WATER TRANSPORTATION

Module - 4
HARBOUR INTRODUCTION

• Harbour:
• A harbour may be natural or partly dug out, or even made with floating
materials. It doesn't have gates, but may have a narrow entrance.
• Provides safe anchoring or mooring for ships

• Dock :A dock is dug out and usually has gates so that the water level is
kept up even though the tide has gone out.
• A dock is for mooring ships for cargo or passenger exchange, or sometimes
repair.
• A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or
more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or
from land.
• FEATURES OF A HARBOR:
1. Entrance Channels
2. Berthing Basin
3. Break Water
4. Turning Basin
5. Pier Head
6. Wharves
7. Jetties
PARTS OF HARBOUR
ENTRANCE CHANNEL:
• Depth and width are kept more at entrance
• Width depends upon density of traffic and no: of entrances
BERTHING AND TURNING BASINS:
• Berthing basins are used for the parking of ships
• While turning for the turning of ships
• The structure constructed to protect harbor from storm waves
• They are generally stone masonry
• Based on formation:
1. NATURAL HARBOUR
2. SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR
3. ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR
• A harbor, is a place where ships, boats, and barges can seek shelter
from stormy weather.
POOLE-EUROPE’S BIGGEST
NATURAL HARBOUR
• SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR:
Same as natural but harbour needs some artificial and
man made construction
• ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR:
Harbour having no natural protection but artificial arrangement
are made to protect the harbour from storm and wind.
• REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD HARBOR:
• The depth of a harbor should be sufficient for every type of
visiting ships.
• The bottom of harbor should provide secured anchorage to hold
the ships against high winds.
• To prevent destructive wave action, break water are provided.
• The entrance of a harbor should be wide enough to provide the
easy passage of ships.
• DEFECTS IN HARBOR:
• Depth of water is found insufficient for different ships.
• The size of harbor is found insufficient to accommodate the
increased traffic.
• Obstruction
• These defects can easily be avoided at the time of planning and
designing.
•SIZE OF A HARBOUR
Size depends upon:
 # of ships
 length:275m-300m
 width:30m
• HARBOUR PLANNING

 It should be carried out after collecting necessary

information of the existing features at the proposed site.
 Following important facts should be studied.
 A thorough survey of the neighborhood including the
foreshore & depths of water is necessary
 Nature of a harbor wether sheltered or not,be studied
 The existance of sea insects & various animals residing at
site.
Natural phenomena’s concerning
planning of a harbour
Storms
 Rainfall
 Range of tides
 Maximum & minimum temperatures
 Direction & intensity of wind etc
• SITE SELECTION:
• Following factors play a great role in the choice of site
of a harbour.
• 1.Availability of cheap land & contruction material.
• 2.Natural protection from waves & winds
• 3.transport & communication facilities
• 4.industrial development of the locality
• 5.Sea bed,sub soil & foundation conditions
• 6.Avaibility of electrical energy
• 7.Defence & strategic aspects
• 8.trafic potentiality of harbour
• FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION:
1. HARBOR OF REFUGE
2. COMMERCIAL HARBOR
3. FISHRY HARBOR
4. MILLITARY HARBOR OR NAVEL BASE
• HARBOR OF REFUGE:
The harbor used for ships in storms or emergency
condition.
good anchorage and safe and easy access from the sea.
e.g: DOVER IN ENGLAND
 COMMERCIAL HARBOR:
Facilities for loading and unloading of cargo are provided.
The may be:
1. Part of bigger complex harbor
2. Independent unit or single commodity harbor.
3. Terminal as oil terminal, coal port.
• FISHRY HARBOR:
Provided for fishing crafts and trawlers.
• MILLITARY HARBOR:
This harbor is meant for accommodating naval crafts and serves
as a supply deport.The layout of this type of harbor is greatly influenced by
its location.
COMPONENTS OF HARBOUR
• PIER HEAD:
• The structure provided at the tip of break water
• Such as light house
• WHARVES:
• The structure constructed parallel to the shore or break water, having wide plate form
at the top
• Function is to permit berthing of vessel along side for cargo working
• JETTIES:
• Same as wharves
• Used for loading and unloading of cargo
• Made usually from shore towards sea water to prevent silting and dredging to allow free
flow of tidal currents
Important Definitions

