent must often identify and evaluate the risks of infectious diseases among
project workers by routine medical examinations by the contractor(s) or a history of project workers' medical
testing submitted by the contractor (s).

Contrarily, the contractor(s) will prepare a detailed site specific ‘Community Health and Safety plan’ for the
project site that covers all potential hazards and mitigation strategies, as well as any contagious or tropical
diseases that could endanger the local populace while construction is underway.

In addition, the project proponent along with the project management and supervision consultant and
contractor(s) will take protective measures to control the possible risks of infectious diseases to the workers
and community people following the international standards e.g., JICA environmental and social
considerations, 2022, World Bank guideline, IFC EHS guideline etc.

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4.11.15.2 Accident

The study areas exist within the Chattogram City Corporation (CCC), almost covering 21 wards of 41. The
sewer networks construction works will be carried out along the major roads, small roads, and link roads in
the city corporation areas, and STP will be constructed at ward no. 4 at Chandgoan area.

The frequent movement of project vehicles in and around the construction sites will put the pedestrian in
danger. However, the contractor(s) will prepare a traffic management plan & the Environment, Health, and
Safety (EHS) plan that must be put into action to prevent or significantly reduce accidents, injuries, or
fatalities.

The most road accident-prone areas of the Chittagram city are the intersection areas, near intersections, rail
crossing, busy areas like shopping mall, educational institutes etc. The highest number of accidents usually
happen at Bahaddarhat, Gate-2, GEC Circle and Lalkhan Bazar intersections. Recently, the Chattogram City
Corporation has identified 50 dangerous turns and road crossings areas where accidents frequently occur
(Source: online news).

4.11.15.3 GHG Emissions

According to National Determined Contributions (NDCs) 2021 Bangladesh (updated), Total GHG emission
is found to be increased from 169.05 Mt CO2e in 2012 to 409.4 Mt CO2e in 2030 under the Business as
Usual (BAU) scenario with an increase of 2.4 times than base year.

The sector-wise emissions under BAU scenario by 2030 are 312.54 Mt CO2e (76.34% of total) in Energy,
10.97 Mt CO2e (2.68% of total) in IPPU, 55.01 Mt CO2e (13.44% of total) in AFOLU and 30.89 Mt CO2e
(7.55% of total) in Waste Sectors. The highest contribution (24.91% of total) of GHG emission is found for
Industry (energy) sub-sector followed by Power (23.24% of total) and Transport (8.86% of total) under the
Energy Sector.

In the unconditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by 27.56 Mt CO2e (6.73%) below BAU in
2030 in the respective sectors. 26.3 Mt CO2e (95.4%) of this emission reduction will be from the Energy
sector while 0.64 (2.3%) and 0.6 (2.2%) Mt CO2e reduction will be from AFOLU (agriculture) and waste
sector respectively. There will be no reduction in the IPPU sector.

In the conditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by 61.9 Mt CO2e (15.12%) below BAU in
2030 in the respective sectors. This reduction is in addition to the proposed reductions in the unconditional
scenario. The conditional mitigation measures will be implemented by Bangladesh, only if there is external
financial/technology support. The conditional scenario has 59.7Mt CO2e (96.46%) emission reduction from
the Energy sector, while 0.4 (0.65%) and 1.84 (2.97%) Mt CO2e reduction will be from AFOLU (agriculture)
and Waste Sector respectively. There will be no reduction in the IPPU Sector. Table 3 presents the GHG
reduction under unconditional and conditional scenarios.

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Source: National Determined Contributions (NDCs) 2021 Bangladesh (updated)

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CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE

5.1 General descriptions

In the design of the project, environmental and social issues will be considered with a focus on alternative
evaluations of the project site, alignment, design, technology, and construction method. The objective of the
alternative analysis is to determine the best option in terms of project location, alignment, design, and
technology use that is financially feasible, reduces negative impacts and enhances positive impacts on public
health and the surrounding natural environment of the project area.

5.2 Alternative option Analysis

Alternatives were considered for facility location, design, and technology. Alternatives were compared in
terms of cost and environmental and social impacts, and the most appropriate alternative was selected.

5.3 No Project Alternative (Implication of No-Project Alternative)

With and without project alternative is compared as shown in Table 5.1. In a project scenario, environmental
impact is expected during construction stage, however the impact is limited and can be mitigated. The social
impact is also expected; however, the impact can be amicably solved with appropriate considerations and
compensation procedures. Current serious environmental problems such as odor of drains and public water
quality deterioration due to untreated water discharge is solved. In without project scenario, no social impact
is occurred, however, odor from drainage and water quality deterioration will be more serious because
population will be increased, and amount of wastewater will be also increased. Therefore, with project
scenario is obviously recommended.

If 'No Project' is selected, all the benefits such as no direct wastewater discharge to water bodies, no clogging
sewer drains, and improving beautification of the city will be lost. Without this project, the quality of the
urban environment will deteriorate further, with clogged drains and seepage that could contaminate adjacent
utilities such as groundwater and water supplies. It will also limit sustainable urban development in the region.

Table 5.1 Comparison of Without Project Alternatives

With Project Without Project

Description - The population of Chattogram is expected - The population of Chattogram is expected to
to increase from 2.59 million (2011) to 3.61 increase from 2.59 million (2011) to 3.61
million (2030). million (2030).
- Public sewage systems are in place - Public sewage systems are not in place
- The sewage is collected and treated water - The sewage is discharged into rivers, sea
is discharged into Karnaphli river. areas and other public waters via drainage
- The amount of wastewater flowing into channels without treatment.
the drainage canal will be reduced and the - Ditches and drains are impeded in their flow
occurrence of road flooding will be by solid waste, often causing road flooding
mitigated. during the rainy season.
- Odour, and the deterioration of water - The waterlogging of sewage causes odour,

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quality in public water bodies is improved. and the deterioration of water quality in public
water bodies is becoming more serious.
Environmental - Environmental impact such as air quality, - Odor from drainage and water quality
Impact noise, and water quality due to construction deterioration will be more serious.
is expected, however, the impact is limited
and can be mitigated.
- Odor from drainage and water quality in
public water body is improved.
Social Impact Land acquisition is required. No social impact is expected.
Evaluation Recommended -

5.4 Alternative Relatives to Site/Locations

5.4.1 Construction sites for STP

Location of STP was originally proposed in Sanitation Master Plan (M/P) and STP construction was planned
in Catchment 2 and 4 respectively in the M/P. However, Bangabandhu Maritime University is being
constructed in the land for STP-2 which are proposed in the M/P. In such situation, CDA in charge of ongoing
Chattogram Metropolitan Master Plan Project found that the area of 71.44 acre (30 hector) which is reserved
for education and research purposes in the Detailed Area Plan (DAP) of CDA is available and utilization of
that land for STP 2 and 4 construction is decided. Thus, site for STP is decided based on availability of land,
and no significant environmental and social impact is expected for both options as shown in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Comparison of STP Site Alternatives

Option-1 Option-2
Description

- 1 STP is constructed for Catchment-2 and - STPs are constructed for Catchment-2 and 4
4. respectively.
- Location was considered through - Location was proposed in Sanitation Master
discussion among CWASA, CDA and JICA Plan (June 2017)
Expert Team (Pre-FS). - Required land are 19 ha for STP-2 and 33 ha
- Required land is about 30 ha. for STP-4.
Environmental - Environmental impact such as air quality, - Same as option-1
Impact noise, and water quality due to construction
is expected, however, the impact is limited
and can be mitigated.
- Odor from drainage and water quality in
public water body is improved.
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Social Impact - Land is privately owned. Thus, land - The land for STP-2 is owned by CPA.
acquisition is required. - The land for STP-4 is owned by CPA and
some part is privately owned. Thus, land
acquisition is required.
- In the STP-4 area, land use change is
required.
- Area is next to a developing residential area,
public acceptance will be problematic.
- Requirement of resettlement is not
confirmed.
Evaluation No environmental and social significant No environmental and social significant
impact is expected. impact is expected.

5.4.2 Construction sites for Sewerage Pumping Stations

The pump stations were proposed in the sanitation master plan, but its land acquisition shall be minimized as
much as possible for the smooth implementation of the project considering the difficulties of land acquisition.
As a result of planning of sewer network, only 1 lift up pump station was proposed at the premises of
Kalurghat IRP & Booster Station to lift up sewage from Catchment-4. In addition, the area of Catchment-4
was not included in the first phase of the project. In this regard, the pump station is not included in the 1st
phase of the project, so it will be constructed in the 2nd or 3rd phase when sewered area is expanded to
Catchment-4. The design condition is as follows.

1) Relay Pump Station

 Head Approx. 13m

 Design Flow Approx. 1.6 m3/s

2) Influent Pump Station

 Head Approx. 11m

 Design Flow Approx. 4.5m3/s

The vacant area of Kalurghat IRP & Booster Station is selected as the location of the planned sewerage
pumping station. This site was inspected in the presence of CWASA and obtained permission to use the land
for a sewage pumping station. Figure 5.1 and Table 5.3 shows the location and layout of the planned sewerage
pumping station.

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Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 5.1 Location for Planned Sewerage Pumping Station

There are five candidate locations for pumping stations along the sewage networks to pump the effluent to
the STP for treatment. Details is given in Table 5.3:

Table 5.3 Candidate locations of sewerage pumping station.

Sl. No Name of pump stations Total Area (m2)

1 BFIDC Road, Kalurghat 730
2 Chittagong WASA Distribution office, Close to Bahdderhat Bus 39
Terminal, Kalurghat
3 Chittagong WASA Distribution office, Close to Bahdderhat Bus 50
Terminal, Kalurghat
4 Asian Housing Society Road, Kalurghat 210
5 AG Road, Close to VIP Land Community Center, Kalurghat 120

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The current land use pattern, site photographs are as follows:

Pumping Station Site No.1 (DTW 02 (KALURGHAT)

Area 730 m2
Coordinates 22.387577, 91.864682
Location: BFIDC Road
Land Use: The land is being used to house a DTW – together with its well operator house
Further comments Boundary Wall

Pumping Station Site No.2 (KALURGHAT WTP (DTW 01):

Area 39.000 m2
Coordinates 22.37368, 91.84874
Location Chittagong WASA Distribution Office, close to Bahdderhat Bus Terminal
Land Use The area is being used to house Kalurghat WTP, together with DTWs 01 & 29.
Even though the plant occupies most of the area, there is still room available for –
at least – a small pump station
Further comments Boundary Wall

Pumping Station Site No.3 (KALURGHAT WTP (DTW 29):

Area 50,000 m2
Coordinates 22.372190, 91.847960
Location Chittagong WASA Distribution Office, close to Bahdderhat Bus Terminal

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Land Use The area is being used to house Kalurghat WTP, together with DTWs 01 & 29. Even
though the plant occupies most of the area, there is still room available for – at least
– a small pump station
Further comments Boundary Wall

Pumping Station Site No.4 (DTW 22 (KALURGHAT)

Area 210 m2
Coordinates 22.369543, 91.839910
Location Asian Housing Society Rd
Land Use The land is being used to house a DTW – together with its well operator house
Further comments Boundary Wall

Pumping Station Site No.5 (DTW 21 (KALURGHAT):

Area 120 m2
Coordinates 22.364474, 91.851986
Location A G Road, close to VIP Land Community Center
Land Use The land is being used to house a DTW – together with its well operator house
Further comments Boundary Wall

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5.4.3 Sewer Pipe Laying Site

Since the wastewater from the catchment area of STP-4 is to be conveyed to STP-2 and the way to convey
the sewage from catchment-4 to STP needs to be considered. Table 5.4 shows the comparison of the way of
conveyance and JICA Survey Team recommended to combine the trunk line for the catchment-2 and that for
the catchment-4. The target year for the construction of sewer pipes in the catchment area of STP-2 and STP-
4 is 2070, as shown in Table 5.4 and this comparative study was conducted.

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φ1800 EIA
φ2200

φ1500
φ1800
φ2200

Table 5.4 Comparison of Trunk Line Route

φ1500
Upgrade

φ2200
Option 1
(φ2200) Option 2 Option 3 Option 4

φ1500

Φ1800

φ1500

Over
view

Too narrow to construct a trunk line Too narrow to construct a trunk line
Catch2 φ400～φ1,400 138,435 m Catch2 φ400～φ1,400 138,435 m Catch2 φ400～φ1,400 138,435 m Catch2 φ400～φ1,400 138,435 m
Catch4 φ400～φ1,200 81,488 m Catch4 φ400～φ1,200 81,488 m Catch4 φ400～φ1,200 81,488 m Catch4 φ400～φ1,200 81,488 m
Sub-total 151.28 million USD*1 Sub-total 151.28 million USD*1 Sub-total 151.28 million USD*1 Sub-total 151.28 million USD*1
Catch2 φ1,800 2,754 m Catch2 φ2,200 6,198 m Catch2 φ1,800 2,754 m Catch2 φ1,800 2,754 m
φ2,200 3,444 m φ2,200 3,444 m φ2,200 3,444 m
Catch4 φ1,500 2,343 m Catch4 φ1,500 1,267 m Catch4 φ1,500 3,888 m Catch4 φ1,500 4,118 m
Sub-total 35.31 million USD*1 Sub-total 34.55 million USD*1 Sub-total 38.92 million USD*1 Sub-total 41.55 million USD*1
186.59 million USD 185.83 million USD 190.20 million USD 192.84 million USD
Way to convey sewage from Catchment-4 to WTP Way to convey sewage from Catchment-4 to WTP Way to convey sewage from Catchment-4 to Way to convey sewage from Catchment-4 to
Features
through the pipe only for Catchment-4 together with the sewage from Catchment-2 WTP through the pipe only for Catchment-4 WTP through the pipe only for Catchment-4
Pipe size can be smaller than that of option 2 and Advantage in construction: Pipe size can be smaller than that of option 2 Pipe size can be smaller than that of option 2
the construction cost shall be lower than that of The trunk line is planned to install under the wide and the construction cost shall be lower than but the length is longer, and the construction
Merit option 2 main road and the construction for both of that of option 2 cost shall be higher than that of option 2
Catchment-2 and Catchment-4 shall be finished at
once
Difficulty in construction Pipe size can be bigger than that of option 1 and Difficulty in construction Disadvantage in O&M:
Demerit The trunk line only for Catchment-4 is planned to the construction cost shall be higher than that of The trunk line only for Catchment-4 is planned Total pipe length shall be longer than that of
install under the narrow local road option 1 to install under the narrow road option 2
Selection × 〇 × △
Source: JICA Survey Team
*1 Based on the cost estimation in Sanitation Master Plan (CWSISP, June 2017) with considering facility size and price escalation adjustment

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5.5 Alternative relating to Design and Technology

5.5.1 Design and Technology of STP

5.5.1.1 Design of STP (Capacity of STP)

A huge amount of time and cost are required to complete the separate sewer system in the whole catchment
area. Therefore, the following comparison survey is implemented in terms of separate sewer ratio (SSR rates
of introduction of the separate sewer system and the population ratio to be covered in the initial stage of the
project of stepwise development (PR).

Table 5.5 Comparison of 12 cases

Population ratio (PR)

Separate sewer ratio (SSR)
100% 75% 50% 25%
100% separate sewer system Case-1 Case-2 Case-3 Case-4
50% separate sewer system
Case-5 Case-6 Case-7 Case-8
(50% interceptor system)
0% separate sewer system
Case-9 Case-10 Case-11 Case-12
(100% interceptor system)

Comparison of basic items including project cost, project period, beneficiary population, etc. among 12 cases
is described in Table 5.6. Based on the result of comparison study, the cases of 100% SSR with PR 50% and
25% (Case-3 and 4) are recommended as the appropriate cases. Therefore, the development of separate sewer
system for the whole Catchment-2 and 4 is selected as the appropriate sewage collection system.

Conditions of gradings are as below.

 Total loan amount less than 40 JPY billion 5 pt., 40 – 50 JPY billion 4 pt., 50 – 60 JPY
billion 3 pt., 60 – 70 JPY billion 2 pt., 70 – 80 JPY billion 1 pt., more than 80 JPY billion
0pt.
 Project period Not more than 5 years 5 pt., 6 years 4 pt., 7 years 3 pts., 8 years 2 pt.,
9 years 1pt. 10 years and more 0 pt.
 Cost-efficiency of improvement of sanitary condition of habitat more than 6 5pt., 5 – 6
4 pt., 3 – 5 3 pt., 2 – 3 2 pt., 1 – 2 1 pt. less than 1 0 pt.
 Technical difficulty level Low 5 pt., Middle 3 pt., Relatively high 2 pt., High 1pt.
 Improvement effect of water quality for full year more than 80% 5 pt., 60 – 80% 4 pt.,
40 – 60% 3 pt., 20 – 40% 2 pt., 0 – 20% 1 pt.
 Issues Only the issue I 4 pt., In case the issue III is included 2 pt., In case all issues are
included 0 pt.

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Table 5.6 Comparison of Basic Items of 12 Cases

Case No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Population ratio against the water supplied
100% 75% 50% 25% 100% 75% 50% 25% 100% 75% 50% 25%
population (PR) in 2035
Separate sewer ratio (SSR) in 2035 100% 100% 100% 100% 50% 50% 50% 50% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Collected sewage volume based on the forecasted
water supply volume, connection number of water
139,000 105,000 70,000 35,000 139,000 105,000 70,000 35,000 139,000 105,000 70,000 35,000
supply service and the ratio of target area of FSM
in 2035 (m3/d)
Fecal sludge generation (necessary volume to
43 96 143 189 43 96 143 189 43 96 143 189
collect) in 2035 (m3/d)
Forecasted connection number of water supply
48,000 36,000 24,000 12,000 48,000 36,000 24,000 12,000 48,000 36,000 24,000 12,000
service in the target area in 2035
Number of house connection to sewerage system in
39,360 29,520 19,680 9,840 19,680 14,760 9,840 4,920 0 0 0 0
the target area in 2035
Total loan amount (BDT billion / JPY billion)
(0 pt.) (0 pt.) (1 pt.) (3 pt.) (0 pt.) (1 pt.) (2 pt.) (4 pt.) (3 pt.) (3 pt.) (4 pt.) (5 pt.)
(With house connection)
Total loan amount (BDT billion / JPY billion)
(0 pt.) (0 pt.) (2 pt.) (4 pt.) (1 pt.) (2 pt.) (3 pt.) (4 pt.) (3 pt.) (3 pt.) (4 pt.) (5 pt.)
(w/o house connection)
Project period 10 years 9 years 7 years 7 years 7 years 7 years 7 years 7 years 7 years 7 years 7 years 7 years
(From L/A signing to completion of construction) (0 pt.) (1 pt.) (3 pt.) (3 pt.) (3 pt.) (3 pt.) (3 pt.) (3 pt.) (3 pt.) (3 pt.) (3 pt.) (3 pt.)
Total loan amount
76 (113) 61 (94) 47 (71) 33 (51) 55 (84) 48 (73) 39 (60) 31 (46) 38 (58) 35 (53) 31 (47) 24 (36)
(With house connection)
Total loan amount
65 (100) 55 (84) 42 (65) 31 (48) 51 (78) 44 (68) 37 (57) 29 (44) 38 (58) 35 (53) 31 (47) 24 (36)
(w/o house connection)
Length of sewer line (Trunk sewer) 15km 15km 11km 11km 15km 15km 11km 11km 15km 15km 11km 11km
(Secondary/Branch sewer) 180km 140km 90km 50km 90km 70km 50km 30km No No No No
Capacity of STP (m3/day) 180 120 120 60 180 120 120 60 180 120 120 60
Beneficiary population (forecast of 2035) 1,024,000 749,000 501,000 262,000 1,024,000 749,000 501,000 262,000 1,024,000 749,000 501,000 262,000
Cost-efficiency of improvement of sanitary
7.52 6.62 5.82 4.15 5.06 4.21 3.39 2.29 0 0 0 0
condition of habitat (Improved population / total
(5 pt.) (5 pt.) (4 pt.) (3 pt.) (4 pt.) (3 pt.) (3 pt.) (2 pt.) (0 pt.) (0 pt.) (0 pt.) (0 pt.)
project cost)
Whole 75% of whole 50% of whole 25% of whole Whole 75% of whole 50% of whole 25% of whole Whole 75% of whole 50% of whole 25% of whole
Target area
catchments catchments catchments catchments catchments catchments catchments catchments catchments catchments catchments catchments
Relatively Relatively Relatively Relatively
Technical difficulty level Middle Middle Middle Middle Low Low Low Low
high high high high
Improvement effect of water quality
(Reduction ratio of BOD load from effluent)
Fine day 81% 61% 40% 20% 61% 46% 30% 15% 40% 30% 20% 10%
Rainy day 81% 61% 40% 20% 53% 40% 26% 13% 25% 19% 13% 7%
Full year 81% 61% 40% 20% 59% 44% 29% 15% 36% 27% 18% 9%
Evaluation of full year (5 pt.) (4 pt.) (3 pt.) (2 pt.) (3 pt.) (3 pt.) (2 pt.) (1 pt.) (2 pt.) (2 pt.) (1 pt.) (1 pt.)
I、II、III、 I、II、III、 I、II、III、 I、II、III、
I I I I III、IV III、IV III、IV III、IV
IV IV IV IV
There are too many issues. Some issues cannot be solved by only
The issue can be solved by CWASA’s self. The issues cannot be solved by only CWASA.
Issues CWASA.
(4 pt.) (4 pt.) (4 pt.) (4 pt.) (0 pt.) (0 pt.) (0 pt.) (0 pt.) (2 pt.) (2 pt.) (2 pt.) (2 pt.)
Comprehensive Evaluation 17 pt. 17 pt.
16 pt. 16 pt. 13 pt. 13 pt. 13 pt. 13 pt. 15 pt. 15 pt. 15 pt. 16 pt.
(For the case house connection is included) (recommend) (recommend)
(For the case house connection is excluded) 16 pt. 16 pt. 18 pt. 18 pt. 14 pt. 14 pt. 14 pt. 13 pt. 15 pt. 15 pt. 15 pt. 16 pt.
*Exchange rate JPY 1 = BDT 0.65 (JICA’s standard exchange rate in September 2022)
**Total project cost excludes the cost for land acquisition and resettlement.
Source: JICA Survey Team

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If CWASA develops the sewerage system for whole Catchment-2 and 4 at once, the necessary project costs
and periods are huge and long period, which is not appropriate for the initial stage of the project. Therefore,
it is necessary to make plans for stepwise development in which the priority area to be served by the sewerage
system at the initial stage of the project will be selected.

In the comparison study, the Case 3 (100%SSR with PR 50%) and the Case 4 (100%SSR with PR 25%) are
recommended as the appropriate cases. Therefore, CWASA decided the following policies of stepwise
development based on the comparison shown in Table 5.7.

Basically, the stepwise development will be applied, in which Japanese ODA project will not cover whole
Catchment-2 and 4 but the priority area.

The range of population ratio to be covered in the initial stage of the project of stepwise development (PR)
appropriate for CWASA is between 30% and 40%.

Table 5.7 Comparison of the Ratio of Stepwise Development with PR between 50% to 25%

Items Case-A Case-B Case-C Case-D Case-E Case-F

Separate sewer ratio 100%
Ultimate capacity of STP 300MLD
Ratio of served population in 2035 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25%
Population to be served by sewerage
512,000 461,000 410,000 358,000 307,000 256,000
system in 2035
Collected sewage amount in 2035 70MLD 63 MLD 56 MLD 49 MLD 41 MLD 35 MLD
Capacity of STP to be constructed at
120MLD 120MLD 60MLD 60MLD 60MLD 60MLD
initial stage
Length of trunk sewer 11km 11km 11km 11km 11km 11km
Length of branch sewer 90km 80km 70km 60km 50km 45km
Number of house connection 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000
Project period (From L/A signing to
7 years 7 years 7 years 7 years 7 years 7 years
completion of construction work)
Total project cost (BDT billion / JPY
56 (86) 54 (84) 45 (70) 44 (68) 43 (67) 40 (63)
billion)
Total construction cost (BDT billion /
32 (48) 31 (47) 26 (39) 25 (38) 24 (37) 23 (35)
JPY billion)
Loan amount (BDT billion / JPY
47 (71) 45 (69) 37 (57) 36 (55) 35 (54) 33 (51)
billion)
Improvement effect of water quality
(Reduction ratio of BOD load from 38% 35% 31% 28% 24% 21%
effluent)
Source: JICA Survey Team

If the target year is 2035 and the target PR is 30 – 40 %, the capacity of STP to be constructed in the phase-
1 project is 60MLD as shown in Figure 3.2

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300
261
250
219
Further
200 178 188 stage
161
159 169
150 To be constructed
144
139 at the next stage
130
100 118 30-40%

50 60 MLD of STP will be constructed at the initial stage.

0
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070
Year
Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 5.2 Planned Sewage Volume and Target STP Capacity to be Developed in the Initial Stage of
the Project

5.5.1.2 Technology of STP (Sewage Treatment)

Even though advanced treatment is not applied at this moment, the STP can be upgraded to accomplish
advanced treatment in the future when discharge standard becomes stringent, and nitrate and phosphorus
treatment is necessary. Considering the inflow/ effluent quality, typical applicable treatment processes were
compared in Table 5.8.

As a result of the comparison, conventional activated sludge (CAS) was proposed. The operation of CAS
plant is not easy as OD process or a kind of lagoon process, but the know-how to operate CAS plant can be
shared by municipalities of developed countries because it is commonly applied all over the world.

Environmental laws and regulations are gradually improved in parallel with economic growth in Bangladesh.
Therefore, the treatment process shall be selected to accommodate future changes of environmental laws and
regulations. When the discharge standard is upgraded to require nitrogen and phosphorus treatment in future,
CAS process can be upgraded to A2O (Anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic) process with anaerobic and anoxic tank is
constructed additionally.

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Table 5.8 Comparison of Wastewater Treatment Process

Conventional Activated Sludge Oxidation Ditch Sequencing Batch Reactor Membrane Bio Reactor
Item
(CAS) (OD) (SBR) (MBR)

MBR is a technology with

Outline of OD was developed in Europe and
CAS is commonly used all over the SBR proess is composed of fill, minimum footprint due to
Process multiple WWTPs apply this
world and there is variety of its aeration, sedimentation, decantation unnecessity of final sedimentation
treatment process in Japan. OD
modified treatment process. process in single tank, so this tank. Advanced treatment is also
consist of circuit channel with an
Even if the effluent quality standard structure is simple. However, this applicable for this process.
aeration equipment. The most
upgraded to require nitrogen and process is not easy to operate, O&M cost for MBR process is
significant advantage of this process
phosphorus treatment in the future, this particularly; the control of influent higher than other treatment
is easiness of operation and
treatment process is relatively easily water quality is not an easy task as processes caused by replacement of
maintenance while its disadvantage
upgraded compared with other compared with other treatment membrane filter and higher energy
is the requirement for huge land for
treatment processes. processes. consumption due to scouring air,
the facilities.
etc.
1)Effluent
Discharge standard can be satisfied Discharge standard can be satisfied Discharge standard can be satisfied Discharge standard can be satisfied
Quality
Advanced OD process with nitrate
2) N and P
Advanced treatment such as A2O treatment and chemical Modified SBR process can be Biological nitrate treatment can be
treatment
process can be applied in future. phosphorous treatment can be applied. applied.
(future)
applied.
3) Required
Moderate Large Moderate Small
Area
4) Operation
Fair Easy Fair Fair
skill
5) Influence
on Moderate with deodorization Moderate with deodorization
Moderate with deodorization facility Moderate with deodorization facility
surrounding facility facility
environment
6) Cost for
1.0 0.9 1.0 1.4
Construction

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Conventional Activated Sludge Oxidation Ditch Sequencing Batch Reactor Membrane Bio Reactor
Item
(CAS) (OD) (SBR) (MBR)
*
7) Cost for
O&M
2.3 (Excluding replacement of
(energy 1.0 1.8 1.1
membrane)
consumption
)
Recommended but area is not
Evaluation Recommended
enough to apply this process
Source: JICA Survey Team
*Note It indicates the ratio where the construction cost with CAS process is 1.0.

