VOLUME 5 – LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LEA1: LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION

AND ADMINISTRATION
(INTER-AGENCY APPROACH) ……..……………………………………………….2

LEA2: COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING …………………………………..33

LEA3: INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL

SECURITY CONCEPTS………………………………………………………………56

LEA4: LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS

AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING …………………………………………76

LEA5: CFLM LEADERSHIP, DECISION MAKING,

MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION……………………………………………142

LEA6: CFLM – 2 CHARACTER FORMATION,

NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM………………………………………………….176

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 B.
LEA1: LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION C. Police Managerial Activities and
AND ADMINISTRATION (INTER-AGENCY Roles
APPROACH)
Interpersonal Roles – working directly with
POLICE ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT other people
CONCEPTS ▪ Figurehead – hosting and attending
official ceremonies
The setting below shows that management is ▪ Leadership – creating enthusiasm and
related with administration in an organizational serving peoples’ needs
environment. Management pertains to the utilization ▪ Liaison – maintaining contacts with
of available resources in an organization while important people and groups
administration refers to the processes used. The
organization with management and administration is Informational Roles –exchange information with
directed towards the achievement of goals and other people
objectives. Goals are broad statements of general and ▪ Monitor – seeking out relevant information
long-term organizational purposes often used to define ▪ Disseminator – sharing information with
the role of the police, for instance, to prevent crime, insiders
maintain order or help solve community problems. ▪ Spokesperson – sharing information with
Objectives are specific short-term statements outsiders
consistent with an organization’s goal.
Decisional Roles – make decisions that affect other
Both goals and objectives are important because people
they help to identify the expectations of what the police ▪ Entrepreneur – seeking problems to solve
are doing and how productively (efficient and effective) and opportunities to explore
they perform. ▪ Disturbance handler – helping to resolve
conflicts
A. Police Productivity and ▪ Resource Allocator – allocating resources
Managerial Performance to various uses
▪ Negotiator – negotiating with other parties
An effective police manager must be concerned
with the productivity of police work teams and their ORIGIN OF THE WORD “POLICE”
members. Productivity means the summary of POLITEIA – Greek word which means government of
measures of the quantity and quality of police work the city
performance achieved with resource utilization POLITIA – Roman word which means condition of the
considered. State or Government
POLICE – French word which was later adopted by the
Good police managers establish and support the English language.
conditions needed to ensure high productivity for
themselves, for individual contributors, for their work ORGANIZATION defined
units, and for the organization as a whole. This involves
a commitment to the accomplishment of two different It is a form of human association for the
but complimentary, police performance outcomes: attainment of a goal or objective. It is the process of
identifying and grouping the work to be performed,
▪ Police Effectiveness - measures whether or defining and delegating responsibility and authority
not important task goals are being attained establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling
▪ Police Efficiency - measures how well people work effectively.
resources are being utilized.
POLICE ORGANIZATION defined
Performance Effectiveness + Performance Efficiency
= High Productivity Police organization is a group of trained personnel
in the field of public safety administration engaged in
the achievement of goals and objectives that promotes
The formula illustrates that one outcome is not the maintenance of peace and order, protection of life
enough; achieving high productivity requires both and property, enforcement of the laws and the
performance effectiveness and efficiency. prevention of crimes.

The organization of the police force commonly

POLICE MANAGEMENT PROCESSES requires the following organizational units:

The management process involves Planning – Functional Units

Organizing – Leading – Controlling the use of
organizational resources to achieve high performance 1. Bureau – the largest organic functional unit
results. within a large department. It comprises of numbers of
divisions.
1. Planning – is the process of setting 2. Division – a primary subdivision of a bureau.
performance objectives and identifying the 3. Section – functional unit within a division that
actions needed to accomplish them. is necessary for specialization.
2. Organizing – is the process of dividing 4. Unit – functional group within a section; or the
the work to be done and coordinating results to smallest functional group within an organization.
achieve a desired purpose.
3. Leading – is the process of directing and Territorial Units
coordinating the work efforts of other people to
help them accomplish an important task.
1. Post – a fixed point or location to which an
4. Controlling – is the process of monitoring officer is assigned for duty, such as a designated desk
performance, comparing results to objectives or office or an intersection or cross walk from traffic
duty. It is a spot location for general guard duty.
and taking corrective action as necessary.

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2. Route – a length of streets designated for
patrol purposes. It is also called LINE BEAT. The functional organization in its pure form is
3. Beat – An area assigned for patrol purposes rarely found in present day organizations, except at or
whether foot or motorized. near the top of the very large organizations. Unlike the
4. Sector – An area containing two or more line type of structure, those establishments organized
beats, routes, or posts. on a functional basis violate the prime rule that men
5. District – a geographical subdivision of a city perform best when they have but one superior. The
for patrol purposes usually with its own station. functional responsibility of each “functional manager” is
6. Area – a section or territorial division of a large limited to the particular activity over which he has
city each comprised of designated districts. control, regardless of who performs the function.

Key Terminologies Line and Staff Organization

1. Sworn Officers – all personnel of the police The Line and Staff organization is a combination
department who have oath and possess the power to of the line and functional types. It combines staff
arrest. specialist such as the criminalists, the training officers,
2. Superior Officer - one having supervisory the research and development specialists, etc. Channels
responsibilities either temporarily or permanently, over of responsibility are to “think and provide expertise” for
officers of lower rank. the line units. The line supervisor must remember that
3. Commanding Officer - an officer who is in he obtains advice from the staff specialists.
command of the department, a bureau, a division, an
area, or a district. In normal operations, the staff supervisor has line
4. Ranking Officer – an officer is more senior in commands but with recognized limitations such as
rank/higher in rank in a team or group. coordination between line and staff personnel which can
5. Length of Service - the period of time that be achieved without undue friction. Failure to recognize
has elapsed since the oath of office was administered. these line and staff relationship is the greatest and most
Previous active services may be included or added. frequent source of friction and a barrier to effective
6. On Duty - the period when an officer is coordination. The advantage of this kind would be - it
actively engaged in the performance of his duty. combines staff specialist or units with line organization
7. Off Duty - the nature of which the police so that service of knowledge can be provided line
officer is free from specific routine duty. personnel by specialist.
8. Special Duty - the police service, its nature,
which requires that the officer be excused from the Classification of Line, Staff, and Auxiliary
performance of his active regular duty. Function
9. Leave of Absence – the period which an Whatever their method of grouping internal
officer is excused from active duty due to any activities, all bureaucratic agencies segregate the
valid/acceptable reason and the same has been function of line, staff, and auxiliary personnel. The
approved by a higher authority. reasons for this tripartite classification are best
10. Sick Leave - period which an officer is explained by examining each of the functions.
excused from active duty by reason of illness or injury.
11. Suspension - a consequence of an act which Line Functions: Line functions are the
temporarily deprives an officer from the privilege of “backbone” of the police department; they include such
performing his duties as a result of violating directives operations as patrol, criminal investigation, and traffic
or other department regulations. control, as well as supervision of the personnel
12. Department Rules - rules established by performing those operations. Line functions are carried
department directors/supervisors to control the conduct out but “line members,” including the patrol officer, the
of the members of the police force. detective, the sergeant, the lieutenant, the captain, and
13. Duty Manual - describes the procedures and the chief of police. Line members are responsible for:
defines the duties of officers assigned to specified post • Carrying out the major purposes of the police
or position. department.
14. Order - an instruction given by a ranking • Delivering the services provided by the
officer to a subordinate, either (a) General Order; (b) department.
Special; or (c) Personal • Dealing directly with the department’s
15. Report - usually a written communication clientele.
unless otherwise specifies to be verbal reports; verbal • Making final decisions with respect to the
reports should be confirmed by written communication. activities they perform.

Types of Police Organizational Structures Staff Functions: Staff functions are those
operations designed to support the line functions. Staff
Line Organization members are necessarily advisors who are typically
assigned to planning, research, legal advice, budgeting,
The straight-line organization, often called the and educational services. Staff members are often
individual, military or departmental type of organization, civilians with specialized training who serve within the
is the simplest and perhaps the oldest type but it is department but do not deal with daily operations on the
seldom encountered. Its channels of authority and street. Their main function is to study police policies and
responsibility extends in a direct line from top to bottom practices and to offer proposals to the chief executive of
within the structures, authority is definite and absolute. the department. Staff personnel tend to be:
• Highly specialized.
While the line type of organization has many • Involved in an advisory capacity
advantages, it also has some inherent weaknesses • Detached from the public
which, for many organizations, make its use impractical. • Not directly responsible for the decisions made
Perhaps its greatest advantage is that, it is utterly by department executive.
simple. It involves a division of the work into units of
eighth persons with a person in charge who has Auxiliary Functions: Auxiliary functions involve
complete control and who can be hold directly the logistical operations of the department. These
responsible or accountable for results, or lack of them. include training, communications, jailing, maintenance,
record keeping, motor vehicles, and similar operations.
Functional Organization

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 ELEMENTS OF ORGANIZATON he or she is referred to as chief, superintendent,
commissioner, or some other title, and regardless the
Specialization size or location of the department he or he commands.
The grouping of activities and segregation of line,
staff, and auxiliary functions are large-scale examples of Span of Control
specialization within a bureaucratic organization. A span of control is the maximum number of
Specialization of an individual level is also subordinates at a given position that superior can
important in all organizations, since it must be expected supervise effectively.
that some members will know more, perform better and
contribute more in one area of activity than in others. Determining the Span of Control
Disparities in job ability among persons may be the Effective organization requires that only a
result of physical attributes, mental aptitude, skills, manageable number of subordinates be supervised by
interests, education, training, motivation, or adaptation, one person at any given time. This number will, of
among other factors. course, vary – not only from one organization to another
(depending on each organization’s definition of
Specialization Defined: Specialization is the “effective supervision”) but also within each
assignment of particular workers to particular tasks. organization depending on the number of task and the
Thus, it can be thought of in terms of either jobs or size of personnel available at a given time.
people.
Specialization of people (specialists) is the Delegation of Authority
designation of particular persons as having expertise in Delegation is the conferring of an amount of
a specific area of work. Here, specialization signifies the authority by a superior position onto a lower-level
adaptation of an individual to the requirements to some position. The person to whom authority is delegated
technical tasks through training, conditioning or becomes responsible to the superior for doing the
extensive on-the-job experience. assigned job. However, the delegators remain
Example: Areas of police specialization include accountable for accomplishment of the job within the
undercover works, crime scene operations, legal guidelines and quality standards of the agency.
advising, computer work, planning, community
relations, drug reaction, gang activities, or SWAT Unity of Command
operations. Traditional theories of organization
insisted that each employee should have only one
Hierarchy of Authority supervisor of “boss” and considered this principle of
If all persons within an organization were given “unity of command” the backbone of any organizational
the freedom to do what they like (and to refuse to do structure. Thus, a patrol officer, for example, would
what they dislike), there would be little likelihood of always receive orders from one sergeant and would
accomplishment. Any collaborative effort such as that always report to that same sergeant. If the officer was
in a police department requires a system of checks and instructed or advised by a detective, garage sergeant,
controls on individual behavior. Hence, the department or any other administrator (with the possible exception
must have a person or persons with authority to direct of the chief), the officer is expected to check with his or
the actions of workers and ensure compliance with her sergeant before taking any action.
standards in order to achieve the department’s goals.
Formal Communication
Hierarchy defined: A hierarchy represents the Basically, communication is the process of sharing
formal relationship among superiors and subordinates in and understanding an information on common subjects.
any given organization. It can be visualized as a ladder, More precisely, it is an intercourse between, two or
with each rung (or rank) representing a higher or lower more people by means of words, letters symbols, or
level of authority. gestures for the purpose of exchanging information.
Procedures, channels and standardized languages are
Each rank or position on a hierarchical essential to effective communication within such large
ladder has specific rights while at the same time owing organization.
specific duties to the positions above and below it. Any
particular position of the ladder is expected to direct and While the eight elements previously discussed are
control the activities of the ranks while obeying the crucial to any police organization, they would remain
directions and instructions received from higher ranks. fragmented without some means of integrating them
into a meaningful and practical whole. The integrating
Authority Defined: Authority is the right to element is communication. Through communication,
command and control the behavior of employees in personnel are kept informed of the objectives of the
lower positions within an organizational hierarchy. A organization, of the means selected for achieving them,
hierarchy thus serves as the framework for the flow of and of the information necessary for the continuing
authority downward (and obedience upward) through operation of the department. Effective communication
the department. would ensure a common understanding of department
Example: Authority can be illustrated by the goals, policies, and procedures and this helps to bind
situation in which a subordinate abstains from making the agency together.
his or her choice among several courses of action and
instead automatically accepts the choice made by the D. PRINCIPLES OF POLICE
supervisor regardless of whether one personally agrees. ORGANIZATION

Authority Roles: Authority within an organization Police organizations are either formal or informal.
must be viewed in terms of prescribed roles rather than Formal organizations are highly structured while
of individuals. A particular position within an informal organizations are those without structures.
organization carries the same authority regardless of
who occupies that position. While the personality of the Every formal police organization whether small or large
occupant may change the style or manner in which are governed by the following principles:
authority is exercised, it should increase or decrease the
basic obligations of the occupant toward those in 1. Principle of Unity of Objectives - an
subordinate positions. organization is effective if it enables the individuals to
Example: The authority of a police chief stems contribute to the organization’s objectives.
from the role that a chief executive must play – whether

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2. Principle of Organizational Efficiency – a. According to Function - The force should be
organization structure is effective if it is structured in organized primarily according to the nature of the basis
such a way to aid the accomplishment of the to be performed. It should be divided into groups so that
organization’s objectives with a minimum cost. similar and related duties may be assigned to each.

3. Scalar Principle – shows the vertical b. According to Time Frame - The elements
hierarchy of the organization which defines an unbroken are divided into many shifts or watches according to the
chain of units from top to bottom describing explicitly time of the day. This is the most elementary form of
the flow of authority. The scalar principles are: police organization. Any large functional unit can also be
organized according to time if the demand exists.
a. Line of Authority and Chain of Command
- This principle of organization suggests that c. According to Place of Work - A territorial
communications should ordinarily go upward through distribution of a platoon accomplished by assigning
established channels in the hierarchy. Diverting orders, patrolman on beats is necessary to facilitate the
directives, or reports around a level of command usually direction and control of the officers and to ensure
has disastrous effects on efficiency of the organization. suitable patrol service at every point within the
b. The Span of Control of a supervisor over jurisdiction. Patrolman on street duty is usually under
personnel or units shall not mean more than what he the supervision of a patrol sergeant. When the number
can effectively direct and coordinate. In span of control, of patrolmen is great, it may be desirable to divide them
levels of authority shall be kept to a minimum. into squads assigned to specific sectors of jurisdiction
c. The Delegation of authority shall carry with with a sergeant in charge of each squad.
it a commensurate authority and the person to whom
the authority is delegated shall be held accountable d. According to Level of Authority - A police
therefore. It implies that delegation must carry with its department is always divided according to the level of
appropriate responsibility. authority. For example, there will be some patrolmen,
d. The Unity of Command - explains that sergeants, some lieutenants, some captains and so on.
subordinates should only be under the control of one Vertical combinations of superior officers, with each
superior. rank at a different level of authority from any other,
from channels through which operations may be
4. Functional Principle – refers to division of directed and controlled can be adopted in certain cases
work according to type, place, time and specialization. to ensure coordination.