The Plimsoll line is a reference mark located on a ship’s hull

that indicates the maximum depth to which the vessel may be
safely immersed when loaded with cargo. This depth varies
with a ship’s dimensions, type of cargo, time of year, and the
water densities encountered in port and at sea.

Beam (B): The breadth of the ship at the broadest point is

called the beam. Draft (T): The vertical distance between
the waterline and the deepest part of the ship at any point
along the length is the draft.

Hull: The main body of a ship or other vessel, including

the bottom, sides, and deck but not the masts,
superstructure, rigging, engines, and other fittings.
 BERTHING
STRUCTURES
 CONTENTS
Pier and Wharf structures
Fender systems
Transit sheds and Apron
Container Ports
Docks
Dredging
Light Houses.
 Piers
• Wharves are landing places necessary for
vessels to come near to the shore for
embankations and disembarkations, etc.
• Piers and wharves built at an angle to the
shore. On both sides pier berths are provided
• They may be of open or solid constructión.
• Reinforced concrete or timber is used for
decking purposes..
Envisión of Piers
Envisión of Piers
 Piers
• Open piers are used where minimum
restriction of currents is specified.
• Soild piers are constructed of materials like
earth or rock fill. These piers offer more
resistance to impact and wave action.
• The water area between two adjacent piers is
known as a SLIP.
• The width of the slip between piers should be
atleast 4 to 4 times of beam.
 Piers
• The of pier and depth of water required for a
ship’s berth depend upon the type of vessel
to be accommodated.
• The length and width of pier should be kept
after taking into consideration of the
character and amount of the aniticipated
traffic.
• Piers desigh must acount for the impact
effect. Generally the horizontal thrust on a
pier may be taken as 1% of max weight of
vessel.
 Transit Sheds & Aprons
• Transit sheds are provided on general cargo
docks for temporary storage of goods arriving
by land and awaiting export.
• They are also used for goods discharged
from vessels and awaiting clearance through
customs and distributio to points of
destination by truck or railways.
• They should not be used for long time
storage because the space alongside berth is
limited.
 Transit Sheds & Aprons
• The transit sheds are generally require lighter
structures when comapred to warehouse
structures.
• The length of the transit shed depends on
length of berth.
• The space immediately infront of berth is
known as APRON.
• Cranes, railways or truck operate on this
apron for quick loading and unloading and
despatch of cargo.
 Transit Sheds & Aprons
• The width of the apron is generally 25m for
direct berthing ports.
• Transit shed facility attached to a berth is
generally free of charge.
• The facility is generally free for a period of 3-
5days.
• The transit sheds may be one or two story
depending upon local conditions.
 Fender Systems
• A fender in the form of cushion is provided on
the jetty face for ships in come in contact.
• The fender can be made of different
materials in various forms.
 Fender Systems
• These fenders absorb the impact of ships an
protect them from damage.
• In sheltered places no fenders are necessary
for gravity wharves.
• Fenders in the form of rubbing strips of
timber or rubber attached to the wharves face
at an interval of 3m to 4m.
• The absorption of energy by a given fender
can be determined by:
• Absorption E = ʃ F(s) ds ; where F(s) = force;
ds = travel distance of fender
 Classification of Fenders
• Broadly, fenders can be classified as