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5.5.2 Design for Sewage Pumping Station/ No of Pumps, Active/Standby Pumps &
Working Hours

The pump stations were proposed in the sanitation master plan, however, the pump station is not included in
the 1st phase of the project, so it will be constructed in 2nd or 3rd phase when sewered area is expanded to
Catchment-4.

5.5.3 Pipe Materials and Laying Method

5.5.3.1 Pipe Materials

Pipe materials such as HDPE pipes are available in Bangladesh, but there are cases where they are imported
from neighboring countries such as India and China rather than local procurement from the viewpoint of
price.

Pipe materials for jacking method and segments for the shield method are not available in Bangladesh, so
they must be imported from a third country.

5.5.3.2 Pipe Laying method

5.5.3.2.1 Long-distance Pipe-jacking Method

The trunk sewers will be constructed under the main busy streets in the central business districts. The
occupation of the large-scale roads for the open cut method cannot avoid causing heavy traffic congestion,
construction noise, dust, and vibration. Therefore, the pipe jacking method would be a good solution for the
pipe installation. There are some types of pipe jacking methods such as open shield pipe jacking and slurry
type pipe jacking methods.

Open shield pipe jacking as a most traditional way has been adopted for installation of large-scale water
transmission pipeline for river crossings in Karnaphuli Water Supply Project. The excavated soils are carried
out basically by manpower and the applicable range of diameter is 800mm to 3000mm.

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Source: Preparatory Survey on Da Nang City Water Environment Improvement Project

Figure 5.3 Overview of Sewer Installation by Open Shield Pipe-jacking Method

The overview of the slurry type pipe jacking system is shown in Figure 5.4. The Slurry type pipe-jacking
method uses a chamber behind the head cutter which is filled with the slurry transported by fluid pipe to
maintain a stable face operation. Excavated soil is transported by fluid transportation pipe to the ground
surface. This method is applicable for all types of soil including high groundwater level and high permeability
soil condition. Road occupation is only required around the starting and arrival shaft. This construction
method does not only help to avoid heavy traffic congestion but also helps in reducing the waste generated
in construction works. The applicable range of diameter is 250mm to 3000mm including small diameter type
(High Load-resistance Method).

Source: Boring machine supplier’s brochure

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Figure 5.4 Overview of Sewer Installation by Slurry Type Pipe-jacking Method

One of the key factors to minimize adverse influences and risks caused by the pipe installation and
construction as mentioned above is reducing the number of shafts. Installing the intermediate pusher in the
middle of pipes as shown in Figure 5.5 will make this possible. This method is called long-distance and sharp
curve pipe-jacking method based on slurry type pipe jacking. One span can be hundreds of meters long25
and can be jacking by a propulsion force provided with an intermediate pusher. The applicable range of
diameter is 200mm to 1500mm. This technology enables the number of shafts to be possibly reduced in half.
Moreover, the construction cost can be reduced because the construction period is shortened compared with
the ordinal pipe-jacking method.

Intermediate
Source: Supplier’s presentation material

Figure 5.5 Image of Intermediate Pusher of Long-distance Pipe-jacking Method

5.5.3.2.2 Shield Tunneling Method

The shield tunneling method is a boring technique that consists of a shield (a protective metal cylinder) and
trailing support mechanisms. During this trenchless method, a rotating cutting head is positioned at the front
of the shield. The cutting head advances the boring machine through the soil for a short distance until the
tunnel can be lined with a stable support structure (concrete lining segments). Once the permanent support
structure is in place, the machine pushes itself off the lining segment via hydraulic jacks to drill further into
the soil. The applicable diameter is more than D1350mm in normal shield tunneling and more than D1000 to
2000mm in mini shield tunneling. The basic construction length is 600 to 2000m which is much longer than
pipe jacking method and the length can be extended more due to the improvements of the technology. It is

25 The experiences of more than 500m in maximum can be found in Japan. This method requires technologies where Japan
has sufficient and successful experience as described below.
Lubrication is used to push a pipe without damage, which has to appropriately be applied to the surface of a pipe. As a
countermeasure, an automated lubricant injection system is installed to effectively control the injected amount, points, and time.
Also, propulsion at a curve is possible by using a curve formulation unit and a gyrocompass attached to the boring machine.
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possible to construct sharp curves with a radius of curvature R = 10 m (example of mini shield tunneling
method).

Image of tunnelling during construction Inner pipe by segments after construction

Source: Shield tunneling supplier’s websites

Figure 5.6 Image of Shield Tunneling Method

5.5.3.2.3 Open Piping for Quick Sewer Development

Normally the sewer pipe should be installed under the ground. However, there are trials of open piping in
new sewerage development area in Japan for quick and reasonable development. The trials are seen in rural
cities where the sewer development has been delayed in Japan, but the method can be applied to Chattogram
of highly congested area which led to be difficult to lay lateral pipes under the ground. In case the relocations
of houses beside sea/river/channels are difficult due to legal right of residence and there is space to put the
open piping beside the houses, this method can be considered. It can also be effective when the houses
collecting the wastewater is much lower than the lateral sewers under nearby road.

Open piping

Normally
connect to
underground
sewer

Image of Open Piping Example of open piping beside road/bridge

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Average earth Average earth

filling 2.9m filling 1.3m

Reductio
n of cost
(24%)

Open
Excavation piping
piping part Excavation piping
D150mm, L=550m
D100mm, D150mm, L=550m
Average earth
L=140m Average earth
filling 2.9m
filling 1.3m

Source: Quick sewerage project under Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation

Figure 5.7 Comparison between Ordinal Method and Open Piping

5.5.4 Alternative options for sludge management

5.5.4.1 Dewatering/ Energy-saving Dehydrator

a) Various Dewatering Equipment

Sludge treatment is one of the most significant processes in this project because sludge disposal is the critical
point. The amount of water that is dewatered by a dewatering machine has a large effect on the possible
following sludge treatment process such as drying.

There are 4 types of dewatering equipment 1) screw press with multiple layered rings, 2) screw press, 3)
belt press, and 4) centrifugal as shown in the following figure.

Table 5.9 Dewatering Equipment

Screw press with

Category multiple layered Screw press Belt press Centrifugal
rings

Item

Footprint Small Smallest Largest Large

Energy
consumptio Smallest Small Small Largest
n
Initial cost Smallest Small Largest Largest
O&M cost Smallest Small Largest Largest
Ease of
Easy Easy Not easy Easy
O&M
Source: JICA Survey Team with suppliers’ figures

Out of four types of equipment above, 1) screw press with multiple layered rings, and 2) other types of screw
press is introduced below as the most possible types for this project.
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b) Screw Press with Multiple Layered Rings

Sludge feed is regulated with the overflow pipe, returning excess volume to the sludge storage tank. Next,
sludge is instantly thickened at the thickening zone, and dewatered at the dewatering zone in the subsequent
stage under increasing inner pressure. Further pressure is applied from the outlet side with the end plate,
discharging dewatered cake with 20±5%solides content.

Source: Supplier’s presentation material

Figure 5.8 Energy-Saving Dehydrator (Screw Press with Multiple Layered Rings)

In summary screw press with multiple layered rings is compact, high performance and has the following
characteristics.

 No clogging,
 Easy maintenance,
 Energy saving (low running cost)
 No thickened sludge storage tank required,
 Continuous 24-hour unmanned operations,
 Foul odor protection.

3,200 units have already been installed 3,200 units in 70 countries, which shows the excellence of the product.

c) Energy saving type dehydrator (Other screw press types)

There are the other screw press mechanisms as energy saving dehydrators, such as a double screw type and
a pressing rotary outer cylinder type. The effect of energy saving, and the feasibility of maintenance and
management need to be compared and examined in feasibility study and detailed design stages for actual
application in accordance with the detailed design criteria. As with the volute type dehydrator, the low LCC
has been promoted based on sufficient materials as the basis.

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< Double screw type > < Pressing rotary outer cylinder-type screw press >
Source: Supplier’s presentation material

Figure 5.9 Energy-saving Dehydrator (Other Screw Press Type)

5.5.4.2 Mechanical Dryer

The mechanical dryer would be selected instead of the sun drying process for the issues of sludge volume
reduction and odor control. The overview of the inclined disc dryer which would be suitable type for this
project is described below.

Sludge is usually dried until the moisture content reaches about 70% in case an incinerator is installed on the
following process. A large amount of energy as latent heat is required in the drying process regardless of
drying method, which means energy saving technology is crucial.

Drying method can be divided into two types direct heat dryer and indirect heat dryer. Inclined disc dryer
is the latter and high heat transfer coefficient is materialized by its disc. Thermal efficiency is extremely high
as heat losing area per effective heat transfer surface is small. These characteristics lead to saving consumed
energy. In addition, Japanese inclined disc dryer has self-cleaning system by the inclined disc for heat transfer
surface, so heat transfer efficiency will be kept high, which makes energy-saving property even higher
compared to other countries’ products. Also, a small amount of carrier gas is used, and it emits only a small
volume of exhaust gas. Japanese inclined disc dryers have been installed in many countries, for example
China, and they have been running very well. Lifetime could be 15 years if proper O&M is conducted.

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Carrier

Law

Stea
Treat

Drye
Drain gas scrubber.
Steam Produ
Source: Supplier’s presentation material

Figure 5.10 Flow of Inclined Disc Dryer

However, all possible options for sludge and solid waste management at the sites will be considered in order
to find the best solution. This statement provides information about the management of sludge generated
from wastewater treatment plants. It is noted that the government of Bangladesh has recently emphasized
sustainable management of solid waste and sludge generated by cities, as well as industrial and municipal
wastewaters.

The sludge that is discharged from the STP-2 & STP-4 sites will be collected and transported to the designated
landfill sites of CCC. Generated sludge will be treated on site according to the DOE guidelines of the Sludge
management. The treatment process will involve the application of anaerobic technologies, including
anaerobic digestion, which will be used to convert the sludge into usable biogas. The biogas that is produced
will be used as fuel, while the remaining sludge will be disposed of in an environmentally safe manner.

CWASA will also look into the potential of using the sludge for agricultural purposes. It can be used in a
variety of ways such as fertilizer, soil amendment and soil conditioner, mulch, compost, or as a raw material
for biogas production. It can also be used for land reclamation, and to create energy Sources such as biofuel
and biogas. It can also be used in construction projects and to create products such as bricks and other
materials.

5.6 Environmental Implications of Alternatives

The environmental implications of alternative forms of sewage management depend on the specific type of
alternative being implemented. Generally, some of the environmental implications include improved water
quality, reduced energy use, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved air quality, reduced pollution of

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surface waters, and improved soil health.

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CHAPTER 6 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

MEASURES

6.1 Introduction

The main objective of this section is to make a provisional identification of environmental and social impacts
based on the Project description and overall environmental and social conditions in and around the Project
area, which need to be addressed in the EIA studies. Since the scoping process is conducted before the
detailed field survey, the information from the desk study by the consultant team with preliminary assessment
checklist/matrix depending on expert judgments was used to determine the assessing items which are the
most critical issues to study.

6.2 Scoping

The potential impacts result from the Project are preliminarily presented and analyzed in this Section with
respect to the following aspects:

 Pollution control measures

 Natural environment
 Social environment; and
 Others.

Environmental and social impact assessment items in which an impact of the project is assumed or unknown
are marked with a 'v' separately for pre-construction (PC) stage, construction (CO) stage, and operation (OP)
stage. For items marked 'v', reason for selected is described such as an assumed impact or necessity of
investigation to clarify unknown impact. For items not marked with 'v', reason for not selected is described
such as no impact is assumed, or only negligible impact is assumed etc. The result of scoping for
environmental and social impact assessment is shown in Table- 6.1.

Table 6.1 Scoping of anticipated environmental impacts

Selection
Impacts PC/C Reason for selected/not selected
OP
O
Pollution control measures
[CO] Due to the construction work, transportation of the
construction vehicle and activities of the machinery, temporal air
1 Air quality v - quality deterioration is predicted.
[OP] Facilities and equipment in STP will not cause air quality
deterioration.
[CO] STP is located near the Bolirhat canal which is connected to
the Karnaphuli river and drainage from the construction site may
2 Water quality v v cause water quality deterioration.
[OP] Treated water is discharged into Karnaphuli river and it will
not affect river water quality
3 Waste v v [CO] Certain amount of excavated soil and construction wastes

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Selection
Impacts PC/C Reason for selected/not selected
OP
O
from construction for pipeline and STP may be generated. In
addition, some kitchen waste may also be generated from the labor
camp sites. Due to the use of lube oil or other chemicals during the
construction period, some hazardous wastes also to be generated in
the construction sites.
[OP] Sludge is generated from the treatment process of STP.
[CO] Soil contamination due to reinforcement of the ground by
Soil injection of cement or chemical agent grout is predicted.
4 v v
contamination [OP] No activities are assumed to cause impact to soil
contamination is predicted.
[CO] Due to the construction vehicle transportation and activities
5 Noise & vibration v v of machineries, temporal impact of noise and vibration is predicted.
[OP] STP may generate noise and vibration.
[CO] Landfilling work will be conducted for reinforcement of the
Ground ground of the STP site.
6 v
subsidence [OP] No activities are assumed to cause impact to ground
subsidence is predicted.
[CO] Construction activity will not cause offensive odor.
7 Offensive odor v
[OP] Generated sludge may cause offensive odor.
[CO/OP] The sedimentation in the existing canals would occur due
to landfilling materials which would be dredged from seabed
8 Bottom sediment v
nearby the site.
[OP] No activities are assumed to cause impact to bottom sediment.
Natural environment
[CO/OP] There is no protected area, reserved forest in the
9 Protected Area
Catchment 2 and 4 and STP site.
[CO] STP is located near Karnaphuli river, thus, impact to
Flora/Fauna & ecosystem of the river due to construction work is not negligible.
10 v v
Biodiversity [OP] Treated water is discharged into Karnaphuli river, thus,
impact to ecosystem of the sea is not predicted.
[CO/OP] There is no activity is included to change current
11 Hydrology
condition of river flow.
[CO] Construction site is not located in mountainous area but urban
Topography and area, thus no large scale of excavation work is implemented.
12
Geology [OP] The operation works of STP s will not cause any impact to
topography and geology.
Social environment
[PC] Land for STP is private land and is being used as grazing land.
However, there is no people who resettlement is required within
Involuntary
13 v the boundary of STP which are developed under JICA project.
resettlement
[OP] The operation works of STP will not cause involuntary
resettlement.
[PC] A part of the STP site is currently used as grazing land and the
land will be acquired. Impact on poverty is not negligible.
14 Poverty v v
[OP] Positive impact to poverty is predicted such as job creation
around the project site.
Ethnic minorities [CO/OP] The project site is urban area and existence of ethnic
15 & indigenous minorities and indigenous people is not confirmed. Thus, impact
peoples on ethnic minority and indigenous people is negligible.
Local economy [CO/OP] Positive impact to local economy is predicted such as job
v v
(Employment) creation around the project site.
16
[PC] A part of the STP site is currently used as grazing land and the
(Livelihood) v v
land will be acquired. Impact on livelihood is not negligible.

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Selection
Impacts PC/C Reason for selected/not selected
OP
O
[CO/OP] Positive impact to livelihood is predicted such as job
creation around the project site.
Land use and [CO/OP] The project activities are construction and operation of
17 utilization of local STP, thus no impact is predicted to land use and utilization of local
resources resources.
[CO/OP] In Chattogram city, water is supplied and also river water,
pond water, and ground water are also used for their daily life.
18 Water usage Since, construction and operation of STP doesn’t use their water
Source and doesn’t make any change water Source. Thus, no
impact is predicted to water usage.
[CO] Temporal traffic congestion due to construction vehicles is
Existing social predicted.
19 infrastructure and v v [OP] The operation works of STP such as transportation of
service generated waste to landfill site may cause impact to existing social
infrastructure and services.
Social institutions
such as social
[CO/OP] The project activities are construction and operation of
infrastructure and
20 STP; thus, no impact is predicted to social institutions such as
local decision-
social infrastructure and local decision-making institutions.
making
institutions
Maldistribution of [CO/OP] The project activities are construction and operation of
21 damage and STP; thus no impact is predicted to maldistribution of damage and
benefit benefit.
[CO] The project activities are construction of STP; thus no impact
Local conflict of is predicted to local conflict of interest.
22
interest [OP] The project will generate bad smell or odour from the STP
operation, that will cause for possibilities to local conflict.
[CO/OP] There is no cultural heritage within the Catchment-2 and
23 Cultural heritage
4 and STP site.

24 Landscape [CO/OP] There is no landscape resource within the project site.

[CO/OP] Gender disparity will occur if equal payment for same job
both for male and female will not confirm.
25 Gender v v
Equal payment for same job of male and female worker/staff must
be confirmed by the contractor(s).
26 Children’s rights v v [CO/OP] Clarification of securing children’s right is necessary.

Infectious disease [CO] Risk of infectious disease and HIV/AIDS will be high due to
27 v v
and HIV/AIDS increasing of construction workers in the project site.

Occupational [CO/OP] The risk of occupational incident due to construction and

28 v v
health & safety operation of STP will be high.

Others
[CO] Certain risk of accident due to use of construction vehicles
and machines is predicted.
29 Accident v v
[OP] Certain risk of accident in treatment facilities such as pond or
tank etc.
Cross-border [CO/OP] Amount of GHG emission is not large and no impact is
30 impact, climate predicted to Cross-border impact, climate change. Moreover,
change positive impact such as decreasing inundation during rainy season

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Selection
Impacts PC/C Reason for selected/not selected
OP
O
due to improvement of drainage clogging by development of STP
is expected.

6.3 Environmental Risks Identification

The impact interaction matrix for the project has been designed based on the project activities and considers
the pre, construction and operation stages. The following three steps are used to identify or categorize
consequences on the environment and social issues:

 Pre-construction Phase
 Construction Phase
 Operation Phase

6.4 Assessment of Environmental and Social Issues

6.4.1 Air Quality

During construction, construction activities would have an impact on air quality as shown in table 6.2 below.
Dust could be generated from excavation, backfilling, transportation, and transport and storage of sand/gravel,
especially during the dry season when the soil is dry. Exhaust gas from construction vehicles, equipment, and
machinery would also induce construction site air quality impacts. Dust, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides,
particulate matter, nitrous oxides, and hydrocarbons etc. are included in exhaust gas and an increase of such
parameter’s concentration is anticipated. Therefore, mitigation measures shall be taken for surrounding
households and local people. The implementation of mitigation measures reduces impact, and the impact
would be temporary and only during construction activities, thus, the impact on air quality is considered of
low significance.

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Table 6.2 Source of Air Pollution in Construction Phase

Construction
Pollution Source
activity
For soil improvement work, sheet piles will be driven, holes for piles will be drilled, and
Soil improvement
piles will be driven (including JSG construction method). The exhaust gas and dust from
(Sewage
machinery used in these construction and excavation work is considered to be a Source:
treatment plant)
of pollution.
Sand for land filling is mainly transported from the river bottom to the treatment plant site
Land filling
through pipes. Therefore, no air pollutants are expected to be generated during transport
(Sewage
by pipe. However, since some sand is transported by vehicle, the possibility of air pollution
treatment plant)
from dust and exhaust gases during transport and unloading at the site is anticipated.
Sewage treatment
facility Dust and exhaust gases from the manufacture and processing of concrete and cement,
construction operation of construction equipment and vehicles, and transportation of construction
Access bridge materials are expected to cause air pollution.
construction
In the section where the open cut method is applied, it is assumed that dust and exhaust
gases from the operation of excavation equipment and transportation of surplus soil will
cause air pollution. Similarly, in the sections where the non-excavation method is applied,
Sewerage laying
the installation of shafts are required and the shafts installation work is considered to be a
Source of dust and exhaust gases. In addition, the impact of exhaust gases from pipe
jacking equipment and other construction machinery is expected.
Source: JICA Survey Team

6.4.2 Water Quality

6.4.2.1 Construction Phase

Dredged sand from Karnaphuli river will be used for land filling work. There is concern that the turbidity of
the Karnaphuli River will increase during the dredging work. And also, since dredged sand with certain
amount of water will be transported through pipe to the STP construction site, it is necessary to drain water
from the sand. Thus, the impact on surface water quality is induced when the water with high turbidity is
discharged from sand to surface water. The Halda River, especially important for carp breeding, is located
about 5 km upstream of the Karnaphuli River where the STP faces as shown in Figure 6.1. The dredging site
will be designated by the BWDB (Bangladesh Water Developing Board) at the start of construction.
Therefore, mitigation measures such as considering the carp spawning season (April to June) and prevention
of discharging high turbidity water shall be taken. The implementation of mitigation measures reduce impact,
and the impact would be temporary and only during construction activities, thus, the impact on water quality
is considered of low significance.

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Source: Google Map edited by the JICA survey team

Figure 6.1 Location of Halda River

6.4.2.2 Operation Phase

Currently, untreated wastewater flows into the Borihat Canal and is discharged into the Karnaphuli River;
after the STP is operated, treated water will be discharged into the Borihat Canal and Karnaphuli Rivers.
BOD and SS in the Borihat Canal will be improved after the STP is operated. In addition, the baseline for
nitrate, phosphate, and coliforms are below the standard values as shown in Table 6.3 (Baseline sampling
locations are shown in Figure 6.2. Therefore, no negative environmental impacts on water quality are
expected after the STP is operated.

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Table 6.3 Comparison of Discharge Standard and Baseline Date

Standard of Sewage Bolirhat Canal

Discharge in the (Discharged water without Karnaphuli river*2
Parameter
Environment Conservation treatment) *1
Rules, 1997 Morning Evening Surface Bottom
Temperature 30 oC 31.5 oC 32.4 oC 31.3 oC 30.9 oC
BOD 40 mg/L 44.3 mg/L 33.8 mg/L 1.6 mg/L 1.2 mg/L
SS 100 mg/L 150 mg/L 145 mg/L 173 mg/L 141 mg/L
Nitrate 250 mg/L 3.1 mg/L 1.4 mg/L 3.93 mg/L <3.0 mg/L
Phosphate 35 mg/L 13.1 mg/L 14.2 mg/L 2.8 mg/L 3.1 mg/L
515 545 60 52
Coliform 1000 MPN/100ml
CFU/100ml CFU/100ml n/100 ml n/100 ml
*1 Survey was conducted in 8 August 2022, *2 Survey was conducted on 2 September 2022
Source: JICA Survey Team

Source: Google Map edited by the JICA survey team

Figure 6.2 Location of Baseline Sampling Point

6.4.3 Waste

6.4.3.1 Construction Phase

During construction, waste will be generated as shown in Table 6.4. The generated waste will be managed
and treated by the contractor in accordance with the Environmental Management Plan.

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Table 6.4 Generated Waste in Construction Phase

Construction activity Generated waste

- Tree
- Grass
Soil improvement
- Concrete
(Sewage treatment plant)
- Re-bar
- Soil waste
- Concrete
Sewage treatment facility construction - Re-bar
- Soil waste
- Concrete
Access bridge construction - Re-bar
- Soil waste
- Soil waste
- Asphalt
Sewerage laying
- Concrete
- Pipe
Source: JICA Survey Team

6.4.3.2 Operation Phase

Sludge is generated through the sewage treatment process as shown in Figure 6.3. Projected volume of
dewatered sludge is shown in Table 6.5. The sludge generated from the STP will be disposed at CCC's newly
planned landfill site located in Sandwip colony, north of Chattogram, approximately 11 km far away from
STP as shown in Figure 6.4. The expected capacity of the new landfill site is a total of 75 – 95 acres. The
existing landfill site (Arefin Nagar Landfill) cannot be used due to insufficient capacity.

Source: JICA survey team

Figure 6.3 Sludge Generation through Sewage Treatment Process

Table 6.5 Projection of Generated Volume of Dewatered Sludge

Target sewage volume Dewatered sludge volume

Year
(MLD) (m3/day) *
2030 130 65
2035 139 70
2050 219 110
2070 261 131
* Assumption Moisture content=80%
Source: JICA survey team

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Source: Google Map edited by the JICA survey team

Figure 6.4 Location of Landfill site

6.4.4 Soil Contamination

Bentonite will be used for preventing the collapse of the soil by forming a layer over the exposed pile
foundation surface. Since bentonite is inorganic and natural substance, filling bentonite in the whole for pile
doesn’t have impact on soil contamination.

Since fuel and oil for construction machinery and vehicles are used, accidents or improper management could
result in fuel or oil spills. Therefore, proper management and accident prevention measures must be
implemented as mitigation measures. With the implementation of mitigation measures, impacts would be
minimal and therefore soil contamination impacts would be not significant.

6.4.5 Noise and Vibration

6.4.5.1 Construction Phase

Noise and vibration expected to be generated from construction activities are shown in the table below The
driving of piles and sheet pile and excavation of holes for piles at the STP construction site, and demolition
of pavement at the section of sewer line where the open-cut method will be applied will be the main Sources
of noise and vibration. Noise and vibration from the construction equipment is also expected. In the section

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of sewer line where the open-cut method will be applied, there are households and buildings along the road.
In addition, the school is located adjacent to the STP site boundary. Therefore, mitigation measures shall be
taken for surrounding households and local people. Since the implementation of mitigation measures reduce
impact and the impact would be temporary and only during construction activities, the impact on noise and
vibration are considered of low significance.

Table 6.6 Source of Noise and Vibration in Construction Phase

Construction
Pollution Source
activity
Soil improvement For soil improvement work, sheet piles will be driven, holes for piles will be drilled, and
(Sewage piles will be driven (including JSG construction method). Heavy machinery for these
treatment plant) construction activities is considered to be a Source of noise and vibration.
Sand for land filling is mainly transported from the river bottom to the treatment plant site
Land filling
through pipes. Sand is pumped by pumps, and pumps are installed at relay points as well
(Sewage
as at the beginning of the pipe. Noise and vibration will be generated from the pump. In
treatment plant)
addition, noise and vibration are generated from vehicle for transportation of some sand.
Sewage treatment
facility Noise and vibration are generated from the manufacture and processing of concrete and
construction cement, operation of construction equipment and vehicles, and transportation of
Access bridge construction materials.
construction
In the section where the open cut method is applied, noise and vibration are generated
from the operation of excavation equipment and transportation of surplus soil. Similarly,
Sewerage laying in the sections where the non-excavation method is applied, noise and vibration are
generated from the installation work of shafts. In addition, the impact of noise and
vibration from pipe jacking equipment and other construction machinery is expected.
Source: JICA Survey Team

6.4.5.2 Operation Phase

The noise emissions of the STP will mainly be generated by the aeration system, engines, and pumps. It is
noteworthy that the noise emission will be continuous (night and day) and rather stable in intensity, which
usually reduces the adverse effect of noise. The noise level generated by the plant should not be detectable
from the background noise during the day and barely detectable during the night by the closest houses.

