Introduction
In recent years, the relationship between individuals and the natural environment has gained
increased attention in psychological research. Specifically, emotional affinity with nature—also
referred to as nature connectedness or nature relatedness—has been recognized as a crucial
component of environmental and psychological well-being. Emotional affinity with nature refers
to the affective bond individuals develop with the natural world, which influences not only
personal well-being but also behaviors that support environmental sustainability. Studies have
shown that individuals with a stronger emotional connection to nature experience lower levels of
stress, enhanced mood, and greater overall life satisfaction (Kals et al., 1999; Nisbet et al., 2009).
Nature connectedness has long been associated with positive psychological outcomes. Natural
environments serve as a source of inspiration, healing, and mental restoration, which contribute
significantly to mental health, cognitive performance, and overall life quality (Sullivan et al.,
2001). In contrast, the degradation of natural environments may negatively affect human health
and emotional well-being (World Health Organization, 2016). The theoretical foundation for this
human-nature bond can be traced to concepts like biophilia, which suggests that humans have an
inherent tendency to seek connection with nature (Wilson, 1984; Kellert & Wilson, 1993).
Despite the growing body of international research on this topic, there is a scarcity of culturally
grounded studies that explore emotional affinity with nature in diverse settings such as Pakistan.
Given Pakistan’s rich natural landscapes and cultural diversity, it presents a valuable context for
examining the psychological effects of nature connectedness.
An emotional connection with nature is also linked to adaptive psychological traits, particularly
psychological resilience. Resilience refers to the capacity to adapt successfully in the face of
adversity, stress, or trauma (Sisto et al., 2019). Researchers have increasingly explored how
emotional resources such as nature connectedness may enhance resilience by providing
psychological comfort and a sense of grounding during difficult times. Empirical findings
suggest that spending time in nature and developing a sense of oneness with it can aid in
emotional regulation, reduce stress, and facilitate recovery from mental fatigue (Korpela et al.,
2001; Hatala et al., 2020). While both resilience and nature connectedness have individually
been linked to improved well-being, the direct relationship between the two has been relatively
underexplored (Brown, 2017; Ingulli & Lindbloom, 2013).
Life satisfaction, a central component of subjective well-being, refers to an individual’s overall
evaluation of their life circumstances and emotional experiences (Pavot & Diener, 1993). Both
nature connectedness and psychological resilience have been independently associated with
higher levels of life satisfaction (Capaldi et al., 2014; Bajaj & Bande, 2016; Di Fabio &
Palazzeschi, 2015). Individuals who feel emotionally connected to nature often report a greater
sense of meaning and fulfillment, while those with strong resilience capabilities are better able to
cope with stressors and maintain a positive outlook on life. The convergence of these
psychological traits suggests a promising framework for understanding how people adapt to
modern life challenges and sustain well-being.
However, despite these associations, there is a notable gap in the literature when it comes to
exploring the interplay between emotional affinity with nature, psychological resilience, and life
satisfaction within a single study. Additionally, these constructs have not been widely examined
together in cultural contexts outside of the West. Understanding how these variables interact in
Pakistan, a country with unique environmental, cultural, and societal dynamics, could provide
valuable insights into the universality and contextual variability of these psychological
phenomena.
Purpose of the Study
The primary aim of this study is to examine the relationships between emotional affinity with
nature, psychological resilience, and life satisfaction among individuals in Pakistan. First, this
research seeks to explore whether a significant association exists between nature connectedness
and psychological resilience. Second, it investigates how both of these factors are individually
and jointly related to life satisfaction. By examining these connections, the study aims to
contribute to the fields of environmental and positive psychology while offering culturally
relevant insights that can inform public mental health strategies and nature-based interventions.
