RPH REVIEWER - Primo Viaggio Intorno al Globo terracqueo by

Antonio Pegafetta – 1st published in Italian in 1800

(GROUP 1) - De Moluccis Insulis by Maximilianus Transylvanus
FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD – A letter written in latin in 1522
by Antonio Pigafetta - "The First Voyage Around the World" typically
refers to the historical account of Ferdinand
The Trinidad- under Ferdinand Magellan. Magellan's expedition, which was the first known
The Concepcion - commanded by Gaspar de Quesada. circumnavigation of the globe.
The San Antonio - commanded by Juan del Cartageña. - The document entitled “The First voyage around
The Victoria - commanded by Mendoza. The Santiago - the world” was written by Antonio pigafetta in his
commanded by Juan Rodriguez. narrative and cartographic journal, “Chronicles of
Magellan’s expedition”.
 Ferdinand Magellan/Ferdinand-Elcano Magellan - Historical Significance: It serves as a primary
- Born about 1480 at Saborosa in Villa Real, source for understanding the Philippines' pre-
Province of Traz os Montes, Portugal. colonial era and the impact of European
- He was the son of Pedro Ruy de Magalhaes, exploration.
mayor of the town, and of Alda de Mezquita. - Religious Influence: The spread of Christianity in
- Died during his voyage of discovery on the Island the Philippines is noted, particularly through the
of Mactan in the Philippines, 27 April 1521. actions of Ferdinand Magellan

 ANTONIO PIGAFETTA  TRAVEL ITINERARY

- Pigafetta’s exact year of birth is not known, with Sep 20, 1519
estimates ranging between 1480 and 1491 - Expedition deports, left port of Sanlucar de
- According to book, he was born around 1490 in Barrameda
the town of Vicenza, Venice, Italy. Feb-Aug,1520
- Parents: Giovanni Pigafetta to second wife Angela - The ship winter in modern day Argentina
Zoga Nov 28, 1520
- He studied: 1. Geology 2. Astronomy - They discovered new routes and became the 1st
3. Cartography European to reach the Pacific Ocean
- Joined Monsignor Francesco Chierigati upon his March 6, 1521
appointment as the Papal Nuncio to Spain in - First landfall after being at sea for 100 days
1519. (Guam)
- Under the command of King Charles I of Spain, he April 27, 1521
went to the Moluccas with Portuguese adventurer - Magellan was killed in battle by the locals
Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastian Elcano on (Mactan,Philippines)
the well-known voyage that started in August Nov 8, 1521
1519 and finished in September 1522. - Juan Sebastian Eleano leads two ship to Spice
- He departed Barcelona and traveled to Sevile after Island
receiving the Spanish Sovereign's approval. Sep 6 1522
- He presented his credential to Magellan and to - Returns to spain with only one ship
the casa de la contraction. He was admitted as
one of the sobresalientes(supernumeraries)  DISCOVERY OF THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN
- He survived the challenges and catastrophes that - The Strait of Magellan is a channel at the southern
happened to the expedition on route, including tip of South America linking the Atlantic Ocean
being injured during the Battle of Mactan. He was and Pacific Ocean.
one of the eighteen survivors who, together with - Ferdinand Magellan was the first European to
Juan Sebastian Elcano, returned to Spain on board navigate the strait in year 1520.
the Victoria on September 6, 1522. - The strait is approximately 560 kilometers long,
and ranges from 3 to 32 kilometers at its
 ABOUT THE BOOK narrowest and widest points, respectively
- Pigafetta kept a detailed journal of what happend  MAGELLAN’S ARIVAL IN THE PHILLIPINES
to them from the time they left seville in 1519 - Ferdinand Magellan's arrival in the Philippines on
until they returned to spain three years later. Saturday March 16, 1521
- The first published version of Pigafetta's account - Duration of expidition [ 1519-1522 ]
appeared in 1524 in Paris, titled "Primo Viaggio - Spanish fleet “ARMADA DE MOLUCA”
Intorno al Mondo" (First Voyage Around the - 5 ships 4 carracks 1 caravel
World) MARCH 16,1521
- the original journal did not survive time. However, - Magellan arrived in ZAMAL [SAMAR]
an account of the voyage, written by Pigafetta March 18,1521
between 1522 and 1525, survives in four - Magellan saw 2 boats with 9 men in it 1st
manuscript versions: one in Italian and three in encounter of magellan with one of the chiefs
French. ACQUADA DA LI BUONI SEGNIALLI
- the Watering-place of good Signs" HUMUNO
[ HUMOHMON]
 - clearest water, early signs of gold white coral island. He was one of the first Filipino who fought
and resisted the Spanish Colonization.

FRIDAY MARCH 22
- those men came as they had promised us in two FRIDAY, APRIL 26, 1521
boats with cocoanuts, sweet oranges,a jar of - Zula sent one of his son to deliver goats to
palm-wine and a cock. Magellan and told him that he couldn’t comply
- the captain purchased all of the thigs that they right away since the other chieftain, Cilapulapu,
have brought. Their seignior was an old man who refused to obey and surrender.
was painted tattooed]. He wore two gold earrings - He then requested Magellan a boatload of men so
[schione] in his ears, and the others many gold that they might fight lapu-lapu into obeying the
armlets on their arms and kerchiefs about [on] king of Spagnia.
their heads - On midnight of the same day, sixty men set out
HOLY FRIDAY armed together with the cristian king, the prince,
- Captain general brought his slave to act as an some of the chief men and 20-30 balanghais
interpreter and went to the king. including the captain magellan.
- The king came back with 6 or 8 men with the - they then reached Mactan after three hours
same boat. He embraced the captain-general to before dawn. they sent a message to the natives
whom be gave three porcelain jars covered with to surrender but the natives refused to, but asked
leaves and full of raw rice, two very large orade them to wait until morning.
[dorado] and other things SATURDAY, APRIL 27, 1521
- CASI CAI (BROTHER) - when the morning came, the fierce battle began.
APRIL 1,1521 Forty-nine of Magellan's men leaped into the
- 1st mass held in the philippines at mazua water and eleven stayed on the boats.
[ limawasa] - the musketeers and crossbowmen shot from a
- attended by; magellan and his crew, rajah distance for half an hour to no avail. Magellan
kolambu, rajah siago, spanis voyagers and local cried to them “Cease firing! Cease Firing!” but his
islanders. orders was not heeded.
- “It was necessary to set that cross on the summit - the natives were determined to stand firm they
of the bighest mountain, so that on seeing it every shot many arrows and bamboo spears, pointed
morning, they might adore it; and if they did that, stakes with fire, stones and muds to the point
neither thunder, lightning, nor storms would harm where Magellan's men were barely able to defend
them in the least. themselves
- ” The captain-general also asked them whether - magellan then ordered some of his men to burn
they were Moros [Muslims]or beathen, or what the houses of natives to scare them but instead it
was their belief. They replied that they worshiped fueled their rage more. the natives charged at
nothing [had no other worship] but that they them and shot magellans’ right leg with a
raised their clasped hands and their face to the poisoned arrow.
sky, and that they called their god “Abba” - Magellan then ordered his men to retreat slowly,
but a lot just fled except 6 or 8 men.