6.4.6 Ground Subsidence

Since the area has soft ground and there is a possibility of land subsidence, piles will be driven for soil
improvement. Thus, the impact on ground subsidence is considered of low significance.

6.4.7 Offensive Odor

Even offensive odor of STP will be mainly generated from Sludge thickening, Fecal sludge inlet, and Sludge
dewatering facilities, soil filter will be installed for deodorization as shown in Figure 6.5.

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Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 6.5 Layout of STP site

6.4.8 Bottom Sediment

Sand for the land filling is dredged from the bottom of the Karnaphri River and transported to the site through
a pipe. The amount of sand is estimated to be approximately 300,000 m3. The impact on bottom sediment is
managed by the authorized agency, BWDB (Bangladesh Water Developing Board) because the authority will
consider and decide the dredging location.

6.4.9 Flora/Fauna and Biodiversity

6.4.9.1 Construction Phase

In and around the STP construction site, existence of rare territorial flora and threated fauna are studied as
shown in Table 6.7 and Table 6.8. There is a possibility that loss of these flora and fauna due to cutting trees
and soil erosion from construction site. Therefore, mitigation measures (compliance with unnecessary
logging bans, protection of vegetation, etc.) shall be taken to minimize impact. Since the implementation of
mitigation measures reduce impact and the STP site is not categorized as biodiversity sensitive area as
explained in Chapter 4, the impact on flora and fauna are considered of low significance.

Table 6.7 List of Rare Territorial Flora

Common Name Local Name Scientific name Uses Local Status

Acacia Akashmoni Acacia auriculiformis Timber R
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Water Apple Amrul Syzygium aqueum Timber R

Garuga Bhadi Garuga pinnata Timber R
Green Tampang Borta Artocarpus lacucha Timber R
Green Tampang Chapalish Artocarpus chaplasha Timber R
Indian Mahogany Chikrassi Chukrasia tabularis Timber R
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus citriodora. Timber R
white teak Gamar Gmelina arborea Timber R
India Gurjan Garjan Dipterocarpus turbinatus Timber R
Yellow Myrobalan Haritoki Terminalia citrina Timber R
Shirish Kala Koroi Albizia lebbeck Timber R
Lebbek tree Koroi Albizia chinensis Timber R
Bengal currant Koromcha Carissa carandas Fruit R
White Siris Sada Koroi Albizia procera Timber R
Teak Segun Tectona grandis Timber R
Source: JICA Survey Team

Table 6.8 List of Threatened Fauna

IUCN IUCN Red

Common Name Local Name Scientific Name Bangladesh List Version -
Status, 2015* 2022-1**
Amphibians
There are no threatened species.
Reptiles
There are no threatened species.
Avifauna Species
Threskiornis
Black-headed Ibis Kalamatha Kasteychora VU NT
melanocephalus
Mammalian Species
There are no threatened species.
Butterfly species
There are no threatened species.
Fish
Long-whiskered Catfish Ayre Sperata aor VU LC
Anguilla
Indian Mottled Eel Baim VU NT
bengalensis
Indian River Shad Chapila Gudusia chapra VU LC
Silver Hatchet Chela Chep Chela Chela cachius VU LC
Great Snakehead Gojar Channa marulius EN LC
Pabda Catfish Pabda Ompok pabda EN NT
Pangasius
Pangus Pangas EN LC
Pangasius
Pangasiadon
Striped Catfish Thai Pangus NE EN
hypophthalmus
Source: JICA Survey Team, 2022

6.4.9.2 Operation Phase

Although treated wastewater will be discharged to Karnaphuli river and Halda river which are especially
important for carp breeding is located in approximately 5 km upstream of discharge point in Karnaphli river,
as explained in 6.4.2 6.7, no negative environmental impacts on water quality are expected after the STP is
operated. Moreover, STP site is not categorized as a biodiversity sensitive area. Thus, the impact on flora and
fauna is considered of low significance.

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6.4.10 Involuntary Resettlement

For laying sewage, resettlement is not required because the land is owned by the Government. The land for
STP site is privately owned land and currently used for grazing cattle. In addition, there are structures
including houses and business tenants within the boundary of the STP site. The boundary for the STP includes
future planning and STP facilities and structures constructed by this project (Phase-1) will not use entire land.
However, land acquisition will proceed at once. The affected area is shown in Figure 6.6.

Source: JICA Survey Team

Figure 6.6 STP Site Boundary and Developed Area by JICA Project

6.4.11 Poverty/ Local Economy (Employment, Livelihood)

6.4.11.1 Pre-Construction Phase

Since the land for STP site currently used for grazing cattle will be acquired, loss of livelihood activities is
concerned. To mitigate the impact, mitigation measures such as implementation of Livelihood Restoration
Program is needed for those who lose their livelihood activities.

6.4.11.2 Construction Phase/ Operation Phase

The construction phase will create job opportunities for both unskilled and skill manpower mainly recruited
within Chattogram District. The main staff-demanding activities will be ground improvement works and

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construction of STP and laying sewer and making connections. Construction of STP will require local and
imported materials and equipment which are likely to be provided by local retailers or wholesalers, which
will enhance the local economy for a short period.

6.4.12 Land Use and Utilization of Local Resources

Currently, the STP site is used as cattle grazing land, however, a portion of the land will no longer be available
for grazing after the STP is operated. Since only a part of the STP site will be developed in this JICA project,
the land around the STP site remains available for grazing land. (Since the grazing land will be developed as
STP in the future, it is expected that it will not be possible to use it as grazing land in the future under the
current plan.) If there are projects affecting persons who will lose their livelihood, it is necessary to implement
livelihood restoration programs and other measures to minimize the impact.

6.4.13 Existing Social Infrastructure and Service

Most of the new sewage pipes will be laid along narrow two-lane roads (4-6 m wide), without formal
sidewalks, and the works (open trench, excavated material, pipes and machinery) will likely occupy one full
lane of the carriage way. Often the sides of these narrow roads are occupied by mobile street vendors. As a
result, the presence of works could consequently cause:

 Traffic disruption, or just allowing a tuk-tuk to pass,

 Difficulty to access on foot, two-wheels vehicles or tuk-tuk, to some housing and other
building, located on the same side of the open trenches, and sometimes on each side,
 Difficulty for pedestrians to walk along the streets.

6.4.14 Gender

6.4.14.1 Women's Participation in the Project Proponent

As of August 2022, 48 of the 499 CWASA employees are women (8%), and 5 of the 49 CWASA executives
are women (10.2%). Note that as of December 2015, 5 of the 53 executives were women (9.4%). In the
Chattogram Metropolitan Sewerage Project for North Kattoli Catchment which are implemented by CWASA
in Catchment-5 drafted report on gender analysis on June 2022, and “Induced Positive Impacts (Against the
Present Situation)” is discussed as shown in Table 6.9.

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Table 6.9 Positive Impacts on Women and Enhancement Measures

Potential issues for Positive impacts

Present Women oriented enhancement
women associated with induced by the Project
situation measures
sanitation
Women have Raising the rate of female The Project will generate ⦁ Requirement for contractors to
very low access employees in CWASA a lot of new jobs in the hire at least 10 % of women, 50 %
to work in the and other water and sanitation sector, from the of which in qualified position (not
water and sanitation activities can construction and only for cleaning and cooking)
sanitation sector take time and still maintenance of the ⦁ Promote high-level education
as the very low discourage young women network to the operation (technician, engineer, master) for
rate of women to apply and to study in and maintenance of the women in the fields of sanitation.
working in these fields Sewage Treatment Plant. This can be done first at the high-
CWASA (8 %) schools level by some lecture given
can attest. by CWASA female staff. At upper
level, education to the water and
sanitation jobs should be
reinforced and made more
accessible to female students.
Source: Prepared by JICA Survey Team based on Draft Gender Action Plan of Chattogram Metropolitan Sewerage Project
for North Kattoli Catchment

6.4.14.2 Consideration on Gender in this Project

In this project, which is construction of infrastructure, there are needs and issues for gender equality as shown
in table 6.10.

Table 6.10 Needs and Issues for gender equality

Needs Issues
It is assumed that women have less experience working on construction sites than men.
In construction sites, accidents may occur because they may be unaware of the possible
Safety working
risks due to their lack of work experience. In addition, because women are smaller in
environment
size than men, it is assumed that their personal protective equipment may not fit them
and their safety may not be ensured.
Women need more privacy than men. Particular attention should be paid to women's
Privacy protection privacy in situations where privacy needs to be protected, such as restrooms, changing
clothes, and breaks.
In construction sites, it is expected that there will be more male workers than female,
Women-friendly
and there may be inequalities between men and women, such as not asking for/hearing
work environment
input from women, or not providing opportunities for women to express their opinions.
Source: JICA Survey Team

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Measures to meet needs for gender equality is shown in the table below.

Table 6.11 Measures to meet needs for gender equality

Needs Measures Effectiveness indicator

Number of accidents involving
Conducting safety training
Safety working female workers due to carelessness
Provide workers with personal protective
environment or incorrect use of personal
equipment that fits their body size
protective equipment
Provide separate men's and women's Number of complaints from female
Privacy protection restrooms, changing rooms, and break rooms. workers to contractors regarding
Establishment of a complaints desk for women privacy interference
Conduct gender equality awareness Number of complaints from female
Women-friendly
activities/training. workers to contractors regarding
work environment
Establishment of a complaints desk for women gender inequality
Source: JICA Survey Team

6.4.15 Children’s Right

It is inevitable that many children have to work for their livelihood, which deprives them of a healthy
childhood that includes access to nutrition, health care, educational recreation. Generally, children from the
poorest families are deprived of access to basic services and to family care and support. They include children
living on the street or in institutions such as orphanages, children involved in the most hazardous forms of
work, especially domestic work, or sex work, children in conflict/contact with law or victims of law
enforcement agencies.

The Constitution of Bangladesh has provisions relevant to children's rights in its directive principles of state
policy [Articles 15, 17 and 25(1)], the fundamental rights [Articles 27, 28(1)(2)(3)(4), 31, 32, and 39(1)(2)],
and the power of judicial review' [Articles 26(1)(2)]. Articles 27, 28 and 31 of the Constitution lay down the
general principles regarding the protection of children from all forms of discrimination. The Constitution in
these articles provides that all citizens being equal before the law and being entitled to equal protection, must
be treated in accordance with law without any discrimination.

The other laws relating to the protection and welfare of children in Bangladesh are not contained in a single
statute; rather they can be found scattered over numerous laws and statutes as shown in Table 6.12.

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Table 6.12 Legislation Related to Children’s Right

Laws Children’s right provisions

This law has replaced the Employment of Children’s Act, 1938, Factories Act, 1965
and The Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933. It provides for:
Prohibition on engagement of children (not exceeding fourteen years of age) and
adolescents (over fourteen years of age but not exceeding 18 years) in any
profession or institution (sec. 34).
Adolescents can be engaged in a profession or institution subject to certification by
a registered practitioner regarding his/her capability to carry out the particular work
(sec. 34(2) (ka)).
No adolescent worker to be engaged in cleaning, lubricating, or processing any
The Bangladesh Labour
machinery when the switch is working (sec. 39).
Act, 2006
An adolescent worker shall not handle any machinery unless he is fully aware of
the machinery and the precautions needed to handle the same (sec. 40).
Prohibition of adolescents from employment in deep soil or water activities (sec.
42).1
Although children are not to be engaged in any profession or institution, on
completion of twelve years, they may be engaged in some light work that is not
hazardous to their health and physical growth and which does not disrupt their
education (sec. 44). In such cases, if the child workers are school goers their
working hours have to be fixed in a way that their school time is not hampered.
The Act provides for the payment of minimum wages to all workers including
The Minimum Wages juveniles and prohibits employers from paying juveniles (below the age of 18
Ordinance, 1961 years) less than the minimum rates fixed by the Board set up under this Act. Any
contravention is met with punishment.
The Act and Rules are intended to protect the child’s best interests during all kinds
of legal processes. They require the court to have regard for the age and character
of the child and other related factors before passing any order under the Act. The
The Children’s Act of
Act provides for separate juvenile courts and forbids the joint trial of an adult and
1974 / Children’s Rules
a child offender even where the offence has been jointly committed. The Act lays
of 1976
down measures for the care and protection of destitute and neglected children,
including children under the care of parents/guardians who habitually neglect,
abuse, or ill-treat them.
Source: JICA Survey Team

6.4.16 Infectious Disease and HIV/AIDS

The influx of workers may increase the risk of COVID-19, dengue fever, and sexually transmitted diseases.
During construction, migrant and seasonal workers will live together in temporary quarters or in nearby
accommodations, and there is concern about infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and dengue fever.
According to WHO, as of 20 November 2022, a total of 52 807 laboratory-confirmed dengue cases and 230
related deaths have been reported by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare of Bangladesh since 1 January
2022 with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 0.44%. This is the second-largest outbreak since 2000, with the largest
having occurred in 2019. The current dengue outbreak is unusual in its scale and seasonality.

The HIV infection rate among Bangladeshis aged 15-49 is estimated to be less than 0.1%, and there are
14,000 HIV-infected people in the country. According to MOHFW, migrant and seasonal workers account
for 30% to 40% of the confirmed HIV-positive population, and in recent years, HIV-positive migrant and
seasonal workers have increasingly been infecting their spouses with HIV. By region, HIV-positive
individuals are more prevalent in the Dhaka, Sylhet, and Chattogram districts.

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6.4.17 Occupational Health and Safety

6.4.17.1 Construction Phase

At construction sites, exhaust gases, dust, and noise will be generated from the use of construction machinery
and vehicles cause air pollution and noise, and there is concern about the impact on workers. In addition, the
humidity and high temperatures during the rainy season increase the risk of heat stroke. Therefore, mitigation
measures need to be implemented to protect the physical health of workers.

6.4.17.2 Operation Phase

Work at STP is physically demanding and may involve hazards such as open water, trenches, slippery
walkways, working at heights, energized circuits, and heavy equipment and may also involve entry into
confined spaces, including manholes, sewers, pipelines, storage tanks, wet wells, digesters etc. Some of the
treatment facilities are deep in water and there is a risk of drowning and other risks of death from falling.
Mitigation measures such as using a lifeline and personal flotation device (PFD) and safe facility design to
prevent accidental falls etc. to minimize the impact on occupational health & safety.

6.4.18 Accident

6.4.18.1 Construction Phase

There are concerns about the risk of accidents due to unskilled workers and other errors in the use of
construction machinery, and traffic accidents due to the increase in the number of construction vehicles, and
accidents involving third parties who accidentally entered the yard. Thus, mitigation measures shall be
implemented.

6.4.18.2 Operation Phase

There is concern about the risk of traffic accidents due to sludge transport and worker movement inside and
around the STP site. Appropriate traffic management is needed.

6.4.19 Cross-Border Impact, Climate Change

Increases in water temperature due to climate change are expected to deterioration of water quality by
decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen and accelerating microbial decomposition of organic matter and
nitrification with dissolved oxygen consumption. Sewage is a major Source of nutrients and preventing
nutrient influx through sewage treatment is expected to mitigate water quality deterioration caused by climate
change.

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6.5 Impacts during Pre-Construction, Construction and Operation stages

The following major environmental and social impacts will be anticipated during pre-construction,
construction, and operation period:

Table 6.13 Potential Impact during pre-construction, construction, and operation period

Phase
Items PC/ Impacts
OP
CO
Pollution control measures
[CO] Dust from excavation work etc. (especially dry season) and
exhaust gas from construction machinery/vehicles will be main source
of air pollution in construction site of STP and sewer laying. The impact
1 Air quality B- N/A is temporary and can be reduced with mitigation measures such as water
spraying and regular inspections of construction machinery/vehicles,
thus, the impact is considered low significance.
[OP] STP operation will not cause air quality deterioration.
[CO] The impact on surface water quality is induced when the water
with high turbidity is discharged from land filling work. The Halda
River, especially important for carp breeding, is located about 5 km
upstream of the Karnaphuli River where the STP is located. The impact
is temporary and can be reduced with mitigation measures such as
considering the carp spawning season (April to June) and prevention of
2 Water quality B- A+
discharging high turbidity water, thus, the impact is considered low
significance.
[OP] Treated water will be discharged into the Borihat Canal and
Karnaphuli Rivers. BOD and SS in the Borihat Canal will be improved
after the STP is operated. Water quality improvement in Karnaphuli river
is expected.
[CO] Certain amount of waste will be generated such as Tree, Grass,
Concrete, Re-bar, Soil waste, Asphalt. he generated waste will be
managed and treated by contractor in accordance with Environmental
Management Plan.
[OP] Sewer sludge is generated through the sewage treatment process.
3 Waste B- B-
The volume of dried sewage sludge is estimated at 20.5 t-DS/day
(=98m3/day) when inflow quality is same as design parameter. The
sludge generated from the STP will be disposed at CCC's newly planned
landfill site located in Sandwip colony, north of Chattogram,
approximately 11 km far away from STP.
[CO] Pile driving for soil improvement work will not cause soil
contamination because bentonite, which are inorganic and natural
substance is used for preventing the collapse of the soil by forming a
layer over the exposed pile foundation surface. Since fuel and oil for
Soil construction machinery and vehicles are used, accidents or improper
4 B- D
contamination management could result in fuel or oil spills. With mitigation measures
such as storing hazardous materials in adequately protected sites,
impacts would be minimal.
[OP] No activities are assumed to cause impact to soil contamination is
predicted.
[CO] Noise and vibration will be mainly generated from construction
activities such as driving of piles etc. in STP site and demolition of
pavement by open-cut method for laying pipelines. The impact is
Noise & temporary and can be reduced with mitigation measures such as
5 B- D
vibration coordinating with local people and using modern machinery/vehicles;
thus, the impact is considered low significance.
[OP] The noise emissions of the STP will mainly be generated by the
aeration system, engines and pumps. The noise level generated by the

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Phase
Items PC/ Impacts
OP
CO
plant should not be detectable from the background noise during the day
and barely detectable during the night by the closest houses.
[CO/OP] Since the area has soft ground and there is a possibility of land
Ground
6 D D subsidence, pile will be driven for soil improvement. Thus, the impact
subsidence
on ground subsidence is considered of low significance.
[CO] Construction activity will not cause offensive odor.
[OP] Even offensive odor of STP will be mainly generated from Sludge
7 Offensive odor N/A B-
thickening, Fecal sludge inlet, and Sludge dewatering facilities, soil
filter will be installed for deodorization.
[CO/OP] The amount of dredged sand from the bottom of the Karnaphri
River for the land filling is estimated to be approximately 300,000 m3.
Bottom The impact on bottom sediment is managed by the authorized agency,
8 B- N/A
sediment BWDB (Bangladesh Water Developing Board) because the authority
will consider and decide the dredging location.
[OP] No activities are assumed to cause impact to bottom sediment.
Natural environment
[CO/OP] There is no protected area, reserved forest in the Catchment 2
9 Protected Area N/A N/A
and 4 and STP site.
[CO] There is a possibility that loss of these flora and fauna due to
cutting trees and soil erosion from construction site. The impact can be
minimized with mitigation measures such as compliance with
unnecessary logging bans, protection of vegetation, etc. and the STP site
is not categorized as biodiversity sensitive area, thus, the impact is
Flora/Fauna &
10 B- A+ considered low significance.
Biodiversity
[OP] Since treated water will be discharged into the Borihat Canal and
Karnaphuli Rivers, water quality of these water bodies will be improved.
Water quality of Halda river which are especially important for carp
breeding located in approximately 5 km upstream of discharge point in
Karnaphli river may also be improved.
[CO/OP] There is no activity is included to change current condition of
11 Hydrology N/A N/A
river flow.
[CO] Construction site is not located in mountainous area but urban area,
Topography thus no large scale of excavation work is implemented.
12 N/A N/A
and Geology [OP] The operation works of STP will not cause any impact to
topography and geology.
Social environment
[PC] Land acquisition and resettlement will be proceeded in accordance
Involuntary
13 B- N/A with related law and regulation.
resettlement
[OP] No activities are assumed to cause involuntary resettlement.
[PC] Since the land for STP site currently used for grazing cattle will be
acquired, loss of livelihood activities is concerned. To mitigate the
impact, mitigation measures such as implementation of Livelihood
Poverty/ Local
Restoration Program is needed for those who lose their livelihood
Economy
14 B- A+ activities.
(Employment,
[CO/OP] The construction phase will create job opportunities for both
Livelihood)
unskilled and skill manpower mainly recruited within Chattogram
District. In addition, procurement of materials and equipment from local
retailers or wholesalers will enhance local economy for a short period.
Ethnic
[CO/OP] Existence of ethnic minorities and indigenous people is not
minorities &
15 N/A N/A confirmed in the project site. Thus, impact on ethnic minority and
indigenous
indigenous people is negligible.
peoples
Land Use and [CO] A portion of the land will be no longer available for grazing by the
Utilization of STP construction. Since only a part of the STP site will be developed in
16 B- D
Local this project, the land around the STP site remains available for grazing
Resources land. It is necessary to implement livelihood restoration programs and

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Phase
Items PC/ Impacts
OP
CO
other measures to minimize the impact.
[OP] No activities are assumed to cause impact to land use and
utilization of local resources.

[CO/OP] In Chattogram city, water is supplied and also river water, pond
water, and ground water are also used for their daily life. Construction
and operation of the STP, including the pipeline would not use these
water sources. Therefore, there would be no impact on water use. In
17 Water usage N/A N/A
addition, treated wastewater will be discharged to the Karnaphuli River,
which is expected to have a positive impact on improving the water
environment since untreated wastewater will be treated and discharged
into the Karnaphuli River.
[CO] Laying pipeline by open-cut method will likely occupy one full
lane of the carriage way and will cause traffic congestion. The impact is
temporary and can be reduced with mitigation measures such as
coordinating with local people, thus, the impact is considered low
Existing social
significance.
18 infrastructure B- B-
[OP] Transportation of generated sewer sludge to landfill site may cause
and service
traffic congestion in the community near the STP site. The impact can
be reduced with mitigation measures such as coordinating with local
people and avoiding rush hour, thus, the impact is considered low
significance.
Social
institutions
such as social
[CO/OP] The project activities are construction and operation of STP,
infrastructure
19 N/A N/A thus no impact is predicted to social institutions such as social
and local
infrastructure and local decision-making institutions.
decision-
making
institutions
Maldistributio
[CO/OP] The project activities are construction and operation of STP;
20 n of damage N/A N/A
thus no impact is predicted to maldistribution of damage and benefit.
and benefit
Local conflict [CO/OP] The project activities are construction and operation of STP,
21 N/A N/A
of interest thus no impact is predicted to local conflict of interest.
[CO/OP] There is no UNESCO world heritage site and some heritage
Cultural
22 D N/A sites which are declared by CDA in Catchment 2 and 4 area. However,
heritage
these heritage sites will not be affected by this project.
23 Landscape N/A N/A [CO/OP] There is no landscape resource within the project site.
[CO/OP] Equal payment for same job of male and female worker/staff
24 Gender B- B-
must be complied.
[CO/OP] In order to prevent child labor and other violations of children's
Children’s rights, contractors and project implementing agencies must comply with
25 B- B-
rights the related laws and regulations and take measures to manage and
monitor workers.
[CO] The influx of workers may increase the risk of COVID-19, dengue
fever, and sexually transmitted diseases. Mitigation measures such as
Infectious
education of workers and awareness program for workers shall be
26 disease and B- D
conducted to reduce impact.
HIV/AIDS
[OP] No activities are assumed to cause impact to infectious disease and
HIV/AIDS.
[CO] Impact to workers due to exhaust gases, dust, and noise by
construction in construction sites is expected. The impact can be reduced
Occupational
27 B- B- with mitigation measures such as wearing PPE (Personal Protective
health & safety
Equipment), thus, the impact is considered low significance.
[OP] Work at STP is physically demanding and may involve hazards

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Phase
Items PC/ Impacts
OP
CO
such as open water, trenches, slippery walkways, working at heights,
energized circuits, and heavy equipment and may also involve entry into
confined spaces, including manholes, sewers, pipelines, storage tanks,
wet wells, digesters etc.. Mitigation measures such as using a life line
and personal flotation device (PFD) and safe facility design to prevent
accidental falls etc. to minimize the impact on occupational health &
safety.
Others
[CO] There are concerns about the risk of accidents due to unskilled
workers and other errors in the use of construction machinery, and traffic
accidents due to the increase in the number of construction vehicles, and
accidents involving third parties who accidentally entered the yard.
Mitigation measures such as education of workers and implementing
28 Accident B- B-
traffic management plans shall be taken to minimize the risk if accident.
[OP] There is concern about the risk of traffic accidents due to sludge
transport and worker movement inside and around the STP site.
Mitigation measures such as education of workers and implementing
traffic management plan shall be taken to minimize the risk if accident.
[CO] Construction period is limited and amount of GHG emission is not
Cross-border large and no impact is predicted to Cross-border impact, climate change.
29 impact, D B+ [OP] Wastewater is a major source of nutrients, and preventing nutrient
climate change influx through sewage treatment is expected to mitigate water quality
deterioration caused by climate change.

6.6 Detailed on Potential impact on water quality of the study area

6.6.1 Approach and Methodology

The water quality modelling approach comprises of an integrated Advection-Dispersion (AD) and water
quality modules in the 1-D hydrodynamic model. The two modules simultaneously describe the discharge,
transport, and effects of pollutants in the river system. The AD module works based on the hydrodynamic
description of water levels and flows calculated by the Hydrodynamic (HD) modules and the existing flow
condition. The conceptual flow diagram has been shown below describing the integration of the water quality
modules and the input parameters needed for water quality modelling.

In this study, dry period water quality of the river has been considered as a baseline of the model. The water
quality model comprises only the main river of Karnafuli and has been simulated for dry months. It is to be
a simplified BOD-TSS-DO-Ammonia-Nitrate-Phosphate model carried out based on secondary and primary
data collected under this study. The model used time series data for all water quality parameters at the open-
end boundaries and pollution data from different sources which discharge into the River/Canal system.
Finally, this model will give the changes BOD-TSS-DO-Ammonia-Nitrate-Phosphate concentration in
different scenarios.

Different types of physical and chemical parameters of water quality will be modelled for the study area and
the parameters are as follows:

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1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

2. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
3. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
4. Ammonia
5. Nitrate
6. Phosphate

Figure 6.7: Flow chart for the water quality modelling.