A. Horizontal wood member

Number of vertical wood members, and

B. Rubbing strips
 Classification of Fenders
A. Wooden Fenders: Generally the simplest
form of wooden fenders are in the form of
horizontal wooden members.
 Vertical wooden piles known as hung
fenders.
 The wooden members must be built up to a
substantial thickness to reduce impact.
 The wood fender piles are generally placed
away from the dock on a slight batter about
1in 24
 Classification of Fenders
 They absorb energy because of deflection
when struck by a ship.
 Flexible fenders systems can be designed
for big ships to absorb more energy.
 Classification of Fenders
B. Rubber Fenders: The simplest form of
rubber fenders are rubber tires hung over
the side of the dock.
 Classification of Fenders
 A solid wall face of 2m depth is provided, to
spread the load over 1m height of ship plate.
 Draped rubber fenders are supported by
wire-rope attached to eyebolts in the
concrete wall blocks.
 Cylindrical rubber fenders are placed in
back of horizontal steel beam.
 The kinetic energy of impact can be
expressed by :
 E = Wv2 / 2g
 Dredging
 Dredging is the technique and operation of
removing material from the sea bed, a river
bed, or a lake and disposal in stream or onto
shore.
 Dredging
 This is generally carried out for the purpose
of deepening bed under water.
 At a favorable harbour site having
insufficient water depth, the initial removal of
material is known as “Capital Dredging”.
 Later recurring dredging operation is known
as “Maintenance Dredging” is carried out to
maintain required water depth.
 Types of Dredging
 Dredges used for excavation in or under
water can be classified as :
 Grab (or) Clam shell Dredger
 Suction Dredger
 Bucket Dredger
 Dipper Dredger
 Types of Dredging
 Grab (or) Clam shell Dredger:
 They are used where the material to be
excavated is rock or hard material that
requires blasting.
 Types of Dredging
 It is comprises of a grab suspended by a
cable or a chain from an extending boom or
crane.
 The clam shell machine can raise or lower
and close a bucket and swing it on a boom.
 On lowering the grab to the bottom, it
excavates the under-water material.
 Later the grab is hoisted to the surface,
where the bad is dumped into the hopper.
 Types of Dredging
 Suction Dredger:
 The hydraulic dredgers suction the sediment
via a fluidized slurry, typically with a 5-20%
solids content.
 The suction action can be augmented by the
use of agitators, a cutter head or a trailing
drag arm.
 Types of Dredging
 The dragged material can be pumped out
through a pipeline either directly into a
disposal facility or into an internal or external
hopper.
 Types of Dredging
 Bucket Dredger:
 This type of dredger is a chain conveyor
with buckets attached that dump onto a belt
conveyor. They are used where depth is not
large.
 Types of Dredging
 They are specially adoptable to trenching
under water.
 An endless chain of buckets is driven
continuously from a top tumbler round a
ladder formed in the middle of the floating
vessel.
 The buckets are provided with manganese
steel lips for hard wearing. These dredgers
can dredge up to 15-20m depth under water
 Bucket capacity is 85,140, 225 lit.
 Types of Dredging
 Dipper Dredger:
 These dredgers are comparable with land
type crawler shovels.
 The dredger is mounted on a floating vessel
and stabilized through a pair of spuds held
firmly into bed.
 Types of Dredging
 The floating vessel carries an inclined frame
in the bow to hold the boom by guy wires.
 A dipper bucket with a flap is attached at the
end of the dipper stick.
 The dipper bucket can move up or down with
the help of a hoist cable. The boom is
capable of swinging is about an angle of 180°
 These dredgers can dredge up to 15-20m
depth under water.
 The dredger can employ bucket size up to
12.23 m3 . (production rate :50 m3 / hr/ m3 )
 DOCKS
• DOCKS are sheltered basins for berthing
ships.
• They are so arranged that the water in the
dock kept more or less constant level to
facilitate loading and unloading of cargo.
 DOCKS
Classification of docks:
• The docks can be classified as “Wet docks”
and “Dry docks”.
• Wet docks are used for berthing of vessels to
facilitate loading and unloading of passengers
and cargo.
• Dry docks are used for repair works of the
vessels.
REQUIREMENTS OF DOCKS
• They should be able to satisfy the following
requirements:
i. They should be able to with stand back fill
pressure when docks is empty.
ii. They should be able to with stand internal
pressure when dock is full with no back fill.
iii.They should withstand vibrations due to ship
contact with dock walls.
iv.The sides and bottoms should be leak-proof.
REQUIREMENTS OF DOCKS
• The fenders should be provided to withstand
impact of ships.
• Inorder to allow the ships to stand very close
to the face of the wall, the front face should
have little or no batter.
• Shapes: Diamond; Rectangular; Inclined quay
 Repair Docks
Repair facilities are needed for ships in every
harbour and specially in terminal ports.
 Repair Docks
• In ports, harbours with some tidal range will
push up the vessel at high tide an leave it
there, when tide recedes.
• This requires hard bottom to take the weight
of the ship and easy ground gradient.
• Broadly the repair docks may be:
• Marine Railways;
• Lift docks;
• Graving or Dry docks;
• Floating docks
  Berthing Structures-

