ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES-II

SEMESTER-II
MODULE-III
LECTURE 25
HUMAN POPULATION AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
 CONTENTS

• Introduction about Human

Rights
• Important Articles of Human
Rights
 Human Rights
•Large numbers of people in many
countries lived under the control of tyrants,
having no resources but war to relieve
often intolerable living conditions.
•
•Unless some way was found to relieve the
lot of these people, they could revolt and
become the catalyst for another wide-scale
and possibly nuclear war.
•For perhaps the first time, representatives
from the majority of governments in the
world came to conclusion that basic
human rights must be protected, not only
for the sake of the individuals and
countries involved, but to preserve the
human race.
On December 10, 1948 the
General Assembly of United
Nations adopted and
proclaimed the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
The Assembly called upon all
Member countries to publicize
the text of the Declaration.
Important Articles of “Declaration
of Human Rights”.
Article 1:
All human beings are born free and equal in
dignity and rights. They are endowed with
reason and conscience and should act towards
one other in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2:
Every one is entitled to all the rights and
freedoms, without distinction of any kind, such
as race, sex, language, religion, political or
other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth or other status.
Article 3:
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security
of person.

Article 4:
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude,
slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in
all their forms.

Article 5:
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Article 6:
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere
as a person before the law.
Article 7:
All are equal before the law and are entitled
without any discrimination to equal protection of
the law.
Article 8:
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by
the competent national tribunals for acts violating
the fundamental rights granted him by the
constitution or by law.
Article 9:
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,
detention or exile.
Article 10:
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and
public hearings by an independent and impartial
tribunal.
Article 11:
Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right
to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according
to law in a public trial at which he has all the
guarantees necessary for his defence.
Article 12:
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with
his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to
attacks upon his honour and reputation.

Article 13:
(1) Every one has right to freedom of movement and
residence within the borders of each state.
(2)Everyone has the right to leave any country, including
his own, and to return t his country.

Article 14:
Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other
countries asylum from persecution.
Article 15:
(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his
nationality nor denied the right to change his
nationality.

Article 16:
Men and women of full age, without any limitation
due to race, nationality or religion have right to
marry and to find a family.
Article 17:
(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as
well as in association with others.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18:
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,
conscience and religion, this right includes freedom
to change his religion or belief and freedom, either
alone or in community with others and in public or
private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching,
practice, worship and observance.
Article 19:
Everyone has the right to freedom of
opinion and expression; this right includes
freedom to hold opinions without
interference and to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas through any media
and regardless of frontiers.
Article 20:
Every one has the right to freedom of
peaceful assembly and association.
Article 21:
Everyone has the right to take part in the
government of his country, directly or through
freely chosen representatives. The will of the
people shall be the basis of the authority of
government.
Article 22:
Everyone is the member of society, has the right
to social security and is entitled to realization of
the economic, social and cultural rights
indispensable for his dignity and free
development of his personality.
Article 23:
(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice
of employment, to just and favourable conditions
of the work and to protection against
unemployment.
(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the
right to equal pay for equal work.
Article 24:
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure,
including reasonable limitation of working hours
and periodic holidays with pay.
Article 25:
Every one has the right to a standard
of living adequate to the health and
well-being of himself and his family
and the right to security in the event of
unemployment, sickness, disability,
widowhood, old age or other lack of
livelihood in circumstances beyond
his control.
Article 26:
Everyone has the right to education.
Education shall be free, atleast in the
elementary and fundamental stages.
Elementary education shall be compulsory.
Technical and professional education shall
be made generally available and higher
education shall be equally accessible to all
on the merit basis
Article 27:
Everyone has the right freely to participate
in the cultural life of the community, to
enjoy the arts and to share in scientific
advancement and its benefits.
Article 28:
Everyone is entitles to a social and
international order in which the rights and
freedoms set forth in this Declaration can
be fully realized.
Article 29:
Everyone has duties to the community in which
alone the free and full development of his
personality is possible.

Article 30:
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as
implying for any State, group or person any right
to engage in any activity or to perform any act
aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and
freedoms set forth herein.