 BATTLE OF MACTAN - the natives only shot their legs, and continued to
- On Sunday, April 14, forty men, including Antonio pursue them but when they recognized magellan
Pigafetta and their captain, Ferdinand Magellan, they immediately turned upon him.
docked on the shore of an island, armed and - the natives then continued to knock his
carrying the royal banner. [Magellan] helmet but he stood firm together
- They encountered Rajah Humabon, later known with some of his men.
as Don Carlos Valderrama - An indian then hurled a bamboo spear into
- Insisting that villagers burn their idols and be Magellan's face but he immediately killed him
baptized however he could only draw his sword half way
- All of those islands rendered obedience and paid due to his wounded arm. they attacked him, one
tribute and food. One of the islands was Mactan, of them wounded him on the left leg causing him
where the village chiefs were Zula and Cilapu- to fall face downward.
Lapu [Lapu-lapu]. Magellan’s men burned a village - they rushed upon him with their iron and bamboo
on Mactan Island called Bulaia. spears that ended his [Magellan's] life.
- “the battle fought on Saturday, April 27, 1521” ,
 ISLAND OF MACTAN the battle that lasted for more than one hour
- The island of Mactan had two local chieftains ended with Lapu-Lapu's victory.
(datu) leading two different tribes. - “Eight of our men were killed with him in that
- ZULA - He was one of the village chief (datu) on battle, and four Indians, who had become
the Mactan island. He pledged allegiance to Christians and who had come afterwards to aid us,
Magellan and accepted the Spanish rule were killed by the mortars of the boats. Of the
- CILAPULAPU - Also known as Lapu-lapu. He was enemy, only fifteen were killed, while many of us
also one of the village chief (datu) on the Mactan were wounded” -Antonio Pigafetta
 - Due to few number of officials inside the country,
 HISTORICAL IMPACT Spanish officials was forced to allow Filipinos to be
- Magellan’s ambitious voyage around the world Gobernadorcillos.
has provided the Europeans with more than a - Friars were assigned in parishes to monitor
spice. Although too long and dangerous, it officials become most knowledgeable and
expands the European geographic knowledge by influential figure in pueblos (birth of
discovering a massive ocean and the earth being FRAILOCRACY)
larger in size and discrediting the THEORY OF EATH - Friars assigned to mission territories to convert
BEING FLAT. natives to Christians and collect information
 LEGACY - The document not only helped understand and
- Magellan is credited for being the first to explore preserve many of the traditional ways of the local
the world, but he died halfway through the population, but also provided the first form of
journey and did not intended to travel in circle. Civil Code, used by local governos to administer
Magellan’s expedition was responsible for many justice
major discoveries, his journey also sighted many - Archivo General de Indias (A.G.I.)
great animals .The logbook and the - Archivo, Franciscano, Ibero - Oriental (A.F.I.O.)
date( INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE )when that - The Philippine Islands (1903) and the Philippine
returned to Spain has led the scientist to the Journal of Science (1958)
determine the size of the earth Today Magellan’s
name is synonymous with his discoveries and  SOCIO-POLITICAL CUTOMS
exploration BARANGAY
- Form of Governance
(GROUP 2) - consist of 30 to 100 households and lead by a
CUSTOM OF THE TAGALOG by Juan De Plasencia Dato.
- Houses are made of wood, nipa palm, and
 FRAY MIGUEL JUAN DE PLASENCIA bamboo, usually handmade, and the materials are
- Born in Extramadura Spain (16th Century). gathered in the forest by the slaves to build the
- One of the 7 children of Don Pedro Portocarrero. house.
- Grew up during the period of Siglo de Oro (Golden DATO
age of arts & Literature). - the Chief who governs the people
- 1st Batch of missionaries who arrived in the - ruled over as many as one hundred households
Philippines along with Fray Diego de Oropesa (July and sometimes less than thirty households
2, 1578). - also served as the captain in wars
- Became a Custos at their Chapter (May 23, 1584). - anyone who dared to commit any offense or say a
 Joan de Portocarrero del convento de Villanueva word against them and their family was severely
de la Serena punished
- Was a principled and righteous fray.
- Few of his written works:  3 CASTE (social class)
1."Arte de la lengua tagala " NOBLES (MAHARLIKA)
2."Declaracion de toda la doctrina Cristiana " (The - Freeborn and do not pay taxes or tribute to the
declaration of the book to be printed) dato.
3."Vocabulario." - also known as Maharlica
4."Doctrina Christiana en lengua española y tagala - must accompany the dato to war at their own
" (1st Book printed in the Philippines - 1590) expense
5."Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos " COMMONERS (ALIPING NAMAMAHAY)
(1589) - serve their masters whether a Dato or a Maharlica
6. "La Santina” - own a house and lords of their own property
- Became a Custos of their chapter (May 23, 1584) - cannot be sold
- Died in Lilio (Liliw) Province of Laguna (1590) SLAVES (ALIPING SA GUIGUILID)
- Honored as “Venerable ” by the Franciscan order. - serve their masters in its house and cultivated
- Eulogy of Bishop Domingo Salazar: land
"Ecclesiam Dei illius morte magnam incurruisse - can be sold
jacturam, quia cecidit columna christianitas."
 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
“The Church of God suffered a great loss by his (The Justice System of the Tagalogs)
death, because the pillar of Christianity fell.” LITIGATION PROCESS
- Investigations made and sentences passed by the
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT Dato must take place in the presence of those in
- Also known as “Relacion de las Costombres de los his barangay.
Tagalos” (1589), the document was a record of the - If there was any feeling of aggrievance from the
early Filipinos (Indios), dating back in early 16 th litigant an arbiter was unanimously selected from
and 17th centuries another barangay.
- Any controversy involving two chief/ dato an
arbiter was also convoked to avoid wars
PENALTIES
- All other offenses made by anyone and proven DOWRY
guilty by the arbiter were punished by fines in - Given by men to the women ’ s parent
gold, or the offender will be exposed to serve until a) If the parents are both living, they enjoy the
the payment was met. use of it.