1. Piers
2. Pier head
3. Wharf
4. Jetty
5. Docks
6. Mooring Accessories
 Piers-
The structure which are built
perpendicular to the shore of a sea are known
as piers In the sea, the piers are constructed
where the sea is not deep and the natural
harbour is not convenient for allowing the ships
to berth adjacent to the shore. In many cases,
the piers are constructed with piles, columns
and braces leaving good space for the ocean
current to flow without causing any
obstruction.
 Pier heads-
A pier head is at the entrance to a harbour
and as it is expose on three sides, it is subject to
more shock than a breakwater.
 Wharf-

The landing places or platforms built near

shore for vessels to berth are known as
wharves. Thus, a wharf affords a working
platform alongside the ship in continuity of the
shore.

The level of wharf should be above the

high water level, but at the same time, it
should be economical to load the vessels when
the water level is low.
Wharf
 Jetties-
These are structure in the form of pilled
projections. They are built from the shore to
the deep water. They may be constructed in
the sea or in a navigable river.

In the sea, jetties are provided where

harbour entrance is affected by littoral drift or
the sea is shallow for a long distance. The
jetties extend from the shore to the deep sea
to receive the ship.
 Difference between wharf and jetty-
A started earlier, a jetty is a piled
projection from shore to deep water to berth
vessels along side. Some times a piled
projection parallel to the shore is called a wharf.

 Thus we may say that a jetty differs from a

wharf as follows:
a)The wharf is a berth parallel to the shore,
where as a jetty is perpendicular to the shore
or break water.
b)The wharf has berth on one side only as it has
a back fill of earth. A jetty may have berths on
two faces.
 Docks
1. Docks are enclosed areas for berthing the
ships to keep them afloat at a uniform level
to facilitate loading and unloading cargo.
2. A marine structure for berthing of vessels for
loading and unloading cargo and passengers.
3. Necessary for discharging of the cargo
4. As ships require a number of days for
discharging cargo, during which period they
need a uniform water level.
If ship is subjected to a vertical movement by
the tides, great inconvenience will be felt in
lifting the cargo from the ship and special
arrangement will be needed for lifting the
cargo.
Docks can be classified into following two
categories:
 Wet docks.
 Dry docks.
Wet docks-

• Docks required for berthing of ships or vessels

to facilitate the loading and unloading of
passengers and cargo are called wet docks.
• These are also known as harbor docks.
 Dry docks

• The docks used for repairs of ships are known

as dry docks.
• It is long excavated chamber, having side walls,
a semi circular end wall and a floor.
• The open end of the chamber is provided with
a gate and acts as the entrance to the dock.
 Different Mooring Accessories-