6.6.2 Model Development

MIKE 21 FM is a comprehensive modelling system for 2D water modelling based on a flexible mesh-finite
volume method. The modelling system has been developed for application within oceanographic, coastal,
and estuarine environments (DHI 2012)26. The model development refers to how the MIKE 21 FM model
has been configured in the actual program interface. MIKE 21 FM is a system used for 2D modelling of free
surface flows and transport phenomena like temperature, nitrate, phosphate, dissolved oxygen etc. It is an
applicable wherever stratification can be ignored to simulate the hydraulics in a model area. The module
simulates the variations of the water level and the flow in reaction to a variety of forcing functions, including
bed resistance, Coriolis force, flood and drying condition, depth correction, precipitation and evaporation,

26
DHI (2012) MIKE 2 flow model user guide and scientific documentation. Danish Hydraulic Institute

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Eddy viscosity initial condition etc. Boundary condition is defined by certain codes of the surface bathymetric
condition. Initially, the model scans the bathymetric mesh and provides default code. There are eight
boundary types- Land (zero normal velocity), Land (zero velocity), Specified velocities, specified fluxes,
specified level, specified discharge, Free outflow, Flatter condition. Depending on the aim of the simulation,
not all these factors have to be accounted for modelling.

6.6.3 Mesh Development

Mesh generator tool is an inbuilt tool of MIKE 21 FM. The mesh generator can construct meshes that consist
of both triangular and quadrangular elements. The approach being that the area of interest is divided into
different regions (like road, flat land, low land, high land, river etc.) described through polygons. Each
polygon may have distinct properties: maximum area of mesh, shape (triangular or a quadrangular),
interpolation technique etc. In this study, water dynamics with heat exchange between sea and river will be
simulated. Triangular mesh performs well in the sea and where flow direction is not defined. Thus, triangular
mesh is used in everywhere in this model domain.

One of the advantages of the flexible mesh is creating different size of the elements for different parts of the
area. Small sizes of the element (mesh) give more details information in the important areas. In the plain area
where water level, flow velocity and other variables do not vary rapidly, larger size mesh is used than other
area. This element size differences also give advantage for the model calculation time. Model calculation
time is directly related to the number of calculation nodes in the model. Each element represents one
calculation node. Since the total calculation nodes are reduced with bigger size of elements at some parts,
calculation time is reduced too.

The mesh generation tool allows the user to create polygons that define the model extent and regions with
local properties. The steps to generate such a mesh are the following:

 Define polygons to be used for triangular mesh by boundary file (mainly .xyz file, it is generated
from the shape file of different area with model domain)
 Set properties for each (default values used if local properties are not supplied).
 Set the exclude properties where high land where inundation never happens, or area is less
important for the model.
 Generate the mesh within each polygon.
 Analyse the mesh based on one timestep, area and angle of the mesh.

The mesh of the model for the study area is shown in Figure 6.8. The primary input for the simulation is
bathymetry file, which is in general terms is the topographic file. Once the mesh elements are created, the
topographic data has been used to interpolate a topographic surface over the generated mesh. surveyed cross
section have been used after correction to prepare topographic surface. The mesh bathymetry and surface

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elevation are shown in Figure 6.8 and Figure 6.9Error! Reference source not found.. Land part topography is
not defined here in the model domain.

Figure 6.8: Mesh representing model bathymetry.

Above figure shows the mesh of the model area and the bathymetric depth within the model area.

Figure 6.9: Mesh (Surface Elevation Model) file showing variation of elevation in model area.

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6.6.4 Hydro-Dynamic Model Development

The hydro-dynamic model has been considered here with different hydrologic parameters. Different hydro-
dynamic model paraments have been discussed below.

Module Selection: The hydrodynamic module with inland flooding has been chosen for this study.

Solution Technique: The shallow water equations were chosen to be solved with high-order time integration
and space discretization. The minimum time step, which was set to 0.001 s refers to the shortest time step the
calculations are allowed to use to fulfil the critical CFL number, set to 0.8. The maximum time was set to the
time step specified in the time setup, 60 s.

Flood and Dry: The advanced flood and dry (floodplain) type was chosen. The drying depth was set to 0.005
m and the wetting depth to 0.01 m. A lower value of the wetting depth was desired as this controls the limit
for when the momentum equations are taken into consideration. However, this was as low as it was possible
to go without experiencing violated CFL numbers, unrealistic velocity values and crashed programs.

Coriolis Forcing: Domain varying option is selected; the Coriolis force has been calculated based on the
geographical information given in the mesh file.

Wind Forcing: It is possible to take into account the effect of the wind on the flow field but wind force does
not play significant role here for this reason it not included here.

Figure 6.10: Polygon for Mesh generation in the study area.

Ice Coverage: it in not applicable for this area

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Tidal Potential: The tidal potential is a force, generated by the variations in gravity due to the relative motion
of the earth, the moon and the sun. The forcing acts throughout the computational domain. The forcing is
considered as the sum of several harmonic terms, each representing a specific constituent, that are specified
separately. The tidal potential is defined by the number of constituents that should be included and each
constituent is described by several parameters. The default is 11 constituents comprising M2, O1, S2, K2,
N2, K1, P1, Q1, Mm, Mf and Ssa. There is no limit on the number of constituents that can be defined. The
default and standard values for other constituents can be found in standard tidal books as for example (Pugh,
1987) is used in this study.

Infiltration: it in not applicable for this study.

Eddy Viscosity: This was kept as the same value as default, 0.08 m2 /s.

Bed Resistance: The bed resistance was represented by Manning’s number, M. The values have been chosen
default value (m=40) normally used by DHI. These values might not represent the actual values of M. In
calibration period, domain varying Manning’s M will be used if it is necessary.

Precipitation – Evaporation: Precipitation data have not been used.

Boundary: In this study 2D model, land boundaries have been chosen based on considering river bank or
Land part in the model domain area (Code-1). Code- 2 is Upstream of this model where it is represented
inflow of Karnafuli river inflow. Code-3 is downstream of Karnafuli river (Chittagong Boat Club) which
represents specified water level that is generated from Patenga water level using tidal constituents. Code-4 is
upstream of Balirhat khal which represents inflow in the khal (Figure 6.11).

Sources: The outfall is considered considering the following major characteristics of the STP discharge

Outlet discharge: 60000 m3/day

Location: Easting: 692520.4 and Northing: 475081.2

Initial Conditions: As in the FM model setup, the initial surface elevation, initial u- and v-velocities has
been set to 0.

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Figure 6.11: Boundary location of this study model.

6.6.5 ECO Lab Module Setup

ECO Lab is a numerical lab for ecological modelling. It is a modelling tool for customizing aquatic ecosystem
models to describe water quality, eutrophication, heavy metals, and ecology using process-oriented
formulations. The MIKE 21 & MIKE 3 Flow Model FM ECO Lab Module is a state-of-the-art numerical
tool for 2D and 3D ecological modeling of ecosystems. The combination of a user-friendly interface, open
access to the governing equations and the coupling of MIKE ECO Lab to the MIKE 21 & MIKE 3 Flow
Model FM makes the MIKE ECO Lab Module a powerful tool. MIKE 21 & MIKE 3 Flow Model FM ECO
Lab is typically applied in environmental water quality studies in coastal areas, estuaries, and lakes. The
MIKE ECO Lab Module can simulate the spatial distribution of state variable concentrations in a 2D, or 3D
domain based on processes such as:

 Advective transport
 Biological, physical, and chemical transformation processes
 Settling, resuspension and sediment process
It is possible to describe state variables that are bound to the seabed, the water surface, the sediment, or can
be found in the whole water column.

Dispersion: In 2D models the dispersion usually describes transport due to non-resolved processes. In coastal
areas it can be transported due to non-resolved turbulence or eddies. Especially in the horizontal directions

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the effects of non-resolved processes can be significant, in which case the dispersion coefficient formally
should depend on the resolution. The horizontal dispersion can be formulated in one of three ways.

 No dispersion.
 Dispersion coefficient formulation.
 Scaled eddy viscosity formulation.

Dissolved Oxygen, Temperature, Ammonia, Nitrate, BOD, Fecal Coliform Bacteria, Total Coliform Bacteria
are state variables considered in horizontal dispersion. No dispersion is used as formulation technique.

Initial Condition:

The initial conditions are the spatial distribution of the component concentration throughout the
computational domain at the beginning of the simulation. Initial conditions must always be provided. The
initial conditions can be the result from a previous simulation in which case the initial conditions effectively
act as a hot start of the concentration field for each state variable.

The format of the initial concentration (in component unit) for the state variable can be specified as

 Constant (in domain).

 Varying in domain.
 Varying in domain and time.
Constant initial concentration is used in the model. Followings are the parameters and values used as initial
condition to simulate the model:

State Variables Value

DO 5.8 mg/L
Temperature 30 degrees
Ammonia 0.18 mg/L
Nitrate 4.33 mg/L
BOD 1 mg/L
Total Coliform Bacteria 0

Boundary Condition

Boundary conditions are only valid for AD-state variables (concentrations). If a particle leaves the domain,
it is lost and cannot re-enter the simulation. Initially, the set-up editor scans the mesh file for boundary codes
(sections), displays the recognized codes and suggest a default name for each. There are three boundary types:

 Land
 Specified values (Dirichlet boundary condition)
 Zero gradient (Neumann boundary condition).

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For this study model following boundaries are used:

Chittagong Boat Club:

Table 6.14: State variable for downstream boundary of Chittagong Boat Club.

Variables Types Format Constant Value Soft Start Type

DO Specified Value Constant 5.8 mg/L Sinus variation

Temperature Specified Value Constant 30 degrees C Sinus variation

Ammonia Specified Value Constant 0.18 mg/L Sinus variation

Nitrate Specified Value Constant 4.33 mg/L Sinus variation

BOD Specified Value Constant 1 mg/L Sinus variation

Fecal Coliform Specified Value Constant 0 Sinus variation

Bacteria

Total Coliform Specified Value Constant 0 Sinus variation

Bacteria

Bolirhat canal:

Table 6.15: State variable for the upstream boundary for Bolirhat canal.

Variables Types Format Constant Value Soft Start Type

DO Specified Value Constant 10 mg/L Constant

Temperature Specified Value Constant 15 degrees Constant

Ammonia Specified Value Constant 0 mg/L Constant

Nitrate Specified Value Constant 0 mg/L Constant

BOD Specified Value Constant 0 mg/L Constant

Fecal Coliform Bacteria Specified Value Constant 0 Constant

Total Coliform Bacteria Specified Value Constant 0 Constant

6.6.6 Model Calibration and Validation

The developed water quality model (hydrodynamic) has been simulated during 1st Jan 2017 to 31st January
2017 for calibration. Enayetpur water level station is only the water level station in the model domain which
is located at the confluence of Halda and Karnafuli River. It is 4.9km upstream of project area. Water level
variation is insignificant and it not more than 10cm for low and high tide. Figure 6.12shows the good
agreement between model simulated and observed water level of Enayetpur station near the project area in
Karnafuli River. Further this model would calibrate with measured velocity and water level near the project.

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Model-Simulated [m]
Enayethat-Obs [m]

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0
00:00 00:00 00:00 00:00 00:00
2017-01-03 01-05 01-07 01-09 01-11

Figure 6.12:Water Level comparison at Enayethat on Karnafuli River.

6.7 Results and Discussions

This study model with ECO Lab has been simulated for the same period of calibration period to see the
dispersion of different state variable which is coming from STP.

6.7.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

From the Figure 6.13 it has been observed that the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration dispersion ranges
from 1.22 mg/L to more than 5.72 mg/L within the model boundary. Near the project area, the DO
concentration dispersion range falls under the yellow color showing the value within 3.47 mg/L to 4.6 mg/L.

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Figure 6.13: Dissolved Oxygen (DO) modelling for the Karnafuli River.

6.7.2 Nitrate Concentration

From the Figure 6.14, it has been observed that the Nitrate concentration dispersion ranges from 1.72 mg/L
to more than 10.32 mg/L within the model boundary. Near the project area the Nitrate concentration

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dispersion falls under the light violate color range showing the value less than or equal to 1.72 mg/L. The
STP project target Nitrate concentration was 50.0 mg/L as per CWASA STP project document.

Figure 6.14: Nitrate concentration modelling in Karnafuli River.

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6.7.3 Total Coliform Bacteria (E.Coli)

From the Figure 6.15, it has been observed that the E.Coli (bacteria) concentration dispersion ranges from
0.01 CFU/100ml to more than 50.0 CFU/100ml within the model boundary. Near the project area the Nitrate
concentration dispersion fall under the blue color range showing the value less than or equal to 0.01 to 5.00
CFU/100ml. As per the CWASA STP project document, the target Total Coliform was 1000.0 CFU/100ml.

Figure 6.15: E.Coli bacteria molecule dispersion modelling in the Karnafuli River.

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6.8 Details on potential impacts on land and biological environment, especially on

aquatic life and fisheries

6.8.1 Ecological Status-Aquatic Species

The proposed project and its surrounding areas have diverse waterbodies such as Karnaphuli River, Bolirhat
Canal, Ponds, Riparian vegetation, and Mangrove patches. While riparian vegetation was found along the
sides of rivers, ponds, canals, and other waterbodies. This is ecologically important to protect riverbank
erosion as well as help maintaining the river depth also. The main riparian species are Rain tree (Samanea
saman), Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Keora (Sonneratia apetala), Kolmi (Ipomoea spp.), Hogla (Typha
elephantiana), etc.

6.8.1.1 Mangrove Patches

Adjacent to the project sites, there are some natural and planted mangrove species to Bolirhat canal
(southeastern part of KodalKata Barua Para), & adjacent to Hamid Char at embankment roadside area and
right bank of Karnaphuli river. Mangrove apple (Sonneratia apetala) is the dominant species with some other
floral species such as Shirish (Albizia lebbeck), Mango-pine (Barringtonia acutangula), Morning Glory
(Ipomoea spp.) etc.

6.8.1.2 Fish Species

During the monsoon season study, a total of Thirty-eight (38) species of fish and four (4) species of Prawn
and shrimps were observed in the fishing boat and fishing nets using at the Karnafuli RIver. Most of the fish
were capture species, such as Bacha (Eutropiichthys vacha), Tular dandi (Sillaginopsis panijus), Poa
(Otolithoides pama), Phasa (Setipinna phash), Chiring (Apocryptes bato), Topshe (Polynemus paradiseus),
and Gura Icha (Macrobrachium lamarrei).

However, four endangered species such as Chital (Chitala chitala), Gojar (Channa marulius), Pabda (Ompok
pabda), Pangus (Pangasius Pangasius) and four vulnerable species namely Ayre (Sperata aor), Baim (Anguilla
bengalensis), Chapila (Gudusia chapra), Chela (Chela cachius), were also observed during the study period.

Meanwhile, in the dry season data, it is found that Bacha (Eutropiichthys vacha), Poa (Otolithoides pama),
Phasa (Setipinna phash), Topshe (Polynemus paradiseus), Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola), Golda Chingri
(Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and Gura Chingri (Macrobrachium lamarrei) along with two endangered
species namely Chital (Chitala chitala), Pabda (Ompok pabda), and three vulnerable species namely Ayre
(Sperata aor), Chapila (Gudusia chapra), Chela (Chela cachius.

6.8.2 Potential Impacts

Around 50 different tree species (with different sizes) including Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Mango

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(Mangifera indica), Purple coral tree (Erythrina fusca), Java Plum (Syzygium cumini), Custard apple
(Annona reticulata) Indian rosewood (Dalbergia sissoo), Mahogony (Swietenia mahagoni), Mangrove apple
(Sonneratia apetala) etc., will be cleared due to the project activities and construction of an access road to
connect the project site, a number of trees (around 50) species with different sizes will be cleared, the species

However, the location of the access road has not yet been finalized, if the existing plans for the access road
at the corner of the Baruara Para stay unchanged, the aforementioned trees will be impacted. There won't be
any difficulties with trees being cut down for STP sites because the majority of the project locations are
barren land and devoid of large trees.

The project site is now being utilized as a grazing area for livestock, primarily buffalo and cows, however
once project work begins, the locals will no longer be able to graze their animals. The dom khal, which is
already present close to the project site, will be greatly improved, and the wastewater quality will also be
improved. At the moment, this canal is idle, with no fisheries activities there because the water quality due
to receiving wastewater from the city's drain has been deteriorating.

In addition, project activities including noise generation from traffic movement, influx of labor, excessive
lighting, and others will disturb or force the relocation of faunal species that already live in and around the
project regions, particularly nocturnal species.

Most bird species will be disturbed, especially migratory species, which will reconstruct their flight paths if
they visit the project location.

Fisheries won't be impacted by project activities during the construction phase because there are currently no
fishing operations in the existing dom khal. However, during the operation phase, treated wastewater will
discharge to the Karnafuli River, improving the quality of BOD, NH3, ammonia, and DO, which will be
beneficial for aquatic species. Therefore, there won't be any significant effects on aquatic species as a whole,
and even the situation will get better.

6.9 Details on impact on spills and contamination with water

6.9.1 Construction phase

Construction activities may pose the potential for release of petroleum-based products such as fuels. The
main water bodies surrounding the STP are the Dohm Kali River, Karnaphuli River, and Halda river. Fuel
contains oil, and pollution of water bodies by oil has an impact on not only the environment and ecosystems
but also on industries such as fishing and tourism. When oil spreads to the water bodies, birds, marine
mammals, and other organisms will be covered in oil and become unable to swim. In addition, as oil settles,
it will affect the ecosystems of organisms on the seabed and sea grass. The following fuels will be used during
construction for construction equipment and vehicles.

Diesel: Diesel fuel is commonly used in heavy equipment, such as excavators, bulldozers, and

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backhoes. Diesel engines are generally more fuel-efficient and have higher torque than
gasoline engines.

Gasoline Gasoline is used in smaller equipment and vehicles, such as chainsaws, generators, and
small trucks. Gasoline engines are typically lighter and more compact than diesel engines.

Propane Propane is a clean-burning fuel that is commonly used in forklifts, heaters, and other
construction equipment. It is also used to power some temporary heating and cooling
units.

Natural gas Natural gas is used in some heavy equipment, such as drilling rigs and compressors. It is
also used in temporary heating and power systems.

There are several situations that could lead to fuel spills from a construction site. Some of the possible
scenarios include

Damaged fuel storage tank

If the tank used to store fuel at the construction site is damaged, there is a risk that fuel could leak out. This
could be due to accidents, equipment failure, natural disasters, and other factors.

Mishandling of fuel during refueling

When refueling, there is a risk of mishandling the fuel. For example, overfilling the tank, spilling fuel during
refueling, or not securely fastening the fuel cap.

Damaged construction machinery

If the construction machinery is damaged, fuel could leak out. This could be due to the machinery being old
and worn, or because it was not handled correctly.

Accidents during fuel transportation

If the trucks or tankers transporting fuel to the construction site are involved in accidents, fuel could spill out.
This could be due to accidents or vehicle failure.

Techniques for prevention, minimization, and control of these impacts include

 Providing adequate secondary containment for fuel storage tanks and for the temporary
storage of other fluids such as lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids,
 Using impervious surfaces for refueling areas and other fluid transfer areas
 Training workers on the correct transfer and handling of fuels and chemicals and the response
to spills
 Providing portable spill containment and cleanup equipment on site and training in the
equipment deployment

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6.9.2 Operation phase

Sewage treatment plants are facilities designed to treat wastewater from various sources such as residential
and domestic water of industrial zones, with the aim of preventing water contamination. However, there is
still a possibility of water contamination from sewage treatment plants. If a sewage treatment plant fails to
properly treat wastewater, it can become a source of water pollution. The specific contaminants that may be
present in untreated or partially treated wastewater discharged from a sewage treatment plant can vary
depending on the Sources of the wastewater. Some of the contaminants that may be present in untreated or
partially treated wastewater from a sewage treatment plant include:

Organic matter Wastewater contains organic matter such as human and animal feces, food waste, and
other organic materials. If this organic matter is not treated properly, it can lead to
excessive amounts of nutrients in the water, which can cause algal blooms and negatively
impact aquatic ecosystems.

Pathogens Wastewater can contain harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. If
these pathogens are not removed or destroyed during the treatment process, they can
contaminate water bodies and pose a risk to human health.

Nutrients Wastewater contains nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which can cause
eutrophication and negatively impact aquatic ecosystems if not properly treated.

It is important to note that hazardous materials such as heavy metals and synthetic organic compounds are
not included in received wastewater because industrial wastewater will be not received in the STP.

Some potential situations of water contamination from sewage treatment plants are as follows:

Capacity overload

Sewage treatment plants have a limited capacity, and if they are overloaded with more wastewater than they
can handle, the treatment process may be delayed or incomplete, leading to potential discharge of untreated
or partially treated wastewater.

Equipment malfunction or maintenance

Sewage treatment plants rely on a variety of equipment and machinery to treat wastewater. If equipment
malfunctions or is undergoing maintenance, the treatment process may stop or slow down, leading to potential
discharge of untreated or partially treated wastewater.

Inadequate treatment of hazardous substances

Sewage treatment plants may receive wastewater containing chemicals or hazardous substances that require
specialized treatment. Inadequate treatment or accidental leaks of these substances could result in
contaminated water being discharged into the environment.

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Weather events or natural disasters

Extreme weather events such as heavy rain or floods can overwhelm sewage treatment plants, causing
untreated or partially treated wastewater to be discharged into the environment.

To ensure that wastewater is treated effectively and to prevent any potential pollution incidents, the following
measures are typically taken:

 Monitoring and testing Sewage treatment plants regularly monitor and test wastewater to
ensure that it is being treated effectively and to identify any potential issues that may arise.
This helps to ensure that the plant is operating effectively, and that wastewater is being treated
to the appropriate standards.
 Maintenance and repairs Regular maintenance and repairs of equipment and infrastructure
at sewage treatment plants are essential to prevent failures and minimize the risk of water
pollution incidents.
 Emergency response plans Sewage treatment plants have emergency response plans in place
to address potential incidents, such as equipment failures, power outages, or weather events.
These plans include procedures for isolating and containing wastewater in the event of an
incident to prevent contamination of the environment.
 Regulatory compliance Sewage treatment plants must comply with regulations and
standards established by local responsible agencies to ensure that wastewater is treated
effectively and to prevent water pollution incidents.

6.10 Identify mitigation measures and any residual impacts that can’t be mitigated

According to IFC's Performance Standard 1 (Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social
Risks and Impacts), mitigation measures are described as follows.

To adopt a mitigation hierarchy to anticipate and avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimize,
and, where residual impacts remain, compensate/offset for risks and impacts to workers, Affected
Communities, and the environment.

Therefore, mitigation measures will be implemented in the following order of priority.

1. Avoidance Avoiding (not causing) an impact by not carrying out the whole or part of the
action (action in the project that will cause the impact). It is also to avoid the
occurrence of an impact by shifting the impacting factor away from
environmental factors that are expected to have a significant impact.

2. Minimization Minimization is the minimization of impact by limiting the extent or scale of

implementation of an action.

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3. Compensate/offset Compensating for the value of the damaged environmental element from the
perspective of environmental conservation by, for example, creating an
environmental element of the same type as the element that is being damaged.

In this section, “Compensate/offset” mitigation measures to address "residual impacts that can’t be mitigated”
which is not able to avoid and minimize is discussed.

The construction of a sewage treatment plant will involve the clearing of land, removal of vegetation, and
disturbance of the natural habitats of flora and fauna. This can lead to a loss of biodiversity and fragmentation
of ecosystems. To compensate/offset for this impact, planting new trees is one of mitigation measures. It is
recommended that an equivalent number/area of trees be planted within the STP site to the number/area of
trees cutting down.

6.11 Community Recommendations

The following community recommendations were recorded during the large stakeholders’ meeting held in
December 2022, January 2023, and March 2023.

 Since dust and noise pollution will occur during the construction phase, the primary school
teachers were concerned that their regular class activities will be disrupted and requested
necessary mitigation measures. For example, for not transporting construction material and
using heavy vehicles during the school period of daytime.
 Initiate Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities for the development of school area.
 The project area is not connected to CWASA water supply facilities. As a result, the people
proposed for water supply from CWASA if possible, in these areas.
 The participants requested for taking a provision of special allocation for the vulnerable group
of people during the implementation of proposed project.
 More than 100 nos of trees will be required to be removed from the site, the community people
asked for proper compensations and tree plantation program in their areas.
 During the transportation of construction materials, traffic accidents could possibly occur at
the project sites, the community people advised for taking necessary precaution measures to
avoid traffic accident.
 Local people should be given priority in terms of job opportunities and contracting or small
business opportunities during the construction and operation period of the project.
 As part of capacity building, livelihood training programs (such as agricultural, auto driving,
livestock rearing, and basic computer training etc.,) are expected to be received by the local
people.

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CHAPTER 7 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

7.1 Introduction

In accordance with the EIA Guideline of Department of Environment (DOE), Chattogram Sewerage
Improvement Project require the stakeholder consultation meeting with the community people who are to be
affected either in positive or negative ways due to project activities. It is inevitable that there will be some
adverse and beneficial impacts on local people that could be minimized by proper mitigation measures and
can turn them as beneficial. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the community will fully understand the
project, have the opportunity to express their views and become directly involved in the project’s overall
decision-making process.

According to the JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations 2022, consultation with
affected people and interested parties as well as the general public is required, and their opinions must be
considered when the project is being planned and carried out. National legislation also requires consultation
with both affected and interested parties. This project's stakeholder consultations were carried out in
accordance with the necessary guidelines.

Overall, the objectives of Stakeholder Consultations include:

 To explain the proposed development project to the local community,

 To identify and notify the extent of impact due to the project implementation,
 Obtaining reliable local information of conditions and issues that may affect the project
activities,
 To reduce conflicts amongst all stakeholders by disseminating information and giving
opportunity to express their opinions; and
 Increase participation of the local people with the project and to give a sense of ownership.

7.2 Identification of stakeholders

Stakeholder identification is one of the most important tasks throughout the project life cycle and
documenting relevant information regarding their interests in the project, independence, influence, and
potential impact on the project. Stakeholders vary in terms of the degree of interest, influence and control
they have over the project. The process for identification of stakeholder is discussed below:

7.2.1 Project-affected Parties

They include individuals, groups, and entities within the project’s Area of Influence (AOI) that directly
impacted by the project activities and/or have been identified as most prone to the change associated with the
project, and who need to be closely engaged in identifying impacts, as well as in decision-making on
mitigation and management measures. They include:

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 Both physically and economically displaced person for the intervention of the project.
 Local people living in the vicinity of the planned project infrastructure and activities that
adversely affected mainly by noise, dust, vibration, and vehicular movements and so on.
 Persons or households who will loss access to land and/or will be restricted to get access to
the natural resources due to the project’s activities, e.g., sharecropper, landowners, squatters,
etc.
 vulnerable groups such as elderly, physically and mentally disabled persons, landless people,
people living below poverty line, orphan etc.

7.2.2 Interested Parties

The process of identification of interested parties relating to the projects is described below:

 Local representatives (elected and non-elected), governmental officials, including regulatory,

and permit awarding agencies at the national, regional, and local levels, including
environmental, technical, and labor authorities.
 DC office for land acquisition issues.
 Community leaders, such as headteachers of local schools, religious leaders, or leaders of
local cooperatives.
 Leaders of informal or traditional community institutions such as women groups, water
consumer groups, etc.
 NGOs and CBOs (Community Based Organizations) at national and local levels on the
welfare and rights of vulnerable groups.
 Business owners, traders, and suppliers of goods and services to the construction and
operation of the project.
 Residents and communities within the project area that can benefit from increased economic
opportunities, employment, and training opportunities stemming from the project; and,
 Mass media and associated interest groups, including local, regional, and national print and
broadcast media, digital/web-based entities, and their associations.
 Consultation with CWASA was also made for identification of interested parties in this project.
 Details are in Table 7.1.