5. Line and Staff – implies that a system of Specialization Based on Need

varied functions arranged into a workable pattern. The
line organization is responsible for the direct Specialized units should be created only when
accomplishment of the objectives while the staff is overall departmental capability is thus significantly
responsible for support, advisory or facilitative capacity. increased. Specialization is a principle of organization
which is the result of the division of the force into
6. Principle of Balance – states that the separate units. The degree of specialization is
application of principles must be balanced to ensure the determined by the size and sophistication of the
effectiveness of the structure in meeting organization’s department and by the extent to which unit has
objectives. exclusive responsibility for the performance of each
group of the operational task.
7. Principle of Delegation by Results – states
that authority delegated should be adequate to ensure LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY - pertains to an
the ability to accomplish expected results. organization responsible for enforcing the laws. The
collective term for professionals who are dedicated to
8. Principles of Absoluteness of upholding and enforcing the laws and statutes that are
Responsibility – explains that the responsibility of the currently in force in a given jurisdiction.
subordinates to their superior for performance is
absolute and the superior cannot escape responsibility THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
for the organization on activities performed by their 1) HOME RULE THEORY
subordinates. - policemen are regarded as servants of the community
who rely for the efficiency of their functions upon the
9. Principle of Parity and Responsibility – express needs of the people.
explains that responsibility for action cannot be greater - policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the
than that implied by the authority delegated nor should preservation of public peace and security.
it be less.
2) CONTINENTAL THEORY
10. Authority Level Principle – implies that - policemen are regarded as servants of the higher
decisions within the authority of the individual authorities.
commander should be made by them and not be - the people have no share or have little participation
returned upward in the organizational structure. with the duties nor connection with the police
organization.
11. Principle of Flexibility – means that the
more flexible the organization, the more it can fulfill its CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE
purpose.
1) OLD CONCEPT
OTHER PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION - police service gives the impression of being merely a
suppressive machinery.
Grouping of Similar Task - this philosophy advocates that the measurement of
Tasks, similar or related in purpose, process, police competence is the increasing number of arrests,
method, or clientele should be grouped together in one throwing offenders in detention facilities rather than
or more units under the control of one person. trying to prevent them from committing crimes.
Whenever practicable, every function of the police force 2) MODERN CONCEPT
shall be assigned to a unit. - regards police as the first line of defense of the criminal
justice system; an organ of crime prevention.

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- police efficiency is measured by the decreasing 6. R.A. 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine
number of crimes. National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of
- broadens police activities to cater to social services and 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this law amended
has for its mission the welfare of the individual as well certain provisions of RA 6975.
as that of the community in general.
7. RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA 6975
ORGANIC UNITS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION and RA 8551 on the minimum educational qualification
1. OPERATIONAL UNITS - those that perform for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion
primary or line functions; examples of which are patrol, system; approved on 12 August 2009.
traffic, investigation and vice control. “AN ACT EXTENDING FOR FIVE (5) YEARS THE
REGLEMENTARY PERIOD FOR COMPLYING WITH THE
2. ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS - those that perform the MINIMUM EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION FOR
administrative functions; examples of these are APPOINTMENT TO THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
personnel, finance, planning and training. (PNP) AND ADJUSTING THE PROMOTION SYSTEM
THEREOF, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE PERTINENT
3. SERVICE UNITS - those that perform auxiliary PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6975 AND
functions; examples of which are communication and REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8551 AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES”
records management.
IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE - the systematic EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLICING
arrangement of the relationship of the members, 1. BRIGADIER GENERAL RAFAEL CRAME
positions, departments and functions or work of the - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary
organization. It is comprised of functions, relationships, on December 17, 1917.
responsibilities and authorities of individuals within the 2. COL. ANTONIO TORRES
organization. - the first Filipino Chief of Police of the Manila Police
Department in 1935.
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART - an illustration in the 3. COL. LAMBERTO JAVALERA
form of a chart which represents the organizational - the first Chief of Police of the Manila Police Department
structure. The mechanical means of depicting the after the Philippine Independence from the United
organizational structure. States of America in 1946.

PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM 4. P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO

On January 9, 1901, the - the first chief of the Philippine National Police.
Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was
organized pursuant to Act No. 70 of the Taft HIGHLIGHTS OF RA 6975 – THE DEPARTMENT OF
Commission. This has become the basis for the THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT OF
celebration of the anniversary of the Manila’s Finest 1990, RA 8551 – THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
every 9th of January. REFORM AND REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1998 and RA
1. ACT 175 – entitled “An Act Providing for the 9708
Organization and Government of an Insular
Constabulary, and for the Inspection of the THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL
Municipal Police.” established on August 8, 1901. GOVERNMENT (DILG)
- formerly Department of Local Government (DLG)
CAPT. HENRY ALLEN – the first chief of the Philippine - reorganized under R.A. 6975
Constabulary in 1901.
ORGANIZATION:
2. ACT 183 – enacted on July 13, 1901, created the Composition:
Manila Police Department. -the Department proper
-existing bureaus and offices of the DILG
CAPT GEORGE CURRY - the first Chief of Police of the -the National Police Commission
Manila Police Department in 1901. -the Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC)
-Philippine National Police (PNP)
3. R.A. 4864 – otherwise known as the Police Act of -Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)
1966, enacted on August 8, 1966; created the Police -Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
Commission (POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to (BJMP)
oversee the training and professionalization of the local -the PPSC, PNP, BFP and BJMP were created under
police forces under the Office of the President; later RA 6975.
POLCOM was renamed into National Police Commission -headed by the Secretary to be appointed by the
(NAPOLCOM) President and who shall serve at the pleasure of
the President.
Martial Law Period -the Secretary shall be assisted by two (2)
4. P.D. 765 – otherwise known as the Integration Undersecretaries and three (3) Assistant Secretaries.
Act of 1975, enacted on August 8, 1975; established -Undersecretary for Local Government.
the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of -Undersecretary for Peace and Order.
the Philippine Constabulary (PC) as the nucleus -No retired or resigned military officer or police official
and the integrated local police forces as may be appointed as Secretary within one (1) year from
components, under the Ministry of National Defense. date of retirement or resignation.
- transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office of -the Secretary is also the ex officio chairman of the
the President to the Ministry of National Defense. National Police Commission.

5. R.A. 6975 – otherwise known as the Department RELATIONSHIP OF THE DILG WITH THE
of the Interior and Local Government Act of DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE (DND)
1990, enacted on December 13, 1990; reorganized the -under RA 6975, the Armed Forces of the Philippines
DILG and established the Philippine National Police, (AFP) was in charge with external security while the
Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail Management DILG was in charge with internal security.
and Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College. - under RA 8551, the DILG shall be relieved of the
primary responsibility on matters involving suppression
of insurgency and other serious threats to national

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security. The PNP shall through information gathering ▪ The Directorate for Intelligence (DI). The
and performance of its ordinary police functions director manages the gathering/collating of
supports the AFP on matters involving suppression of intelligence objectives through effective management
insurgency.
of all intelligence and counter-intelligence activities of
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION the PNP. He also serves as the linkage of all foreigners
- an agency attached to the DILG for policy coordination. with official transactions with the chief PNP.
-shall exercise administrative control and operational ▪ The Directorate for Operations (DO). The director
supervision over the PNP. exercises the command, the control, the direction, the
coordination and the supervision of all activities on
COMPOSITION: PNP operations such as deployment and employment
- consists of a Chairperson, four (4) regular
of personnel.
Commissioners and the Chief of PNP as ex officio
member. ▪ The Directorate for Logistics (DL). The director
- shall serve a term of office of six (6) years without administers and manages material resources needed
reappointment or extension. for the PNP operations.
-three of the regular Commissioners shall come from ▪ The Directorate for Plans (DPL). The director
civilian sector who are neither active nor former plans and programs strategic PNP operations. He also
members of the police or military. represents the PNP in the inter-agency and
- the fourth regular commissioner shall come from the
international affairs on peace and order.
law enforcement sector either active or retired.
Provided, that an active member of a law enforcement ▪ The Directorate for Comptrollership (DC). The
agency shall be considered resigned once appointed. director administers and manages the fiscal financial
- at least one (1) of the four regular commissioners resources.
shall be a woman. ▪ The Directorate for Police-Community
- from among the three regular commissioners from the Relations (DPCR). The director formulates and
civilian sector, the Vice Chairperson shall be chosen.
implements community –related activities, programs
- the Vice Chairperson shall act as the Executive
Officer of the Commission. and projects. He also supervises the PNP Salaam
Police Center to undertake close monitoring,
E. THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) networking and liaisoning activities with the Muslim
ORGANIZATION communities in addressing terrorism and lawless
violence in their respective areas to guarantee that the
The PNP is composed of a national Muslims are not discriminated, oppressed or singled-
headquarters, regional headquarters, provincial
out.
headquarters, district headquarters or municipal
stations. At the national level, the PNP maintains its ▪ The Directorate for Investigation and Detective
national headquarters in Camp Crame, Metropolitan Management (DIDM). The director coordinates.
Manila which houses the directorial staff, service staff Controls and supervises all investigation activities.
and special support units. ▪ The Directorate for Human Resource and
Doctrine Development (DHRDD). The director
In order to accomplish the mission, powers and formulates policies on matters pertaining to human
functions of the PNP, its structure was provided for as
resources and doctrine development.
follows:
▪ The Directorate for Research and Development
1. The PNP Command Group is headed by the Chief (DRD). The director engages in research and
PNP who is vested with the power to command and development and does testing and evaluation of self-
direct the PNP. He is also assisted by two Deputies reliant projects.
assigned to the administration of the PNP and one for ▪ The Directorate for Information and
operations side.
Communications Technology Management
2. The Chief of the Directorial Staff serves as the
Chief Operations Officer of the PNP. He coordinates, (DICTM). The director integrates and standardizes all
supervises, and directs the Directorial Staff and the PNP the PNP information systems and resources to further
units in the performance of their respective functions. improve the frontline services.
3. The Internal Affairs Service (IAS) is headed by a ▪ Five (5) Directorates for Integrated Police
Inspector General who assists the Chief PNP in ensuring Operations (DIPOs). The Directors of the clustered
operational readiness and investigates infractions of the areas for Integrated Police Operations, namely:
regulations committed by the members of the PNP.
Eastern Mindanao, Western Mindanao, Visayas,
4. The Human Rights Affairs Office (HRAO) is
headed by a senior police commissioned officer who Southern and Northern Luzon are given the
serves as a manager of the facility that will supervise responsibility to direct and to supervise the conduct of
the implementation of the guidelines and policies on integrated anti-criminality, internal security, counter-
human rights laws. terrorism operations, to promote inter-operability with
5. The Center for Police Strategy Management the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and to provide a
(CPSM) serves as the Central facility of the PNP in system to promote regional socio-economic
coordinating and integrating all strategy management
development.
processes, sustaining its strategy execution and
management, and instilling in the organization a culture
of strategy focus. 7. There are 23 National Support Units of the PNP.
6. The Directorial Staff is composed of 16 Eleven (11) of which are administrative while
directorates. Every Director in each unit has also his twelve (12) are operational in nature. The eleven
defined function in line with his specialization as follows: Administrative Units are as follows:
▪ The Directorate for Personnel and
▪ Logistics Support Service (LSS).
Records Management (DPRM). The
▪ Information Technology Management Service
director optimizes the utilization of personnel
(ITMS).
resources both from the PNP- uniformed and
▪ Finance Service (FS).
non- uniformed personnel.
▪ Health Service (HS)..

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 ▪ Communications and Electronics Service (CES). primary emphasis on medical, biological and physical
▪ Chaplain Service (CHS). nature.
▪ Legal Service (LS). PNP Anti-Kidnapping Group (PNP-AKG). This
Group serves as the primary unit of the PNP in
▪ Headquarters Support Service (HSS).
addressing kidnapping menace in the country and in
▪ Engineering Service( ES). handling hostage situations. And
▪ Training Service (TS). And PNP Anti-Cybercrime Group (PNP- ACG). This
▪ PNP Retirement and Benefits Administration Group is responsible for the implementation of pertinent
Service (PRBS). laws on cybercrimes and anti-cybercrime campaigns of
the PNP.
The twelve (12) operational support units and
their respective functions are as follows: 8. For the main PNP operating units, there are
seventeen (17) Police Regional Offices
Maritime Group (MG). This group is responsible to nationwide which correspond to the Regional
perform all police functions over Philippine Territorial subdivisions of the country headed by a Regional
waters, lakes, and rivers along coastal areas to include
Director. Directly under the Police Regional Offices
ports and harbors and small islands for the security and
the sustainability development of the maritime are seventeen (17) Regional Public Safety
environment. Battalions (RPSB), eighty (80) Police Provincial
Intelligence Group (IG). This group serves as the Offices which correspond to the number of
intelligence and counter-intelligence operating unit of Provinces in the country and twenty (20) City
the PNP. Police Offices (CPOs) in highly urbanized and
Police Security and Protection Group (PSPG). This independent cities, which are equivalent to a
group provides security to government vital
Provincial Police Office.
installations, government officials, visiting dignitaries
and private individuals authorized to be given
protection. The Police Provincial Offices have their respective
Criminal Investigation and Detection Group Provincial Public Safety Companies (PPSC) which is
(CIDG). This group monitors, investigates, prosecutes utilized primarily for internal security operations (ISO).
all crimes involving economic sabotage, and other The number of platoons in a Provincial Public Safety
crimes of such magnitude and extent as to indicate their Company is dependent on the existing peace and order
commission by highly placed or professional criminal situation in the province concerned.
syndicates and organizations. It also conducts
organized- crime –control, all major cases involving Finally, a total of 1,766 Police Stations are established
violations of the revised penal Code, violators of nationwide and they are categorized as follows: 90
SPECIAL LAWS assigned to them such as Anti-hijacking, Component City Police Stations and 1,507 Municipal
Anti-Carnapping and Cyber crimes among others and Police Stations under the Police Provincial Offices, 131
atrocities committed by Communist Party of the Police Stations under the City Police Offices, and 38
Philippines (CPP)/New People’s Army (NPA)/National Police Stations/City Police Stations in the National
Democratic Front (NDF). Capital Regional Police Office which serve as the main
Special Action Force (SAF). This group is a mobile operating arms of the PNP for the anti-criminality
strike force or a reaction unit to augment regional , campaign.
provincial, municipal and city police force for civil
disturbance control, internal security operations, REPUBLIC ACT No. 11200
hostage-taking rescue operations, search and rescue in
times of natural calamities, disasters and national An Act Providing for the Rank Classification in the
emergencies and other special police operations such as Philippine National Police, Amending for the Purpose
ant-hijacking, anti-terrorism, explosives and ordnance Section 28 of Republic Act No. 6975, as Amended,
disposal. On a special note, the PNP Air Unit is placed Otherwise Known as the "Department of the Interior
under the supervision of SAF. and Local Government Act of 1990"
Aviation Security Group (AVEGROUP). This group
provides security to all airports throughout the country. The Rank Classification of the PNP Personnel
Highway Patrol Group (HPG). This group enforces
the traffic laws and regulations, promote safety along POLICE RANKS EQUIVALENT
the highways, enhances traffic safety consciousness ABBREVIATIONS MILITARY RANKS
through inter- agency cooperation concerning Police
Traffic Safety Engineering, Traffic Safety Education and A. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS:
Traffic Law enforcement functions and develops reforms
in the crime prevention aspect against all forms of Police General = General
lawlessness committed along National Highway Police Lieutenant General = Lt. General
involving the use of motor vehicles. Police Major General = Maj. General
Police-Community Relations Group (PCRG). This Police Brigadier General = Brig.Gen.
group undertakes and orchestrates Police Community Police Colonel = Colonel
Relations program and activities in partnership with Police Lieutenant Colonel = Lt. Colonel
concerned government agencies, the community, and Police Major = Major
volunteer organizations in order to prevent crime and Police Captain = Captain
attain a safe and peaceful environment. Police Lieutenant = Lieutenant
Civil Security Group (CSG). This group regulates
business operations and activities of all organized B. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS:
private detectives, watchmen, security guards/agencies
and company guard forces. It also supervises the Police Executive Master Sergeant = Master
licensing and registration of firearms and explosives. Sergeant
Crime Laboratory (CL). This group provides scientific Police Chief Master Sergeant = Tech. Sergeant
and technical, investigative aide and support to the PNP Police Senior Master Sergeant = Staff Sergeant
and other investigative agencies. It also provides crime Police Master Sergeant = Sergeant
laboratory examination, evaluation and identification of Police Staff Sergeant = Corporal
physical evidence gathered at the crime scene with Police Corporal = Private 1st Class
Patrolman/woman = Private