Following are the accessories for a fixed type

mooring-

1. Mooring Port-
For bringing the ship in to the dock, corner
mooring ports are provided they are attached to
the corners of a pier or at the ends of a wharf.
2. Bollard-
These are the thick posts designed to take
up pulls up to 35 tonnes or 350KN. They may be
provided either by single bit or double bit.
3. Caspton-
It is an apparatus consisting of an up right
cylinder around which cables are wound either
by hand or machinery. These are helpful when
the rope lines to be handled are long and large.
 Open Chock

Closed Chock
Natural Phenomenon

Waves, Tides, and Currents

 Waves
 A disturbance which
moves through or
over the surface of a
fluid

 Mostly caused by
winds
(Also earthquakes,
volcanoes, grav.
pull)

 Form of great energy

 Wave Characteristics
 Parts of a Wave
 Crest = high point

 Trough = low point

 Height = vertical
distance from crest to
trough

 Wavelength =
Horizontal distance
between crest to crest
or trough to trough
Wave period : time for 2 crests to pass fixed point (T) sec
Wave speed (C) : C = wavelength / T (m/s)
Wave steepness : H / wavelength

When H / wavelength = 1/7 or angle at crest 120 or less =

Breaker
 Size of Wind Generated
Waves
 Depends on 3 things:
 Wind Speed
 Wind Duration (length of
time wind blows)
 “Fetch” Extent of open
water across which the
wind can blow
 Water Motion in Waves

 Water travels in vertical

circular orbits

 Wave moves, particles don’t!

 Importance of Waves
 Shaping
Coastlines
 Erode cliffs
 Grind rock into sand

 Ecology
 Returns O2 to water
 Stir up food for filter
feeders
 Types of Waves
CHOP – Short period (back bays)

SWELL – Long period (boat rolls; seasickness)

SWASH – water up beach BACKWASH – back down

 TSUNAMI “TIDAL WAVE”

Caused by undersea quake or volcano

Wavelength = ~150 mi. Wave height = 6” – 1’

Can NOT perceive in boat Speed > 500 mph

Slows down to ~25 mph at shore; water builds up to ~65+ ft

Tsunami Waves
Creation of a Tsunami
 Tides
 The rhythmic rise and
fall of the ocean’s water

High tide = rising, incoming

tide, flow
Low tide = receding, outgoing
tide, ebb
Slack tide = vertical movement
stops
 Tides are very long,
slow waves

 They have a wave

period of 12 hours 25
min

 Tidal day is 24 hours

50 min

 NJ has 2 high and 2

low tides daily
 What Causes Tides?
1. Gravitational pull of
sun & moon on Earth

• Moon closer, therefore

> effect

• Like magnet, pulls water

away from surface
= TIDAL BULGE
 2. Centrifugal Forces
•Bulge on opposite side
•Produced by motions of
because centr. force >
Earth, sun, & moon
pull of moon
 Types of Tides
•Spring Tide
- Moon and sun are in direct
line with one another
-Results in unusually
high tidal range
-Tidal Range = vertical
distance between high &
low tides
 2x’s/month
 Neap Tide
 sun and moon are at
right angles

 Pulls cancel each

other out – causes a
weak pull

 unusually low tidal

range

 2 x’s / month
Spring vs. Neap Tides
Distance bet. Moon & Earth
Perigee Tides
• Moon closest to earth, very high tides (causes
flooding)
Apogee Tides
• Moon farthest away from earth, very low tides
 Types of Tides Continued
 Diurnal Tides
 1 high & 1 low / day

 Parts of Gulf of Mexico and Asia

 Semi-Diurnal Tides
 2 high & 2 low / day

 Atlantic coasts of North America and Europe

 Mixed
 2 high & 2 low / day (height varies)

 Pacific coast
 Importance of Tides
• Expose & submerge orgs

•Circulate water in bays &

estuaries
• Circulates food, wastes, etc
• Trigger spawning (grunion,
horseshoe crab)
 Currents
• What are currents?
- “Rivers” of circulating water

• Causes
- Wind
- Rotating Earth
- Density Changes
 Surface Ocean Currents
•Broad, slow drifts; never
cross equator

• Wind generated; circular

gyres
• Coriolis Effect
- N. Hemis – clockwise; Right
- S. Hemis – counterclockwise; Left
 • Gulf Stream
- N. Atlantic
- Brings warm water
from equator north along
east coast of N. A.