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Table 7.1 Identification of stakeholders both affected parties and interested parties

Stakeholder
SL Key Stakeholders Description of the Stakeholder Profile
Group/Category
Affected Parties
Landowner whose land will be acquired
Physically displaced people
for the implementation of the project.
Economically displaced people
Both physically and economically
Project Affected Impacted Land Users
displaced persons
Persons (PAPs) Impacted Landowners
Land user who are residing the project
Common Property Resources
area and grazing land for livestock used
(CPR)
by the community.
Interested Parties
Regulatory Authorities This stakeholder group is a regulatory
Institutional Local Administration- City authority at the district and national level
Stakeholders Corporation that are responsible for various permits
DC office and licenses pertaining to the Project.
Project Owner This stakeholder is responsible for the
Ownership
EPC whole project implementation
This stakeholder includes Japan
Project Financing International Cooperation Agency
Financers and Investors
Agencies/ Institutions (JICA) who is evaluating a potential
investment opportunity into the Project.
This stakeholder group comprises of the
Local community residing near the community residing near the vicinity of
project area. the project area.
Local Community
Labor of existing plant from local This group is expecting to be directly or
community indirectly impacted by the Project
activities.
This stakeholder groups will have
expertise for different sector and will
provide inputs and information which are
Department of Agriculture crucial for designing and project
Institutional
Department of Fisheries implementation.
Stakeholders
Department of Environment The Department of Environment will
issue Environmental Clearance
Certificate (ECC) for taking the project
in further steps.
This stakeholder groups are important for
Local NGOs
Secondary stakeholder getting input or information during
Civil Societies
project implementation.
Source: JICA survey team

7.3 Approach, Methods, and Process for consultation

The approach undertaken for information disclosure and consultation involved the following key processes.

 Mapping and Identification of key stakeholders such as primary (direct project influence) and
secondary (indirect project influence) stakeholders.
 Undertaking expert consultation, interviews, and public consultation meeting with the
respective stakeholders,
 Assessing the influence and impact of the project on these stakeholder’s groups.
 Summarizing key findings and observations from the consultation.
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 Preparing a future stakeholder engagement strategy consultation plan for a more detailed
assessment at a microscopic level considering the project lifecycle phases and their
implications on the stakeholders.
 Process for Consultation

Relevant stakeholders were invited through invitation letter, including local ward councilor of Ward No-4 of
CCC, and sent invitation to the local people specifically land and structure owners/users, of the project area
by household visit.

During the meeting, a power point presentation was conducted, focusing on the process for impact assessment
and mitigation measures etc. A question-and-answer session was also carried out followed by the presentation
to get feedback from the local stakeholders. Findings of the disclosure meeting will be incorporated in the
draft ESIA and RAP report.

A combination of communicative methods is usually used to engage with the stakeholders. A benefits analysis
of each option was performed to determine which option is best suited to the various stakeholders. The
communicative methods are:

 General Information consisting of the project’s various activities, the operation stage, and
impacts that might arise shall be made available for stakeholders.
 In addition to this, a host of tools and techniques also be adapted to engage with the
stakeholders in a transparent and accountable manner.

7.4 Stakeholder/Participation consultations

The following stakeholder consultation were undertaken during the study period, in December 2022, January
2023 and March 2023.

7.4.1 Key Informant Interview (KII) and In-Depth Interview (IDI)

Individual and Key Informant Interview (KII) techniques were used to disseminate project information
during the ESIA, RAP, and LRP studies. A significant number of KII were conducted with the relevant
authorities during the study period. Details in Table 7.2.

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Table 7.2 Details of Consultations Held for the Project

Stakeholder Details of
Date Issues Discussed/Raised Response/Suggestions Made
Group Participants
He understands the area well since he is the ward councilor for the project area, and
Md. Asrarul General perception of the proposed
he assumes that the land acquisition process in Barua Para will be difficult for the
Chattogram Alam project
project proponent.
09.11.2022 City Ward Councillor Livelihood pattern of the area
Majority of the locals of the area are involved in Business and Service sector
Corporation Ward No. 4 Any suggestion or recommendation
The project area is not connected to CWASA water supply facilities. As a result, he
Chandgaon for the development of the area
proposed for water supply from CWASA if possible, in these areas.
Officer In Concerning any security or threating
Bangladesh Charge issues in the project area. According to him, there are no security related issues in the project area., and
09.11.2022
Police Chandgaon Seeking security related assistance He assured to provide all types of assistance from their end as required.
Thana in the project area
Informed about the project during the baseline preparation.
Positive attitude towards the development of project
Kohinur Banu
Project information Since dust and noise pollution will occur during the construction phase, she is
Directorate Head Teacher
Project perception concerned that their regular class activities will be disrupted and requests necessary
13.11.2022 of Primary Sanowara
Any concern or recommendation for mitigation measures.
Education Government
the proposed project The primary school is adjacent to the project area, she suggested not to transport
primary School
construction material and using of heavy vehicle during the school period of daytime.
Initiate CSR activities for the development of school area.
Female headed elderly household.
Category of vulnerability
Age almost 70 years
A potentially How long have you been living
Female and Living alone in this area for the past 15 years
vulnerable alone in this area?
13.11.2022 Vulnerable She will be directly affected by the project activity and will be physically displaced.
female identified How she would be affected?
Group The settlement and homestead land are the last possession of herself.
by the consultant Current condition
She requested for taking a provision of special allocation for herself during the
Special allocation
implementation of proposed project.
Source: JICA Survey Team

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7.4.2 Focus Group Discussion (FGDs)

FGD is the important tool for disseminating information and assessing stakeholder opinions and perceptions
about project activities. FGD was used to learn about the needs, perceptions, and concerns of both projects
affected and interested parties. The discussion also provided an opportunity for participants to express their
concerns and offer suggestions. During this survey, discussions with various groups, including female and
vulnerable groups, were held.

According to the CWASA, the proposed project will necessarily require approximately 30 hectares of land.
Almost 97 percent of the land is privately owned. During the reconnaissance site visit, socioeconomic survey,
census, and preliminary level of consultations, it was found that at least six locations adjacent to the proposed
project area will be affected. The majority of the landowners living in the surrounding area, while the
remaining are living in various parts of Chattogram and Bangladesh. The surrounding six areas are:

 Dash Para
 Dorji Para
 Nazir Bari/Para
 Khola Para
 Barua Para
 Saban ghata

In two phases, the study team conducted eleven (11) focus group discussions with landowners, female groups,
and local communities which was consisting of 73 participants of 50 Male and 23 female. The discussions
were held to disseminate the project related information with the following outcomes:

 To disseminate the project related information to both projects affected and interested parties.
 To understand stakeholder perceptions and the status of their awareness of the proposed
project.
 To learn about their expectations from the project proponent; and
 To comprehend the potential risks and benefits associated with this project, among other
things.

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Table 7.3 Participants details of FGDs

SL Number Number of Participants Type of

Date Location
No of FGDs Male Female Total Participants
13/11/2022 Baruapara,
Landowners and
and Chandgaon, 3 14 8 22
Female Group
02/01/2023 Chattogram
03/01/2023 Dashpara,
Local Community
and Chandgaon, 2 5 10 15
and Female Group
06/01/2023 Chattogram
Sabanghata,
03/01/2023 Chandgaon, 1 5 4 9 Local Community
Chattogram
Nazirpara,
04/01/2023 Chandgaon, 2 10 0 10 Local Community
Chattogram
13/11/2022 Kholapara,
and Chandgaon, 2 10 1 11 Local Community
05/01/2023 Chattogram
Dorjipara,
06/01/2023 Chandgaon, 1 6 0 6 Local Community
Chattogram
Total 11 50 23 73
Source: JICA Survey Team

7.5 Findings/summary from stakeholder/participation consultations

The finding or summary of stakeholder meetings is given below:

7.5.1 Summary of focus group discussions (FGDs)

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Table 7.4 Summary of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)

SL Location Stakeholder Discussed Issues Received Comments/ Responses

No Group
Baruapara, Landowners Informed about the project, The participants are well-informed about the project.
Chandgaon, General perception regarding the project, Most of the participants have a positive attitude towards the project.
Chattogram Current status of land type and land use, Most of the lands have been currently unused for the last twenty years, but the
Crop production in the project area project boundary partially encompasses the Baruapara area, affecting
Mouza rate and market price of the land approximately 81 households including residence, mostly two or three storied.
Preferred type of Compensation The majority of the project area is fallow land that is not used for crop production
Preferred way of utilizing compensation money since long, but very marginal amount of land adjacent to the settlement is using for
Expected environmental pollution. and homestead vegetable production.
Comments/Suggestions The current market price is higher than the mouza rate of the land.
The majority of respondents want to receive cash compensation for the acquisition
of their land, but someone also want equal amounts of replacement land
(homestead and agricultural), confirming equal or better quality, as well as cash
compensation for immovable assets.
If they receive cash compensation from the project, then they would plan to use
this money for new businesses, buying new land, and built their houses.
Alternative analyses for the proposed project would exclude the Baruapara
settlement area that would be greatly appreciated. If they require to relocate, then,
they prefer the CDA residential areas for their new residence.
Female Informed about the project. The participants are well-informed about the project. They were informed about
Group Livelihood Pattern of the females in the area. the project from either family members or neighbors.
Impediment to work for females. Typically, women in the project area only involved for doing household chores,
Average age of marriage. including livestock rearing.
Female educational attainment. In the Chittagong area, women from Muslim families are typically not to be
Decision Making in the household/village etc. allowed to work outside of home.
The average age of marriage for a boy is 27 and 20 for a girl.
The majority of the women in the area have completed their secondary education.
However, they nowadays are giving preference for higher education. Boys, on the
other hand, are always encouraged to pursue higher education.
Typically, male members in the study area to take decisions at both the household
and village levels.
Dashpara, Local Informed about the project. The majority of the locals are aware of the project. They were informed about the
Chandgaon, Community General perception regarding the project. project through the stakeholder consultation meeting.
Chattogram Information about the lands and landowners. They have a positive attitude toward the project.
Livelihood pattern of the community. According to the locals, the landowners, many of them, in the area sold their

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SL Location Stakeholder Discussed Issues Received Comments/ Responses

No Group
The presence of ethnic community in the area. properties and relocated a long time ago.
Changes in the livelihood pattern of the area. The major Sources of income are mainly business and other government and non-
Any current issue in the area. government services.
Comments/Suggestions/Expectations There are no ethnic communities in the project area.
People in that area once engaged in fishing activities in the canal of the proposed
project area more than ten years ago, but currently they don’t hold this occupation.
The people in the study area are mostly deprived of basic supplies such as gas,
drinking water, and communication.
Locals should be given priority in terms of job opportunities and contracting or
small business opportunities during the construction and operation period of the
project.
Female Informed about the project. The participants are well-informed about the project.
Group Livelihood Pattern of the females in the area. Women in the project area usually doing only housework except few women who
Impediment to work for females. are involved in the poultry farming in their household.
Female educational attainment. Usually, women in the Chittagong city areas are engaged in household works,
Decision Making in the household/village however, very rare are working outside of their home.
The majority of the women in the area have successfully completed their secondary
school, and many of them are now giving priority for higher education also.
Typically, male members of the project area generally make decisions at both the
household and village levels.
Sabanghata, Local Informed about the project. The majority of the local people are informed about the project through the
Chandgaon, Community General perception regarding the project. stakeholder consultation meeting which was held on 29th December 2022.
Chattogram Information about the lands and landowners. They have a positive attitude towards the project.
Nazirpara, Local Livelihood pattern of the community. According to the locals, the landowners, many of them, in the area sold their
Chandgaon, Community Livelihood Pattern of the females in the area. properties and relocated a long time ago.
Chattogram Decision Making in the household/village. The earning Source of local people is mainly business and services.
Kholapara, Local The presence of ethnic community in the area. Women in the project area usually are involved with only housework, except few
Chandgaon, Community Comments/Suggestions/Expectations women are also working in the poultry/cattle farms.
Chattogram Male members of the study area generally make decisions at both the household
Dorjipara, Local and village levels.
Chandgaon, Community There are no ethnic communities in the project area.
Chattogram Local people should be given priority in terms of job opportunities and as well as
small business opportunities during the implementation period of the project.
As part of capacity building, livelihood training programs (such as agricultural,
auto driving, livestock rearing, and basic computer training etc.,) are expected to
be received.

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Major questions raised by Reply to the participant’s

Sl. No. Discussion Topics
the participants queries
generated if it is not treated sites to discourage the local access.
properly during the operation Danger sign, flag man will be
period. deployed all times at the
What will be the surface water construction sites, and awareness
quality if huge volume of campaign will be carried out to
sewage will be discharged to inform the local people about the
the Bolirhat canal to Karnafuli project activities.
River, it will destroy the local To lessen the offensive odor
ecosystem.? problem, it will be controlled
digitally and proper sewage
treatment will be ensured that will
improve the water quality and
reduce the bad odor definitely.
After treated the wastewater in the
STP sites, the treated water will be
discharged to the Karnafuli
River through Bolirhat canal
following the Department of
Environment (DOE) guideline and
new ECR 2023, so, the water
quality will be improved and fish
and other aquatic biodiversity will
definitely be increased.
2 Land acquisition, How much land will be A total of 74.54 acres of land will
resettlement and livelihood required for this project and be acquired under this project.
restoration plan under the what will be the process for Among them, 73.54 acres of land
social study was discussed in this land acquisition? is privately owned and reaming 1
the session. What will be the compensation acres land is Khas land or
mechanism for losses of government land.
structures and trees and other Total land owners approximately
commercial entities? 325 persons, 45 structures will
What will be resettlement be affected under this project, 70
process either the affected people will be required for
households will be relocated relocations.
by the project or will receive The land acquisition project will
only cash compensation for follow the Acquisition and
relocation? Requisition of Immovable
Property Act, 2017 and other
governmental process and
procedures.
The compensation process will be
followed by ARIPA 2017 and other
government process and
procedures. DC office will
initiative this process during the
land acquisition period.
It is not yet decided that either the
project will resettle the affected
households or will provide the
compensation and technical
assistance. It will be determined by
the Joint Verification Team (JVT)
and Property Assessment and
Valuation Committee (PAVC)
which will be formed by the
respective ministry before starting
the land acquisition process.

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7.5.3 Stakeholder engagement plan throughout the project cycle

The stakeholder engagement process will be carried out at two levels, namely, local community and local
governing bodies. A summary of the proposed plans that are to be initiated by the contractor(s) and CWASA
have been described below. It is to be noted that the proposed plan of activities relating to the stakeholder
engagement can change as per the future planning of activities by CWASA.

Table 7.7 Stakeholders engagement plan

Sl. No. Key stakeholders Proposed plan for engagement

1 Project Affected People (PAPs) / Announcement of vacancies (skilled/unskilled) at the
Local Communities proposed site,
Announcement of contract work for small scale work
associated with the proposed project,
Activities for community development,
Consultation with local community/agencies about the
movement of heavy vehicles,
Information on route and timing of vehicle movement to be
provided to local administrations/CCC.
Set up a grievance redress mechanism and inform the
community about the procedure.
Discuss the management plan with the community and
incorporate the comments.

2 Local Governmental/ Non- Compliance with legal requirements,

Governmental Agencies CBOs engagement to inform the local community about the
grievances redress mechanism and the project activities.
Awareness raising campaign,
Stakeholder consultations, meetings, workshops etc.

In the preparation phase of this project, two public consultations, several KIIs, FGDs and meetings were
conducted in the project areas. This process will be followed in the implementation and operation phase of
the project. During the implementation phase, consultation will be carried out focusing on several issues like
maintenance of safety and security of the workers, the process to manage resources, proper communication,
avoid the impact on environment and society, etc. Before the operation phase, consultation meetings to be
organized to inform the local people about the project activities and will ensure that the project activities will
not affect the community and environment, cultural diversity and gender safety etc. will also be carried out.

7.5.4 Information disclosures and consultations

A number of consultations meetings, workshops, were conducted during this phase of EIA preparation. The
stakeholders consulted include local people, communities in the vicinity of the project area, local elected
representatives and other external stakeholders such as government officials. The details of consultations
held with issues raised or discussed and suggestions provided by the respective stakeholders are presented in
Table 7.4 and Table 7.5.

A combination of mixed methods of information disclosure and consultation process was adopted at this
stage of EIA preparation. The method selected for consultation was basically designed keeping in mind the
profile of the stakeholders, type of information desired and level of engagement required. The invitation
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letters in Bengali were distributed before and during the public consultation meeting. The consultant and
representative of the project proponent answered the question of the public. In each consultation session, the
consultant introduced themselves, introduced the project and the purpose of engagement with the respective
stakeholder.

The 1st and 2nd round stakeholder consultation meeting were held in Orchid Community Center, Chandgaon,
Chattogram on 29th December 2022, and 20th March 2023 respectively. The proceedings commenced at 11
a.m. by attending of total 90 participants of 14 female and 76 males including project proponents, project
affected people, local community, and representative of various government organizations. Invitations letters
were sent to the various stakeholders a week before the event following the EIA guideline of Department of
Environment (DOE) and JICA Environmental and Social Consideration Guideline, 2022.

The summary of Information disclosure of 1st round stakeholder meeting is given below:

The Project Director of CWASA discussed about the “JICA Preparatory Survey on Chattogram Sewerage
System Development Project, Kalurghat and Bakalia” in the 1st round stakeholder consultation meeting
which was held on 29th December 2022. He has also given the CWASA strategies for sewerage treatment of
the city’ s wastewater except rainwater. He clearly mentioned that the Chattogram WASA plans to build a
sewage treatment plant in six phases. Already, the Government of Bangladesh approved the "Chattogram
Metropolitan Sewerage Project" proposal in principle. The Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) will treat the
sewage waste, except rainwater, water waste will be collected from all city residences via pipeline and
transported to the sewerage treatment plant, where compost will be produced, and safe disposal will be
arranged with the Chattogram City Corporation.

However, under this project, two STPs (Sewerage Treatment Plant) in Kalurghat and Bakalia under
Catchment 2 and 4 of CWASA will be developed. CWASA is however implementing STP 1 and 3 at other
locations of the city.

To get the feasibility status, JICA is currently conducting the preparatory survey for STP-2 & 4 under this
project covering all aspects of natural environment, socio-economic, land acquisition and resettlement action
plan etc.

Once the survey has been completed, the results will also be shared with all the stakeholders in the 2nd round
stakeholder meeting which will be held in next March 2023. As it is the STP project and will require land
acquisition form the landowners, so, we need to declare the social cutoff date which is to be 15 January of
2023 and all of you requested don’t take further any kind of development like build structure, tree plantation,
or any commercial activities like cattle farm etc., in this project site. If you do this before the cutoff date (15
January 2023), you can get your claims but after the cutoff date, it is to be punishable or no additional
compensation will be paid to you.

In addition, the Local Counselor of Chattogram City Corporation (CCC), of Chandgaon 4 No. Ward, has
given the statement with positive views and opinion on the proposed project. He raised the issues on the

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process of land acquisition, and payment system, and as well as other kinds of disruption to be faced by the
community due to the project implementation such as traffic accident, dust generation, excessive noise,
labour influx etc. and he also suggested for taking remedial actions immediately in considering ‘no harm’ to
local residents and natural environmental settings. On the other hand, he also appreciated for taking such
kind of project because city people will get rid of suffering of dirty wastewater bad impacts from the city
drain outlets. It will also improve the existing environmental conditions and will bring positive outcomes to
public health also. Finally, he concluded with hope, and wishing for a successful project.

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CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 Introduction

An EMP needs to be prepared for all phases of the project for effective implementation of environmental
protection and mitigation measures and monitoring of significant environmental impacts.

8.2 Details of environmental protection measures

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8.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase

Implementing Responsible
No. Items Mitigation Measures Cost
Organization Organization
All of the necessary permits, clearances, and NOCs etc. shall be obtained before the start of
1 Overall CWASA CWASA To be confirmed
construction.
Involuntary Land Acquisition Plan has to be prepared by the project proponent following the national
resettlement legal frameworks and JICA Environmental and Social Considerations Guidelines in order
2 Contractor CWASA To be confirmed
(land to proceed appropriate compensation procedure.
acquisition) Compensation has to be paid based on the Land Acquisition Plan prior to construction.
Poverty/
Livelihood/
Livelihood Restoration Plan has to be prepared by the project proponent following the
Land use and
3 national legal frameworks and JICA Environmental and Social Considerations Guidelines. Contractor CWASA To be confirmed
utilization of
Livelihood restoration activities has to be started prior to construction.
local
resources

8.2.2 Construction Phase

Implementing Responsible
No. Items Mitigation Measures Cost
Organization Organization
Tire cleaning prior to leaving the STP site to the public roads and streets.
Regular inspections of the vehicles and equipment.
Vehicles travelling to and from the construction site must adhere to speed limits so as to
avoid producing excessive dust. Included in
1 Air quality Contractor CWASA
Cover with tarpaulin vehicles transporting soil and sand. construction cost
Cover stockpiled construction materials with tarpaulin or plastic sheets.
Trenching and transport vehicles shall move only in designated areas and roads.
Water spraying to access roads, camp sites and work sites to reduce dust emissions.

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Implementing Responsible
No. Items Mitigation Measures Cost
Organization Organization
Repair and maintain access roads, as necessary.
Monitor air quality according to the environmental monitoring plan.
Provision of temporary sedimentation canal and/or silt traps along construction areas
Avoid excavation work during the monsoon season.
Fuel and other petroleum products are stored in storage areas away from water drainage.
Included in
2 Water quality For effluents from workplace, camps, and offices, provide treatment arrangements such as Contractor CWASA
construction cost
retention ponds and septic tanks.
Discharge of oil-contaminated water will be prohibited.
Monitor water quality according to the environmental monitoring plan.
The contractor is required to prepare, implement, and maintain a Waste Management Plan
approved by PMU throughout construction period.
Insist waste segregation by source organic wastes in one pot and inorganic wastes in another
pot. Included in
3 Waste Contractor CWASA
The contractor will record the quantity in tons and types of waste and materials leaving site construction cost
during the construction phase.
Establish waste collection, transportation and disposal systems with the manpower,
equipment/vehicles needed, and disposal sites approved by local authorities;
Fuel, oil, and other hazardous substances will be stored in adequately protected sites
consistent with national and local regulations to prevent soil and water contamination.
Equipment/ vehicle maintenance and refueling will be confined to areas in construction sites
designed to contain spilled lubricants and fuels. Such areas will be provided with drainage
Soil Included in
4 leading to an oil-water separator that will be regularly skimmed of oil and maintained to Contractor CWASA
contamination construction cost
ensure efficiency.
The contractor will identify personnel in the Waste Management Plan in charge of these
sites, and ensure they are properly trained to control access to these areas; entry will be
allowed only under authorization;
Communicate the construction schedule with the neighboring sensitive receptors before
starting work.
Generators will be located away from sensitive receivers and will be enclosed.
Noise & Use modern vehicles and machinery with standard adaptations to reduce noise and Included in
5 Contractor CWASA
vibration vibration, and ensure they are maintained to manufacturers’ specifications. construction cost
Optimize the use of noisy construction equipment and turn off any equipment if not in use;
Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles.
Measure noise level according to the environmental monitoring plan.
Flora/Fauna & Only trees that will require removal within the proposed construction areas of the sites will Included in
6 Contractor CWASA
Biodiversity be cut. construction cost

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Implementing Responsible
No. Items Mitigation Measures Cost
Organization Organization
For trees not proposed to be cut, taking all precautions to protect them from any damage
from construction activities.
Existing
Vehicles travelling to and from the construction site must adhere to speed limits.
social Included in
7 Construction vehicles travel only on defined routes. Contractor CWASA
infrastructure construction cost
Prepare Traffic Management Plan
and service
Provide adequate toilets, separate for women and men, at the construction sites, with septic
tanks.
A program to promote awareness of the construction workers on avoiding gender-based Included in
8 Gender Contractor CWASA
violence such as sexual harassment. construction cost
The contractor will make sure that no discrimination is made on the basis of gender while
hiring of workers such as equal opportunity and fair treatment;
Children’s Prohibition of forced and children labour; Included in
9 Contractor CWASA
rights Compliance of Bangladesh legislation related to labour construction cost
Provide regular health check-ups, sanitation and hygiene, health care, and control of
epidemic diseases to the workforce.
Launch awareness programs concerning human trafficking and the possibility of spread of
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS using brochures, posters, and
Infectious
signboards. Included in
10 disease and Contractor CWASA
Prepare the health and safety guidance for COVID-19 at work sites. construction cost
HIV/AIDS
Ensure sufficient stock of soap, sanitizer, washing facility and safe water at the workers’
dwelling (both camp site and home).
Clean water hole around accommodation and construction site and protect workers from
mosquito using mosquito fogger and mosquito coil to avoid spreading dengue fever
Provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to all the laborers working at the construction
site such as earmuffs/protective hearing equipment, masks, gloves and hard shoes etc.
Training on how and when to use PPE shall be conducted and ensure everyone entering the
worksite must wear PPE,
A proper occupational health and safety plan has to be prepared referring relevant regulation
Occupational
and guidelines such as the Bangladesh Labor Act, 2006, WHO guidelines and World Bank Included in
11 health & Contractor CWASA
EHS Guidelines and will have to be followed to avoid health hazard of the workers. construction cost
safety
At every workplace, a readily available first aid unit and nursing staff
Compensation for the loss of life (a zero tolerance to loss of life policy should be developed
and implemented) or for any type of injuries.
Provide insurance to the workers.
Provide safe drinking water in sufficient quantity for the workforce at the construction site

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Implementing Responsible
No. Items Mitigation Measures Cost
Organization Organization
as well as at the construction camps.
Vehicles travelling to and from the construction site must adhere to speed limits.
Included in
12 Accident Construction vehicles travel only on defined routes. Contractor CWASA
construction cost
Prepare Traffic Management Plan

8.2.3 Operation Phase

Implementing Responsible
No. Items Mitigation Measures Cost
Organization Organization
1 Water quality Monitoring water quality in discharge point of treated water
Noise andOptimize the use of noisy facility and turn off any equipment if not in use.
2 CWASA CWASA To be confirmed
vibration Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles;
3 Offensive odor Installation of deodorization facility CWASA CWASA To be confirmed
Workers must be trained to understand potential hazards, proper work procedures,
Occupational appropriate emergency evacuation procedures, and appropriate use of PPE.
4 health and First aid facilities required to attend immediately for meeting emergency situations will CWASA CWASA To be confirmed
safety be made available at the facility.
Use specially trained personnel to demount electrical parts
Vehicles will be parked inside the facility premises in the designated slots.
Entry and exit routes from the premises will be clearly marked.
5 Accident CWASA CWASA To be confirmed
Adequate lighting and reflective boards will be put up for nighttime safety.
All routes will be planned to cause minimal disturbance to local community;

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CHAPTER 9 MONITORING PLAN/PROCEDURES

9.1 Introduction

Environmental monitoring is necessary for STP-2 & 4 project of CWASA because it helps ensure that the
project is designed and operated in accordance with environmental regulations and standards. It is also
important to monitor the environmental impacts of the project, such as the effects of wastewater discharge
on local water bodies such as Karnafuli River, to ensure that the project does not cause any negative effects.
Finally, environmental monitoring helps to ensure that the project is reaching its goals, such as reducing the
discharge of pollutants or improving water quality. 9.2 Monitoring Mechanism

The monitoring plan will include the following activities (but not limited to):

 Monitoring of surface and groundwater quality

 Monitoring of air quality
 Monitoring of noise levels
 Monitoring of soil contamination
 Monitoring of habitat disturbance
 Monitoring of wildlife
 Monitoring of water flow into the Karnafuli River
 Monitoring of sediment and nutrient levels in the water
 Monitoring of land use changes
 Monitoring of wastewater treatment processes
 Monitoring for compliance with environmental regulations
 Monitoring of public health impacts, and
 Monitoring of public attitude towards the project

The following locations will be considered for environmental monitoring (but not limited to):

 Nearby bodies of water, such as Karnafuli rivers, and Dom Khal.