- If the offender has children, his children will also b) After the parents ’ death and the dowry are
serve as slaves until payment was met. not consumed, it is divided equally among the
- The offender was fed and clothed by his/ her children
master. c) If the wife has no parents or relatives, she
- If payment were not met the master took enjoys her dowry
possession of the children of the offender. -Half of the dowries are given immediately
- If the offender has by chance met his payment, even when they are only child.
their master may claim that he has fed and d) When the parents are dead and the
clothed his children and ask for another payment son/daughter is unwilling to marry because it
- If the culprit had a friend or relative who paid for is arranged by the parents, the dowry
him, the culprit was obliged to render the latter received was returned. But if the parents are
half of his service until he was paid, or else he had alive, they pay the fine.
to pay double of what was lent to him. DIVORCE
MARRIAGE Before the birth of the child:
- Those born with both Maharlica parents will - The wife left the husband to marry another - all
continue to be a Maharlica. They could only the dowry will fall to the husband.
become slaves through marriage - Wife left him and didn ’t marry another - the
- If a Maharlica had children among their slaves, the dowry is returned.
children and their mother would be free. - The husband left his wife - lost half of the dowry
- When a Maharlica would have children with a and the other half returned to him.
slave woman of another, the slave woman is With child:
obligated to give her master half of a gold tael, the - The whole dowry and fine went to the children
children would be free if he/she is recognized. If and were held by grandparents or other relatives
not, he/she will be a whole slave. In Terms of Death:
- If two persons married one was a Maharlica and - Death of wife without child - parents return half of
the other a slave (namamahay or sa guiguilar) the the dowry to the husband whose wife had died
children were divided. If there should not be more - Death of husband without child - half of dowry
than one child he was half free and half slave. returned to the relatives of the husband.
- If a free woman had children with a slave they
would be all free unless they will not be married.  WORSHIP, OFFERINGS, AND SACRIFICES
- Maharlicas could not, after marriage, move from - Simbahan - temple or place of adoration
one village to another without paying a certain fee - Pandot - or “ worship ” a festival that they used to
in gold. celebrate in the house of the chief. Chief’ s House
- When one married a woman from another village, - constructed by the people specifically for the
the children were afterwards divided equally purpose of sheltering the people during an
between the barangays. assembly. The house is constructed to be similar
INHERITANCE to a ship, with various compartments.
- The legitimate children of a father and mother o Silbi - a roof making up the temporary
inherit equally shed to protect the people from the
CASE 1 rain.
- : If one had children by two or more legitimate o Sorihile - small lamps attached on the
wives, each child received the inheritance and post of the house.
dowry of his mother. - Nagaanitos - a worship where the whole family
CASE 2 and barangay are united.
- If besides his legitimate children, he had also - Bathala - The “ all powerful” and “ maker of all
some son by a free unmarried woman, to whom a things ”.
dowry was given but who was not considered as a - Among their many idols, they also worshipped
real wife, all these were classed as natural Heavenly Bodies such as the Sun, Moon, and
children. When there were no children by a Stars.
legitimate wife, but only children by an unmarried - Dian Masalanta - the patrons of lovers and
woman, or inaasava, the latter inherited all. generations.
CASE 3 - Lacapati and Idianale - patrons of the cultivated
- If there was no legitimate or natural child, or a lands and husbandry.
child by an inaasava, whether there was a son of a - (OFFERINGS) They also paid reverance to water
slave woman or not, the inheritance went only to lizard called by them “Buwaya ” or Crocodiles, for
the father or grandparents, brothers, or nearest fear of being harmed by them.
relatives of the deceased.
 THE PRIESTS OF THE DEVILS
1. CATALONAN
 - A title for women or men with ranks - Made charms for lovers. herbs, stones, and wood.
- Given to officials across the Philippines. o infuses the target’s heart with love.
2. MANGANGAUAY - Tricked people sometimes with the help of the
- Goddess of Death devil.
- Pretend Healer 10. SONAT
- Can cause sickness or death using charms - “Preacher”
o effects may vary due to their mastery - Helps one to die.
- Known to be able to prolong the life of others o predicts time of salvation or
o using a serpent, condemnation of one’s soul.
o and for 1 year - Only people of high standing can have this
position.
11. PANGATAHOJAN
3. MANSILAYAT - A ‘’soothsayer’’ p
- Similar to the Mangagauay o redicts the future
- The ability to make lovers be disgusted by their 12. BAYOGUIN
wives which in turn, the husbands would - “Cotquean”.
abandom their wives o a feminine male
o prevent intercourse
- If wife is abandoned
o discharge would be blood and matter
4. MANCOCOLAM (GROUP 3)
- A witch that uses black magic or “kulam”. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
- Can emit fire from their bodies and is
inextinguishable “KATAASTAASANG KAGALANG-GALANGANG KATIPUNAN
o in days/ month NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN”
o at night (KKK)
o must be dirtied by the filth and ordure
of the house at which the mancocolam  2 GROUPS
wishes to emit fire. - LA LIGA FILIPINA (JOSE RIZAL)
o the owner of the house would become - CUERPO DE COMPROMISARIOS
ill and die (DOMINO FRANCO)
5. HOCLOBAN - KATIPUNAN (ANDRESS BONIFACIO)
- A stronger kind of witch.
- Can kill using hand motions.  HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE KATIPUNAN
- Can curse using charms. - The first move towards independence began on
o can heal target using countercharms. July 7, 1892
- Destroys target’s house . - The Formation of the Katipunan: 1892 by Andres
o without any instruments. Bonifacio
- Found in the island of Catanduanes. o Failure of the Reform Movement in
6. SILAGAN Spain
- Has sharp claws used to tear open flesh. o Revolutionary Society
o targets the anus as the entry place to o Objectives of Katipunan:
reach for the liver which they eat. ✓ Independence from Spanish rule,
- Hates the color white. ✓ Nationalism, and
o targets people who wear the color. ✓ Unity
- Was not considered a fable.
o there was an incident related.  EMILIO JACINTO
- Found the island of Catanduanes. - “Brains of Katipunan”
7. MAGTATANGGAL - BORN: DECEMBER 15, 1875
- Main purpose is to show itself to people. - DIED: APRIL 6,1899
o at night. - PLACE OF BORN: THE DISTRICT OF TROZO IN
o without its head or entrails TONDO, MANILA
- Carries/pretends to carry their head. - PARENTS: MARIANO JACINTO – BOOKKEEPER
- Returns to body in the morning JOSEFA DIZON
o acting human - EDUCATION
- Occurred in the island of Catanduanes o SAN JUAN DE LETRAN COLLEGE
8. OSUANG (SECONDARY EDUCATION)
- Equivalent of a “sorcerer” o STOP HIS STUIDIES (THE PHILIPPINE
- Can fly Murders men REVOLUTIONARY BEGAN IN 1896)
o eats flesh o LITERARY UNIVERSITY OF THE
- Found at the Visayas islands PHILIPPINES (CONTINUE HIS LAW
9. MANGAGAYOMA STUDY)
- Another class of witches. - CONTRIBUTION
 o Authored the Kartilya ng Katipunan mangmang, marunong, lahat dito'y
o Pen-name – “Dimas Ilaw” magkakapantay at tunay na magkakapatid.
o Wrote the kartilya ng Katipunan which Kapagkarakang mapusok dito ang sino man,
served as the katipunan’s code of tataligdan pilit ang bubalhal na kaugalian, at
conduct pailalim sa kapangyarihan ng mga banal na utos
o draft the organization’s foundational ng katipunan.
documents. - Ang gawang lahat, na laban sa kamahalan at
- ROLE kalinisan, dito'y kinasusuklaman; kaya't sa bagay
o Secretary na ito ipinaiilalim sa masigasig na pakikibalita ang
o Editor kabuhayan ng sino mang nagiibig makisanib sa
o Fiscal katipunang ito. Kung ang hangad ng papasuk
o Adviser dito'y ang tumalastas lamang ng mga kalihiman
- BACKGROUND nito, o ang ikagiginhawa ng sariling katawan, o ang
o Joined the Katipunan in 1894 at age of kilalanin ang mga naririto't ng maipagbili sa isang
18 – Symbolic name “Pingkian” dakor na salapi, huag magpatuloy, sapagkat dito'y
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE KARTILYA bantain lamang ay talastas na ng makapal na
- Jim Richardson said that “the Kartilya is the best nakikiramdam sa kaniya, at karakarakang
Known of all Katipunan texts” and that it is “the nilalapatan ng mabisang gamut, na laan sa mga
only document of any length set in print by the sukaban.