-Sometimes form eddies –

circulating water that p nches
off from the i
current
MIGRATION NAVIGATION

WEATHER
 Localized Surface Currents
Longshore Current.
 Flows parallel to shore; move sediment
RIP CURRENT
- Caused by converging longshore currents
- Very dangerous ; Red Flag
- DO NOT fight rip current; swim parallel to shore to
get out of channel
 Deep Ocean Currents
Flow
beneath surface; cross
equator
Move North to South

 Separated from surface

currents by boundary
called a “Thermohaline”
(diff in densities)
 Importance Of Deep
 Upwelling Currents
• Brings deep water to surf.
• Circulates nutrients up
• Moves plankton & larvae
DEFINATION
 The term “aid to navigation” means any object or device, external
to a vessel that is intended to assist a navigator in fixing his position
or determining a safe course past hazards to navigation.
 It includes both fixed and floating objects such as lights, light ships,
buoys, day beacons, and fog signals, plus electronic aids to
navigation such as radio beacons.
 They also serve to warn of hidden dangers and assist in making
landfall when approaching from the high seas. They also provide a
continuous chain of charted marks, showing improved channels
and assisting in coastal piloting.
IMPORTANCE OF NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

Enhances safety and can act as good safety

barriers.
Help to improve safety at seas.
Finding and safely navigating a narrow channel in a
wide expanse of water.
Also help mariners in determining their position with
respect to land or any navigational hazard or hidden
danger.
TYPES OF NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

 Depending upon structure…………..

There are two types of navigational aids.
1) Fixed structures
2) Floating structures

 Depending upon service and visibility….

There are four types of navigational aids
1)Coast approach light station
2)Obstruction light station
3)Approach channel lighting
4)Harbour light signal
FIXED NAVIGATIONAL STRUCTURES

There are following three types of fixed

navigation structures.

1)Navigational lights of piers:-

For the navigational purpose at th e
port or harbour locate the light system on
the piers.
2)Beacon lights:-

A beacon is an intentionally conspicuous device

designed to attract attention to a specific location
Beacons can also be combined with semaphoric or
other indicators to Provide important information, such
as the navigation of the ships.
Beacons help guide navigators to their destinators.
Types of navigational beacons:-
1) Radar reflectors
2) Radio beacons
3) sonic and visual signals
1. Radar reflectors:-
Radar reflectors is an object-detection system that uses
radio waves to determine the range, angle or velocity of objects.


RADAR BEACON AT THE  RADAR BEACON
RANGE OF MUMBAI PORT
2. Radio beacons:-
A radio beacon is a transmitter at a known location on
specified radio frequency