 Areas with existing infrastructure, such as roads, utilities, and other municipal facilities.
 Areas with high population density adjacent to the project tsites.
 Areas with adequate space for construction, treatment, and other necessary components.
 Areas that are away from sensitive habitats, such as wetlands, endangered species, and
drinking water Sources.
 Areas with access points for receiving sewage and discharging treated wastewater.
 Areas with sufficient land for wastewater storage and disposal.
 Areas that are close to wastewater Sources., and
 Areas with easy access for maintenance and operation of the facility.
 The following parameters to be considered for monitoring during construction period:

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 Environmental Impact Monitor environmental impacts of the project, such as air, water and
soil pollution, noise, and energy use.
 Waste Management Monitor waste management practices during the project, including
recycling, composting, reuse, and hazardous materials management.
 Sustainable Procurement Monitor the use of sustainable products and services in project
procurement, such as materials with recycled content and products manufactured with
renewable energy Sources.
 Resource Conservation Monitor resource conservation practices during the project, such as
water conservation, energy efficiency, and green building techniques.
 Carbon Emissions Monitor carbon emissions associated with the project, including
transportation, building operations, and energy use.
 Land Use Monitor land use associated with the project, including habitat protection and
restoration.
 Community Engagement Monitor community engagement activities related to the project,
including public outreach and education.
 Monitoring and Reporting Monitor and report on project progress and performance,
including environmental impact and sustainability goals, etc.

9.2 Monitoring Plan

In Environmental Monitoring Plan, a detailed technical and financial proposal shall be included for
developing an in-house environmental monitoring system to be operated by the proponent’s own resources
(equipment’s and expertise)

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Table 9.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan

Environmental Responsible
Items Location Frequency Supervisor
Item agent
Pre-construction phase
Land Area of land to be acquired, number of
Acquisition/Resettle housecleaned people who require STP Weekly CWASA CWASA
ment resettlement
Construction phase
Visual Check to confirm the
All Construction sites Daily Contractor Consultant/ CWASA
implementation of mitigation measures
Air Quality PM10, PM2.5, SO2, CO, NO2 Construction sites Once a month Contractor Consultant/ CWASA
Temperature, BOD, SS, Nitrate, Bolihat canal and Karnaphuli
Water quality Once a month Contractor Consultant/ CWASA
Phosphate, Coliform river
Once a-month
Waste Types and amount of solid waste Waste collection point Contractor Consultant/ CWASA
or collection period
Soil contamination Leakage of oil/fuel Construction sites Daily Contractor Consultant/ CWASA
Noise and Vibration Sound level and vibration. Construction sites Once a month Contractor Consultant/ CWASA
Existing social
Result of coordination with surrounding
infrastructure and Construction sites When necessary Contractor Consultant/ CWASA
community
service
Infectious Diseases Visible observation, interview, grievance
Construction sites Once a month Contractor Consultant/ CWASA
such as HIV/AIDS records, record of education
Visible observation, Occupational health
Occupational health
and safety Problem, record of education, Construction sites Once a month Contractor Consultant/ CWASA
and safety
record of safety patrol
Construction sites and
Accident Record of accident, record of education Once a month, on demand Contractor Consultant/ CWASA
surrounding areas
Operation phase
Temperature, BOD, SS, Nitrate, Bolihat canal and Karnaphuli
Water quality Once a month CWASA CWASA
Phosphate, Coliform river
Visible observation, Occupational health
Occupational health
and safety Problem, record of education, STP Once a month CWASA CWASA
and safety
record of safety patrol
Accident Record of accident, record of education STP Once a month, on demand CWASA CWASA

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9.3 Monitoring budget

The environmental monitoring will be carried out in accordance with the project’s monitoring plan, which is
listed in table-9.1. However, the CWASA, the consultant, and the contractor would bear the costs associated
with the relevant activity during the construction and operation period. According to the monitoring plan, a
sufficient amount of the costs incurred by contractors during the construction phase will be attributed to
construction-related activities. On the other hand, in accordance with the proposed project's monitoring plan,
CWASA will be liable for covering operational costs associated with running pumping stations, STPs (during
the operation phase), and environmental monitoring fees, etc. The estimated budget for the common
monitoring items is listed below Table 9.2.

Table 9.2 The estimated monitoring budget for environmental monitoring during construction and
operation period

Over the
project period
(3 years for Estimated
Sl. Estimated budget
Budgetary Items Frequency construction budget
No. (BDT)/Monthly
and 5 years for (USD)
operation
period)
Construction Period:
1 Air quality monitoring Monthly 80,000 2,880,000 28,800
2 Noise level measurements Monthly 70,000 2,520,000 25,200
3 Water Quality Monitoring Monthly 50,000 1,800,000 18,000
4 Waste Management Monthly 100,000 3,600,000 36,000
5 Soil contamination Daily 5000 4,050,000 40,500
Infectious Diseases such as
6 Monthly 500,000 1,800,000 18,000
HIV/AIDS
Occupational health and
7 Monthly 50,000 1,800,000 18,000
safety
10 Accident prevention Monthly 50,000 1,800,000 18,000
Training, Awareness
sessions, Meetings,
11 Monthly 100,000 3,600,000 36,000
Stakeholder Engagement
etc.
Sub-total (Construction period) 23,850,000 238,500
Operation period:
12 Water Quality Monthly 60,000 3,600,000 36,000
Occupational Health and
13 Monthly 50,000 3,000,000 30,000
Safety
14 Accident Monthly 50,000 3,000,000 30,000
Sub-total (Operation period) 9,600,000 96000
Grand total (Construction period & Operation period) 33,450,000 334,500
Note US$1=100 BDT

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CHAPTER 10 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN

10.1 Introduction

This Occupational Health and Safety Plan (OHS) outlines the procedures and protocols to be followed in
order to ensure the safety of all employees, contractors, and visitors at the proposed project sites during the
construction and operation period. This plan sets forth the standards of safety that are to be followed as well
as the responsibilities of all parties involved. This plan is designed to protect the health and safety of everyone
working at STP, pumping stations, and sewer networks sites and to reduce the risk of injury, illness, and other
losses that can result from unsafe working conditions. However, the contractors will prepare a site-specific
occupational health and safety (OHS) plan when they are hired, and the Bid documents will include this plan.

The OHS plan will include, but not be limited to, the following items:

 Identification of any potential safety hazards

 Identification and assessment of the risks associated with the hazards.
 Procedures for the handling, storage, and transport of hazardous materials.
 Procedures for the use of personal protective equipment.
 Procedures for the use of specialized equipment or machinery.
 Emergency procedures and contact information.
 Procedures for reporting incidents.
 Documentation and record keeping.
 Training requirements and procedures
 Regular safety inspections and audits
 Procedures for regular review and updating of this OHS plan etc.

10.2 Objectives

The overall objectives of this OHS Plan are to:

 Establish and maintain a safe and healthy working environment for all employees, contractors,
and visitors.
 Ensure that all safety standards and regulations are followed.
 Reduce the risk of injury, illness, and other losses that can result from unsafe working
conditions.
 Provide periodic training and education to all employees and contractors on occupational
health and safety topics.
 Take proactive steps to identify and address potential hazards before they can cause harm.
 Provide prompt and appropriate medical care in case of an injury or illness., and
 Investigate all safety incidents and take corrective action to prevent similar incidents from

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occurring in the future.

However, the broad objective is to:

 Implementing the recommendations of this OHS plan properly without causing 'no harm to
the natural environment’.
 Achieve work towards “INCIDENT FREE” – ZERO accident, ZERO loss, NO harm to people,
and NO damage to the environment., and
 Implementing the Emergency Assembly points, evacuation and rescue plan contacts
immediately by the contractor(s) or EHS officer.
 Establishing the accident reporting procedures and process which shall be maintained at the
sites following the accident reporting procedures and workforce to be encouraged to report all
accidents/incidents and to cooperate in the investigation of such occurrence.
 Capacity building on OHS issues where staff shall be informed that accidents/incidents
investigation are “fact finding” and not “fault finding” exercises and are particularly useful as
lessons in preventing re-occurrence.

10.3 Relevant Laws and Regulations

The proposed Chattogram Sewerage Improvement Project complies with all pertinent JICA Environmental
and Social Considerations, 2022 requirements as well as all pertinent Government of Bangladesh laws and
regulations. The specifics are provided in Table 10.1 below.

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Table 10.1 Applicable Rules and Regulations

Applicable Rules and

Requirements
Regulations
Provide workers with safe and healthy working conditions and prevent
accidents, injuries, and disease.
JICA Environmental and
Establish preventive and emergency preparedness and response measures to
Social Considerations, 2022
avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, to minimize, adverse impacts and
risks to the health and safety of local communities etc.
Every laborer must be provided with a contract and an identification card
(section 5). Whilst child labor is clearly defined in section 34, the nature of the
activities will inherently exclude any child (section 40) or women laborer
(section 45).
Section-34 Prohibition of employment of children and adolescents No
child shall be employed or permitted to work in any occupation or
establishment.
Section-51 Cleanliness- every establishment shall be kept clean and free
from soil, dirt, filthy materials arising from any drain, or other nuisance.
Section 52 Ventilation and Temperature Effective and suitable provisions
for adequate ventilation by the circulation of fresh air in every room.
Section 54 Disposal of wastes and effluents Provide effective arrangements
for the disposal of wastes and effluents.
Section 58 Drinking water Provide and maintain a sufficient supply of
Bangladesh Labor Act 2006 wholesome drinking water for all employees and workers.
Section 59 Latrines and urinals Always Provide sufficient latrines and
urinals conveniently situated and accessible to workers. Separate latrines and
urinals shall be provided for male and female workers.
Section 60 Dust bin and spittoon Provide, at convenient places, enough
dust beans and spittoons which shall be cleaned regularly.
Section 61 Safety of building and machinery Ensure proper safety by adopting
required measures.
Section 62 Precaution in case of fire Employer must adopt necessary fire safety
preparedness.
Section 68 Cranes and other lifting machinery Must be thoroughly maintained
and inspected regularly.
Section 79 There are several sections in the labour code regarding the Risk
Assessment and Prevention thereof. Section 79 of the labour law made
provisions for the government to assess certain occupations.
The National OSH Profile aims to provide information to employers, workers,
and national and international stakeholders on Occupational Safety and Health-
National Occupational Safety related laws and regulatory frameworks in Bangladesh.
and Health (OSH) Profile Information on occupational accidents, compensation for occupational
2019 accidents, safety committees, safety equipment, daycare at workplaces,
maternity benefits for workers, as well as training and research on OSH are
also included in the profile.
Source: Bangladesh Labor Act, 2006, and JICA Environmental and Social Guideline, 2022

10.4 Hazards Identification

Step 1 Identify the Hazard

A hazard is a source of injury, illness, or disease, or a prospective source of injury, illness, or disease. By
assessing a work area/task for the objective of finding all dangers that are 'inherent in the job,' hazard
identification is the process of identifying all scenarios and occurrences that potentially cause harm or disease.
Tools, hazardous chemicals, working with people, lifting/moving goods, and mustering are just a few
examples of tasks.

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Step 2 Assess the Risk

The relevance of a danger is determined by assessing the risk it poses. To begin, analyses the implications of
an event; will it result in a catastrophic injury, illness, or death, or will it result in a small injury? Second,
examine how likely this is to happen—very likely, not at all likely, or somewhere in the middle? Consider
the following considerations:

 How often is the task performed?

 How often are individuals near the hazard?
 At any given time, how many people are in close proximity to the hazard?
 How many people are near the hazard at any given time?
 Have any 'near misses' occurred?

When a danger is identified, the contractors will eliminate or decreased in consultation with the relevant
stakeholders as follows:

 Step 1 identify the Significances—or how severely could it hurt someone,

 Step 2 identify the Possibility—or how likely is it for an injury to occur,
 Step 3 & 4 identify the Risk Priority Score—to arrange necessary actions,
 Step 5 apply the order of hazard control,
 Step 6 identify who, how and when the efficiency of controls will be checked and reviewed.

10.5 Potential Sources of OHS Risks

The places for possible risks (but not limited to):

 Construction yards, materials storage sites, construction sites

 Traffic ways for materials transportation, and
 Access road, & labor camp(s) etc.

Whereas the potential causes of OHS risks are to be

 Dust generation
 Machineries operation
 Oil spillage
 Electrical works
 Scaffolding
 Slips, trips or falls
 Equipment handling
 Working at height &
 Roof works and fragile surface conditions etc.

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10.6 OHS Risks Management Procedures

EHS risks to be managed as follows:

 Before activities commence,

 Prior to the implementation of new machinery, methods, or processes,
 Each time equipment, methods, or processes are altered.

Control Hazards

Control the hazards—depending on people to act properly, follow processes, or use protective equipment,
the goal is to establish the most dependable controls to produce a safe workplace. A mixture of multiple
control strategies may be the best in many cases.

Hierarchy of control strategies (in order of preference):

 Eliminate the hazard; remove the equipment from service, dispose of unwanted chemicals,
 Substitute use a non-hazardous chemical, use a different machine to perform the same task,
 Isolation; isolate noisy machinery within a booth,
 Engineering controls, design equipment differently, provide lifting devices to reduce manual
handling,
 Administrative processes; job rotation, task variation, training, and
 Personal protective equipment; hearing protection, gloves, eye protection etc.

Figure 10.1 Hierarchy of Controls

Workplace Hazards Inspections

 If any risks are discovered during the hazard inspection process, controls must be applied to
eliminate or reduce the risk to health and safety.

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 Construction managers/EHS officers should undertake weekly hazard inspections of their

work locations. If any dangers identified during these inspections period, it should be
immediately reported to the contractors or construction managers, who will take necessary
action.

Documentations of Risks Assessment

When assessing the risks associated with the construction sites, the relevant EHS Risk Assessment Form
should be developed and used following the items mentioned below

 Emergency contacts numbers including local police stations, fire stations, hospitals, water
supply agency etc.
 Emergency Evacuation Plan
 Return to Work Policy
 Work Health and Safety Policy
 Accident/Incident Notification details, and
 Compensation and Return to Work information etc.

Controlling working at height (applicable during construction of STPs, FSTP and pumping stations)

 If the risk of falling cannot be minimized, employ work equipment to reduce the distance and
severity of a fall if it does occur.
 To prioritize measures that protect everyone at danger, such as scaffolds, nets, and soft-landing
devices, over ones that just protect the person.
 Work at a height only if it's really essential (such as erect guard rails on steelwork at ground
level and then crane the steel and the guard rails into position; provide cast in mesh across
riser ducts at the position of services;).
 To avoid falls by employing work equipment with guard rails to protect all individuals at
danger (such as independent scaffolds, tower scaffolds, mobile elevating work platforms
(MEWPs), and mast climbing work platforms (MCWPs).
 To prevent falls, employ work equipment that protects the individual (such as a harness with
a short rope that prevents a person from falling (this is called work restraint) or use a podium).
 To prevent falls by employing work equipment to reduce the distance and severity of a fall, as
well as to safeguard all individuals who are at danger (such as nets or soft-landing systems
positioned close under the work surface).
 To prevent falls by utilizing work equipment to reduce the distance and severity of a fall while
also protecting the individual (such as a personal fall arrest system with the anchorage point
sited above the head, or a rope access system).
 To reduce the risk of falling via education, training, or other ways (such as ensure ladders are
inspected regularly and are used by competent people, demarcate areas to provide a warning,
provide adequate lighting, apply sensible housekeeping measures, provide suitable, footwear,

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etc.).

Safe working platforms

Any surface from which work is performed, such as a roof, scaffold, tower scaffold is referred to as a working
platform. When humans cannot fall off or through it, or when precautions have been made to mitigate a fall
from it, it becomes a safe working platform.

Contractor(s) will make sure the following working platforms at the sites:

 Stable and will not overturn.

 Capable of holding the weight of the workers utilizing it, as well as any materials and
equipment they are likely to use or store on it. Scaffolds, for example, must be tied to a
supporting structure, and MEWPs (mobile elevating platform safety) must not be used on
sloping or uneven ground.
 Wide enough to allow people to safely pass back and forth and use any equipment or material
necessary for their work at that location.
 Clear of loose materials and built to prevent materials from falling.
 Free of openings and traps through which people's feet could pass, leading them to trip, fall,
or be hurt in any manner; and
 Keep free of tripping and slipping dangers., and
 Maintain a clean and tidy platform by not allowing materials or rubbish to accumulate on it.

Hazards, Incident Reporting

If a hazard, injury, or incident happens, all supervisors and personnel, are expected to fill out an incident
form, and:

 Advise the construction Manager of the incident or injury or hazard.

 Complete a Hazard/Injury/Incident Report Form for documentation purposes.
 Fill in the relevant areas of the form with details about the incident. Even if no injury has
happened, the form should be filled out in the event of a near miss.
 All parties concerned should sign all paper copy forms.

Table 10.2 Accident/Incident Reporting Form

Sl. No Date and Accident/Incident Types of Types of Descriptions Corrective

Time Locations works Accident/ Action Plan
Incidents (CAP)

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Capacity Building

CWASA, consultant and contractor(s) will provide safety training at a regular interval which will cover the
following topics (but not limited to):

 Hazards Identification- the process for hazard identification, and clear concepts on hazard,
injury, illness, or risks relating to the project.
 Risks Assessment provide a list of assessment tools on how to assess the risks, and the level
of risks; and how it can be reported etc.
 Risks Controls describe what can be done to further limit the harm and who is responsible to
control the potential risks at the construction sites.,
 Review Quarterly review the risk assessments, risks control measures, corrective action plan
etc.
 Record Keeping and Reporting Inform the participants how they can keep the record of
accidents or incident at the construction sites and how they will report it to the relevant
authority with necessary corrective measures etc.

10.7 General Safety Protocols

The CWASA will ensure that contractors and consultant will have EHS experts to look after the OHS issues
at the construction sites and all safety protocols mentioned above are maintained at the site properly for
enabling zero hazard conditions both in construction and operation periods including community awareness
plan.

Hard barricade:

A hard barricade is a physical barrier, such as a fence, or other structure, that is designed to stop or slow the
passage of people at the construction sites. Hard barricades will be typically used in public areas particularly
sewer networks lines to control access and protect people from danger. This OHS plan would suggest
installing steel structure as "hard barricades" at construction sites (sewer networks lines) to prevent accidents
or other events involving locals.

Danger sign

All construction sites, including sewer networks, pumping stations, access roads, and STPs, need to have
warning signs. Locals will have a better understanding about the risks related to the project activities. The
warning sign should have the appropriate visuals and be written in both the native language and English.

Flag man

At every construction site, a full-time flagman should be employed to inform locals, workers, and visitors
about the ongoing project activities. The flag man is also responsible of managing traffic flow and directing
vehicles through the project area. He or she is in charge of making sure the nearby pedestrians and

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construction workers are safe.

Personnel Protective Equipment

Workers should have access to and use Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) while working on construction
sites, including safety vests, hard boots, helmets, eye shields or safety glass when necessary for wielding
tasks, masks, full sleep shirts, and full pants, safety belt or safety harness, etc.

First-Aid Box:

First Aid Box with full of necessary medicines should be available at each construction site and necessary
trainings to be provided to the workers on using of it.

Access to safe drinking water at the construction site

Every construction site should have access to safe drinking water for workers and site supervisors.

Access to hygienic sanitation at the construction site

Hygienic toilets should be managed for the workers while working at the sites, it may be own arranging or
arrangement with the local people or local hospitals or Mosques for using their toilets.

Labor rest room at the construction site

Every construction site should have labor rest room. It will be used by the workers during break times e.g.,
lunch, or snack time, it could refresh the labor mind and will speed the construction works.

Scaffolding:

Scaffolding should be installed at the STP sites and pumping stations sites.

Ladder:

 Ladder to be used at the sites of trenching and STP & SPS sites of the project areas.
 Make sure the ladder is in good working order. Almost half of ladder accidents occur because
the ladder was not secured to prevent it from collapsing or slipping.

Traffic controls

 Use one way traffic route for reducing the traffic accident,
 Vehicle speed should be 30-35 km/hr. during transportation of materials and goods at the sites,
 Hydraulic horn should not be allowed at the site,
 Drivers should have valid driving license, and
 Logbook should be maintained at the sites for vehicle movement etc.

However, this OHS plan outlines the procedures and protocols that should be maintained in order to ensure
the safety of all employees, contractors, and visitors at the construction sites. It is the responsibility of all

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parties to follow the safety procedures and protocols outlined in this plan to ensure the health and safety of
everyone.

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CHAPTER 11 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN AND DISASTER

MANAGEMENT PLAN

11.1 Introduction

The Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is committed to ensuring the safety of its employees, visitors, and the
environment. This Emergency Response Plan (ERP) is designed to provide guidelines for responding to
emergencies that may occur at STP.

11.2 Identification of Emergency

This ERP applies to all employees and visitors at STP and covers potential emergencies that may occur during
normal and abnormal operating conditions. Basically, there are 3 categories to identify the emergency that
may likely to happen as below:

Level-1 (Minor Emergency) MINOR EMERGENCY, it is easy to control by persons who’ll be engaged in
the STP operation and facilities which are to be used at the STP sites. LEVEL-1 Emergencies may result
from equipment or property damage at small scale which are not causing disruptions for operations and do
not pose at risk to project personnel or property or the community people in the project areas.

Level-2 (Major or serious emergency) This kind of emergency may force the STP operation to be temporarily
suspended or even disrupted entirely, depending on the circumstances. Under this level of circumstance,
emergencies are defined as mishaps or incidents that jeopardize or violate the safety protocol of project
workers, staff, or the general public outside of the project areas, or that have the potential to jeopardize the
safety of personnel involved in STP operations, and which necessitate notification to the relevant authority
for the necessary support services.

Level-3 (Disaster emergency) During this disaster emergency, the STP operation will have to stop right away
because the danger of vulnerability is greater. This will result in unsafe working conditions, major injuries,
fatalities among employees, contractors, or members of the community, excessive damage to property or
equipment, and serious environmental destruction. So, during this emergency, STP operation and using of
electricity should be shut down immediately without notification and alternative arrangement should be there
as a contingency plan.

11.3 Declaration of Emergency

The site manager or EHS advisor/officer must take situational decisions to declare an emergency. The
emergency management/handling procedures will be developed by the contractor(s) during the construction
period to reduce hazards at the site during an emergency. However, in the event of an emergency, construction
activities should be stopped during the construction period as well as STP operation during the operation
period. A contingency plan should also be adopted during emergency circumstances.

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11.4 Emergency Procedures

The following emergency (but not limited to) events were identified by the emergency protocols, along with
the personnel, tools, and accountability for notification, management, and post-emergency response:

 Fires- Fires are likely to occur at STP site as a result of electricity connection/ handling, using
different types of equipment, chemical use, using of cooking stoves at the dormitory or staff
residence and other factors etc.
 Accidents and Medical emergency It may occur at the STP sites, mainly when STP is in
operation. For instance, spills or leaks from Mobil, which is frequently used for STP's vehicles
and equipment, gas cylinders for dorms, diesel or Octone fuel used for vehicles or generators,
etc., could have serious consequences for the project equipment and the project personnel etc.
 Natural disasters (e.g., Earthquakes, floods, cyclones, etc.) Often encountered while
operating the STPs. Chittagong is the one of the major earthquake prone areas in Bangladesh.
So, it would be considered in the design of STP.

11.5 Coordination with relevant organizations

11.5.1 Notification

 The notification will be issued first, notification served to the STP sites and its surrounding
areas to inform the local people about emergency situations.
 The STP manager should be notified immediately, and he will inform CWASA immediately
without delay.
 The Maintenance Supervisor and Operations Supervisor should also be notified.
 Use the emergency contact list to notify the relevant parties.

11.5.2 Internal communication

 Establish a internal emergency response committee within the STP sites by the representation
of CWASA
 Establish a communication chain of command between STP sites and CWASA.
 Use two-way communication (cell phones) to communicate with employees of STP sites., and
 Hold regular briefings to update employees on the situation.

11.5.3 External communication

 Notify the relevant authorities, such as Emergency Services, the EPA, or other regulatory
agencies, as required.
 Develop a media communication plan to keep the public and stakeholders informed.
 Collect the cell phone numbers of nearest medical centers or hospital services.

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 Collect the cell phone numbers of the nearest Police stations for emergency help.
 Collect the cell phone numbers of local fire service station locally name as Fire Bigrade
stations.

11.6 Responses to the Emergency

11.6.1 Fire

In case of a fire, follow the following procedures:

 Immediately call 999 or the relevant emergency services

 Immediately call (01730-002408, Dewan Haat, 01730-002412, Nandon Kanon, 1730-002417,
Baizid Bostwami Rd etc)., the nearest Fire Service and Civil Defense Department stations for
the incident of fire
 Activate the fire alarm and evacuate the STP.
 Do not attempt to extinguish the fire unless you are trained to do so.
 Wait for the arrival of the fire department.
 Establish a safe assembly point and account for all employees and visitors.
 Notify the emergency management team.
 Fire hydrants should be installed at the STP site and used during the event of fire accident at
the site.

11.6.2 Explosion

In case of a fire/explosions, follow the following procedures:

 Immediately call 999.

 Evacuate the STP and ensure that all employees and visitors are safe.
 Shut down all equipment and systems.
 Wait for the arrival of the fire department.
 Notify the STP Manager, Maintenance Supervisor, and Operations Supervisor
 Inform the local people to avoid the explosion site etc.

11.6.3 Chemical Spills

In case of a chemical spill, follow the following procedures:

 Evacuate the immediate area and isolate the spill.

 Call the STP Manager, Maintenance Supervisor, and Operations Supervisor
 If possible, contain the spill using spill kits and personal protective equipment.
 Wait for the arrival of a hazardous materials team.

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 Establish a safe assembly point and account for all employees and visitors.
 Notify the emergency management team.

11.6.4 Power Outage

In case of a power outage, follow the following procedures:

 Inform the STP Manager and Maintenance Supervisor

 Check the emergency power supply and switch over if required.
 Monitor the status of the treatment process and equipment.
 Keep the STP running on a reduced load if necessary.
 Establish a safe assembly point and account for all employees and visitors.
 Notify the emergency management team.

11.6.5 Cyberattacks

In case of cyberattacks, follow the following procedures:

 Notify the STP Manager, Maintenance Supervisor, and Operations Supervisor

 Contact the IT department and inform them of the cyberattack.
 Shut down all computer systems if necessary.
 Work with the IT department to identify the extent of the cyberattack and take corrective
actions to prevent further damage.