Katipunan prior to August 1896 that is known to - Ang gawang lahat, na laban sa kamahalan at
be still extant.” kalinisan, dito'y kinasusuklaman; kaya't sa bagay
na ito ipinaiilalim sa masigasig na pakikibalita ang
 CONTENT OF THE KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN kabuhayan ng sino mang nagiibig makisanib sa
(OVERVIEW) katipunang ito. Kung ang hangad ng papasuk
- SUMMARY OF MAIN POINTS: dito'y ang tumalastas lamang ng mga kalihiman
o Uphold virtues of honor, dignity, and nito, o ang ikagiginhawa ng sariling katawan, o ang
kilalanin ang mga naririto't ng maipagbili sa isang
equality.
dakor na salapi, huag magpatuloy, sapagkat dito'y
o Members must prioritize the welfare of
bantain lamang ay talastas na ng makapal na
their country over personal gain.
nakikiramdam sa kaniya, at karakarakang
o Emphasizes morality, humility, and
nilalapatan ng mabisang gamut, na laan sa mga
brotherhood among members.
sukaban.
o Rejects oppression, injustice, and
- Dito'y gawa ang hinahanap at gawa ang tinitignan;
inequality.
kaya't hindi dapat pumasuk ang di makagagawa,
- VALUES HIGHLIGHTED:
kahit magaling magsalita.
o Freedom: Filipinos must fight for their
- Ipinauunawa din, na ang mga katungkulang
independence from colonial rule.
ginaganap ng lahat ng napaaanak sa katipunang
o Equality: All Filipinos, regardless of
ito ay lubhang mabibigat lalung lalu na, kung
status, should work together for the gugunitain na di magyayaring maiiwasan at
nation's welfare. walang kusang pagkukulang na di aabutin ng
o Morality: Honor, truth, and respect are kakilakilabot na kaparusahan.
core traits members should embody. - Kung ang bangad ng papasuk dito, ang siya'y
abuluyan o ang ginhawa't malayaw na
 KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN katahimikan ng katawan, huag magpatuloy,
KATIPUNAN NANG MANGA sapagkat mabigat na mga katungkulan ang
Α. Ν. Β. matatagpuan, gaya ng pagtatangkilik sa mga
SA MAY NASANG MAKISANIB SA KATIPUNANG ITO naaapi at madalubong na paguusig sa lahat ng
- Sa pagkakailangan, na ang lahat na nagiibig kasamaan; sa bagay na ito ay aabutin ang
pumasuk sa katipunang ito, ay magkaroon ng maligalig na pamumuhay.
lubos na pananalig at kaisipan sa mga layong - Di kaila sa kangino paman ang mga nagbalang
tinutungo at mga kaaralang pinaiiral, minarapat na kapahamakan sa mga tagalog na nakaiisip nitong
ipakilala sa kanila ang mga bagay na ito, at ng mga banal na kabagayan (at hindi man), at mga
bukas makalawa'y huag silang magsisi at tuparing pahirap na ibinibigay ang naghaharing kalupitan,
maluag sa kalooban ang kanilang mga tutungkulin. kalikuan at kasamaan.
- Ang kabagayang pinaguusig ng katipunang ito ay - Talastas din naman ng lahat ang pagkakailangan
lubos na dakila at mahalaga; papagisahin ang loob ng salapi, na sa ngayo'y isa sa mga unang lakas na
at kaisipan ng lahatng tagalog(") sa pamagitan ng maaasahang magbibigay buhay sa lahat; sa bagay
isang mahigpit na upang sa pagkakaisang ito'y na ito, kinakailangan ang lubos na pagtupad sa
magkalakas na iwasak ang masinsing tabing na mga pagbabayaran; piso sa pagpasok at sa buan
nakabubulag sa kaisipan at tunay na landas ng buan ay sikapat. Ang salaping ito'y ipinagbibigay
Katuiran at Kaliwanagan. alam ng nagiingat sa tuing kapanahunan, bukod
- Dito'y isa sa mga kaunaunahang utos, ang tunay pa sa mapagsisiyasat ng sinoman kailan ma't
na pagibig sa bayang tinubuan at lubos na ibigin. Di makikilos ang salaping ito, kun di
pagdadamayan ng isa't isa. Maralita, mayaman, pagkayarian ng karamihan.
 - Ang lahat ng ipinagsaysay at dapat gunitain at
mahinahong pagbulaybulayin, sapagkat di  CARICATURE
magaganap at di matitiis ng walang tunay na - Exaggeration of the actions, parts, or features of
pagibig sa tinubuang lupa, at tunay na adhikang someone or something usually for comic or
ipagtangkilik ang Kagalingan. satirical effect
- At ng lalong mapagtimbang ng sariling isip at TYPES OF CARICATURE
kabaitan, basahin ang sumusunod na: 1. athlete caricatures
2. political caricatures
MGA ARAL NANG KATIPUNAN NG MGA A.N.B 3. satire
- Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at 4. caricature exaggerates
banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, 5. caricature scuplture
kundi damong makamandag. 6. digital caricature
- Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang 7. traditional caricature
gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat ang 8. cartoon
bawat kilos, gawa't pangungusap sa talagang 9. creative caricature
Katuiran.
- Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat gahat ng
tao'y aitingkakapantay; mangyayaring mabibigtan
sa pagkatunong, sa yaman, sa ganda..., ngunit di
sa Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri  ALFRED WILLIAM MCCOY
sa pagpipita sa sarili, ang may hamak na kalooban - Born on June 8, 1945, at Massachusetts, USA
inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri. - He was a professor of History at the University of
- Sa taong may hiya, salita'y panunumpa. Huag Wisconsin where he also serve as Director of
mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang Center Foro Southeast Asian Student specialized
nawala'y magyayaring magbalik; nguni't panahung in Philippine Political History and Global Opium
nagdaan na'y di na muli pang magdadaan. Trafficking
Ipagtangol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang - He was known for Political Caricatures of the
umaapi. American Era
- Ang taong matalino'y ang may pagiingat sa bawat - He spent the last chapter of his life writing about
sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat the politics and history of the Opium Trade
ipaglihim - He later worked with Alfredo Roces
- Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang
patnugot ng asawa't mga anak; kung ang umaakay  ALFREDO REYES ROCES
ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng inaakay - Born on April 29, 1923
ay kasamaan din. - He was a painter, essayist, and versatile artist who
- Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na is considered to be a prominent figure in
libangan lamang, kun di isang katuang at karamay Philippine Art
sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo - His paintings started with a figurative style but
ng boong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at soon began to amalgamate expressionism,
alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata't nagiwi sa fauvism and impressionism
iyong kasangulan. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa
asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin  HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE DOCUMENT
sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba. - During the American Era, Philippine political
- Ang kamahalan ng tao'y wala sa pagkahari, wala cartoons gained full expression. Filipino artists
sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa recorded national attitudes toward the coming of
pagkaparing kahilili ng Dios, wala sa mataas na the Americans and the changing mores and times.
kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na - While the 377 cartoons compiled in this book
mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang speak for themselves, historian Alfred McCoy ’ s
nababatid kun di ang sariling wika, yaong may extensive research in Philippine and American
magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may archives provides a comprehensive background
dangal at puri. not only to the cartoons but to the turbulent
period as well
 KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
- "The Kartilya of the Katipunan text starts with a  CONTENT ANALYSIS
set of moral principles and ideals for members to - The characters to emphasize the “ good side ” are
follow and ends with a document of affirmation shown in normal features while the “bad”
by the members to the society's teachings." emaciated, leering, laughing creatures, have more
on animal features than human
- The artist using their cartoons, illustrated not just
their opinions, but a broad image of the
Philippines under the US.
(GROUP 4) - The transition from the Spanish Colonial period to
PHILIPPINE CARTOONS POLITICAL CARICATURES OF the American Occupation shows different changes
THE AMERICAN ERA by Alfred McCoy (1900-1941) in culture, society, and politics. the drastic
 introduction of democracy to a nation not - died of complications due to Covid-19 at the age
properly oriented about it and its consequences of 88
are far from ideal. Thus, it ushered in the free BARBARA W. ANDAYA
press. The rich remained affluent and powerful, - Professor in the Asian Studies Program at the
while the poor people remained poor, desperate, University of Hawai'i and former Director of the
and victims of state repression. Center for Southeast Asian Studies
- Educated at the University of Sydney (BA, Dip.Ed.),
 EXAMPLES OF CARICATURE she received an East West Center grant in 1966
1. Lipag Kalabaw and obtained her MA in history at the University
2. Memories of the Visit of Hawai'i. She subsequently went on to study for
3. Regattas in Batangas her Ph.D. at Cornell University with a
4. Municipal Hygiene specialization in Southeast Asian history
5. Duel to Death JULIUS BAUTISTA
6. Sack Race in Cavite - Associate Professor at the Center for Southeast
7. Free Press Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
8. Loyalty of the Filipino - He received a PhD. in Southeast Asian Studies
9. Doctor is Busy (anthropology and cultural history) at the
10. FIlipinization Australian National University
11. American worker / Filipino Worker - He is author of “Figuring Catholicism: An
 CONTRIBUTION TO PHILIPPINE HISTORY Ethnohistory of the Santo Niño de Cebu” (Ateneo,
- The book of McCoy and Roces (1986) was the first 2010), editor of “The Spirit of Things: Materiality
one to legitimize cartoons as sources of Filipino and Religious Diversity in Southeast Asia” (Cornell
thoughts and views. Although the book only SEAP, 2012)
covered the period of early American through the MARGARITA D. COJUANGCO
commonwealth, it reflected on two cartoon - Born on April 29, 1944 is a Filipina politician,
themes: anti-American sentiments and the philanthropist and socialite
condemnation of the ruling class. - She was the former chairman of the Kabalikat ng
- Editorial Cartoons play an important role in Malayang Pilipino (Kampi) party and a member of
understanding the Filipinos' sentiments the Council of Philippine Affairs (COPA
concerning the transition of governance from HALMAN ABUBAKAR
Spain to the Americans. Pressing issues are clearly - is a Taosug and a town councilor of Jolo, Sulu, and
illustrated in the caricature of characters and is a member of the educated Abubakar Clan of
satirized situations in the Philippine Society during Jolo.
the American era. Indeed, artists' works are - He promotes indigenous martial arts "Silat" -
relevant in the study of Philippine History. Artists' historic and significant on Taosug bladed weapons
free expression of thoughts through their as a form of self-defense and glorifies the historic
caricatures somehow influenced the Filipinos at and symbolic significance of these weapons
that particular period.

 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT

(GROUP 5) - Coastal inhabitants of the Philippines faced
RAIDERS OF SULU SEA attacks by the caused by the raiders
- The 3 tribes are skilled workers in building ships
 BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR(CONTRIBUTORS) and they are a good fighter, posing a great threat
to the colonial force
ICELLE GLORIA D. BORJA-ESTRADA - Spaniards established Fort of Pilar in Zamboanga
- one of Zamboanga City's premiere artists, a true as a defense fortre
Filipina painter and sculptor, - King Dalasi led an attack on the Fort Pilar, aiming
- She first obtained a Bachelor of Science in History to suppress Spanish presence and resist foreign
Education from Western Mindanao State oppression.
University (WMSU) and went on to complete - Slave raiding, triggered by the Spanish arrival
additional degrees at Pilar College in Zamboanga involved various Muslim groups.
City, the University of the Philippines Diliman - Spanish aimed to prevent the spread of islam
College of Fine Arts, where she majored in Art northward and propagating Christianity.
History, and Ateneo de Zamboanga City - The difference between the religion and traditions
SAMUEL K. TAN led the era to a war
- was a Filipino historian, academician, and author
- Born in Siasi, Sulu, he was of mixed Tausug-Sama  CONTENT ANALYSIS
and Chinese Filipino heritage. - The Moro People are not really pirates or rebels
- He earned an AB History degree, summa cum but indigenous people who demonstrated
laude, from the Zamboanga Arturo Eustaquio resistance from the Spanish forces.
Colleges (now known as the Universidad de - The most celebrated attack was the December
Zamboanga) in 1963. In 196 8th, 1970 attack by King Dalasi.
 - The Moro act was an act of retaliation against the and religious institutions. They primarily inhabit
foreign occupier and was sanctioned by the Jolo, Indanan, Siasi, and Patikul in Sulu (ARMM).
sultanates in the name of a higher course: Islam. - there are scattered Taosug settlements in
- Spaniards were concerned about the commercial Zamboanga del Sur, Cotabato, and extending all
interests of the region and to propagate the way to Malaysia, where an estimated
Christianity population of more than 110,000 Taosug resides.