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 personnel both the uniformed and non-uniformed
components are national government employees.
Insignia Rank Civilian in character means that the PNP is not a part
of the military. Although, it retains some military
attributes such as discipline. It shall adopt unique non-
military cultures, Code of Ethics, and Standard of
Police General (P/GEN)
Professional conduct comparable to the civilian police
forces of other countries
The Achievement of Professional Conduct and
Exemplary Behavior among PNP members
Police Lieutenant General (P/LT.GEN) A PNP member as a Law Enforcer and an Agent
of a Person in Authority is a model citizen of the
community. He is looked upon as the paragon of virtues
and a protector of the people. He has chosen a noble
profession of high risk and dedicated service to protect
Police Major General (P/M.GEN) the rights, lives and properties of the people whom he
had sworn to serve with utmost dedication. In this
regard, each PNP member is mandated to strictly adhere
to the Police Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical
Standards. Swift punishments are rendered to erring
Police Brigadier General (P/B.GEN) members while proper recognition for exemplary
achievements is given to deserving ones. Merit and
performance, qualifications and mandatory promotional
courses are instituted for acceleration in the career
ladder. Continuing education and leadership
Police Colonel (P/COL) development aside from moral values enhancement are
the keys to dynamic professional groups of PNP
members.

Police Lieutenant Colonel (P/LT.COL) The PNP Doctrine of Development

Police Doctrine is a doctrine of preservation.
Therefore, it is a truism that the basic weapon of a
policeman is the excellent knowledge of the law he is
enforcing and that the gun is only secondary or a
Police Major (P/MAJ) defensive weapon. An ordinary policeman is expected to
be a one-man staff, operator, fiscalizer and prosecutor
in the court of law. On top of this, he is also expected
to behave civilly as a model citizen of his community as
a protector of human rights. The battleground of a
Police Captain (P/CAPT) policeman is the court of law and the center stage of his
action is community wherein the spectators are the
citizens he has sworn to serve with utmost dedication.
As quoted by no less that the Chief, PNP, Director
General Ricardo A. Sacramento II “Rigors of police work,
Police Lieutenant (P/LT) more than anything else, touch the lives of every citizen
as they go through their daily routine.” This is mirrored
by the often-quoted maxim, verbalized by August
Vollmer who said:
Police Executive Master Sergeant (P/EMS)
“Average citizen expects the police officer to
have the wisdom of Solomon, the courage of David, the
Police Chief Master Sergeant (P/CMS) strength of Samson, the patience of Job, the leadership
of Moses, the faith of Daniel, the diplomacy of Lincoln,
the tolerance of the carpenter of Nazareth, the kindness
Police Senior Master Sergeant (P/SMS) of the Good Samaritan, and finally, an intimate
knowledge of every branch of natural, biological and
social sciences. If he possesses all these qualities, then
Police Master Sergeant (P/MSg) he might be a good policeman.”

Community Oriented Policing System (COPS)

Police Staff Sergeant (P/SSg) In the Philippines, a revolutionized concept in
modern policing and a new strategy for delivering basic
Police Corporal (P/Cpl) police services adhering to the following basic concepts
have been adopted – the so-called COPS:

Patrolman / Patrolwoman (Pat) a. The police and community are co-producers of

police vices. Hence, peace and order are shared joint
responsibility of the community and the police.
C. Cadets of the Philippine National Police Academy
b. Puts emphasis on the proactive or pre-emptive
(PNPA) are classified above the Police Captain and
system of policing capitalizing on the active and vigilant
below the Lieutenant rank in the PNP.
actions and participation of the citizenry.
c. It is a Problem Oriented Policing System
PNP: National in Scope - Civilian in Character
(POPS), which is zeroed in to the root causes of the
National in scope simply means that the PNP is
problem and its solution.
a nationwide government organization whose
jurisdiction covers the entire breadth of the Philippine
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
archipelago which extends up to the municipality of
- organized pursuant to RA 6975, as amended by
Kalayaan islands in the province of Palawan. All PNP
RA 8551

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- a law enforcement agency under the DILG. 4. Quezon City Police District (QCPD) – (formerly
- under administrative control and operational known as Central; Police District – Quezon City
supervision of the National Police Commission. 5. Southern Police District (SPD) – Pasay, Makati,
- it is an organization that is national in scope and Paranaque, Las Pinas, Muntinlupa, Taguig and Pateros
civilian in character as provided by Article XVI,
Section 6 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution: MANNING LEVELS (POLICE-TO-POPULATION
“The state shall establish and maintain one police force RATIO)
which shall be national in scope and civilian in 1:500 – nationwide average
character…” 1:1000 – minimum police-to-population ratio
- headed by the Chief, PNP, with the rank of
Director General, appointed by the President and KEY POSITIONS AND THEIR CORRESPONDING
who shall serve a term of office of four (4) years. RANKS IN THE PNP
• Chief – highest position in the PNP, with the
NATIONAL IN SCOPE rank of Director General.
- means that the PNP is a nationwide government • Deputy Chief for Administration – the
organization whose jurisdiction covers the entire second-in command, with the rank of
breadth of the Philippine archipelago. Deputy Director General.
- all uniformed and non-uniformed personnel of the • Deputy Chief for Operations – the third-
PNP are national government employees. in-command, with the rank of Deputy
Director General
CIVILIAN IN CHARACTER • Chief Directorial Staff – with the rank of
- means that that the PNP is not a part of the military, Deputy Director General
although it retains some military attributes such as • Head of Directorial Staff – with the rank of
discipline. Director
• NCR Director – with the rank of DIRECTOR
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PNP • Regional Director- with the rank of Chief
- Enforces all laws and ordinances relative to the Superintendent
protection of lives and properties; • Provincial Director- with the rank of Senior
- Maintains peace and order and take all necessary steps Superintendent
to ensure public safety; • NCR District Director - with the rank of
- Investigates and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of Chief Superintendent
criminal offenders, bring offenders to justice and assist • Chief of Police – with the rank of Chief
in their prosecution; Inspector
- Exercises the general powers to make arrest, search
and seizure in accordance with the Constitution and STATUS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE PNP
pertinent laws; - police officers are employees of the national
- Detains an arrested person for a period not beyond government and shall draw their salaries from the
what is prescribed by law, informing the person so national budget.
detained of all his rights under the Constitution; - they shall have the same salary grade level as that of
- Issues licenses for the possession of firearms and public-school teachers, police officers assigned in Metro
explosives in accordance with law; Manila, chartered cities and first-class municipalities
- Supervises and controls the training and operations of may be paid financial incentives by the local government
security agencies and issue licenses to operate security unit concerned subject to availability of funds.
agencies and to security guards and private detectives, GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS FOR APPOINTMENT
for the purpose of their professions. TO THE PNP (RA 6975, as amended by RA 8551
and RA 9708)
ORGANIZATION and COMPOSITION OF THE PNP 1. A citizen of the Philippines;
-shall be headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by 2. A person of good moral conduct;
two (2) deputy chiefs: 3. Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological, drug
-Deputy Chief for Administration. and physical tests to be administered by the PNP or by
-Deputy Chief for Operations. any NAPOLCOM accredited government hospital for the
-the Chief PNP and the two (2) deputy chiefs shall be purpose of determining physical and mental health;
appointed by the President. 4. Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a
-no officer who is retirable within six (6) months shall be recognized institution of learning;
appointed Chief. 5.Must be eligible in accordance with the standards set
-the PNP shall be composed of a national office, regional by the Commission;
offices, provincial offices, district offices, and city or 6. Must not have been dishonorably discharged from
municipal stations. military employment or dismissed for cause from any
civilian position in the Government;
PROVINCIAL POLICE OFFICES 7. Must not have been convicted by final judgment of
-for every region, there are provincial offices, each an offense or crime involving moral turpitude;
headed by a Provincial Director 8. Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters
-in large provinces, police districts may be established (1.62 m) in height for male and one meter and fifty-
to be headed by a District Director seven (1.57 m) for female;
-at the city or municipal levels or stations, each is
headed by a Chief of Police New Height Requirement
RA 11549, lowers the minimum height requirement for
male applicants in the said law enforcement agencies
DISTRICT OFFICES from 1.62 meters to 1.57 meters. For female
NCRPO is divided into five (5) districts, applicants, the original height limit of 1.57 meters is
each headed by a District Director: lowered to 1.52 meters
1. Manila Police District (MPD) (formerly Western
Police District)- Manila
2. Eastern Police District (EPD) – Marikina, Pasig,
San Juan and Mandaluyong,
3. Northern Police District (NPD) – Caloocan,
Malabon, Navotas and Valenzuela (CAMANAVA)

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 Any members who will fail to satisfy any of the
9. Must weigh not more or less than five kilograms (5kgs) waived requirements with the specified time periods shall
from the standard weight corresponding to his or her be dismissed from the service.
height, age and sex; and Pursuant to NAPOLCOM Memorandum Circular
10. For a new applicant, must not be less than twenty-one No. 2007-009, a newly recruited Patrolman/Patrolwoman
(21) nor more than thirty (30) years of age shall be appointed in temporary status in twelve (12)
Pursuant to RA 9708, “…PNP members who are months pending compliance with the Field Training
already in the service upon the effectivity of Republic Act Program (FTP) involving actual experience and assignment
No. 8551 shall be given five (5) years to obtain the in patrol, traffic and investigation.
minimum educational qualification preferably in law
enforcement related courses, to be reckoned from the APPOINTMENT UNDER WAIVER PROGRAM
date of the effectivity of this amendatory Act: Provided, (NAPOLCOM MC No. 2007-009)
furthermore, That for concerned PNP members rendering 1) Conditions on waivers for initial appointment to
more than fifteen (15) years of service and who have the PNP
exhibited exemplary performance as determined by the a) The age, height and weight for initial
Commission, shall no longer be required to comply with appointment to the PNP may be waived only when the
the aforementioned minimum educational requirement.” number of qualified applicants falls below the approved
national/regional quota.
EXAMINATION AND ELIGIBILITY b) The Commission en banc may grant age,
The National Police Commission shall height and weight waiver. The NAPOLCOM Regional
administer the entrance and promotional examinations for Director may grant height waiver to a member of an
police officers on the basis of the standards set by the indigenous group.
Commission (as amended by RA 8551). c) Waiver of the age requirement may be granted
-POLICE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION – taken by provided that the applicant shall not be less than twenty
applicants of the PNP (20) nor more than thirty-five (35) years of age.
-POLICE PROMOTIONAL EXAMINATIONS – taken by d) Waiver of the height requirement may be
in-service police officers as part of the mandatory granted to a male applicant who is at least 1 meter and 57
requirements for promotion. cm (1.57m) and to a female applicant who is at least 1
POLICE OFFICER EXAMINATION meter and 52cm (1.52m). Provided, that the minimum
SENIOR POLICE OFFICER EXAMINATION height requirement for applicants who belong to
INSPECTOR EXAMINATION indigenous group duly certified by the Office of the Muslim
SUPERINTENDENT EXAMINATION Affairs (OMA) or the National Commission on Indigenous
Peoples (NCIP) shall be 1.52m for male and 1.45m for
NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 2008- female
003 e) An applicant who is granted a weight waiver
The appropriate eligibilities for PO1 are shall be given reasonable time not exceeding six (6)
those acquired from the following: months within which to comply with the said requirement.
- NAPOLCOM PNP Entrance Examination Failure to attain the required weight shall cause the
- R.A. 11131 (R.A. No. 6506) (Licensed termination from the service.
Criminologist)
- R.A. No. 1080 (Bar and Board Examinations of 2) Factors to be Considered in the Grant of Waivers
baccalaureate degree) a) Outstanding accomplishments or possession of
- P.D. 907 (Granting Civil Service Eligibility to special skills in law enforcement, police work, martial arts,
College Honor Graduates) marksmanship and similar skills;
- Civil Service Professional b) Special talents in the field of sports, music and
others;
NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 2008- c) Extensive experience or training in forensic
016 science and other technical services.
Promotional Examinations 3) Selection Criteria under the waiver program
- Members of the Bar and Licensed a) Applicants who possess the least
Criminologists whose profession are germane to law disqualifications shall take precedence over those who
enforcement and police functions are no longer required possess more disqualifications.
to take promotional examinations. b) The requirement shall be waived in the
- Up to the rank of Superintendent. following order:
APPOINTMENT OF UNIFORMED PNP PERSONNEL 1) Age
Patrolman/Patrolwoman to Police Executive 2) Height
Master Sergeant – Appointed by the PNP Regional 3) Weight
Director for regional personnel or by the Chief PNP for the LATERAL ENTRY OF OFFICERS INTO THE PNP
National Headquarters personnel. 1) In general, all original appointments of commissioned
Police Lieutenant to Police Lieutenant Colonel – officers in the PNP shall commence with the rank of
Appointed by the Chief of the PNP, as recommended by inspector, to include all those with highly technical
their immediate superiors. qualifications applying for the PNP technical services (R.A.
Police Colonel to Police Lieutenant General – 6975).
Appointed by the President a). Senior Inspector
Police General – Appointed by the President from among 1) Chaplain;
the senior officers down to the rank of Chief 2) Member of the Bar;
Superintendent. 3) Doctor of Medicine
b) Inspector
KINDS OF APPOINTMENT 1) Dentist
PERMANENT – when an applicant possesses the 2) Optometrists
upgraded general qualifications for appointment in the 3) Nurses
PNP. 4) Engineers
TEMPORARY – Any PNP personnel who is admitted due 5) Graduates of forensic science
to the waiver of the educational or weight requirements.