11.7 Types of Disasters relevant to the project

 Accident An unexpected incident or accident may occur at the STP site which may cause
injury to persons or damage to property and the natural environment which leads to slow the
operation of STPs.
 Incident A sudden accident or near-miss that may occur at the site during STP operations.
 Emergency A serious, unexpected, and often dangerous situations that poses on an
immediate threat to STP operation, equipment, assets, persons including project staff and
community members, and requires the immediate remedial actions to reduce the impact etc.,
considered as an emergency situation at the STP site.
 Natural disasters Drought, flooding, water logging, earthquake, storm surges, epidemics etc.,
are considered as natural disasters at the project site that cause losses to physical damages to
materials, property, assets, equipment, and human losses etc.
 Anthropogenic disasters Including oil spillage, fire accident, explosions, traffic accident,
etc., occurs due to human negligence, poor knowledge or lacks capacity etc.

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11.8 Emergency Procedures during disaster period

11.8.1 Flooding

In case of flooding, follow the following procedures:

 Evacuate the STP and ensure that all employees and visitors are safe.
 Shut down the treatment process if necessary.
 Contact the STP Manager, Maintenance Supervisor, and Operations Supervisor
 Wait for the arrival of the relevant authorities.
 Assess the damage and take corrective actions to prevent further damage to equipment and
the environment.

11.8.2 Earthquakes

In case of earthquake, follow the following procedures:

 Take cover in a safe location.

 After the earthquake has subsided, check for injuries and damage to the STP.
 Shut down the treatment process if necessary.
 Notify the STP Manager, Maintenance Supervisor, and Operations Supervisor
 Wait for the arrival of the relevant authorities.
 Assess the damage and take corrective actions to prevent further damage to equipment and
the environment.

11.9 Roles and Responsibilities

It is possible to reduce the potential impacts during the emergency period, in that case, CWASA will take
lead and ensure that contractor(s) will be responsible for the construction period with necessary preparation
and CWASA will be taken preventive measurements during the operation period.

 CWASA will take necessary preventive measures to protect the natural environment and avoid
damage and nuisance generated from the STP operations.
 Contractor(s) will make necessary mitigation measures to lessen the potential impacts
generated from their daily activities including record keeping and documenting their
mechanism.
 Both CWASA and Contractor(s) should ensure that their activities follow the national laws
and regulations including ECR 2023 and JICA Environmental and Social Guideline, 2022.
 CWASA and Contractor(s) should keep a sufficient budget to tackle the emergency situations.
 CWASA and Contractor(s) should implement the project’s Environmental Management Plan
(EMP), Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) appropriately.

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 CWASA/ Contractor(s) shall not allow used oil or other petroleum wastes to be used as dust
suppressants and reasonable precautions shall be taken to control and prevent accidental blow
off of gas and/or spillage of petroleum products or discharge into atmosphere or watercourses.
 CWASA/ Contractor(s) shall confirm the site is neat and clean and shall provide appropriate
and adequate facilities for the temporary storage of wastes before disposal.
 CWASA/ Contractor(s) shall conduct the monthly coordination meeting relating to site safety
and protocols as well as emergency situation preparations.
 CWASA/ Contractor(s) shall check the equipment and electricity points before starting their
works and if faulty equipment was found that should be removed from the site immediately
or repairing it immediately.
 Precautionary signboards/ danger signals/ propitiatory billboards should be placed in
appropriate places to notify people about the possible dangers particularly in the event of non-
destructive testing inspections involving radiations.
 No pollution materials shall be discharged to surface water without treatment.
 Removes equipment, surplus material, rubbish, and temporary works and leaves the sites in a
clean condition to the satisfaction of the institution’s representatives after completion of
construction activities.
 During the site preparation, CWASA ensures that the site preparation will consider the flood
level, that means, STP site will be developed above the flood level to reduce the flood risks.
 CWASA should ensure that the design and layout plan of STP shall be considered the
earthquake and other catastrophes like cyclone.

11.10 Evacuation Procedures

In case of an emergency that requires evacuation, the following procedures should be followed:

 Activate the alarm and alert all employees and visitors.

 Evacuate the STP and ensure that all employees and visitors are accounted for.
 Assemble at the designated assembly point.
 Wait for further instructions.
 Respond to emergencies using an effective communication network and organized procedures.
 Resume normal activities after emergency situations.

Personnel involved in dealing with emergencies shall follow these priorities while making decisions and
developing strategies. Contractor's employees should also be instructed in the Emergency Procedures before
commencing work on this site. They will report to the emergency assembly point on this site. Site Manager
/EHS advisor will guide them in case a major decision like evacuation from the factory is taken. High Disaster
or Catastrophic condition, all employees should be evacuated immediately. Local administration should be
properly informed and interacted with, and other standard practices should be following at the STP site to
reduce the loss or damages at the period of an emergency situations etc.

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11.11 Capacity Building

Before the commencement of any construction activity, all personnel shall be provided with chemical
management training to ensure the safe and proper handling of hazardous chemicals and to reduce the
potential for accidents. Environmental and disaster management training will be required to ensure proper
implementation of effective environmental management and monitoring plan, and disaster management plan.

Regular training and drills are essential for ensuring that employees are aware of the response procedures
and can respond quickly and effectively in case of an emergency. The following should be conducted
regularly:

 Emergency response training for all employees

 Emergency drills to test the effectiveness of the response procedures.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of the drills and incorporate findings into the ERP.
 Training on firefighting
 Training on disaster and environmental regulations and standards
 Staff training on disaster and environmental monitoring.
 Training on environmental as well as occupational health and safety measures

11.12 Monitoring and Reporting

Massive catastrophes frequently begin with a series of minor episodes that are overlooked, disregarded, or
poorly understood. In order to ensure that all accidents are investigated and reported to the STP manager/EHS
adviser in a predetermined format, a routine procedure should be put in place. For example:

Table 11.1 Reporting Form for emergency responses

Description of incident or accident or emergency Brief description on incident or accident/emergency

situation; types and dates of occurring.
Immediate cause; A brief explanation of the anthropogenic or natural
causes of this accident, incident, or emergency
situation.
Background on the factors that might have made the Anthropogenic causes for this emergency situation
incident possible; should be listed.
What form of energy release or toxic substance was The names of any harmful compounds or energy leaks
involved? at the STP site should be listed.
What was done to prevent an accident (who responded The steps taken to mitigate should be briefly
and how) mentioned.
What effect did it produce on the immediate and consequences on the local population and the
surrounding environment? environment post/during disaster period.
What repercussions did the incident have (loss of life Intensity of the emergency, including any losses or
damage to equipment and buildings) and damages to the office building, STP structures,
equipment, or property and the community members
should be listed.
Cost estimates of damage done, and repairs needed. How much money was allocated to recover the loss
and damages or responses to the emergency situations
etc.

In order to identify trends or patterns in incident occurrence, a register of all incidents should be kept and

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regularly examined (at least monthly). In some cases, this may help to prevent significant chronic incidents
or single event that arise from an accumulation of either physically hazardous materials or substances or
operational complacency.

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CHAPTER 12 GRIEVANCES REDRESS MECHANISM

12.1 Objectives

The Objectives of grievance response are to create an enabling environment for any aggrieved persons and
entities including project affected persons to lodge complaints, claims, grievances, etc. and their grievances
are redressed as quickly as possible through a process of conciliation and negotiation. Thus, the GRM will
aim to provide a time-bound and transparent mechanism to voice and resolve social and environmental
performance of the project

12.2 Rational to the Project

This proposed project will involve to construct sewerage networks line along the major roads and small roads
of the main city areas, and will construct sewerage treatment plant (STP & faecal sludge treatment plan
(FSTP) at Bakulia, Kalurghat, Chandgaon, Ward no. 4 of Chattogram City Corporation (CCC). During the
construction period, the traffic volume will increase for carrying out the construction materials to the site and
removing the waste and earth materials from the construction site to the safe disposal site.

The labour influx will increase, contractor(s) will recruit more manpower during the construction period,
that’ll sometimes create unusual situation also. There are some anticipated impacts regarding the project
activities like generation of fugitive dust, excessive noise, loss of local biodiversity, surface water quality
deterioration, soil contamination, road accident, occupational health and safety issues, community health and
safety issues, sexual harassments, infectious diseases HIV/AIDS, local conflict, etc. So, complaints register
and redress mechanism is necessary to address these issues and concerned to be raised by the community
people.

The most significant negative impact is disruption of traffic flow during construction. Traffic disruption has
potential to affect over the people of the area throughout the construction process. A significant portion of
the construction will be within road rights-of-way. Mitigation of traffic impacts will be accomplished by
utilizing trenchless technology in high traffic roadways, and a comprehensive traffic management plan that
includes provisions for proper detours and signage, provision of access to all businesses and properties,
restrictions on construction hours, and limits on the amount of construction that can occur at any one location.
Once these mitigation measures are utilized in the construction, the unmitigated major negative impact
becomes a mitigated minor to moderate negative impact.

12.3 Proposed Institutional Mechanisms

During consultation, the stakeholders shall be notified orally or in a written form about their rights and the
procedure of filing complaints. Local NGOs or CWASA can inform communities about the possibility to
raise complaints and how and where to address them. Grievances can be addressed at the local community

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level where the grievance will be recorded and forwarded to PIU. Grievances that are addressed to the
Contractor during the execution of civil works shall also be forwarded to Grievance Redress Committee
(GRC). Even if the contractor decides to settle the grievance on the spot, the documentation of the grievance
settlement procedure needs to be prepared by Grievances Redress Officer (GRO).

Figure 12.1: Proposed Grievance Mechanism

Special consideration has to be taken for vulnerable people as complaint mechanisms may be unusual and
contact with legal procedures let alone courts of law may appear uninviting. This would prevent the most
disadvantaged persons from addressing their grievance. A close monitoring on a village or community level
by the social environmental expert during the implementation of the project and a personal contact with
project affected people (PAP) is therefore recommended. Vulnerable PAP also (all households below the
poverty line) will be entitled to a legal aid/ social worker to support them with complaints procedures.

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12.4 GRM Implementation Approach

The grievance mechanism will be in place to allow any PAP to appeal any decision, practice, or activity
related to land, assets, or construction activities that they disagree with. PAPs will be fully informed of their
rights and the procedures for addressing complaints, whether through verbal or written communication during
consultations, surveys, and the compensation collection process. To prevent grievances, the project planning
and implementation will be cautious enough to provide advance counseling and technical assistance to the
PAPs in the land acquisition and compensation collection process and environmental issues. This will be
ensured by ensuring full participation and consultation with the PAPs during the LAP/RAP and EMP
implementation, establishing extensive communication and coordination among the affected communities,
the CWASA, and local governments in general. The procedures for receiving complaints,
resolving/redressing issues, and decision-making are detailed in the table below.

Table 12.1 Steps and Process to address the grievances

Step Process to address the grievances

Step-1 In case of grievances that are immediate and urgent in the perception of the
complainant, he/she can first register their complaint with the Contractor’s Site
Engineer.
Complaints and grievances will be received by the EHS Officer of Contractor and
focus group discussions to be held at the community level.
The grievance will need to be resolved within 15 days from the date of receipt of the
complaint. If the grievance cannot be addressed at level 1 then it should be escalated
to second level. The affected person can approach the GRC.
Step-2 All grievances that cannot be redressed at first level within 15 days will be brought to
the notice to the Project Director, CWASA who is also the convener of the 2nd level
GRC.
The 2nd level GRC comprising of Project Director, Executive Engineer, other key
personnel of CWASA will try to resolve the complaints/ grievances raised by the
complainant, facilitated by the member secretary of the GRC committee within a time
period of 21 days from the date of receipt of the complaint at the 2nd level.
If the grievance cannot be addressed at 2nd level, then it should be escalated to third
level. affected person or the complainant can approach the 2nd tier directly also.
Step-3 All the grievances that cannot be not addressed at 2nd level within in 21 days of receipt
will be brought to the notice of the Apex Grievance Redressal Committee (GRC).
The Apex GRC will meet twice a month (based on grievances launched with the Apex
GRC) and determine the merit of each grievance brought to the committee. The GRC
will resolve the grievance within 14 days of receiving the complaint at the 3rd level.
The Social Environmental Expert will communicate all decisions taken by the GRC to
the complainant.

12.5 Grievances Redress Committee (GRCs)

As for standard of the GRM system following the DOE EIA guideline, and JICA Environmental and Social
Considerations, 2022, this proposed project will form a 3-tier GRCs at the field level, Project level and higher
management level of CWASA to receive and address the complaints appropriately.

Table 12.2 Proposed GRC committees under this project

Level 1: Field level GRC Level 2: Project level GRC Level 3: Top level GRC
Social and Environmental Project Director, Deputy Project Managing Director, Deputy

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Safeguard Officer(s), Director, Local Representative, Managing Director/Chief Engineer

EHS Officer of Contractor, Community Representatives, of CWASA, representative from
Contractor’s site engineer, Site Representative from CCC (Ward Department of Environment,
Engineer of CWASA. Councilor), and Asst. Engineer of Chattogram Metro Office,
CWASA and Contractor(s) Representative from CCC (Ward
representative etc. Councilor/Women Councilor),
Project Director and Deputy
Project Director of CWASA and
Contractor(s) representative and
Local community representative
etc.

12.6 Public disclosure of the Grievance Redress Mechanism

GRC procedures and operational rules will be publicized widely through community meeting and leaflets in
Bengali so that the affected persons are aware of their rights and obligation, and procedures of grievance
redress.

Grievances received, and responses provided will be documented and reported back to the affected persons.
The number of grievances recorded and resolved and the outcomes will be displayed/disclosed in the Central
Complaint Cell at CWASA and website of CWASA. The phone number where grievances are to be recorded
will be prominently displayed at the construction sites.

Leaflet containing information of the project along with grievance redress, the address and contact numbers
where the affected persons can go and register their complaints have been distributed to the affected persons.

A summary of complaints received and resolved status will be incorporated in the quarterly environmental
monitoring report submits to the JICA for their review.

12.7 Training/ workshops/meeting on Grievance Redress Mechanism

A separate training/ workshop will be undertaken by the contractor(s)/CWASA at the community and at the
workers level to discuss the process of how a grievance gets registered, the local contact person’s/grievance
officer details of receiving grievances, the significance of grievance boxes, the timelines for addressing the
grievances and the personnel’s involved in the redressal process. These training should be held half-yearly,
and feedback/suggestions from the community should be acknowledged, and changes to the GRM should
accordingly be undertaken to make it more user-friendly.

12.8 Recording of grievances

Once the stakeholders are aware of the mechanism and access it to raise grievances, the contractor(s) is
required to acknowledge the same and keep the complainant’s identity anonymous. Consequently, the
contractor(s) is required to collect grievances by checking the grievance boxes once every fifteen days, record
and register the grievances that have come in as per the identified formats and track them throughout the
redressal process to reflect on their status and important details. A Grievance Log or database emphasizing

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the records and status of the grievance is to be maintained by the identified Grievance Officer at the site level.
The Grievance Log can be used to analyze information about grievance, community issues and project
operations to anticipate the kinds of conflicts that JICA might expect in the future both to ensure a grievance
mechanism is set up to handle such issues and to propose organizational or operational changes.

Table 12.3: Sample record Form of Grievance Received

Date Particulars of Complainant Particulars of Grievance

of Na Address Conta Whether The subject Office Brief Date of
Receipt me ct No acknowledgmen of the Descriptio acknowledgm
t is given at the Grievance n ent/date of
time of receipt redress

12.9 Appeal process

If the grievance redressal solution is not acceptable or agreed by the complainant, the complainant should be
offered an appeal process. Circumstance revolving around when an appeal can be made should be set by the
CWASA so that accountability and transparency are promoted by them in every step.

12.10 Grievance Resolution and Follow-Up

Once the corrective action has been agreed upon, a good practice is to collect proof of those actions in terms
of taking photographs, documentary evidence, getting confirmation from the complainant and filing the same
within the case documentation. Also, monitoring and follow up on the resolution agreed upon should be
conducted once to close the case accordingly. Contractor(s)/CWASA will require to provide regular
(quarterly) reports to JICA that track the number of complaints received, resolved, not resolved and referred
to a third party. In addition, the funding agency also needs to be constantly apprised of the yearly reports to
support the identification of developing risks.

12.11 Monitoring and Reporting

Depending on the extent of project impacts and the volume of grievances, monitoring measures like internal
(by identified contractor(s), CWASA level staff) and external audits (third party consultants) once in a year
based on the complexity of the nature of grievances can be adopted by the contractor(s)/CWASA.

Grievance records should provide the background information for these regular monitoring exercises.
Through the review of each grievance and analysis of its effectiveness and efficiency, contractor(s)/CWASA
can draw the complaints to evaluate systematic deficiencies. In addition, monitoring of the grievance
mechanism helps to ensure that the design and implementation of the mechanism are adequately responding
to stakeholder’s comments in a cost-effective manner.

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All grievances registered have to be recorded and regularly updated. The site management or Grievance
Officer is responsible for discharging this responsibility, and should be able to produce this document
whenever any audits take place. All minutes of meetings with stakeholders, complainants and Grievance
Committee are to be recorded and documented regularly for reference purposes. In addition, through the
process of monitoring and the reports produced after that, assurance of continual improvement of the
institution’s operations is guaranteed. The institution can also use these monitoring reports to report

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CHAPTER 13 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The construction of a sewage treatment plant and the associated sewage system is a crucial project that aims
to address the environmental pollution and health hazards caused by untreated sewage in Chattogram city.
This report presents the findings of the environmental and social impact of the proposed project.

The construction of the sewage treatment plant and sewage system will have significant positive impacts on
the environment and public health. The STP will treat the wastewater from households and domestic
wastewater of industrial zone and improve sanitary condition as well as the surrounding ecosystem. The
sewage system will also have a positive impact on the environment and public health. It will connect
households and businesses to the sewage treatment plant, thereby preventing untreated sewage from being
discharged into water bodies and reducing the risk of waterborne diseases. Additionally, the construction of
the sewage system will create employment opportunities and stimulate the local economy.

Despite the overall positive impacts, the EIA also revealed some potential negative impacts that must be
addressed to ensure the successful implementation of the project. These include cutting trees and land
acquisition and resettlement during pre-construction phase, air pollution, noise and vibration, soil and water
contamination (risk of spills of fuel etc.), traffic congestion, and occupational health and safety during the
construction phase, and offensive odour in operation phase. To mitigate these negative impacts, various
measures have been proposed, including planting new trees, preparation of RAP, prevention of dust spread,
use of soundproof sheet, safety fuel management, appropriate traffic management, use of PPE, installation
of deodorization facility and the implementation of a monitoring program.

The EIA report has incorporated feedback from stakeholders and the public, including concerns regarding
the potential impact on the land acquisition and offensive odour. These concerns have been addressed through
the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures, such as preparation of RAP and installation of
deodorization facility. The construction of the sewage treatment plant and sewage system will also have
economic benefits for Chattogram city. The project will create employment opportunities, stimulate local
businesses, and attract investment.

In conclusion, the proposed sewage treatment plant and sewage system project has been found to be feasible
and environmentally beneficial, with the potential to address the water pollution and health hazards caused
by untreated sewage. The EIA report recommends the adoption of appropriate mitigation measures to ensure
the successful implementation of the project while minimizing any negative impacts on the environment and
public health. Overall, the project will promote sustainable development practices and contribute to the
overall improvement of the quality of life in Chattogram city.

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Annexure-1 Terms of Reference (ToR) issued by the Department

of Environment for EIA study

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Annexure-2 Lab Report for Air, Noise, water quality, sediment

quality, and soil quality
Air Quality Results (Wet season)

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Air Quality Results (Dry season)

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Noise Level Results:

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Vibration level Results:

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Water Quality Results:

Wet Season

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Dry Season (December 2022)

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Additional Water Quality (07 samples) as per DOE suggestion provided in the TOR for EIA study

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Soil and Sediment Quality

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Annexure-3 Photographs of Baseline Monitoring

Air Quality Monitoring Photographs:

AQ1 Kodal kata Pakkar Dokan, Moju Fokirer Bari, AQ2 Sanowara Govt. Primary
Chandgaon, Chattogram School, Khulapara, Chandgaon, Chattogram

AQ3 Nazir bari School, Contractor Bari, AQ4 Kalabagh Jame Mosque, Shabdi, Bandor
Chandgaon, Chattogram

Noise Level Monitoring Photographs:

NL1 (CHT Sewerage Project Area) Kodal kata NL2 Sanowara Govt. Primary School, Khulapara,
Pakkar Dokan, Moju Fokir’s house, Chandgaon, Chandgaon, Chattogram
Chattogram

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NL3 Kodal kata Monar Bari, Chandgaon, NL4 Kodal kata Khal, Morshed Alom house,
Chattogram Chandgaon, Chattogram

NL5 Nazir bari School, Contractor Bari, NL6 Sri Sri Jogadhatri Mondir, Daspara,
Chandgaon, Chattogram Chandgaon, Chattogram

NL7 Khulapara Mosjid Road, Chandgaon, Chattogram

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Surface water sampling photographs:

SW1 Karnaphuli River, Near Bolirhat Switch Gate, Chattogram

SW2 Karnaphuli River, Near Bolirhat Switch Gate,Chattogram

Soil sampling photographs:

SQ1 Kudal khata Barua para, Chandgaon, SQ2 Kodal kata Pakkar Dokan, Chandgaon,
Chattogram Chattogram

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

SQ3 Near Sanowara Govt. Primary School, Nazir bari School, Contractor Bari, Chandgaon,
Khulapara, Chandgaon, Chattogram Chattogram

SQ5 Daspara, Chandgaon, Chattogram

Sediment sampling photographs:

SeQ1 Karnaphuli River, Near Bolirhat Switch Gate, Chattogram

River Flow Measurements photographs:

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Floral Species in the Study Area:

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula) Mango Pine (Barringtonia acutangula)

Bet (Clamus gibbsianus) Mahogony (Swietenia mahagoni)

Indian Almond (Terminalia catappa) Palm (Borassus flabellifer)

Mangrove Apple (Sonneratia apetala) Raintree (Samanea saman)

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Indian Jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana) Burflower Tree (Neolamarckia cadamba)

Photograph of Fish, Prawn and Shrimp Species during Fisheries Survey:

Bacha (Eutropiichthys vacha) Tular dandi (Sillaginopsis panijus)

Phasa (Setipinna phasa) Poa (Otolithoides pama)

Rui (Labeo rohita) Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Chiring (Apocryptes bato) Churi (Trichiurus lepturus)

Kachki (Corica soborna) Loitta (Harpadon nehereus)

Gura Icha (Macrobrachium lamarrei) Golda Chingri (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

Photographs of Observed Avifauna Species in Study Area:

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis) White-throated kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis)

Long-tailed Shrike (Lanius schach) Little cormorant (Microcarbo niger)

Flocks of Red-wattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus) Black hooded Oriole (Oriolus xanthornus)

Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii) Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus)

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia)

White Wagtail (Motacilla alba) Citrine Wagtail (Motacilla citreola)

Great Egret (Ardea alba) Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus)

Roosting & Foraging flock of Grey-headed Lapwing (Vanellus cinereus) and Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

melanocephalus)

Roosting & Foraging flock of Common Greenshank Flying flock of Common Greenshank (Tringa
(Tringa nebularia) and Red-wattled lapwing (Vanellus nebularia)
indicus)

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Annexure-6 A Checklist of Terrestrial Floral species (Both Wet

and Dry season) Recorded in the Study Area
Local
SL# Local Name Common Name Scientific name Family Uses
Status
1 Aam Mango Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Fruit VC
2 Akashmoni Acacia Acacia auriculiformis Fabaceae Timber R
Indian
3 Amluki Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae Fruit C
gooseberry
4 Amrul Water Apple Syzygium aqueum Myrtaceae Timber R
5 Arjun Arjun tree Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Medicinal C
6 Bael Indian Bael Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Fruit C
7 Bansh Bamboo Bambusa spp. Poaceae Timber C
8 Bet Calamus Palm Clamus gibbsianus Arecaceae Aesthetic VC
9 Bhadi Garuga Garuga pinnata Burseraceae Timber R
10 Boroi Indian Jujube Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Fruit C
11 Borta Green Tampang Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae Timber R
12 Chalta Elephant Apple Dillenia indica Dilleniaceae Fruit C
13 Chapalish Green Tampang Artocarpus chaplasha Moraceae Timber R
14 Chikrassi Indian Mahogany Chukrasia tabularis Malvaceae Timber R
Eucalyptus
15 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Timber R
citriodora.
16 Gamar white teak Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Timber R
Dipterocarpus
17 Garjan India Gurjan Dipterocarpaceae Timber R
turbinatus
Holly-leaved
18 Hargoza Acanthus illicifolius Acanthaceae Aesthetic VC
acanthus
Yellow
19 Haritoki Terminalia citrina Combretaceae Timber R
Myrobalan
Heliotropium
20 Hatishur Indian heliotrope Boraginaceae Medicinal VC
indicum
Barringtonia
21 Hijol mango-pine Lecythidaceae Medicinal C
acutangula
22 Jam Java Plum Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Fruit C
Giant crepe- Lagerstroemia
23 Jarul Lythraceae Timber C
myrtle speciosa
24 Kala Koroi Shirish Albizia lebbeck Fabaceae Timber R
25 Kat Badam Indian almond Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Fruit VC
Artocarpus
26 Kathal Jackfruit Moraceae Fruit C
heterophyllus
27 Keora Mangrove apple Sonneratia apetala Lythraceae Fruit VC
28 Khejur Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Fruit C
Neolamarckia
29 Kodom Burflower-tree Rubiaceae Timber C
cadamba
30 Kola Banana Musa sapientum Musaceae Fruit VC
31 Koroi Lebbek tree Albizia chinensis Mimosoideae Timber R
32 Koromcha Bengal currant Carissa carandas Apocynaceae Fruit R
Krishno Caesalpinia
33 Dwarf poinciana Fabaceae Aesthetic C
chura pulcherrima
34 Lebu Lemon Citrus spp. Rutaceae Fruit VC
35 Lichu Lychee Litchi chinensis Sapindaceae Fruit VC
36 Madar Purple coral tree Erythrina fusca Fabaceae Medicinal C
37 Mahogony Mahogoni Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae Timber VC
38 Narikel Coconut Cocos nucifera Arecaceae Fruit C

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Local
SL# Local Name Common Name Scientific name Family Uses
Status
39 Neem Neem Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Medicinal C
40 Peyara Guava Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Fruit C
41 Pitali False White Teak Trewia nudiflora Euphorbiaceae Timber VC
42 Raintree Raintree Samanea saman Fabaceae Timber C
43 Sada Koroi White Siris Albizia procera Fabaceae Timber R
44 Sajna tree Drumstick tree Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Fruit C
45 Segun Teak Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Timber R
46 Sishu Indian rose wood Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae Timber C
Golden shower
47 Sonalu Cassia fistula Fabaceae Medicine C
tree
48 Supari Areca palm Areca catechu Arecaceae Fruit C
49 Taal Palm Borassus flabellifer Arecaceae Fruit C
50 Tetul Tamarind tree Tamarindus indica Fabaceae Fruit VC
51 Zambura Pomelo fruit Citrus maxima Rutaceae Fruit C