- Slave-raiding was part of the bigger regional trade - The name "Tausug" combines "tau" (person) and
in the Islands of Southeast Asia. "suug" (the former name of Jolo Island). It is
- Artifacts originating from China that was found in believed that the present-day Tausug population is
Butuan City are proof of the great distances descended from various ethnic groups that
travelled by the Sea farers of Sulu and the trading migrated to the Sulu archipelago
activities they were involved in
- The Western Colonial Ruling sand open-armed  ANCIENT MARITIME VESSEL OF THE MORO
conflicts in the Southern region of the Philippines LANONG
cause the impoverishment of Muslim Areas - large outrigger warships and could reach up to 30
economically and religiously. m (98 ft) in length and had two biped shear masts
which doubled as boarding ladders.
 3 MUSLIM TRIBES - They also had one to three banks of oars rowed by
galley slaves. They were specialized for naval
BALANGINGI-SAMAL TRIME battles. They were prominently used for piracy
- This tribe were highly skilled in maritime raiding and slave raids from the mid-18th century to the
and were alternatively referred to as the Northern early 19th century in most of Southeast Asia.
Sama or Northern Sindama. - The name lanong is derived from Lanun, an
- They inhabited a series of islands located between exonym of the Iranun peo
Basilan and Sulu Island. The Balangingi-Samal GARAY
Tribe, also known as the Northern Sama or - are traditional native warships of the Banguingui
Northern Sinama, is an ethnolinguistic group people in the Philippines
residing in the Greater Sulu Archipelago and along - Garay were smaller, faster, and more
the southern and western coasts of the maneuverable than the Iranun lanong warships
Zamboanga peninsula in Mindanao - They were also propelled by oars. Large garay
- The Balangingi people are part of the larger Sama- could have around 30 to 60 oars
Badjao group and speak the Balangingi dialect. - with a length of 60 to 70 ft (18 to 21 m) and has a
- In the early 19th century, a distinct ethnic group capacity of 60 people onbo
known as the Samal Balangingi from the Sulu- SALISIPAN
Mindanao region specialized in maritime raiding - are long and narrow war canoes, with or without
sanctioned by the state. They would raid coastal outriggers
settlements in Southeast Asia and trading vessels - They are propelled by rowers, steered by an oar at
THE ILLANUNS the stern, and are light enough to be hauled
- They were renowned for their formidable ashore.
maritime prowess and played a significant role in - They are typically equipped with woven shields of
the history of piracy, not only in the coastal nipa that could be propped along the sides to
Philippines but also across the expansive South protect the rowers against arrow
China Sea.
- The Illanun people, also known as Iranun and  THE ANCIENT WEAPONS OF MORO PEOPLE
Ilianon, share close cultural and linguistic ties with KALIS / KRIS
the Maranao and Maguindanaon communities. - is a Filipino sword characterized by a double-
Their language belongs to the Austronesian family edged blade, often featuring a distinctive "wavy"
and is most closely related to Maranao. section.
- They also inhabit the coastal areas along Iliana - It measures around 46-66cm in length and was
Bay, Pulangi River to Sibugay Bay in Zamboanga carried not only by slave raiders in battle but also
del Sur, and even reaching the western coastal by nobles and high-ranking officials from the
plain of Borneo. southern Sultanat
- The term "Illanun," which means "pirate" in BARONG
Malay, is fitting for this ethnic group because they - is a weapon wielded by Taosug warriors to
were once known as some of the most formidable effectively disable M-14 rifles and carabiners due
pirates in the Malay region to its thick blade.
- It's a lethal sword characterized by a single-edged
THE TAOSUG leaf-shaped blade crafted from robust steel.
- held dominance over the Sulu Sultanate and were - This weapon measures approximately 20-56cm in
renowned for their formidable and extensive length and was employed in close combat
political authority. The Taosug Tribe, the situations to shorten Spanish firearms
predominant ethnic group in the Sulu archipelago, KAMPILAN
holds a significant position due to their political - stands as the longest sword in their arsenal. This
hefty single-edged sword features two horns on
 the non-sharp side of the tip, which were utilized Economic: Commercial ventures of natural resources
for lifting decapitated heads fuelled the growing demands of slaves from the south
- Measuring around 36 to 40 inches (90 to 100 cm) that intensify the frequency of the Moro people of their
in length raiding expeditions.
ARMOR Cultural: The artistic indigenous crafts making of the
- was constructed using carabao horn, with steel Slave raiders through the boats and weapons made and
plates shaped to conform to the body and used; and also, the pattern of trade that has begun
interconnected with chain mail. years ago between China and India long before the
- While it was effective in deflecting sword strikes, it entry of Western Powers.
offered no protection against firearms
CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE
 ARRIVAL OF THE SPANISH COLONIST - The contemporary relevance in the Southern
- The presence of the Spanish in the Visayas and Philippines and the Spanish Colonization is
Southern Luzon disrupted the spread of Islam concerned with the line of causations in the
- Spanish landed In Luzon on the north from here Philippine setting and context today:
Christianity displacing Islam and indigenous tribal Political: The Moro People constructs an autonomous
belie political entity in the South, supported by the
- The Europeans first came in the region also for Bangsamoro Organic Law (Republic Act No. 11054)
spices, woods, tin and others goods that can be Social: The acceptance and acknowledgment for the
found in the area. Moro People with regards to religious differences and
- They wanted to control the process of exchange in ideologies in our modern time .
trade Economic: To combat the freedom to attain and acclaim
- Muslim was threated in the arrival of Spanish and natural resources against the oppression of big
the arrival of Christianity companies and international trading system; and also
- The Spanish established a colony in the southern the tax system supported by TRAIN LAW that would only
tip of Mindanao called Fort of Pilar threaten continuing poor areas in the South.
THE FORT OF PILAR Cultural: The preservation of the indigenous crafts and
- It is located in the city of Zamboanga products in the South and the continuity of performing
- It serves as the military base of the Spaniards indigenous arts and beliefs is a way of keeping the
during that time culture alive.
- The fort is protected by tall walls reaching up to
10 meters which serves a barrier against intruder

 ANCIENT WEAPONS OF SPANIARD

MUSKET (GROUP 6)
- One of these is the Musket that was imprecise THE WORKS OF LUNA AND AMORSOLO
and required several steps to refresh
- it could fire 90 meters  JUAN LUNA DE SAN PEDRO Y NOVICIO ANCHETA
CANNONS - Name: JUAN LUNA DE SAN PEDRO Y NOVICIO
- depending on their intended usage on the ANCHETA
battlefield, different types of cannons combine
- Date OF BIRTH: OCTOBER 23, 1857
and balance these traits to differing degrees. It is a
- Birth PLACE: BADOC, ILOCOS NORTE, PHILIPPINES
sort of artillery gun that uses propellant to launch
a projectile - Parents: JOAQUÍN LUNA DE SAN PEDRO Y
MARITIME VESSELS POSADAS AND LAUREANA NOVICIO Y ANCHETA
- A large multi deck sailing ships that trasports or - Profession: PAINTER, SCULPTOR, VISUAL ARTIST,
carry goods AND A POLITICAL ACTIVIST OF THE PHILIPPINE
- Slower than the warships of sulu raide REVOLUTION
STEAM SHIPS - Date OF DEATH: DECEMBER 7, 1899
- faster and easier to navigate and the most - Cause OF DEATH: HEART ATTACK
advanced ship on its time.