RADIO BEACON ON THE SURFACE OF

RADIO BEACON ON THE LAND THE SEA
3. Sonic and visual signals

 Visual beacons range from small, single-pipe structure to

large lighthouse or light station and can be located on land or
water
 There are also used of lights in navigation of ships at harbour,
like fixed light,Occulting light, Flashing light and coloured light
3)Light house:-
 It is a lofty structure popularly built of masonry or reinforced concrete in the
shape of a tall tower on a high pedestal.
 The tower is divided into convenient number of floors, the topmost floor
containing powerful lighting equipment and its operating machinery.
 The lower floors are used, as stores and living rooms necessary for the
maintenance and working of the light station.
 The main parts of a typical lighthouse tower are illustrated in fig.
 Lighthouses may be located on shore or on islands away from the mainland
as in the case of warning light stations
 In the former case, the lighthouse may be easily connected with the nearest
village or township by proper communications, while in the later situation
it is located far habited area.
 In either case as a matter of convenience and urgency, all the requirement
for the efficient and unfailing maintenance and working of the lighthouse
,like stores and staff quarters are provided in the lighthouse shaft.
 Essentially required to assist navigator in conducting the
vessels during night hours. Therefore, the navigator must
have knowledge of the light characteristics of the aids to
navigation. Light house is one of the important lighted
navigational aid, are placed in a height with powerful light to
assist the navigator or wherever a danger requires a warning.
LIGHT HOUSE AT PORTUGLE LIGHT HOUSE AT GOA
 Components
 • Even if lighthouse do vary greatly due to their usage and location,
they also have similar components wherever they may be. Each
structure has a light station that is composed of the tower and all its
underlying buildings like the fuel house, living quarters of the keeper,
fog-signaling building, and boathouse.
 •The Lantern Room is where the lamp and lens are located. It is
usually a glassed-in quarter located at the top of the tower structure
where the light is operated by the keeper. The glasses are storm-
proof and there is also a ventilator for the releasing of the smoke and
heat build up. A grounding system and lightning rod are connected to
the Cupola to provide safety against lightning strikes.
 •Just underneath the Lantern Room is the Service Room or Watch
Room. This is where the keeper prepares the lantern and keeps his
watch for the night. Fuel and other important supplies are also kept in
this room.
Dimensions:-
The heights and dimensions of
lighthouses around the world vary
greatly
 depending on their location and
usage.
 Light house can be from 80 feet to
200 feet. Depending upon the need
of
the particular space and soil bearing
capacity it very from 50 to 300 feet.
 The base of the structure at the
ground level should have a surface
area of not less than four square
meters or 43 square feet.
Some facts about light house
 Lighthouses are painted differently to help mariners identify them during
the day. For example, a lighthouse may be painted all white if its
surroundings/background is dark. The red and white stripes help the
mariner identify the lighthouse if it’s up against a white background, such
as cliffs or rocks.
 The height of a lighthouse takes into account the curvature of the earth, so
the higher light above MHW (mean high water), the further away it can be
seen at sea. But the light should not be so high up that local sailors will not
see it. This is why you will frequently get shorter lighthouses on the top of
cliffs and taller lighthouses built nearer the water surface.
 Originally lighthouses were lit with open fires, only later progressing
through candles, lanterns and electric lights.
 These days, lighthouses are run by machines and remote monitoring.The
automatic sensors decide if there is extra moisture in the air, and if so turn
on the fog signals. Radio signals are used to communicate with the ships.
But when the technology was not so advanced the lighthouses were run
by lighthouse keepers.
FLOATING NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

There are two types

1. Light ships
2. Buoys
1)Light ships:-
 Lightship is a ship which is act as light house. They are used in waters the are
to deep or unsuitable for lighthouse
 First lightship was posted in 1820 in United States in Elizabeth river.
 Afterward, for a time lightships proliferated; but their number has steadily
decreased Light ships mark the entrances to harbours or estuaries, dangerous
shoals lying in much frequented waters.
 Maintenance cost is very high for Light ships when compare to light house.
• Identification of lights navigator
must be familiar with the lights
and their characteristics printed
in the chart to identify each light
correctly. Each light is assigned
with characteristics of colour and
off-on periods for easy
identification.
• vessel will be mislead when the
 BRITISH LIGHT SHIP
navigator fail to identify lights
correctly
• The colour of the light and
flashing characteristics in a full
cycle should be carefully noted
by the navigator.
 Mooring

 Holding the vessel in position was an important

aspect of lightvessel engineering. Early lightships
used fluke anchors, which are still in use on many
contemporary vessels.
 These were not very satisfactory, since a lightship
has to remain stationary in very rough seas which
other vessels can avoid, and these anchors are
prone to dragging
2)Buoys
 Buoys are floating structures, moored to the
bottom of the sea. Used to mark channels and
fairways, shoals, rocks, wrecks and other
dangers to navigation.
 Buoys are floating objects heavily anchored to
the bottom that are intended to convey
information to a navigator by their shape and
colour, by the characteristics of a visible or
audible signal or a combination of two or more
such features.
 Buoys have top marks and exhibit light. And
they have also fitted with radar reflectors and
audio signals
 Buoys are perhaps the largest category of aids
of navigation and come in many shapes.
TYPES OF BUOYS