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 6) Graduates of Philippine National Police 5 years –
Police Major to Police Lieutenant Colonel
Academy 5 years –
Police Captain to Police Major
Licensed criminologists may be 4 years –
Police Lieutenant Police Captain
appointed to the rank of inspector to fill up any vacancy 3 years –
Police Executive Master Sergeant to
after promotions from the ranks are completed. Police Lieutenant
3 years – Police Chief Master Sergeant to Police
2) New policy on LATERAL ENTRY (NAPOLOCM M.C 2008- Executive Master Sergeant
006 3 years – Police Senior Master Sergeant to Police
a) A person with highly technical qualifications Chief Master Sergeant
such as: 3 years – Police Master Sergeant to Police Senior
1) Dentist Master Sergeant
2) Optometrist 3 years – Police Staff Sergeant to Police Master
3) Nurse Sergeant
4) Engineer 3 year – Police Corporal to Police Staff Sergeant
5) Graduate of Forensic Science 4 years – Patrolman/woman to Police Corporal
6) Doctor of Medicine
7) Member of the Philippine Bar 4. Appropriate eligibility – the required promotional
8) Chaplain examinations
9) Information Technologist a. Police Officer Promotional Examination
10) Pilot b. Senior Police Officer Promotional Examination
11) Psychologist c. Police Inspector Promotional Examination
b) Graduate of PNPA d. Police Superintendent Promotional
c) Licensed Criminologist Examination
3) Top priority consideration for lateral entry into the rank Except for the Chief, PNP, no PNP
of Police Inspector shall be given to top ten (10) placers member who has less than one (1) year of service before
of the different Licensure Examinations. However, reaching the compulsory retirement age shall be promoted
incumbent PNP members who landed in the top ten shall to a higher rank or appointed to any other position.
be given first preference over the civilian provided that the - Pursuant to RA 9708, “…In addition, the
qualifications are satisfied. institution of a criminal action or complaint against
4). The maximum age of PNP members applicants through a police officer shall not be a bar to promotion:
lateral entry shall be forty-six (46) years old at the time of Provided, however, That upon finding of probable cause,
appointment. Age waivers shall not be allowed. notwithstanding any challenge that may be raised against
that finding thereafter, the concerned police officer shall
THE PNP PROMOTION SYSTEM be ineligible for promotion: Provided, further, That if the
Promotion is defined as the upward movement case remains unresolved after two (2) years from
from one classification or rank to another carrying higher the aforementioned determination of probable
benefits and more responsibility. It is the upgrading of cause, he or she shall be considered for promotion.
ranks and/or advancement to a position of leadership. In the event he or she is held guilty of the crime by final
KINDS OF PROMOTION judgment, said promotion shall be recalled without
1. Regular Promotion prejudice to the imposition of the appropriate penalties
2. Special/ Meritorious/Spot Promotion under applicable laws, rules and regulations:
3. Promotion by virtue of position -Provided, furthermore, that if the complaint filed
against the police officer is for a crime including, but not
I. Regular Promotion - promotion granted to police limited to, a violation of human rights, punishable by
officers meeting the mandatory requirements for reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment, and the
promotion. court has determined that the evidence of guilt is strong,
said police officer shall be completely ineligible for
MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR PROMOTION promotion during the pendency of the said criminal
1. Educational attainment case.”
2. Completion of appropriate
training/schooling, such as: II. Special Promotion – promotion granted to police
Master’s Degree - Police Brigadier General and above officers who have exhibited acts of conspicuous courage
Officers Senior Executive Course (OSEC) – Police and gallantry at the risk of his/her life above and beyond
Lieutenant Colonel to Police Colonel the call of duty.
Officers Advance Course (OAC) – Police Major Conspicuous courage is a courage that is clearly
Officers Basic Course (OBC) – Police Captain. distinguished above others in the performance of one’s
Officers Candidate Course (OCC) – Police Executive Master duty.
Sergeant (PEMS)
Senior Leadership Course (SLC) – Police Chief Master ACTS OF CONSPICUOUS COURAGE AND
Sergeant to PEMS GALLANTRY (NAPOLCOM Memorandum Circular No.
Junior Leadership Course (JLC) – Police Staff Sergeant to 2007-003 and PNP Memorandum Circular No. 2009-019)
Police Master Sergeant 1. A deed of personal bravery and self-sacrifice above and
beyond the call of duty, so conspicuous as to distinguish
3. Time-in Grade – the number of years required for a the act clearly over and above his/her comrades in the
police officer to hold a certain rank before he can be performance of more than ordinary hazardous service,
promoted to the next higher rank. The time-in grade in the such as; but not limited to the following circumstances:
PNP is maintained as follows (NAPOLCOM MC # 2011- a. Overwhelming number of enemies and
196): firepower capability as against the strength of PNP
2 years – from Police Colonel to Police Brigadier operatives and their firepower capability;
General b. Infiltration and penetration of the safehouses
3 years – from Police Lieutenant Colonel to Police and hideouts of organized crime syndicates like
Colonel

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kidnapping, illegal drugs, carnapping, hijacking and 4. Failure to pass the required entrance examinations
terrorism; twice and/or finish the required career course except for
c. Shoot-out in robbery/hold-up incidents inside justifiable reasons;
public places such as: malls, government offices, business 5. Refusal to take periodic PNP Physical Fitness Test
establishments and PUVs; without justifiable reason.
d. Conduct of rescue/disaster operations that Physical Fitness Test refers to the method of evaluating
resulted in the saving of lives and properties. the physical condition of PNP members in terms of
2. An act of heroism exhibited in the face of an armed stamina, strength, speed and agility.
enemy or in the conduct of rescue/disaster operations 6. Failure to take PNP Physical Fitness Test for four (4)
resulting in the loss of life (posthumous promotions). consecutive periodic tests due to health reasons;
7. Failure to pass PNP Physical Fitness Test for two (2)
Posthumous Award – in case an individual died before consecutive periodic tests or four (4) cumulative periodic
the granting of the awards. tests; or
8. Non-compliance with the minimum qualification
III. PROMOTION BY VIRTUE OF POSITION (Section standards for the permanency or original appointment.
32, R.A. 8551)
Any PNP personnel designated to any key RETIREMENT OR SEPARATION UNDER THE
position whose rank is lower than that which is ATTRITION SYSTEM
required for such position shall, after six (6) months of Any personnel who is dismissed from the PNP
occupying the same, be entitled to a rank adjustment pursuant to different ways mentioned shall be retired if he
corresponding to the position. or she has rendered at least twenty (20) years of service
Provided, that the personnel shall not be and separated if he or she has rendered less than twenty
reassigned to a position calling for a higher rank until after (20) years of service, unless the personnel is disqualified
two (2) years from the date of such rank adjustment. by law to receive such benefits.

ATTRITION (RA 8551) RETIREMENT

- Refers to the retirement or separation from - the separation of the police personnel from the
police service of PNP uniformed personnel pursuant to any service by reason of reaching the age of retirement
of the means mentioned in Section 24 to 29 of RA 8551 provided by law, or upon completion of certain number of
and other means as provided in NAPOLCOM Memorandum years in active service. A PNP uniformed personnel shall
Circular No. 2008-005.) retire to the next higher rank for purposes of
retirement pay.
MODES OF ATTRITION
a) Attrition by attainment of Maximum Tenure in KINDS OF RETIREMENT
Position. a) Compulsory– for officer and non-officer, upon the
Maximum Tenure in Position refers to the attainment of age Fifty-Six (56). Provided, in case of any
maximum cumulative period for a PNP member to hold a officer with the rank of Police Brigadier General, Police
particular position level. Major General or Police Lieutenant General, the
Position Maximum Tenure Commission may allow his retention in the service for an
Chief Four (4) years unextendible period of one (1) year.
Deputy Chief Four (4) years b) Optional – upon accumulation of at least Twenty
Director of the Staff Services Four (4) years (20) years of satisfactory active service.
Regional Directors Six (6) years
Provincial/City Directors Nine (9) years RETIREMENT BENEFITS
Monthly retirement pay shall be FIFTY PERCENT
b) Attrition by Relief – A PNP uniformed personnel who (50%) of the base pay in case of twenty years of active
has been relieved for just cause and has not been given service, increasing by TWO AND ONE-HALF PERCENT
an assignment within two (2) years after such relief (2.5%) for every year of active service rendered
shall be retired or separated. beyond twenty years.
c) Attrition by demotion in position or rank – Any
PNP personnel, civilian or uniformed, who are relieved and CREATION OF WOMEN’S DESK
assigned to a position lower than what is established for - provided under RA 8551
his or her grade in the PNP staffing pattern and who shall - women’s desk in all police stations shall administer and
not be assigned to a position commensurate to his or her attend to cases involving crimes against chastity, sexual
grade within EIGHTEEN (18) MONTHS after such harassment, abuses committed against women and
demotion shall be retired or separated. children and other similar offenses.
d) Attrition by non-promotion – Any PNP personnel - the PNP shall reserve TEN PERCENT (10%) of its
who has not been promoted for a continuous period of annual recruitment, training and education quota for
TEN (10) YEARS shall be retired or separated women.
e) Attrition by other means - Any PNP member or - policewomen shall enjoy the same opportunities in terms
officer with at least five (5) years of accumulated active of assignment, promotion and other benefits and
service shall be separated based on any of the following: privileges extended to all police officers.

1. inefficiency based on poor performance during the last POWERS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
two (2) successive annual rating periods; OVER THE PNP UNITS
Poor performance refers to the poor rating in the - Governors and Mayors are deputized as
promulgated PNP Performance Evaluation Rating System. representatives of the NAPOLCOM in their respective
2. Inefficiency based on poor performance for three (3) territorial jurisdiction.
cumulative annual rating periods; a) Provincial Governor
3. Physical and/or mental incapacity to perform police - power to choose the PNP Provincial Director
functions and duties; from a list of 3 eligible candidates recommended by the
PNP Regional Director.

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 - oversee the implementation of the provincial Nature of Police Inspection
public safety plan.
b) City and Municipal Mayors
- have the power to choose his CHIEF OF 1. Internal Affairs – inspection on internal affairs
POLICE from a list of five (5) eligible candidates embraces administration, training, operation, intelligence,
recommended by the provincial police director. investigation, morale and discipline as well as the financial
- he has the authority to recommend to the provincial condition of the police organization.
director the transfer, reassignment or detail of PNP 2. External Affairs – it embraces the community
members outside of their respective city or town. relationship of the organization, the crime and vice
- authority to recommend from a list of eligible candidates, situation of the locality, and the prevailing public opinion
the appointment of new members of the PNP to be concerning the integrity and reputation of the personnel.
assigned in respective cities.
– exercise operational supervision and control over PNP Authority to Inspect
units in their jurisdiction, except during 30 days
immediately preceding and 30 days following any national, In the PNP, the following have the authority to
local and barangay elections.
conduct inspection:
- During the election period, local police forces shall be
under the supervision and control of the COMELEC.
1. NAPOLCOM or its representative
Operational Supervision and Control 2. PNP Chief or his designated representative
- means the power to direct, supervise, and oversee the 3. PNP Director for Personnel or his representative
day-to-day functions of police investigation of crime, crime 4. PNP Regional Director or his representative
prevention activities and traffic control. 5. City/Municipal Chief of Police or his
- shall also include the power to direct the employment representative
and deployment of units or elements of the PNP, through 6. Internal Affairs Service (IAS under RA 8551)
the station commander to ensure public safety and
effective maintenance of peace and order within the The inspecting officer/s shall examine, audit, inspect
locality. police agencies in accordance with existing standards and
Employment - refers to utilization of units or elements of
with the following objectives:
the PNP for purposes of protection of lives and properties,
enforcement of laws, maintenance of peace and order,
prevention of crimes, arrest of criminal offenders and 1. To take note or discover defects and irregularities
bringing the offenders to justice and ensuring public 2. To effect corrections on minor defects being
safety, particularly in the suppression of disorders, riots, discovered
lawlessness, violence, rebellious and seditious conspiracy, 3. To bring to the attention of and recommend to
insurgency, subversion or other related activities. the concerned officers for appropriate actions on defects
noted.
Deployment - shall mean the orderly and organized
physical movement of elements or units of the PNP within Where the irregularity noted during inspection is
the province, city or municipality for purposes of serious as to warrant administrative charges against a
employment police officer, the inspecting officer shall immediately file
the necessary charge or charges before the appropriate
SUSPENSION OR WITHDRAWAL OF DEPUTATION
- Unless reversed by the President, the NAPOLCOM may, disciplinary action offices.
after consultation with the provincial governor and
congressman concerned, suspend or withdraw the The PNP Disciplinary System
deputation of any local executives on any of the following Offenses Subjected to Police Administrative Disciplinary
grounds: System
1.Frequent unauthorized absences; 1. Citizen's Complaints- A formal charge initiated
2.Abuse of authority; by a natural or juridical person or his/its duly authorized
3.Providing material support to criminal elements; or representative or guardian on account of an injury,
4.Engaging in acts inimical to national security or which damage, or disturbance sustained due to irregular or
negate the effectiveness of the peace and order campaign. illegal act or omission of a PNP member.
2. Breach of Internal Discipline- Any offense
POLICE INSPECTION committed by a member of the PNP involving minor
offense and affecting order and discipline within the police
The purpose of police inspection is to ascertain the organization.
3. Summary Dismissal Cases- With notice and
standard policies and procedures, review and analyze the
without notice.
performance, activities and facilities affecting operations
and to look into the morale, needs and general efficiency Administrative Offenses Covered by
of the police organization in maintaining law and order. the Disciplinary System
1. Neglect of duty or nonfeasance – it is the
omission or refusal, without sufficient excuse, to perform
Types of Police Inspection
an act or duty, which it was the peace officer’s legal
obligation to perform;
1. Authoritative Inspection – conducted by the head 2. Irregularities in the performance of duty –
of subordinate units on a regular basis. it is the improper performance of some act which might
2. Staff Inspection – conducted by the staff for and lawfully be done.
in behalf of the Chief PNP or superior officers in command 3. Misconduct or Malfeasance – it is the doing,
of various units or departments. either through ignorance, inattention or malice, of that
which the officer had no legal right to do at all, as where