 BACKGROUND OF THE ARTIST
 RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENTARY - LUNA BEGAN HIS FORMAL ART EDUCATION AT
HISTORICAL RELEVANCE THE ATENEO MUNICIPAL DE MANILA. HE
- The historical relevance in the Southern
CONTINUED HIS ART STUDIES AT THE ACADEMIA
Philippines and the Spanish Colonization is
DE DIBUJO Y PINTURA (ACADEMY OF DRAWING
concerned with the line of conflicts in the
historical development: AND PAINTING) IN MANILA.
Political: The Moro People frayed for their political - IN 1877, HE RECEIVED A SCHOLARSHIP TO STUDY
power hold that was gradually assimilated into the ART IN MADRID, SPAIN. HE TRAVELED TO SPAIN
jurisdiction of the Philippine Government. AND STUDIED AT THE REAL ACADEMIA DE BELLAS
Social: The resistance of the Moro People against the ARTES DE SAN FERNANDO.
religious influence of the Christianity that was widely
spread by the Spaniards
 - HIS MOST FAMOUS WORK, "SPOLIARIUM, " WON EXPRESSIONS TO SHOW SADNESS, ANGER, OR
A GOLD MEDAL AT THE EXPOSICIÓN NACIONAL DE STRENGTH. THESE FIGURES ARE OFTEN SYMBOLS
BELLAS ARTES IN MADRID IN 1884 OF THE ORDINARY PEOPLE WHO WERE
- HE MARRIED MARIA DE LA PAZ PARDO DE TAVERA SUFFERING UNDER SPANISH RULE
IN 1886. LUNA GAINED RECOGNITION AS A ALLEGORICAL FIGURES
PAINTER IN EUROPE AND WON SEVERAL AWARDS - LUNA OFTEN USES CHARACTERS THAT STAND FOR
FOR HIS ARTWORKS. LARGER IDEAS. IN HIS FAMOUS PAINTING
- JUAN LUNA WAS KNOWN FOR HIS STRONG SENSE "SPOLIARIUM, " THE GLADIATORS REPRESENT THE
OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM FILIPINO PEOPLE, AND THE ROMAN SOLDIERS
- HE WAS ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN THE PROPAGANDA REPRESENT THE SPANISH COLONIZERS. THIS
MOVEMENT, ADVOCATING FOR PHILIPPINE PAINTING SHOWS HOW THE FILIPINOS WERE
REFORMS AND INDEPENDENCE FROM SPANISH BEING TREATED UNFAIRLY
RULE. THE USE OF RED
- RED IS A VERY IMPORTANT COLOR IN LUNA'S
 BACKGROUND OF JUAN LUNA’S ARTWORKS PAINTINGS. IT REPRESENTS BLOOD, VIOLENCE,
SPOLIARIUM AND SUFFERING, SHOWING THE BRUTALITY OF
- THE MOST IMPORTANT WORK OF LUNA IS THE THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD. BUT RED ALSO
SPOLIARIUM, THE LARGEST PAINTING IN THE STANDS FOR PASSION, SACRIFICE, AND
PHILIPPINES (4.22 M X 7.67 M). LUNA SPENT REVOLUTION, SHOWING THE FILIPINOS' STRONG
EIGHT MONTHS WORKING ON THE PAINTING DESIRE FOR FREEDOM.
WHICH IS NOW DISPLAYED IN THE MAIN GALLERY REALISM AND PATRIOTISM
OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS. IT - LUNA'S PAINTINGS ARE VERY REALISTIC,
WON THREE GOLD MEDALS IN THE 1884 SHOWING THE HARSH REALITIES OF LIFE UNDER
EXPOSICIÓN NACIONAL DE BELLAS ARTES IN SPANISH RULE. HE WANTED TO EXPOSE THE
MADRID. INJUSTICES AND MAKE PEOPLE REALIZE THE NEED
FOR CHANGE. HIS PAINTINGS HELPED TO INSPIRE
FILIPINOS TO FIGHT FOR THEIR INDEPENDENCE.
THE BATTLE OF LEPANTO
- WON THE GOLD MEDAL IN THE 1888 EXPOSICIÓN  IMPORTANCE OF THE WORKS OF JUAN LUNA TO
NACIONAL DE BELLAS ARTES IN MADRID, JOSE THE GRAND NARRATIVE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY
RIZAL DELIVERED A CONGRATULATORY SPEECH - NATIONAL PRIDE & IDENTITY
FOR THE SUCCESS OF JUAN LUNA. - CHALLENGING COLONIAL STEREOTYPES
THE EL PACTO DE SANGRE - ILUSTRADO MOVEMENT
- WHICH SHOWS THE BLOOD COMPACT BETWEEN - SYMBOL OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
DATU SIKATUNA AND MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI. - LEGACY AND ARTISTIC EXCELLENCE
THE PARISIAN LIFE
- WHICH SHOWS A LADY SITTING UNCOMFORTABLY
IN A COUCH IN A PUBLIC BAR WHILE BEING
DISCRETELY OBSERVED BY THREE MEN WHO,  FERNANDO CUETO AMORSOLO
ACCORDING TO PUBLIC INTERPRETATIONS, - NAME: FERNANDO CUETO AMORSOLO
RESEMBLE JOSE RIZAL, JUAN LUNA, AND DR. - DATE OF BIRTH: MAY 30, 1892
ARISTON LIN-BAUTISTA - BIRTH PLACE: CALLE HERRAN IN PACO, MANILA
- PARENTS: PEDRO AMORSOLO AND BONIFACIA
 SYMBOLISM OF JUAN LUNA’S ARTWORKS CUETO
THE MOON - PROFESSION: PAINTER, VISUAL ARTIST,
- THE MOON IN LUNA'S PAINTINGS IS A SYMBOL OF DRAFTSMAN, INSTRUCTOR
HOPE AND NEW BEGINNINGS. IT'S LIKE A - DATE OF DEATH: APRIL 24, 1972
REMINDER THAT EVEN WHEN THINGS ARE - CAUSE OF DEATH: HEART FAILURE
TOUGH, THERE'S ALWAYS A CHANCE FOR CHANGE
THE FLAG  BACKGROUND OF THE ARTIST
- LUNA DOESN'T ALWAYS PAINT ACTUAL FLAGS, - FERNANDO AMORSOLO STUDIED AT THE LICEO DE
BUT THE COLORS HE USES, LIKE RED, WHITE, AND MANILA AND GRADUATED IN 1909
BLUE, ARE LIKE A SECRET CODE FOR THE FILIPINO - ENROLLED IN THE UNIVERSITY OF THE
FLAG. THESE COLORS STAND FOR PATRIOTISM PHILIPPINES SCHOOL OF FINE ARTS IN 1914
AND NATIONAL IDENTITY, SHOWING LUNA'S - SERVED AS A TEACHER AND DIRECTOR OF THE
DESIRE FOR A FREE PHILIPPINES. UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SCHOOL OF FINE
THE HUMAN FORM ARTS.