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Annexure-7 Checklist of Observed Avifauna Species (Both Wet

Season and Dry Season) in the Study Area
IUCN IUCN Observatio
S Bangla Global ns
Common
L Local Name Scientific Name Family desh Status Wet Dry
Name
# Status, 2022- seas seaso
2015* 2** on n
Eudynamys Cuculida
Asian Koel Kokil, koel LC LC  
scolopaces e
Asian Pied
Go Shalik Sturnus contra Sturnidae LC LC  
Starling
Hirundini
Barn Swallow Pati Ababil Hirundo rustica LC LC  
dae
Baya Weaver Babui Ploceus philippinus Ploceidae LC LC  
Cuculida
Black Drongo Kala Fingey Milvus migrans LC LC  
e
Accipitri
Black Kite Bhubon Chil Milvus migrans LC LC  
dae
Black-headed Kalamatha Threskiornis Threskior
VU NT - 
Ibis Kasteychora melanocephalus nithida
Black-hooded
Halde Pakhi Oriolus xanthornus Oriolidae LC LC  
Oriole
Black-rumped Sonali Dinopium
Picidae LC LC  
Flameback kaththokra benghalense
Brown-headed Khoiramatha Larus
Laridae LC LC - 
Gull Gangchil brunnicephalus
Black-headed Kalamatha
Larus ridibundus Laridae LC LC - 
Gull Gangchil
Blue-throated Nil-gola Psilopogon Megalai
LC LC  
Barbet Basonti Baori asiaticus midae
Accipitri
Brahminy Kite Shonkho Chil Haliastur indus LC LC  
dae
Bronze-winged
Jolpipi Metopidius indicus Jacanidae LC LC  
jacana
Badami
Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Laniidae LC LC - 
Koshai
Cattle Egret Go Boga Bubulcus ibis Ardeidae LC LC  
Chestnut-tailed
Kath Shalik Sturnia malabarica Sturnidae LC LC  
Starling
Holde matha Motacilli
Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola LC LC - 
khonjon dae
Common Pati Scolopaci
Tringa nebularia LC LC  
Greenshank Shobujpa dae
Common Pati
Upupa epops Upupidae LC LC - 
Hoopoe Hoodhood
Common Chhoto Alcedinid
Alcedo atthis LC LC  
Kingfisher Maachranga ae
Salik/Bhat
Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Sturnidae LC LC  
Salik
Common Scolopaci
Pati Batan Actitis hypoleucos LC LC  
Sandpiper dae
Common Orthotomus Cisticolid
Tuntuni LC LC  
Tailorbird sutorius ae
Chhoto
Coppersmith Psilopogon Megalai
Basanta LC LC  
Barbet haemacephalus midae
Bauri
Eurasian Raj Ghughu Streptopelia Columbi LC LC  

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

IUCN IUCN Observatio

S Bangla Global ns
Common
L Local Name Scientific Name Family desh Status Wet Dry
Name
# Status, 2022- seas seaso
2015* 2** on n
Collared Dove decaocto dae
Great Egret Boro boga Ardea alba Ardeidae LC LC - 
Cuculida
Greater Coucal Boro Kubo Centropus sinensis LC LC - 
e
Green Bee- Meropida
Suichora Merops orientalis LC LC  
eater e
Grey-headed Metematha Charadrii
Vanellus cinereus LC LC - 
Lapwing Titi dae
House Crow Pati Kak Corvus splendens Corvidae LC LC  
Passerida
House Sparrow Pati choroi Passer domesticus LC LC  
e
Indian Pond
Kani Bok Ardeola grayii Ardeidae LC LC  
Heron
Indian Lonchura Estrildida
Munia LC LC  
Silverbill malabarica e
Chhatare Timalida
Jungle Babbler Turdoides striata LC LC  
Pakhi e
Acridotheres
Jungle Myna Juti Shalik Sturnidae LC LC  
fuscus
Large-billed Corvus
Dar kak Corvidae LC LC  
Crow macrorhynchos
Lesser Chhoto Charadrius Charadrii
LC LC  
Sandplover Dhuljiria mongolus dae
Little Choto Phalacroc
Microcarbo niger LC LC  
Cormorant Pankowri oracidae
Little Egret Choto boga Egretta garzetta Ardeidae LC LC  
Long-tailed Badami
Lanius schach Laniidae LC LC  
Shrike Koshai
Oriental Muscicap
Doel Copsychus saularis LC LC  
Magpie Robin idae
Pied Pakra Alcedinid
Ceryle rudis LC LC  
KingFisher Machranga ae
Purple-rumped Nectarini
Niltuni Cinnyris asiaticus LC LC  
Sunbird dae
Red-vented Bangla Pycnonot
Pycnonotus cafer LC LC  
Bulbul bulbul idae
Red-wattled Charadrii
Hottiti Vanellus indicus LC LC  
lapwing dae
Columbi
Rock Pigeon Gola Paira Columba livia LC LC  
dae
Dendrocitta
Rufous Treepie Harichacha Corvidae LC LC  
vagabunda
Streptopelia Columbi
Spotted Dove Tila Ghughu LC LC  
chinensis dae
Sada Motacilli
White Wagtail Motacilla alba LC LC - 
Khonjon dae
White-throated Dhola gola Halcyon Alcedinid
LC LC  
Kingfisher Machranga smyrnensis ae

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Annexure-8 A Comparative Checklist of observed Butterfly

species (Both Wet and Dry Season) in the Study Area
IUCN IUCN
Observations
SL Bangladesh Red List
Common name Family Scientific name
# Status, Version Wet Dry
2015* 2022-2** Season Season
Papilio
Blue Mormon Papilionidae LC NE  -
polymnestor
Common Crow
Danaidae Euploea core LC LC  
Butterfly
Common Catopsilia
Pieridae LC LC  
Emigrant pomona
Common grass
Pieridae Eurema hecabe LC NE  
yellow
Common Gull
Pieridae Cepora nerissa LC NE  
butterfly
Common Mime Papilionidae Papilio clytia LC NE  
Nymphalida
Common Castor Ariadne merione LC NE - 
e
Nymphalida
Grey Pancy Junonia atlites LC NE  
e
Indian Cabbage
Pieridae Pieris canidia LC NE  
White
Mottled Nymphalida Catopsilia
LC LC  -
Emigrant e pyranthe
Nymphalida
Peacock Pancy Junonia almana LC LC  
e
Danaus
Plain Tiger Danaidae LC NE - 
chrysippus
Striped
Pieridae Appias libythea LC NE  
Albatross
Three spot grass
Pieridae Eurema blanda LC NE  
yellow
Psyche Pieridae Leptosia nina LC NE - 

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Annexure-9 A Checklist of Recorded Fish Species (Both Wet and

Dry Season) in the Study Area
IUCN Observatio
IUCN Red Red ns
S
Local English Scientific List of List
L Family Wet Dry Source
Name Name Name Banglades Version
# Seas Seas
h, 2015* 2022-
on on
2**
Long-
Unknow
Ayre Bagridae whiskered Sperata aor VU LC  
n
Catfish
Fresh
Glossogobius Karnaph
Baila Gobiidae Water LC LC  
giuris uli River
Goby
Indian
Anguillida Anguilla Karnaph
Baim Mottled VU NT  -
e bengalensis uli River
Eel
Bara Pama Otolithoides Bay of
Sciaenidae LC LC  
Poa Croaker pama Bengal
Pangasiida Eutropiichth Karnaph
Bacha Basa LC LC  
e ys vacha uli River
Karnaph
Bata Cyprinidae Bata Labeo bata LC LC  
uli River
Trichiurida Largehead Trichiurus Bay of
Churi LC LC - 
e hairtail lepturus Bengal
Indian Gudusia Karnaph
Chapila Clupeidae VU LC  
River Shad chapra uli River
Silver
Chep Chela Unknow
Cyprinidae Hatchet VU LC  -
Chela cachius n
Chela
Ponds,
Notopterid Featherbac Chitala
Chitol EN NT   Karnaph
ae k chitala
uli River
Flying Esomus Karnaph
Darkina Cyprinidae DD LC  
Barb danricus uli River
Yellowfin Acanthopagr Cox’s
Datina Sparidae LC LC - 
Seabream us morrisoni Bazar
Bronze
Notopterid Notopterus Ponds,
Foli Featherbac LC LC - 
ae notopterus Beels
k
Fhul Apocryptes Karnaph
Gobiidae Goby LC LC  -
Chiring bato uli River
Waterbo
Great Channa
Gojar Channidae EN LC  - dies,
Snakehead marulius
Ponds
Waterbo
Gulsha Gulio
Bagridae Mystus gulio NT LC  - dies,
Tengra Catfish
Ponds
Tenualosa Unknow
Hilsha Clupeidae Hilsa Shad LC LC  
ilisha n
Culture
Puntius Ponds,
Jat-puti Cyprinidae Pool Barb LC LC  
sophore Karnaph
uli River
Waterbo
Ganges Corica
Kachki Clupeidae LC LC   dies of
River Sprat soborna
Chattogr

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

IUCN Observatio
IUCN Red Red ns
S
Local English Scientific List of List
L Family Wet Dry Source
Name Name Name Banglades Version
# Seas Seas
h, 2015* 2022-
on on
2**
am,
Karnaph
uli River
Culture
Kalibau Orangefin Labeo ponds,
Cyprinidae LC LC  
s labeo calbasu Karnaph
uli River
Culture
ponds,
Katol Cyprinidae Catla Labeo catla LC NE  
Karnaph
uli River
Baors,
Long- lakes,
Kavashi Mystus
Bagridae whiskered NT LC   flooded
Tengra cavasius
Catfih low
lands
Barramund Lates Bay of
Koral Latidae NE LC - 
i calcarifer Bengal
Culture
ponds of
Anabantida Climbing Anabas Chattogr
Koi LC LC  
e Perch testudineus am,
Karnaph
uli River
Synodontid Bombay- Harpadon Bay of
Loitta LC NT  
ae duck nehereus Bengal
Ponds,
Indian Amblyphary beels,
Mola Cyprinidae LC LC  
Carplet ngodon mola Karnaph
uli River
Mur Platycepha Bartail Platycephalu Bay of
LC LC  
Bailla lidae Flathead s indicus Bengal
Muri Schilbeida Murius Va Eutropiichth Karnaph
LC LC  -
Bacha e cha ys murius uli River
Ponds,
Elongate
Nama Ambassida beels,
Glassy Chanda nama LC LC  -
Chanda e floodpla
Perchlet
in area
Bay of
Golden-
Nuna Brachygobiu Bengal
Gobiidae banded LC NE  
Bele s nunus (Chattog
Goby
ram)
Pabda Ompok Culture
Pabda Siluridae EN NT  
Catfish pabda ponds
Pangasiida Pangasius Karnaph
Pangas Pangus EN LC  -
e Pangasius uli River
Gangetic
Engraulida Setipinna Karnaph
Phasa Hairfin LC LC  
e phasa uli River
Anchovy
Pama Otolithoides Karnaph
Poa Sciaenidae NE NE  
Croaker pama uli River
Culture
Rui Cyprinidae Rohu Labeo Rohita LC LC  
ponds,

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

IUCN Observatio
IUCN Red Red ns
S
Local English Scientific List of List
L Family Wet Dry Source
Name Name Name Banglades Version
# Seas Seas
h, 2015* 2022-
on on
2**
Karnaph
uli River
Schilbeida Silond Silonia Karnaph
Shilong LC LC  -
e Catfish silondia uli River
Ponds,
Common Channa
Shol Channidae LC LC   Karnaph
Snakehead striata
uli River
Culture
pond of
Hypopthalmi Chattogr
Silver
Cyprinidae Silver Carp cthys NE NT   am
Carp
molitrix (Boalkh
ali
Upazila)
Guchi Mastacemb Indian Macrognathu Karnaph
LC LC - 
baim elidae spiny eel s pancalus uli River
Differen
t ponds,
flooded
Spotted Channa
Taki Channidae LC LC   area of
Snakehead punctatus
Chattogr
am
district
Asian
Mystus Karnaph
Tangra Bagridae Striped LC LC  
vittatus uli River
Catfish
Culture
Ponds of
Pangasiadon Chattogr
Thai Pangasiida Striped
hypophthalm NE EN -  am
Pangus e Catfish
us (Boalkh
ali
Upazila)
Culture
Pond of
Nile Oreochromis Chattogr
Tilapia Cichlidae NE LC  
Tilapia niloticus am and
other
districts
Polynemid Paradise Polynemus Karnaph
Topshe LC LC  
ae Threadfin paradiseus uli River
Tular Sillaginida Flathead Sillaginopsis Karnaph
LC NE  
Dandi e Sillago panijus uli River

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Annexure-10 A Checklist of Prawn and Shrimp Species (Both Wet

and Dry Season) Recorded in the Study Area
IUCN Observations
IUCN Red
Red List List
SL Local English Scientific Wet Dry
Family of Versio Source
# Name Name Name Seas Seas
Banglade n
sh, 2015* 2022- on on
2**
Satkhira,
Giant
Bagda Penaeus Khulna,
Penaeidae Tiger LC NE  
Chingri monodon Cox’s
Shrimp
Bazar
Bay of
Green
Bagtara Penaeus Bengal
Penaeidae Tiger LC NE - 
Chingri semisulcatus (Chattogra
Shrimp
m)
Red- Coast of
Chaka Penaeus
Penaeidae tailed LC NE -  Chattogra
Chingri indicus
Prawn m
Coast of
Jawla
Doina Sergestida Acetes Chattogra
pastes LC DD  
chingri e indicus m, Cox’s
shrimp
Bazar
Indian
Gura Palaemoni Macrobrachi Karnaphul
whisker LC LC  
Chingri dae um lamarrei i River
shrimp
Giant Macrobrachi
Golda Palaemoni Karnaphul
Freshwat um LC LC  
Chingri dae i River
er Prawn rosenbergii
Horina Speckled Khulna,
Penaeidae Metapenaeu LC NE - 
Chingri shrimp Satkhira
s monoceros
Source: Field Survey, August and December 2022
*IUCN Bangladesh. 2015. Red List of Bangladesh Volume 6 Crustaceans; LC=Least Concern, NE=Not Evaluated, DD=Data
Deficient
** IUCN 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/)

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Annexue-11 Monitoring Form

1. Pre-Construction Phase and Construction Phase
The latest results of the below monitoring items shall be submitted to the JICA as part of the Quarterly
Progress Report throughout the construction phase.
1.1 Air Pollution
- Exhaust Gases (Measurement)
PM10 PM2.5 CO NO2 SO2 Pb
Location Date Frequency
(µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3)
STP (Day, Month,
Monthly
Year)
Reference Bangladesh
150 65 5 80 80 0.50
Standard -
(24hr) (24hr) (8hr) (24hr) (24hr) (24hr)
Value**
International
Standard 45 15 25 40
- - -
Value (24hr) (24hr) (24hr) (24hr)
(WHO)***
**Air Pollution Control Rules, 2022 (Schedule 2)
***WHO Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values 2021, which are also being referred in the World Bank and
IFC’s General EHS Guidelines (2007)
Log Book: to be prepared and recorded by contractor(s) which is submitted to CWASA monthly.
If any problem arises (parameters measured are more than the reference values), such vehicles and equipment
to be sustained to use or be replaced by appropriate ones as well as necessary instruction and education on
exhaust gases to drivers and operators.

Baseline

PM10 PM2.5 CO NO2 SO2 Pb

Location
(µg/m3) (µg/m3) (mg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3)

Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry

AQ1 30.61 43.76 14.28 28.94 0.02 0.13 16.14 30.56 35.11 27.83 0.039 <0.001

AQ2 57.18 60.84 21.94 38.22 0.03 0.36 4.02 9.01 46.43 41.0 0.021 <0.001

AQ3 41.65 51.03 18.32 35.15 0.04 0.43 4.85 12.03 39.27 40.29 0.043 <0.001

AQ4 33.14 40.12 13.91 29.07 0.02 0.19 3.0 9.55 28.55 34.24 0.046 <0.001

Duration 24-hr 24-hr 8-hr 24-hr 24-hr 24-hr

Source: Primary Monitoring (Wet season: 29.08.2022 – 01.09.2022 & Dry season: 04.12.2022-07.12.2022)

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

1.2 Water Quality

- Surface water
Coliform
Temperat Oil and
TDS TSS (total) Frequenc
Location Date ure pH Grease
(mg/L) (mg/L) (CFU/10 y
(°C) (mg/L)
0 ml)

Total
Total
DO BOD5 COD Phosphor
Nitrogen Monthly
(mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) us
(mg/L) -
(mg/L)

Log Book: to be prepared and recorded by contractor(s) which is submitted to CWASA monthly.

1.3 Wastes
- Construction wastes and debris
Transportation, Disposal/Treatment
Methods (Specify: ex. Registered Service Frequenc
Location Waste
Provider, Officially final disposal site, y
(STP/Sew Waste Composition Quantity
registered treatment facility (or company)
er Pipe) (ton/month)
Transpor Remark
Disposal Treatment
t s
Construction Debris
Toxic and chemical
Waste (if any)
Other
Monthly
(specify )
Excavated and Surplus Back Designate Others Remark
soil management filling d Soil (if any) s
Disposal
Site

Log Book: to be prepared and recorded by contractor(s) which is submitted to CWASA monthly.

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

1.4 Soil Contamination

- Oil and Fuel leakage (spill)
Type of
Location Fleet/Regi
Construction Frequenc
(STP/Sewer Date stration Oil/Fuel Leakage Conditions
Vehicles/Eq y
Pipe) Number
uipment
If Yes,
Items Yes No Measures
Taken
(Day, Engine oil
Month, Hydric power unit Daily
Year) oil
Fuel
Others
(Specify )
Log Book: to be prepared and recorded by contractor(s) which is submitted to CWASA monthly.
If any problem arises, such vehicles and equipment to be sustained to use or be replaced by appropriate ones.

1.5 Noise and Vibration

- Noise/Vibration from Construction Vehicles and Equipment (Measurement)
Frequency
Location Date Noise (LAeq) Vibration (dB)

(Day,
Monthly
STP Month,
Year)
Bangladesh Standard Bangladesh Standard
Receptor LAeq (dBA)
50 (Day)
Silent -
40 (Night)
(There is no standard)
55 (Day)
Residential
45 (Night)
Reference IFC (EHS) Japanese Request Limit1 (dB)
Receptor LAeq (dBA) Receptor (dB)
Residential 65 (Day)
Residential,
55 (Day)
Residential factory, and
45 (Night) 70 (Day)
commercial
facilities

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Japanese Request Limit1: Applied “Type 1: Residential Area”; The Vibration Regulation Law (Japan) (Law
No.75 of 1995 (Not Environmental Standard but Request Limit Value on Vehicle Traffic Vibration stipulated
by the Ministry of the Environment of Japan)
Log Book: to be prepared and recorded by contractor(s) which is submitted to CWASA monthly.
If any problem arises (parameters measured are more than the reference values), such vehicles and equipment
to be sustained to use or be replaced by appropriate ones as well as necessary instruction and education on
exhaust gases to drivers and operators.
Baseline (Noise)
Average Noise level [dB(A)]
Location Location Setting
Leqday Leqnight
NL1 47.80 44.90 Residential
NL2 52.60 49.80 Silent
NL3 47.72 45.90 Residential
NL4 51.00 47.20 Residential
NL5 52.80 44.81 Residential
NL6 51.70 49.60 Residential
NL7 54.50 49.35 Residential
Source: Field Survey by EQMS (August 2022)

Baseline (Vibration)
Location Average Vibration (ppv, mm/s) Vibration velocity level in decibels (VdB)
VL1 0.10 59.86
VL2 0.04 51.90
VL3 0.07 56.76
VL4 0.12 61.45
VL5 0.02 45.88
VL6 0.05 53.84
VL7 0.05 53.84
Source: Field Survey by EQMS (August 2022)

1.6 【Pre-Construction Phase】Land Acquisition/Resettlement (Transfer of CWASA Staff in STP)

Transfer Budget Transfer schedule Grievances
Location Frequency
Allocation Use Preparation Transferred Specify Countermeasures
- -
STP % % - - Weekly
HHs HHs
- -
HHs: Households

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

1.7 Existing Social Infrastructure and Services

- Meeting with surrounding Communities/Business Establishments/Public Service Entities
Opinio
Location Meetin Number of
Communi Agend ns Countermeasu
(STP/Sew Date g Participant Frequency
ty a Reques res
er Pipe) Venue s
ts
Communit
y( )
Officials Before
(Day,
( ) constructi
Mont
Others on and
h,
(Specify where
Year)
) necessary
Total
( )
Log Book/ Minutes of Meeting: to be prepared and recorded by contractor(s) which is submitted to CWASA
monthly.
Participant list and meeting minutes shall be attached

1.9 Risks of Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS

- Health and Sanitation Education
Date Venue Agenda Lecturer Number of Participants Frequency
Community ( )
(Day,
Worker/Labor ( )
Month, Monthly
Others (Specify )
Year)
Total ( )
Log Book: to be prepared and recorded by contractor(s) which is submitted to CWASA monthly.
Participant list and educational materials shall be attached

- Infection case
Date Symptomatic state Treatment Name Frequency
(Day,
Month, Monthly
Year)
Log Book: to be prepared and recorded by contractor(s) which is submitted to CWASA monthly.

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

1.10 Occupational health and safety

- Occupational health and safety Education
Date Venue Agenda Lecturer Number of Participants Frequency
Community ( )
(Day,
Worker/Labor ( )
Month, Monthly
Others (Specify )
Year)
Total ( )
Log Book: to be prepared and recorded by contractor(s) which is submitted to CWASA monthly.
Participant list and educational materials shall be attached

- Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE)

Location Date
(STP/Sewer Monitoring Item If any problems, measures taken Frequency
Pipe)
PPE: such as Helmet, Gloves,
(Day,
Masks, shoes, safe belts and
Month, Daily
etc. (specify ).)
Year)

Log Book: to be prepared and recorded by contractor(s) which is submitted to CWASA monthly.

- Safety patrol
Date Checked point Result Measures (If any) Frequency
(Day,
Month, Monthly
Year)
Log Book: to be prepared and recorded by contractor(s) which is submitted to CWASA monthly.

Occupational health and safety Problem

Sl. No Date and Accident/Incident Types of Types of Descriptions Corrective Action
Time Locations works Accident/ Plan (CAP)
Incidents

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

1.11 Accidents
- Traffic and Safety Educational Meetings
Location
Number of
(STP/Sewer Date Venue Agenda Lecturer Materials paraded Frequency
Participants
Pipe)
Community
( )
Worker/Labor
(Day,
( ) Once/Two
Month,
Others Months
Year)
(Specify )
Total
( )
Log Book/ Minutes of Meeting: to be prepared and recorded by contractor(s) which is submitted to CWASA
monthly.
Participant list and meeting minutes shall be attached

- Accident case
Sl. No Date and Accident/Incident Types of Types of Descriptions Corrective
Time Locations works Accident/ Action Plan
Incidents (CAP)

Log Book: to be prepared and recorded by contractor(s) which is submitted to CWASA.

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

2. Operation Phase
The latest results of the below monitoring items shall be submitted to JICA on biannual basis for the first
three years of operation phase.
2.1 Water Quality
- Surface water
Coliform
Oil and
Temperature TDS TSS (total)
Location Date pH Grease Frequency
(°C) (mg/L) (mg/L) (CFU/100
(mg/L)
ml)

Total Total
DO BOD5 COD
Phosphorus Nitrogen Monthly
(mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
(mg/L) (mg/L) -

2.3 Occupational health and safety

- Occupational health and safety Education
Date Venue Agenda Lecturer Number of Participants Frequency
Community ( )
(Day,
Worker/Labor ( )
Month, Monthly
Others (Specify )
Year)
Total ( )

- Safety patrol
Date Checked point Result Measures (If any) Frequency
(Day,
Month, Monthly
Year)

Occupational health and safety Problem

Sl. No Date and Accident/Incident Types of Types of Descriptions Corrective
Time Locations works Accident/ Action Plan
Incidents (CAP)

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

2.4 Accidents
- Traffic and Safety Educational Meetings
Number of
Location Date Venue Agenda Lecturer Materials paraded Frequency
Participants
Community
( )
Worker/Labor
(Day,
( ) Two
STP Month,
Others Times/Year
Year)
(Specify )
Total
( )
Participant list and education materials shall be attached

- Accident case
Sl. No Date and Accident/Incident Types of Types of Descriptions Corrective
Time Locations works Accident/ Action Plan
Incidents (CAP)

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

Location of Baseline Data*

Station Geographic Sampling Station Location Setting
Code Location
Air quality
AQ1 22°22'15.6"N Kodal kata Pakkar Dokan, Moju Fokirer South side of the project
91°51'52.3"E Bari, Chandgaon, Chattogram boundary
AQ2 22°22'16.9"N Sanowara Govt. Primary East side of the project
91°51'36.3"E School, Khulapara, boundary
Chandgaon, Chattogram
AQ3 22°22'29.7"N Nazir bari School, Contractor Bari, Northwest side of the
91°51'38.3"E Chandgaon, Chattogram project boundary
AQ4 23°36’32.06” N Kalabagh Jame Mosque, Shabdi, Bandor North side of the project
90°32’47.28” E boundary
Noise and Vibration
NL1/ 22°22'16.7"N Kodal kata Pakkar Dokan, Moju Fokir’s Residential
VL-1 91 °51'52.6"E house, Chandgaon, Chattogram
NL 2/ 22°22'16.4"N Sanowara Govt. Primary School, Silent (Noise)
VL-2 91 °51'35.1"E Khulapara, Chandgaon,Chattogram Residential (Vibration)
NL 3/ 22°22'12.1"N Kodal kata Monar Bari, Chandgaon, Residential
VL-3 91 °51'44.4"E Chattogram
NL 4/ 22°22'14.7"N Kodal kata Khal, Morshed Alom house, Residential
VL-4 91 °52'3.3"E Chandgaon, Chattogram
NL 5/ 22°22'29.6"N Nazir bari School, Contractor Bari, Residential
VL-5 91 °51'37.5"E Chandgaon, Chattogram
NL 6/ 22°22'36.0"N Sri Sri Jogadhatri Mondir, Residential
VL-6 91 °51'44.2"E Daspara, Chandgaon, Chattogram
NL 7/ 22°22'20.4"N Khulapara Mosjid Road, Chandgaon, Residential
VL-7 91 °51'33.4"E Chattogram

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JICA Preparatory Survey for The Chattogram Sewage Improvement Project EIA

RAP Monitoring Form

(1) Pre-Construction Stage
Transfer of CWASA Staff in STP (Pre-Construction Stage)
Transfer Budget Transfer schedule Grievances
Location Frequency
Allocation Use Preparation Transferred Specify Countermeasures
- -
STP % % - - Weekly
HHs HHs
- -
HHs: Households
(2) After Transfer and Operation Stage

Transfer of CWASA Staff in STP (After Transfer and Operation Stage)

CWASA Assistance for Staff
Living Standard Grievances
Commutes
Full Provide Others Good Fair Bad Others Specif Counter Frequen
Location
Traffic Transporta (Specify (Specify y - cy
Expense tion (such ) ) measure
as bus) s
- -
STP HHs HHs % HHs HHs HHs - - Monthly
- -
HHs: Households

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