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he acts without any authority whatsoever, or exceeds, of salary or suspension; or any combination thereof:
ignores or abuses his powers. Provided, that in all cases, the total period shall not
4. Incompetency – it is the manifest lack of exceed fifteen (15) days.
adequate ability and fitness for the satisfactory
performance of police duties. This has reference to any 2. Provincial Directors or Equivalent
physical, moral or intellectual quality the lack of which Supervisors- The imposable penalty is warning or
substantially incapacitates one to perform the duties of a reprimand; restrictive custody; withholding of privileges;
peace officer. forfeiture of salary or suspension; or any combination of
5. Oppression – it imports an act of cruelty, the foregoing: Provided, that in all cases, the total period
severity, unlawful exaction, domination, or excessive use shall not exceed thirty (30) days.
of authority. The exercise of the unlawful powers or other
means, in depriving an individual of his liberty or property 3. Regional Directors or Equivalent
against his will, is generally an act of oppression. Supervisors- The offense(s) is punishable by dismissal
6. Dishonesty – it is the concealment or distortion from the service, warning or reprimand; restrictive
of truth in a matter of fact relevant to one’s office, or custody; withholding of privileges; suspension or forfeiture
connected with the performance of his duties. of salary; demotion; or any combination of the foregoing:
7. Disloyalty to the Government – it consists of Provided that in all cases. The total period shall not
abandonment or renunciation of one’s loyalty to the exceed sixty (60) days.
Government of the Philippines, or advocating to overthrow
of the government. 4. Chief of the PNP- Offense(s) is punishable by
8. Violation of Law – this presupposes conviction dismissal from the service, demotion, suspension, or
in court of any crime or offense penalized under the forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof for a period
Revised Penal Code or any special law or ordinance. not exceeding one hundred eighty (180) days.
Restrictive custody during the pendency of a grave
Acts Constituting BREACH OF DISCIPLINE in the administrative or criminal case against the erring police
PNP: officer.
1. Simple misconduct and negligence Disciplining Authorities on SUMMARY DISMISSAL
2. Insubordination CASES (N.C.R.)
3. Frequent absences or tardiness 1. National Police Commission
4. Habitual drunkenness 2. PNP Chief
5. Gambling prohibited by law 3. PNP Regional Directors

Summary Dismissal Cases Disciplinary Appellate Boards/Bodies

1. With Due Notice and Summary Hearing 1. Regional Appellate Board (RAB) and National
1.1 When the charge is serious, and evidence of guilt Appellate Board (NAB) of the National Police Commission
is strong. (NAPOLCOM)
1.2 When the respondent police officer is a recidivist 2. Secretary of the Department of Interior and Local
or has been repeatedly charged, and there are reasonable
grounds to believe that he is guilty of the charges. Government (SDILG)
1.3 When the respondent police officer is guilty of a 3. Civil Service Commission (CSC)
serious offense involving conduct unbecoming of a police
officer. Regional Appellate Board (RAB)
Composition of the RAB
2.Immediate Dismissal-When, the PNP Officer, goes on 1. Senior Officer of the NAPOLCOM Regional Office-
the absence without leave (AWOL) for a continuous period Chairperson
of thirty (30) days or more. 2. One (1) representative each from the PNP-
Member (term of 3 years)
Disciplinary Authorities ON CITIZEN'S 3. Regional Peace and Order Council-
COMPLAINTS Member (term of 3 years)
1. Chief of Police-Offense is punishable by
withholding privileges, restriction to specified limits, Cases Appealable to the RAB:
suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination 1. Decisions of the PLEB where the penalty is
thereof, for a period not exceeding fifteen (15) days. DEMOTION OR DISMISSAL from the service;
2. Mayors of Cities or Municipalities- The 2. Decisions of the PNP Regional Director or
offense is punishable by the withholding of privileges, equivalent supervisor, where the penalty imposed is
restriction to specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of DEMOTION OR DISMISSAL from the service;
salary, or any combination thereof, for not less than 3. Decisions of city and municipal Mayors in cases
sixteen (16) days but not exceeding thirty (30) falling within their respective jurisdictions; and
days. 4. Disciplinary recommendations of the Regional
3. People's Law Enforcement Board (PLEB)- IAS were not acted upon by the PNP regional director or
Offense is punishable by withholding privileges, restricting equivalent supervisor within thirty (30) days from
specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any submission by the Regional IAS, where the recommended
combination thereof, for a period exceeding thirty (30) penalty is DEMOTION OR DISMISSAL from the service.
days; demotion or by dismissal from the service.
Effect of the Failure of RAB to Decide on Appeal
Disciplinary Authorities on BREACH OF INTERNAL Cases within the Reglementary Period of 60 Days
DISCIPLINE 1. The decision of the disciplinary authority shall
1. Chiefs of Police or Equivalent Supervisors- become final without prejudice to the filing of an appeal
The imposable penalty is a warning; reprimand; restriction by the party adversely affected to the SILG;
to specified limits; withholding of privileges; forfeiture 2. The RAB concerned shall automatically make a
written explanation to the NAPOLCOM en Banc on its
failure to do so; and

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3. The NAPOLCOM en Banc shall order the conduct -the national office shall be headed by the Inspector
of investigation against the RAB Chair and PNP General, the regional offices by a Director, and the
representative concerned if it appears from the provincial offices by a Superintendent
explanation that evident neglect of duty was committed.
ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS TO IAS
National Appellate Board (NAB) -entry shall be voluntary
Composition of the NAB: -PNP personnel with at least five (5) years’ experience in
1. Vice-chairperson and Executive Officer- law enforcement
Chairperson -with no derogatory service record
-members of the bar may enter the service laterally
2. Four (4) Regular Commissioners
POLICE DISCIPLINARY MECHANISM
Cases Appealable to the NAB: Aside from higher police management levels that
1. Decisions of the Chief, PNP where the penalty can impose disciplinary actions against subordinates, the
imposed is DEMOTION OR DISMISSAL from the service; following also serve as disciplinary mechanisms in the
2. Disciplinary recommendations of the Inspector police service:
General, IAS that were not acted upon by the Chief, PNP
within thirty (30) days from submission by the Inspector Administrative Disciplinary Powers of the
General, IAS where the recommended penalty is Local Chief Executive (LCE) - The City and Municipal
DEMOTION OR DISMISSAL; and Mayors shall have the power to impose, after due notice
3. The decision of the Inspector General affirming and summary hearings, disciplinary penalties for minor
the Resolution of the Regional IAS, dismissing the offenses committed by members of the PNP assigned in
complaint about lack of probable cause. their respective jurisdictions as provided in Section 41 of
Republic Act No. 6975, as amended by Section 52 of
Cases Appealable to Secretary to the SILG: Republic Act No. 8551.
Decisions of the NAB and the RAB PLEB - the PLEB (People's Law Enforcement Board)
Cases Appealable to the CSC: is the central receiving entity for any citizen's complaint
1. Decisions of the SILG in the exercise of its against PNP members. As such, every citizen's complaint,
appellate jurisdiction regardless of the imposable penalty for the offense
2. Decisions of the NAPOLCOM en banc as summary alleged, shall be filed with the PLEB of the city or
dismissal authority municipality where the offense was allegedly
committed. Upon receipt and docketing of the complaint,
INTERNAL AFFAIRS SERVICE (IAS) -created by RA the PLEB shall immediately determine whether the offense
8551 alleged therein is grave, less grave or minor.
Should the PLEB find that the offense alleged is
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE IAS: grave or less grave, the Board shall assume jurisdiction to
- pro-actively conduct inspections and audits on PNP hear and decide the complaint by serving summons upon
personnel and units; the respondent within three (3) days from receipt of the
- investigate complaints and gather evidence in support of complaint. If the PLEB finds that the offense alleged is
an open investigation; minor, it shall refer the complaint to the Mayor or Chief of
-conduct summary hearings on PNP members facing Police, as the case may be, of the city or municipality
administrative charges; where the PNP member is assigned within three (3) days
-submit a periodic report on the assessment, analysis, and upon the filing thereof.
evaluation of the character and behavior of PNP personnel If the city or municipality where the offense was
and units to the Chief PNP and the Commission; committed has no PLEB, the citizen's complaint shall be
-file appropriate criminal cases against PNP members filed with the regional or provincial office of the
before the court as evidence warrants and assists in the Commission (NAPOLCOM) nearest the residence of the
prosecution of the case; complainant.
-provide assistance to the Office of the Ombudsman in
cases involving the personnel of the PNP; PEOPLE’S LAW ENFORCEMENT BOARD (PLEB)
The IAS shall also conduct, motu proprio - a body created pursuant to RA 6975.
(on its own initiative), automatic investigation of - one of the disciplinary authorities of the PNP authorized
the following cases: to handle and investigate citizen’s complaint.
-incidents where police personnel discharge a firearm; -the central receiving entity for any citizen’s complaint
-incidents where death, serious physical injury, or any against the PNP members
violation of human rights occurred in the conduct of a - shall be created by the Sangguniang
police operation; Panlungsod/Pambayan in every city and municipality as
-incidents where evidence was compromised, tampered may be necessary.
with, obliterated, or lost while in the custody of police -there shall be at least one (1) PLEB for every five hundred
personnel; (500) city or municipal police personnel.
-incidents where a suspect in the custody of the police was - membership in the PLEB is a civic duty.
seriously injured; and
-incidents where the established rules of engagement COMPOSITION OF PLEB
have been violated. composed of five (5) members who shall be as follows:
-any member of the Sangguniang
ORGANIZATION OF IAS Panlungsod/Pambayan.
-headed by the INSPECTOR GENERAL who is a -any barangay chairman of the locality concerned.
CIVILIAN and appointed by the President upon the -three other members to be chosen by the local
recommendation of the Director General (Chief, PNP) peace and order council from among the members
-the Inspector General shall be assisted by a Deputy of the community.
Inspector General -for the three other members, the following
-there shall be national, regional and provincial offices conditions must be met:

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 -one must be a woman 8. Medalya ng RD/DSS One week
-one must be a lawyer, or a college graduate, or Katangiang Asal service
the principal of an elementary school in the locality (PNP credits
-the CHAIRMAN of the PLEB shall be elected from OUSTANDING
among its members CONDUCT MEDAL
-the term of office of the members of the PLEB is 9. Medalya ng RD/DSS Cash of
THREE (3) YEARS Kagalingan (PNP P200.00 and
MEDAL OF MERIT service
DISCIPLINARY APPELLATE BOARDS Credit of one
(1) day
-formal administrative disciplinary appellate machinery of
10 Medalya ng RD/DSS Leave
the National Police Commission.
. Kasanayan (PNP credits of
-tasked to hear cases on appeal from the different
EFFIECIENCY four (4 days)
disciplinary authorities in the PNP MEDAL)
11 Medalya ng Papuri RD/DSS Leave
ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES (PNP credits of
1. Withholding of privileges RECOMMENDATI four (3 days)
2. Restriction to specified limits ON MEDAL)
3. Restrictive custody 12 Medalya ng RD/DSS P 600.00
4. Forfeiture of salary Sugatang cash & leave
5. Suspension Magiting (PNP credit of five
6. Any combination of the penalties above (1 to 5) WOUNDED (5) days
7. One (1) rank demotion PERSONNEL
8. Dismissal from the service MEDAL)
13 Medalya ng RD/DSS Leave credit
PNP AWARDS, CITATION BADGES, GRANTING Ugnayang of three
AUTHORITY & INCENTIVES (NAPOLCOM MC. N0. Pampulisya (3days)
93-018) (POLICE
RELATIONS
MEDAL)
AWARDS GRANTIN INCENTIVE
G S 14 Medalya ng RD/DSS Leave credit
AUTHORIT Mabuting Asal of three (3)
Y (PNP GOOD days
1. Medalya ng PRESIDENT Scholarship CONDUCT
Kagitingan (PNP of ALL MEDAL)
MEDAL OF qualified 15 Medalya ng RD/DSS Service
VALOR) Children at Paglilingkod (PNP credit of
SERVICE MEDAL)
PNPA, P
1,000.00
cash &
Parade Note: For every five (5) letters of commendation, a
Honors at Medalya ng Papuri may be awarded to any PNP Member
GHQ PNP &
HRECOMs POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING
2. MEDALYA NG DILG Scholarship What is a Plan?
KABAYANIHAN SECRETARY of ONE (1) A plan is an organize schedule or sequence by
(PNP dependent methodical activities intended to attain a goal and
DISTINGUISHED at PNPA & objectives for the accomplishments of mission or
CONDUCT MEDAL P900.00 assignment. It is a method or way of doing something in
cash
order to attain objectives. Plan provides answer to 5W’s
3. Medalya ng DILG Cash of and 1 H.
Katapatan sa SECRETARY P500.00
Paglilingkod (PNP
What is Planning?
DISTINGUISHED
SERVICE MEDAL) Planning is a management function concerned
with visualizing future situations, making
4. Medalya ng CHIEF PNP Cash of
Katapangan (PNP P500.00 estimates concerning them, identifying issues,
BRAVERY MEDAL) needs and potential danger points, analyzing and
5. Medalya ng CHIEF PNP Tour for evaluating the alternative ways and means for
Katangiang Gawa two(2) of reaching desired goals according to a certain
(PNP RECOM Hqs schedule, estimating the necessary funds and
OUTSTANDING and Parade resources to do the work, and initiating action in
ACHIEVEMENT Honors at time to prepare what may be needed to cope with
MEDAL GHQ PNP the changing conditions and contingent events.
6. Medalya ng CHIEF PNP
Pambihirang It is also the process of preparing for change and
Paglilingkod (PNP coping with uncertainty formulating future causes of
SPECIAL SERVICE action; the process of determining the problem of the
MEDAL) organization and coming up with proposed resolutions and
7. Medalya ng RD/DSS Cash of finding best solutions.
Kadakilaan (PNP P400.00
HEROISM MEDAL)
• The process of combining all aspects of the
department and the realistic anticipation of future
problems, the analysis of strategy and the correlation of
strategy to detail.