- LUNA'S PAINTINGS SHOW REAL PEOPLE, BUT THEY - HE MARRIED MARIA VARELA IN 1919, AND THEY
ALSO REPRESENT BIGGER IDEAS. HE USES THEIR HAD FIVE CHILDREN TOGETHE
 - HIS SON, PABLO AMORSOLO, ALSO BECAME A PEACE AND OPTIMISM. THIS LIGHT REPRESENTS
RENOWNED ARTIST THE HOPE AND STRENGTH OF THE FILIPINO
- KNOWN AS THE "GRAND OLD MAN OF PHILIPPINE PEOPLE.
ART. MARIA CLARA
- CREATED OVER 10,000 ARTWORKS, INCLUDING - AMORSOLO OFTEN PAINTS THE "MARIA CLARA"
PORTRAITS, LANDSCAPES, AND HISTORICAL FIGURE, A SYMBOL OF FILIPINO WOMANHOOD.
SHE REPRESENTS GRACE, INNOCENCE, AND
SCENES.
TRADITIONAL VALUES, SHOWING THE BEST
- AWARDED THE TITLE OF NATIONAL ARTIST OF THE
QUALITIES OF FILIPINO CULTURE.
PHILIPPINES IN 1972. RURAL LIFE
- AMORSOLO LOVED TO PAINT SCENES OF FILIPINO
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FERNANDO FARMERS AND VILLAGERS, SHOWING THEIR
AMORSOLO’S ARTWORKS SIMPLE LIVES, HARD WORK, AND STRONG
BOMBING OF THE INTENDENCIA COMMUNITY SPIRIT. HE WANTED TO CELEBRATE
- IT WAS DONE IN 1942, DEPICTS THE INTENDENCIA THE BEAUTY OF THE PHILIPPINE COUNTRYSIDE
IN INTRAMUROS (LOCATED AT THE SOUTH BANK AND THE IMPORTANCE OF TRADITION.
OF THE PASIG RIVER) AS IT IS CONSUMED BY FILIPINO CHILDREN
FLAMES. THE INTENDENCIA HOUSED THE MINT, - CHILDREN IN AMORSOLO'S PAINTINGS REPRESENT
CUSTOMS OFFICES, AND FINANCE BUREAUS. INNOCENCE, JOY, AND THE HOPE FOR THE
BOMBING OF THE LEGISLATIVE BUILDING FUTURE. THEY SHOW THE CONTINUITY OF
FILIPINO CULTURE AND THE PROMISE OF A
- THIS PAINTING OF THE BOMBED-OUT RUINS OF A
BRIGHTER FUTURE.
GOVERNMENT BUILDING, POSSIBLY THE
TRADITIONAL DRESS
PHILIPPINE LEGISLATURE, IS A STUDY OF STARK - AMORSOLO OFTEN PAINTS PEOPLE WEARING
CONTRAST WHERE DESTRUCTION IS SET AGAINST TRADITIONAL FILIPINO CLOTHING, HIGHLIGHTING
THE NONCHALANT BEAUTY OF THE SKY - A SILENT, THE BEAUTY AND DIVERSITY OF FILIPINO
POIGNANT TESTAMENT TO HUMAN FOLLY AND CULTURE. THESE COSTUMES REPRESENT THE
THE TRANSITORY NATURE OF REALITY. HERITAGE, IDENTITY, AND PRIDE OF THE FILIPINO
PEOPLE.
RAPE OF MANILA
- THE PAIN AND SUFFERING THAT MANILA HAD WAR AND RESISTANCE
ENDURED THROUGH AMORSOLO’S EYES, IN FULL - WHILE AMORSOLO IS KNOWN FOR HIS HAPPY
COLOR—A TRUE TESTAMENT TO AN ARTIST WITH PAINTINGS, HE ALSO CREATED WORKS SHOWING
A HEART FOR HIS PEOPLE. THE REALITIES OF WAR AND RESISTANCE. HIS
BURNING OF STO . DOMINGO PAINTING "DEFENSE OF A FILIPINA WOMAN'S
- THE BURNING OF SANTO DOMINGO BY NATIONAL HONOR" SHOWS A FILIPINO MAN PROTECTING A
ARTIST FERNANDO AMORSOLO, FROM THE WOMAN FROM JAPANESE SOLDIERS DURING
EXHIBIT ENTITLED "THE BEST OF PHILIPPINE ART, " WORLD WAR II. THIS PAINTING STANDS FOR THE
MUSEUM OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE, NATIONAL COURAGE, DETERMINATION, AND SELFSACRIFICE
MUSEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES. AMORSOLO WAS OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE
ABLE TO CAPTURE ON CANVAS THE MAGNITUDE
OF THE FIRE AS WELL AS THE CONCERTED EFFORT  IMPORTANCE OF THE WORKS OF FERNANDO
OF THE FIREMEN AND THE CLERGY TO SAVE THE AMORSOLO TO THE GRAND NARRATIVE OF
SANCTUARY. PHILIPPINE HISTORY
BUILDING OF INTRAMUROS - NATIONAL PRIDE & IDENTITY
- THOUGH DEVOID OF ANY SEMBLANCE OF THE - CHALLENGING COLONIAL STEREOTYPES
MANILA WE KNOW, THIS VERY SCENE DEPICTS - ILUSTRADO MOVEMENT
THE CONSTRUCTION OF INTRAMUROS (THE - SYMBOL OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
OLDEST DISTRICT, AND HISTORIC CORE OF - LEGACY AND ARTISTIC EXCELLENCE
MANILA). IN THIS, INTRAMUROS WAS
CONSTRUCTED AND ONCE SETTLED, SUCH  RELEVANCE OF THE WORKS OF LUNA AND
BECAME THE POLITICAL, MILITARY AND AMORSOLO TO THE PRESENT TIME
RELIGIOUS CENTER OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE IN - CULTURAL HERITAGE
ASIA. FLOURISHES OF BRUSHSTROKES DEFINE THE - NATIONAL IDENTITY
TENT SHELTERING THE SPANIARDS. THE MAESTRO - ARTISTIC INFLUENCE
MUST HAVE MADE SOME METICULOUS STUDIES - SOCIAL COMMENTARY
PRIOR TO PAINTING THIS SCENARIO. - TOURISM AND PROMOTION

 SYMBOLISM OF FERNANDO AMORSOLO’S

ARTWORKS
LIGHT AND SUNSHINE
- AMORSOLO'S PAINTINGS ARE FAMOUS FOR THEIR
USE OF LIGHT. HE PAINTS SCENES BATHED IN
GOLDEN SUNLIGHT, CREATING A FEELING OF