Can buoy -a buoy with a flat-topped cylindrical shape above

water, marking the left side of a channel leading into a harbour: red
in British waters but green (occasionally black) in US waters
Spar Buoys-Upright wooden poles, or tubes of steel
which are often used to mark obstruction
Nun buoy-a buoy marks the LEFT side of the
channel leaving a harbour.It will be RED and have
EVEN number on it
Lighted buoy-
 Lighted buoys carry batteries or
gas tank and have a framework
that supports a light
 A fixed light may be on either a
green or red channel buoy.
 A regular interval light flashing at
not more than thirty flashes per
minute may be on either a green
or red buoy
Bell buoy-
Have flat tops, surmounted
by a framework supporting a
bell
The motion of the sea
sounds older bell buoys
 Newer types are
automatically by compressed
gas or electricity
CHART SYMBOL OF BUOY
Lateral marks are generally for well-defined channels and there
are two international Buoyage Regions - A and B - where these
Lateral marks differ.
 Where in force, the IALA System applies to all fixed and floating
marks except landfall lights, leading lights and marks, sectored
lights and major floating lights
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS AT COASTAL LINE OF GUJRAT
LIGHTHOUSE
NAVADRA
 It is established in 1986
 Three white flashes every 15 s. 35 m (115
ft)
 round cylindrical concrete tower with
lantern and gallery, painted with horizontal
red and whitebands.
 This lighthouse was built to provide the first
light for the long stretch of coastline
between Porbandar and Dwarka
 Focal plane of this lighthouse is 55m
PIROTAN ISLAND
JAMNAGAR
 It is established in
1958
 Its focal plane 26 m (85
ft);
 White flash every 20 s.
21 m (69 ft) round
masonry tower with
lantern and
 gallery, painted with
horizontal black and
white bands
Bhadreswar (Nakti Creek)
focal plane 77 m (253 ft);
Three white flashes every 20s.
60 m (197 ft) round concrete
tower with lantern and double
gallery.
Entire lighthouse is white.
MANDVI
It is established in 1889
This was a round cylindrical
tower with lantern and gallery
mounted on a
round stone tower 17th century
fortress of Mandvi;
The light was listed with a focal
plane of 35 m (115 ft).
 LIGHTSHIPS
PERIGEE LIGHTSHIP AT BHAVNAGAR

VESSEL Length 21 m breadth 6mtr. (Red hull)

HEIGHT ABOVE MSL 12 M

OPTICAL EQUIPMENT DRUM OPTIC
SOURCE OF ENERGY SOLAR POWER
MAIN LIGHT CHARACTER FLASH AT EVERY 10S
 KANDLA PORT
LOCATION
 The Major Port of Kandla, situated about 90
km off the mouth of Gulf of Kutch in the
Kandla Creek at Latitude 23 degree 1 minute
North and Longitude 70 degree 13 minutes
East, is the lone Major Port on the Gujarat
coast line along the West Coast of the
country.
 It is the largest port of India by volume of
cargo handled. Kandla Port. Trust, India's
busiest major port in recent years, is
gearing to add substantial cargo
handling capacity with private sector
participation.
 Navigational facilities at Kandla port

 Round-the-clock
navigation
 Permissible draught 12.6
mtrs.
 Ships with 240 mtrs.
length overall and 65,000
DWT are accommodated
presently.
 Safe, protected and vast
anchorage at outer
harbour for waiting and
lighterage purpose.
 22 lighted navigational
buoys with solar lights are
provided in the
navigational channel.
 Light house as an aid for
night navigation.
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