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• The conceptual idea of doing something to attain • TASK 2 - Diagnose Environmental Threats
a goal or objective. and Opportunities
• TASK 3 - Assess Organizational Strengths
What is Police Planning? and Weaknesses
Police Planning is an attempt by police • TASK 4 - Generate Alternative Strategies
administrators in trying to allocate anticipated resources • TASK 5 - Develop Strategic Plan
to meet anticipated service demands. It is the systematic • TASK 6 - Develop Tactical Plan
and orderly determination of facts and events as basis for • TASK 7 - Assess Results of Strategic and
policy formulation and decision affecting law enforcement Tactical Plan
management. • TASK 8 - Repeat Planning Process

What is Operational Planning? In the process, the police administrator can use the
Operational Planning is the use of a rational potent tool of alternatives. Alternatives (options) are
design or pattern for all departmental undertakings rather means by which goals and objectives can be attained.
than relying on chance in an operational environment. It They may be policies, strategies or specific actions aimed
is the preparation and development of procedures and at eliminating a problem. Alternatives do not have to be
techniques in accomplishing of each of the primary tasks substitutes for one another or should perform the same
and functions of an organization. function. For example, our goal is to “improve officer-
survival skills.” The plan is to train the officers on
What is Police Operational Planning? militaristic and combat shooting. The alternatives could
Police Operational Planning is the act of be:
determining policies and guidelines for police activities and Alternative 1 - modify police vehicles
operations and providing controls and safeguards for such Alternative 2 - issuing bulletproof vests
activities and operations in the department. It may also be Alternative 3 - utilizing computer assisted dispatch system
the process of formulating coordinated sequence of Alternative 4 - increasing first-line supervision, etc.
methodical activities and allocation of resources to the line
units of the police organization for the attainment of the What are the Objectives of Police Planning?
mandated objectives or goals. 1. To increase the chances of success by focusing
on results and not so much on the objectives.
Objectives are specific commitments to achieve a 2. To force analytical thinking and evaluation of
measurable result within a specific period of time. Goals alternatives for better decisions.
are general statements of intention and typically with time 3. To establish a framework for decision making
horizon, or it is an achievable end state that can be consistent with the goal of the organization.
measured and observed. Making choices about goals is 4. To orient people to action instead of reaction.
one of the most important aspects of planning. Relate 5. To modify the day-to-day style of operation to
these definitions with their description as defined in future management.
chapter one. 6. To provide decision making with flexibility.
7. To provide basis for measuring original
The process of police operational planning involves accomplishments or individual performance.
strategies or tactics, procedures, policies or guidelines. A
Strategy is a broad design or method; or a plan to attain A. What can be expected in planning?
a stated goal or objectives. Tactics are specific design, 1. Improve analysis of problems
method or course of action to attain a particular objective 2. Provide better information for decision-
in consonance with strategy. Procedures are sequences making
of activities to reach a point or to attain what is desired. A 3. Help to clarify goals, objectives, priorities
policy is a product of prudence or wisdom in the 4. Result is more effective allocation of
management of human affairs, or policy is a course of resources
action which could be a program of actions adopted by 5. Improve inter and intradepartmental
an individual, group, organization, or government, or the cooperation and coordination
set of principles on which they are based. Guidelines are 6. Improve the performance of programs
rules of action for the rank and file to show them how they 7. Give the police department a clear sense of
are expected to obtain the desired effect. direction
8. Provide the opportunity for greater public
STRATEGIC PLANNING support
Strategic Planning is a series of preliminary
decisions on a framework, which in turn guides B. What are the characteristics of a good
subsequent decisions that generate the nature and police plan?
direction of an organization. This is usually long-range in 1. With clearly defined Objectives or Goals
nature. The reasons for Strategic Planning are: 2. Simplicity, Directness and Clarity
3. Flexibility
1. VISION - A vision of what a police department 4. Possibility of Attainment
should be. 5. Must provide Standards of Operation
2. LONG-RANGE THINKING - Keeping in mind 6. Economy in terms of Resources needed for
that strategy is deciding where we want to be implementation
3. STRATEGIC FOCUS
4. CONGRUENCE What are the guidelines in Planning? The five (5) W’s and
5. A STRATEGIC RESPONSE TO CHANGE one (1) H
6. A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK 1. What to do – mission/objective
2. Why to do – reason/philosophy
What is the Strategic Planning process? 3. When to do – date/time
• TASK 1 - Develop Mission and Objectives 4. Where to do – place
5. Who will do – people involve

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6. How to do – strategy • Suitability – each course of action is evaluated
in accordance with general policies, rules and laws.
What are the approaches in Police Planning? Feasibility - these include the appraisal of the effects of a
A variety of approaches are employed in number of factors weighed separately and together.
the planning processes. Each is unique and can be • Acceptability – those judged to be suitable and
understood as a method of operationalizing the feasible are then analyzed in acceptability studies.
word planning. There are basically five major • Cost-effectiveness Analysis - This technique
approaches to planning which are: is sometimes called cost-benefit or cost performance
1. Synoptic Approach analysis. The purpose of this form of selection is that the
2. Incremental Approach alternative chosen should maximize the ratio of benefit to
3. Transactive Approach cost.
4. Advocacy Approach • Must-want Analysis – This method of selecting
5. Radical Approach a preferred course of action combines the strengths of
both strategic and cost effectiveness analysis. Its is
What is Synoptic Planning? concerned with both the subjective weights of suitability,
feasibility, and acceptability and the objectives weights of
Synoptic planning or the rational cost versus benefits.
comprehensive approach is the dominant tradition in 8. Plan and carryout implementation - The
planning. It is also the point of departure for most other police administrator must be aware that the
planning approaches. implementation requires a great deal of tact and skill. It
This model is based on a problem-oriented may be more important how an alternative is introduced
approach to planning especially appropriate for police to a police department than what actually is.
agencies. It relies heavily on the problem identification and 9. Monitor and evaluate progress - Evaluation
analysis of the planning process. It can assist police requires comparing what actually happened with what was
administrators in formulating goals and priorities in terms planned for and this may not be a simple undertaking.
that are focused on specific problems and solutions that Feedback must be obtained concerning the results of the
often confront law enforcement. planning cycle, the efficiency of the implementation
process, and the effectiveness of new procedures, projects
Steps in Synoptic Planning or programs. This is an important step of synoptic
1. Prepare for Planning - The task of planning planning, trying to figure out what, if anything happened
should be detailed in a work chart that specifies (a) what as a result of implementing a selected alternative.
events and actions are necessary, (b) when they must take 10. Summation of the synoptic planning approach –
place, (c) who is to be involved in each action and for how This can be done by making a summary of the
long, and (d) how the various actions will interlock with presentation, could be tabular or other forms of
one another. presentation.
2. Describe the present situation - Planning must 11. Repeat the Planning Process – repetition of the
have a mean for evaluation. Without an accurate process of planning enables the planner to thresh out
beginning database there is no reference point on which possible flaws in the plan.
to formulate success or failure.
3. Develop projections and consider alternative What is Incremental Planning?
future states - Projections should be written with an Incrementalism concludes that long range and
attempt to link the current situation with the future, comprehensive planning are not only too difficult, but
keeping in mind the desirable outcomes. It is important for inherently bad. The problems are seen as too difficult
the police executive to project the current situations into when they are grouped together and easier to solve when
the future to determine possible, probable and desirable they are taken one at a time and broken down into gradual
future states while considering the social, legislative, and adjustments over time.
political trends existing in the community. What is Transactive Planning?
4. Identify and analyze problems - The discovery of Transactive planning is carried out in face-to-face
the problems assumes that a system to monitor and interaction with the people who are to be affected by the
evaluate the current arena is already in place. Closely plan and not to an anonymous target community of
related to the detection and identification of issues is the beneficiaries. Techniques include field surveys and
ability of the police to define the nature of the problem, interpersonal dialogue marked by a process of mutual
that is to able to describe the magnitude, cause, duration, learning.
and the expense of the issues at hand. A complete What is Advocacy Planning?
understanding of the problem leads to the development of Beneficial aspects of this approach include a
the means to deal with the issues. greater sensitivity to the unintended and negative side
5. Set goals - Making choices about goals is one of effects of plans.
the most important aspects of planning. It makes no sense What is Radical Planning?
to establish a goal that does not address a specific The first mainstream involves collective actions
problem. Remembering that the police departments are to achieve concrete results in the immediate future. The
problem oriented, choices about goals and objectives second mainstream is critical of large-scale social
should adhere to the synoptic model. processes and how they permeate the character of social
6. Identify alternative course of action – As stated and economic life at all levels, which, in turn, determine
earlier, alternatives are means by which goals and the structure and evolution of social problems.
objectives can be attained. These are options or possible
things to be done in case the main or original plan is not CONSIDERATIONS IN POLICE PLANNING
applicable.
7. Select preferred alternatives – there are a. Primary Doctrines
techniques to select alternative like:
• Strategic Analysis – this includes the study on • Fundamental Doctrines – These are the basic
the courses of actions; suitability studies; feasibility principles in planning, organization and management of
studies; acceptability studies; and judgment. the PNP in support of the overall pursuits of the PNP

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 Vision, Mission and strategic action plan of the attainment determining the contribution on efforts that can make or
of the national objectives. provide with allocated resources.
• Operational Doctrines – These are the
principles and rules governing the planning, organization Example: 6 Masters Plans:
and direction and employment of the PNP forces in the • Master Plan Sandigan-Milenyo
accomplishment of basic security operational mission in (Anti-Crime Master Plan)
the maintenance of peace and order, crime prevention and • Master Plan Sandugo (Support to
suppression, internal security and public safety operation. Internal Security Operations Master Plan)
• Functional Doctrines – These provide • Master Plan Banat (Anti-Illegal
guidance for specialized activities of the PNP in the broad Drugs Master Plan)
field of interest such as personnel, intelligence, operations, • Master Plan Sang-Ingat (Security
logistics, planning, etc. Operations Master Plan)
• Master Plan Saklolo (Disaster
b. Secondary Doctrines Management Master Plan)
• Sangyaman (protection and
• Complimentary Doctrines – Formulated Preservation of Environment, Cultural Properties, and
jointly by two or more bureaus in order to effect a certain Natural Resources Master Plan)
operation with regard to public safety and peace and
order. These essentially involve the participation of the 3. Operational or Short-Range Planning -
other bureaus of the Bureau of Jail Management and Refers to the production of plans, which determine the
Penology (BJMP), Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), schedule of special activity and are applicable from one
Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC), National week or less than a year duration. Plan that addresses
Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and other law enforcement immediate needs which are specific and how it can be
agencies. accomplished on time with available allocated resources.
• Ethical Doctrines – These define the
fundamental principles governing the rules of conduct, Examples of OPLANS:
attitude, behavior and ethical norm of the PNP. • Oplan Jumbo – Aviation Security Group Strategic
Plan against terrorist attacks
c. The Principles of Police Organization • Oplan Salikop – Criminal Investigation and
Detection Group (CIDG) Strategic Plan against Organized
The principles of organization are presented in Crime Groups
chapter three. These principles are considered in • The TMG through its "OPLAN DISIPLINA" that
police planning in order not to violate them but resulted in the apprehension of 110,975 persons, the
rather for the effective and efficient development confiscation of 470 unlawfully attached gadgets to
of police plans. vehicles, and rendering various forms of motorists’
assistance.
d. The Four (4) Primal Conditions of the Police • OPLAN BANTAY DALAMPASIGAN that sets forth
Organization the operational guidelines on the heightened security
measures and sea borne security patrols.
• Authority – The right to exercise, to decide,
and to command by virtue of rank and position. TYPES OF PLANS in general
• Doctrine – It provides for the 1. Reactive Plans are developed as a result of
organization’s objectives. It provides the various crisis. A particular problem may occur for which the
actions. Hence, policies, procedures, rules and department has no plan and must quickly develop one,
regulations of the organization are based on the sometimes without careful preparation.
statement of doctrines. 2. Proactive Plans are developed in anticipation of
• Cooperation or Coordination problems. Although not all police problems are predictable,
• Discipline – It is imposed by command or many are, and it is possible for a police department to
self-restraint to insure supportive behavior. prepare a response in advance.
3. Visionary Plans are essential statements that
Classifications of Police Plan identify the role of the police in the community and a
F. future condition or state to which the department can
G. According to coverage - Police Plans aspire. A vision may also include a statement of values to
could be Local Plans (within police be used to guide the decision-making process in the
precincts, sub-stations, and stations), department.
Regional Plans, and National Plans. 4. Strategic Plans are designed to meet the long-
range, overall goals of the organization. Such plans allow
H. According to Time - Police Plans are the department to adapt to anticipated changes or develop
classified as: a new philosophy or model of policing (e.g., community
1. Strategic or Long-Range Plan – It relates to policing). One of the most important aspects of strategic
plans which are strategic or long range in application, and planning is to focus on external environmental factors that
it determines the organization’s original goals and affect the goals and objectives of the department and how
strategy. they will be achieved. Important environmental factors
include personnel needs, population trends, technological
Example: Police Action Plan on the Strategy DREAMS and innovations, business trends and demand, crime
Program P-O-L-I-C-E 2000, Three Point Agenda, and problems, and community attitudes.
GLORIA (These are discussed on the latter part of this 5. Operational Plans (OPLANS) are designed to
Chapter). meet the specific tasks required to implement strategic
plans. There are four types of operational plan:
2. Intermediate or Medium Range Planning – a. Standing Plans provide the basic framework for
It relates to plans, which determine quantity and quality responding to organizational problems. The organizational
efforts and accomplishments. It refers to the process of vision and values, strategic statement, policies,

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procedures, and rules and regulations are examples of religious activities, carnivals, strikes, demonstrations, and
standing plans. Standing plans also include guidelines for other street affairs.
responding to different types of incidents; for example, a 3. Operational Plans – These are plans for the
civil disturbance, hostage situation, crime in progress, and operations of special divisions like the patrol, detective,
felony car stops. traffic, fire and juvenile control divisions. Operational plans
b. Functional Plans include the framework for the shall be prepared to accomplish each of the primary police
operation of the major functional units in the organization, tasks. For example, patrol activities must be planned, the
such as patrol and investigations. It also includes the force must be distributed among the shifts and territorially
design of the structure, how different functions and units among beats, in proportion to the needs of the service,
are to relate and coordinate activities, and how resources and special details must be planned to meet unexpected
are to be allocated. needs. Likewise, in the crime prevention and in traffic,
c. Operational-efficiency, effectiveness, and juvenile and vice control, campaigns must be planned and
productivity plans are essentially the measures or assignments made to assure the accomplishment of the
comparisons to be used to assess police activities and police purpose in meeting both average and regular needs.
behavior (outputs) and results (outcomes). If one of the Each division or unit has primary responsibility to plan
goals of the police department is to reduce the crime rate, operations in its field and also to execute the plans, either
any change that occurs can be compared to past crime by its own personnel or, as staff agency, by utilizing
rates in the same community or crime in other members of the other divisions.
communities, a state, or the nation. If the crime rates were
reduced while holding or reducing costs, it would reflect Plans for operations of special division consist of
an improvement not only in effectiveness but also in two types, namely: (1) those designed to meet everyday,
departmental productivity. year-round needs, which are the regular operating
d. Time-specific Plans are concerned with a program of the divisions; and (2) those designed to meet
specific purpose and conclude when an objective is unusual needs, the result of intermittent and usually
accomplished or a problem is solved. Specific police unexpected variations in activities that demand their
programs or projects such as drug crackdown, crime attention.
prevention program, and neighborhood clean-up
campaign are good examples of time-specific plans. Regular Operating Programs – These operating
divisions/units shall have specific plans to meet current
KINDS OF POLICE PLANS needs. The manpower shall be distributed throughout the
1. Policy and Procedural Plans – to properly hours of operation and throughout the area of jurisdiction
achieve the administrative planning responsibility within in proportion to need. Assignment schedules shall be
the unit, the Commander shall develop unit plans relating prepared that integrate such factors as relief days, lunch
to policies or procedure, tactics, operations, extra-office periods, hours, nature, and location of regular work. Plans
activities and management. shall assure suitable supervision, which become difficult
Further, standard-operating procedures shall be planned when the regular assignment is integrated to deal with this
to guide members in routine and field operations and in short time periodic needs.
some special operations in accordance with the following Meeting unusual needs – The unusual need may
procedures: arise in any field of police activity and is nearly always met
a. Field Procedure – Procedures intended to be in the detective, vice, and juvenile divisions by temporary
used in all situations of all kinds shall be outlined as a guide readjustment of regular assignment.
to officers and men in the field. Examples of these 4. Extra-office Plans – The active interest and the
procedures are those related to reporting, to dispatching, participation of individual citizen is so vital to the success
to raids, arrest, stopping suspicious persons, receiving of the PNP programs that the PNP shall continuously seek
complaints, touring beats, and investigation of crimes. to motivate, promote, and maintain an active public
The use of physical force and clubs, restraining devices, concern in its affairs. These are plans made to organize
firearms, tear gas and the like shall, in dealing with groups the community to assist in the accomplishment of
or individuals, shall also be outlined. objectives in the fields of traffic control, organized crime,
b. Headquarters Procedures – Included in these and juvenile delinquency prevention. The organizations
procedures are the duties of the dispatcher, jailer, matron, may be called safety councils for crime commissions and
and other personnel concerned which may be reflected in community councils for the delinquency prevention. They
the duty manual. Procedures that involve coordinated shall assist in coordinating community effort, in promoting
action on activity of several offices, however, shall be public support, and in combating organized crime.
established separately as in the case of using telephone Organization and operating plans for civil defense shall
for local or long-distance calls, the radio teletype, and also be prepared or used in case of emergency or war in
other similar devices. coordination with the office of the Civil Defense.
c. Special Operation Procedures – Certain 5. Management Plans – Plans of management
special operations also necessitate the preparation of shall map out in advance all operations involved in the
procedures as guides. Included are the operation of the organization management of personnel and material and
special unit charged with the searching and preservation in the procurement and disbursement of money, such as
of physical evidence at the crime scenes and accidents, the following:
the control of licenses, dissemination of information about
wanted persons, inspection of the PNP headquarters, and a. Budget Planning – Present and future money
the like. needs for personnel, equipment, and capital investments
2. Tactical Plans – These are the procedures for must be estimated. Plans for supporting budget request
coping with specific situations at known locations. must be made if needed appropriations are to be obtained.
Included in this category are plans for dealing with an b. Accounting Procedures – Procedures shall be
attack against buildings with alarm systems and an attack established and expenditure reports be provided to assist
against the PNP headquarters by lawless elements. Plans in making administrative decisions and in holding
shall be likewise be made for blockade and jail expenditures within the appropriations.
emergencies and for special community events, such as c. Specifications and Purchasing Procedures
longer public meetings, athletic contests, parades, – Specifications shall be drawn for equipment and

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supplies. Purchasing procedures shall likewise be Juvenile Delinquency Control – Effective
established to insure the checking of deliveries against crime control necessitates preventing the development of
specifications of orders. Plans and specifications shall be individuals as criminals. The police commander shall
drafted for new building and for remodeling old ones. recognize a need for preventing crime or correcting
d. Personnel – Procedures shall be established to conditions that induce criminality and by rehabilitating the
assure the carrying out of personnel programs and the delinquent.
allocation of personnel among the component
organizational units in proportions need. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPs)
e. Organization – A basic organizational plan of Standard Operating Procedures or SOPs are
the command/unit shall be made and be posted for the products of police operational planning adopted by
guidance of the force. For the organization to be the police organization to guide the police officers
meaningful, it shall be accompanied by the duty manual in the conduct of their duties and functions,
which shall define relationships between the component especially during field operations.
units in terms of specific responsibilities. The duty manual
incorporates rules and regulations and shall contain the The following are Police Security Service
following: definition of terms, organization of rank, and the Package of the PNP with the following standard operating
like, provided the same shall not be in conflict with this procedures and guidelines:
manual. 1. SOP #01 – POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES
- This SOP prescribes the basic procedures to be observed
FIELD OPERATIONS: How planning affects them? by all PNP Units and mobile patrol elements in the conduct
Field Operations shall be directed by the police of visibility patrols.
commander and the subordinate commanders and the 2. SOP #02 – BANTAY KALYE - This SOP prescribes
same shall be aimed at the accomplishment of the the deployment of 85% of the PNP in the field to increase
following primary tasks more effectively and economically: police visibility and intensifies anti-crime campaign
Patrol – The patrol force shall accomplish the nationwide.
primary responsibility of safeguarding the community 3. SOP #03 – SIYASAT - This SOP prescribes the
through the protection of persons and property, the guidelines in the conduct of inspections to ensure police
preservation of the peace, the prevention of crime, the visibility.
suppression of criminal activities, the apprehension of 4. SOP #4 – REACT 166 - REACT 166 was launched
criminals, the enforcement of laws and ordinances and in 1992 as the people’s direct link to the police to receive
regulations of conduct, and performing necessary service public calls for assistance and complaints for prompt action
and inspections. by police authorities. This SOP prescribes the procedures
Investigation – The basic purpose of the in detail of Duty Officers, Telephone Operators and Radio
investigation division unit shall be to investigate certain Operators for REACT 166; and their term of duty and
designated crimes and clear them by the recovery of responsibilities.
stolen property and the arrest and conviction of the 5. SOP #5 – LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING) - With
perpetrators. To this end, the investigation division shall the creation of the Presidential Anti-Organization Crime
supervise the investigation made by patrolman and Task Force (PAOCTF), the PNP is now in support role in
undertake additional investigation as may be necessary of campaign against kidnapping in terms of personnel
all felonies. requirements. SOP #5 sets forth the PNP’s guidelines in its
Traffic Patrol – Police control of streets or fight against kidnapping activities.
highways, vehicles, and people shall facilitate the safe and 6. SOP #6 – ANTI-CARNAPPING - This SOP
rapid movement of vehicles and pedestrians. To this end, prescribes the conduct of an all-out and sustained anti-
the inconvenience, dangers and economic losses that arise carnapping campaign to stop/minimize carnapping
from this moment, congestion, delays, stopping and activities, neutralize syndicated carnapping groups,
parking of vehicles must be lessened. Control of traffic identify/prosecute government personnel involved in
shall be accomplished in three (3) ways: carnapping activities, and to effectively address other
▪ Causes of accidents and congestion shall be criminal activities related to car napping.
discovered, facts gathered and analyzed for this purpose; 7. SOP #7 – ANTI-TERRORISM - This prescribes
▪ Causes shall be remedied, charges shall be the operational guidelines in the conduct of operations
made in physical condition that create hazards, and against terrorists and other lawless elements involved in
legislation shall be enacted to regulated drivers and terrorist activities.
pedestrians; and 8. SOP #8 – JOINT ANTI-BANK ROBBERY ACTION
▪ The public shall be educated in the COMMITTEE (ANTI-BANK ROBBERY) - This SOP provides
provisions of traffic and ordinances. Motorists and overall planning, integration, orchestration or
pedestrians shall be trained in satisfactory movement coordination, and monitoring of all efforts to ensure the
habits, and compliance with regulations shall be obtained successful implementation.
by enforcement. The police shall initiate action and 9. SOP #9 – ANTI-HIJACKING/HIGHWAY
coordinate the efforts of the agencies that are concerned ROBBERY - This SOP sets forth the guidelines and
in the activities. concepts of operations to be observed in the conduct of
anti-highway robbery/hold-up/hijacking operations.
Vice Control – It shall be the determined stand 10. SOP #10 – PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-HOPE -
of the PNP in the control of vices to treat vice offenses as This SOP sets forth the concept of operations and tasks of
they shall do to any violation, and to exert efforts to all concerned units in the campaign against Partisan
eliminate them, as their attempt to eliminate robbery, Armed Groups and loose fire.
theft, and public disturbance. Control of vice, shall be 11. SOP # 11 – MANHUNT BRAVO
based on law rather than on moral precepts, and intensive (NEUTRALIZATION OF WANTED PERSONS) - This SOP
operations shall be directed toward their elimination. A sets forth the objectives and concept of operation tasks of
primary interest in vice control results from the close all concerned units in the neutralization of wanted
coordination between vice and criminal activities. persons.
Constant raids of known vice dens shall be undertaken. 12. SOP #12 – ANTI-ILLEGAL GAMBLING - This SOP
sets forth the operational thrusts to be undertaken by the

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 PNP that will spearhead the fight against all forms of illegal an emergency may not always be a disaster. An
gambling nationwide. EMERGENCY falls into 2 broad categories:
13. SOP #13 – ANTI-SQUATTING - This SOP sets
forth the concept of operation in the campaign against Disaster
professional squatters and squatting syndicates. (Natural Crisis)
14. SOP #14 – JERICHO - This SOP prescribes the
operational guidelines to be undertaken by the National floods, earthquake, famine, typhoon, diseases,
Headquarter (NHQ) of PNP in the establishment of a quick volcanic eruption, crashes, industrial accident,
reaction group that can be detailed with the office of the fires, landslide, avalanches, tsunamis, etc.
Secretary of Interior and Local Government (SILG), with
personnel and equipment requirements of that reaction Induced
group supported by the PNP. Catastrophe
15. SOP #15 – NENA (ANTI- (Man-made Crisis)
PROSTITUTION/VAGRANCY) - This SOP sets forth the
operational thrusts to be undertaken by the PNP that will arson, bombing, kidnapping, robbery, hostage-
spearhead the fight against prostitution and vagrancy. taking, skyjacking, assassination, ambush, and
16. SOP #16 – ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY - This other acts terrorism
prescribes the guidelines to be followed by tasked PNP
Units/Offices in enforcing the ban on pornographic Commonalities:
pictures, videos and magazines. ▪ Deciding Policy
17. SOP #17 – GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF ▪ Assessing Threat
ARREST, SEARCH, AND SEIZURE -This SOP prescribes the ▪ Identifying Resources
procedures and manner of conducting an arrest, raid, ▪ Selecting crisis team personnel
search and/or search of person, search of any premises ▪ Locating crisis management center
and the seizure of properties pursuant to the 1987 ▪ Equipping the crisis center
Philippine Constitution, Rules of Court, as amended and ▪ Testing contingency plans and emergency
updated decision of the Supreme Court. procedures
18. SOP #18 – SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF ▪ Dealing with the media
SANDIGAN MASTER PLAN ▪ Dealing with victims and their families
19. SOP #19 – ANTI-ILLEGAL LOGGING ▪ Dealing with other affected person (such as
20. SOP #20 – ANTI-ILLEGAL FISHING employees)
21. SOP #21 – ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS ▪ Getting the organization’s normal work done
▪ Returning to normal after the crisis
DISASTER AND EMERGENCY PLANNING
Emergency and disaster planning is one of the most Plan Checklist
important interrelated functions in a security system. It is ✓ Identify the type of crisis/disaster/induced
important in any organization as physical security, fire catastrophe
protection, guard forces, security of documents and personnel ✓ Identify which operation, facility, personnel at
security. risk
✓ Prioritize accordingly
Emergency and disaster planning refers to ✓ Determine effects of emergencies in the
the preparation in advance of protective and safety operation
measures for unforeseen events resulting from natural and ✓ Identify broad categories that must be addressed
human actions. in your contingency planning
Disaster plans outline the actions to be taken by ✓ Review existing emergency plans to identify gaps
those designated for specific job. This will result in ✓ Consider the environment with in which your
expeditious and orderly execution of relief and assistance emergency plans will be implemented.
to protect properties and lives. These plans must also be
rehearsed so that when the bell ring, there will be speed Assessing the Risk
and not haste in the execution. Speed is the accurate Pro-crisis Actions - “The planning process
accomplishment of a plan as per schedule, while haste is begins with an understanding of the situation and
doing a job quickly with errors. Plans therefore must be recognition that a number of policy decisions must be
made when any or all of the emergencies arise. Those made before the actual planning can begin.”; “Many
plans, being special in nature, must be prepared with emergencies can be prevented completely with adequate
people whose expertise in their respective field is legion thought and action. Others can be anticipated – often by
together with the coordination and help of management, doing nothing but mere common sense. REMEMBER! It
security force, law enforcement agencies, and selected was not raining when NOAH build the ark.”
employees.
Planning is necessary to meet disaster and Checklist for a Disaster Action Plan
emergency conditions and it must be continuing and duly ✓ Identify the type of disaster occurred in the area
supported by management. One aspect of the plans will ✓ Identify those that could affect your operation in
be to consider recovery measures to be undertaken by the the area
organization. Being prepared for the eventuality gives ✓ Determine which scenarios are plausible
better chances of protection and eventual recovery than ✓ Survey your physical facilities and operating
those not prepared. Without planning, the emergency or procedures to determine preparedness
disaster can become catastrophic. With a good, suitable ✓ Survey surrounding area to determine if there are
plan to follow, the unusual becomes ordinary, hence, the operations or facilities near which might create
mental preparedness for easy survival and recovery. emergencies
✓ Establish a liaison with law enforcement agencies
Understanding Disaster and emergency response groups
A DISASTER is a sudden, unforeseen, extraordinary ✓ Know where to get help, how to get help, and
occurrence. It can be considered as an EMERGENCY but what help you can expect

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✓ Know who currently has authority to make key ✓ Medical and Relief Operations Officer
decisions with in your organization and who control access ✓ Financial Specialist
to decision makers in an emergency
✓ Review emergency procedures, its completeness Each disaster team member must be oriented and
and accuracy trained on their respective role and the functional
Phases in Emergency/Disaster Planning requirements for disaster management.
Phase I - Assessment of the Situation
This will be a research in depth by a knowledgeable Disaster Action Team Duties
and specially trained group on the vulnerabilities as well On Pre-event
as the resources available for the disaster plan. Surveys ✓ Supervise the formulation of policies
and Inspection may be conducted ✓ Ensure the development of procedures
Phase II – Writing the Plan ✓ Participate in preparing plans
The plan will have to be written based on the ✓ Oversee and participate in exercise of plans
findings in phase I. The plan can be code title. ✓ Select crisis management/disaster center
Management will just call for the name of the plan. ✓ Participate in personnel training
Phase III – Testing the Plan ✓ Review preparation of materials
Dry runs of the emergency plan is a part of the entire ✓ Delegate authority
process of planning to determine plan reliability and to ✓ Brief personnel
identify deficiencies and make neceassry corrections or ✓ Ensure the assembly of supplies
adjustments. ✓ Ensure preparation of rest, food, medical areas
Phase IV – Critique the Plan
This involves the analysis of feedbacks. The During the Event
unworkable procedures should be noted and finally ✓ Establish shift schedules immediately
corrected. ✓ Delegate tasks
Checklist for Reviewing Policies, Procedures, and ✓ Focus on underlying problem
Plans ✓ Maintain control
✓ Compile and review your organization’s policies ✓ Follow organizational policies
on various contingencies before establishing your plans ✓ Use prepared procedures
✓ Ensure that these policies are known throughout ✓ Innovate as needed
the organization and that they are included in your ✓ Ensure that information is shared with the entire
emergency manuals team
✓ Ensure that your procedures and plans are ✓ Review all press release and public statements
consistent with your organization’s established policies and ✓ Double check or confirm informations if possible
goals ✓ Aid victim and their families
✓ Identify appropriate outside consultants and ✓ Try to anticipate future consequences
other sources of assistance in developing and ✓ Control stress of team members
implementing your plans and procedures ✓ Ensure log maintenance
✓ Ensure that appropriate personnel have any
security clearances or background cheks which might be On Post Event (After the Incident)
required ✓ Evaluate effectiveness of plans
✓ Establish a viable record-keeping system and ✓ Evaluate adequacy of procedures
procedures to ensure they are followed ✓ Debrief personnel
✓ Evaluate equipment and training used
Organizing Disaster Management Team ✓ Revise plans and procedures in the light of new
Disaster Team Leadership experience
Disaster team leadership is vested in one person, who ✓ Reward personnel as appropriate
should designate an alternate capable of acting ✓ Assist victims as appropriate
independently in his or her absence. One of the team ✓ Document events
leader’s primary tasks is to ensure that control is ✓ Prepare after-action reports
maintained over the team’s activities, information flow, ✓ Arrange an orderly transition to normal
and the implementation of decisions and organizational conditions
policies. For this reason, the team leader should be a ✓ Retain archives
person who has demonstrated ability to function under
pressure, must have sufficient authority to make on the The chain of events during a disaster is simplified as
spot decisions within the framework of overall follows:
organization’s policy, access to decision makers when ✓ Security receives initial report of emergency
required, and the ability to recognize which decisions to ✓ Security notifies Disaster Team Leader
make independently and which to refer to upper ✓ Team leader decides if immediate action is
management. required
✓ If action is required, he notifies the other team
Disaster Action Team Members members to convene at the crisis management center
Depending on the size of the organization and ✓ Initial liason established and actions taken:
the number of people available, the following team create log, contact of family, employees involved,
members may be considered: government or law enforcement liaison contacts, prepare
✓ Team leader/ Alternate contingency press guidance, others.
✓ Executive Assistance ✓ Respond to event
✓ Public Affairs Crowd Control and Riot Prevention
✓ Liaison Officers
✓ (for family/victim/government/International) Riot, in general is an offense against the public
✓ Administrative Support peace. It is interpreted as a tumultuous disturbance by
✓ Communications Specialist several persons who have unlawfully assembled to assist
✓ Legal Specialist one another, by the use of force if necessary, against

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anyone opposing them in the execution of some enterprise Dispersal – The crowd of unlawful assembly or
of a private nature; and who execute such enterprise in a riot should be dispersed at once. It may appear at first to
violent manner, to the terror of the people. be a legal assembly but the nature of the assembly at the
time of the arrival of the police may clearly distinguish it
Under the law, it is punishable for any organizer or as being unlawful. Once it is determined, the responsibility
leader of any meeting attended by armed persons for the of the police to command the people to disperse. Crowd
purpose of committing any of the crimes punishable under control formations may be done if necessary, to expedite
the Revised Penal Code, or any meeting in which the their movements.
audience is incited to the commission of the crimes of
treason, rebellion or insurrection, sedition or assault upon Prevention of Entry or Reentry- The police
a person in authority or his agents (Art. 146, RPC). It is have to protect the area once the people have been moved
also punishable for any person who shall cause any serious out or dissipated into smaller groups to prevent them from
disturbance in a public place, office, or establishment, or returning. Enforce quarantine by not allowing the group to
shall interrupt or disturb public functions or gatherings or resume their actions.
peaceful meetings (Art 153, RPC).
Arrest Violators – One of the first acts of the
Some Basic Definition of Terms: police upon arrival at the scene of the disturbance is to
locate and isolate individuals who are inciting the crowd to
Tumultuous – The disturbance or interruption violate or fragrantly violating the law. Prevent any attempt
shall be deemed tumultuous if caused by more than three by the crowd or mob to rescue those arrested by enforcing
persons who are armed or provided with means of total quarantine.
violence.
Outcry – The means to shout subversive or Establish Priorities – Depending upon the
proactive words tending to stir up the people to obtain by circumstances, it is always necessary to establish
means of force or violence. priorities. Assessing the situation to determine the nature
Crowd – It consists of a body of individual of assistance and number of men needed is part of the
people with no organization, no single partnership. Each planning process.
individual’s behavior is fairly controlled and ruled by
reason. All the participants have been thrown by What are the Basic Procedures in Anti-Riot
circumstance into a crowd for some common purpose that Operations?
may give them at least one thing in common.
Mob – It takes on the semblance of organization Assess the Situation
with some common motive for action, such as revenge for ✓ determine whether the original purpose of the
a crime committed on the scene where the crowd gathering was lawful or not
assembled, an aggravated fight, or a confrontation with ✓ determine also the lawfulness at the time of
the police. At times like this, there is already a strong arrival at the scene
feeling of togetherness (“we are one” attitude). ✓ assess their attitude, emotional state, and their
Riot – It is a violent confusion in a crowd. Once general condition
a mob started to become violent, it becomes a riot. ✓ determine any state of intoxication and other
conditions that may lead to violence
What is the Role of Planning in Crowd Control or ✓ identify the cause of the problem
Riot Prevention? ✓ locate and identify leaders or agitators
A sound organizational planning, training, logistical
support and a high departmental morale are the essential Survey the Scene
success elements in modern counter-riot operations. ✓ determine as soon as possible the best position
of the command post
The control of violent civil disorder involving large ✓ locate the best vintage point for observations
segments of the population, especially in congested urban ✓ consider geographical factors such as natural
areas, requires a disciplined, aggressive police counter- barriers, buildings, and weather condition
action which at the same time adheres to the basic law ✓ note the best method of approach
enforcement precepts. This is done through effective
police operational planning. Communicate
✓ report on your assessment, keeping your
Through planning, the law violators can be arrested assessment brief but concise, giving your superior the
and processed within the existing legal frameworks by the sufficient data with which to proceed for plans of action
exercise of reasonable force. Without an immediate ✓ ask for assistance or help from the command
decisive police action, the continually recurring conditions post hence remain close to the radio as possible until
of civil unrest and lawlessness could quickly evolve into a additional units arrived or to communicate new
full-scale riot. Police planning could provide the best police developments
reaction and order can be restored with a minimum of
property damage and injury. Maintain a Watchful Waiting
✓ make your presence known to the people in the
What are the Police Purpose and Objectives in Anti- vicinity
Riot Operations? ✓ if the crowd is too much to handle, stay near the
command post and wait for additional support units
Containment – Unlawful assembly and riot are as ✓ use radio or other means of communications to
contagious as a plague unless they are quarantined from call for assistance
the unaffected areas of the community. Here, all persons ✓ make preparations for decisive police action.
who are at the scene should be advised to leave the area,
thereby reducing the number of potential anti-police Concentrate on Rescue and Self-Defense
combatants. ✓ take care of the immediate needs of the situation
until help arrives

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✓ apply first aid to injured people and self- Arsonist – Persons holding torch in their hands are
protection must be considered potential arsonists. They must be taken into custody
✓ remember the primary objective of protecting immediately.
lives, property and the restoration of order Looters – Acts of simple misdemeanor thefts or may
consist of robbery of breaking and entering. Take the
Maintain an Open Line of Communication suspects into custody by whatever means are necessary.
✓ keep the dispatcher advised on the progress of
the scene SPECIALIZED LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
✓ continue directing the support units to the scene A. The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
and the general perimeter control The NBI is a line agency under the Department of Justice
Establish a Command Posts and serves as the premier investigative agency of
✓ follow what is in your contingency plan for civil government. A director heads it and with an assistant
disturbance director and six (6) deputy directors for
✓ make every officer aware of the command post - Special Investigation Services (SIS); Regional Operations
for proper coordination Services (ROS); Intelligence Services (IS); Technical
Services (TS); Administrative Services (AS); and
Take immediate action for serious violations Comptroller Services (CS). Its territorial jurisdiction is
✓ arrest perpetrators national in scope, and its power to investigate cases
✓ isolate the leaders or agitators from the crowd extends to all municipalities, cities, provinces of the entire
✓ show full police force strength Philippine Archipelago.

Give the dispersal order Legal Basis of the National Bureau of Investigation
✓ disperse the crowd upon order Commonwealth Act No. 181 (November 13, 1936)
✓ anti-riot formations and procedures must be used saw the inception of the National Bureau of Investigation,
✓ use of force necessary for dispersal maybe called initially Division of Investigation (patterned after the
considered US Federal Bureau of Investigation).

What are the General Guidelines in Handling Riot? Republic Act No. 157 (June 19, 1947) reorganized the
1. Pre-planning must be high on the agenda Division of Investigation into the Bureau of Investigation
whenever the department anticipates any disorder or under the Department of Justice (DOJ).
major disturbance.
2. Meet with responsible leaders at the scene and Executive Order No. 94 (October 4, 1949) renamed
express your concern for assuring them their constitutional the Bureau of Investigation to National Bureau of
guarantees. Request them to disperse the crowd before Investigation, which remained attached to DOJ.
attempting to take police action.
3. Maintain order and attempt to quell the Executive Order No. 292 (July 25, 1987), the
disturbance without attempting to punish any of the organizational structure and operation of the DOJ and its
violators. attached agencies, including the NBI.
4. Use only the force that is necessary but take
positive and decisive action. Republic Act No. 10867 (June 23, 2016), otherwise
5. Post the quarantine area with signs and known as the "National Bureau of Investigation
barricades, if necessary. Reorganization and Modernization Act."
6. Keep the traffic lane open for emergency and
support vehicle. Powers and Functions of the National Bureau of
7. Consider the fact that most impressive police Investigation [S-4, R.A. 10867]
action at the scene of any type of major disturbance is the 1. Undertake investigation and detection of crimes
expeditious removal of the leaders by a well-disciplined and offenses enumerated under Section 5 hereof;
squad of officers.
8. For riot control, consider the following: 2. Issue subpoena for the appearance of any person
▪ Surprise Offensive – The police action in its initial for investigation or production of documents, through its
stages at a riot must be dramatic. The elements of surprise officers from the ranks of Regional Director to Director;
may enhance effectiveness of riot control.
▪ Security of Information – Plans for action and 3. Act as a national clearinghouse of criminal
communications regarding the movement of personnel records and other related information for the benefit of the
and equipment should be kept confidential. government; Director;
▪ Maximum utilization of Force – A show of police
force should be made in a well-organized manner, 4. Render technical assistance to government
compact, and efficient in a military-type squad formation. agencies and instrumentalities, when so requested;
▪ Flexibility of Assignments – Officers and teams
should be flexibly assigned to various places where the 5. Extend assistance in cases involving extradition
need is greatest. and mutual legal assistance, when requested by the
▪ Simplicity – Keep the plan as simple as possible Department of Justice;
and the instructions are direct to avoid mass confusion
among the officers. 6. Establish an NBI Academy which shall be
responsible for the recruitment, training, and development
What are the Special Problems in Crowd Control of all NBI agents and personnel, among others;
and Anti-Riot Operations?
7. Establish and maintain a Forensic and Scientific
Snipers – Certain psychopathic people may attempt Research Center which shall serve as the primary center
to take advantage of the mass confusion and excitement for forensic and scientific research in furtherance of
at a riot scene by taking a concealed position and shooting scientific knowledge in criminal investigation, detection,
at people with some type of weapons, usually rifle.

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evidence collection, and preservation, and provide the 10. Violations of commercial, economic, and financial
necessary training therefor; or white-collar crimes such as, but not limited to, those
punishable under Republic Act No. 8792, otherwise known
8. Establish and maintain a Cyber Investigation and as "E-Commerce Act of 2000"; Republic Act No. 8484,
Assessment Center which shall serve as the nerve center otherwise known as "Access Devices Regulations Act of
for computer information technologies, data on 1998"; Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as
cybercrime cases, computer intrusion, threats, and other "Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines"; Republic
related crimes or activities; Act No. 8799, otherwise known as "Securities Regulation
Code"; Presidential Decree No. 1689, otherwise known as
9. Establish and maintain an integrated, "Decree Increasing the Penalty for Certain Forms of
comprehensive, and state-of-the-art network of Estafa," and other similar penal statutes that Congress
equipment and facilities to be used by the NBI in its may enact; and
criminal investigation, detection, and evidence gathering, 11. Any crime when the public interest so requires as
and to provide the corresponding training in this regard directed by the President or the Secretary of Justice.

10. Request the assistance of the Philippine National Note: Once the NBI takes cognizance of any of the
Police (PNP), Armed Forces of the Philippines, or any other aforementioned cases, the PNP and other law enforcement
agency of the government, including government-owned agencies/investigative entities shall collaborate with and
and/ or -controlled corporations, in its anti-crime drive. assist the NBI. In cases where jurisdiction is vested
Such assistance may include the use of the agency's exclusively and/or primarily with the PNP or other law
personnel and facilities upon prior approval by the head of enforcement agency/investigating agency, the NBI shall
the agency concerned collaborate with and assist the same.

11. Conduct intelligence operations in furtherance of Qualifications for NBI Agents [S-8, R.A. 10867]
the foregoing powers and functions; 1. Citizen of the Philippines;
2. Of good moral character;
12. Enter into any contract or transaction for the 3. A member of the Philippine Bar or a holder of a
acquisition, ownership, possession, administration, lease, Baccalaureate Degree who passed the necessary
disposition, or acceptance of real or personal property in government licensure examination relevant to the
its name, subject to the approval of the Secretary of investigative functions of the NBI; and
Justice; 4. Successfully passed the competitive mental and
physical examinations required by the NBI.
13. Establish a modern NBI Clearance and
Identification Center containing all derogatory and criminal B. The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
records and civilian identification records, including their (PDEA)
identifying marks and characteristics and fingerprint =The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency is the lead anti-
database, as well as dental records under Presidential drug law enforcement agency responsible for preventing,
Decree No. 1575, entitled "Requiring Practitioners of investigating, and combating any dangerous drugs,
Dentistry to Keep Records of Their Patients"; controlled precursors, and essential
chemicals within the Philippines.
14. Maintain, for purposes of investigative and = It is headed by a Director General (DG) with the
forensic requirements of the NBI, relevant database such Cabinet rank of Undersecretary, who is responsible for
as ballistic records of firearms including, but not limited to, the general administration and management of the
data ownership, possession, and other related identifying agency.
circumstances; and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) =Two Deputies Director-General assists the Director-
databank; and General with the rank of Assistant Secretary: one for
Administration (DDGA) and the other one for
15. Perform such other functions as the President or Operations (DDGO).
the Secretary of Justice may assign.
The office of the Director-General is also supported by the
Primary Investigative Jurisdiction of the NBI [S-5, Secretary for Directorial Staff, Chief of Public Information
R.A. 10867] Office (PIO), Chief of Information Technology Systems
1. Human Trafficking cases in all airports in the Management Office (ITSMO), and
Philippines Chief of Chemical Audit and Management Unit (CAMU).
2. Extrajudicial/Extra-legal killings committed by the
state's security forces against media practitioners and The Director-General of the PDEA is responsible for the
activists; necessary changes in the organizational set-up submitted
3. Killings of justices and judges; to the DDB for approval.
4. Violation of Republic Act No. 10175, otherwise
known as the "Cybercrime Prevention Act"; Moreover, the PDEA is consists of national staff services
5. Cases referred by the Inter-Agency Anti-Graft and regional offices to wit:
Coordinating Council (IAGCC); • Administrative Staff
6. Violations of the Anti-Dummy Law; • Administrative and Human Resource Service
7. Cases involving threats to security or assaults (AHRS)
against the persons of the President, Vice President, • Financial Management Service (FMS)
Senate President, Speaker of the House of • Logistics Management Service (LMS)
Representatives, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; • Internal Affairs Service (IAS)
8. Transnational crimes pursuant to existing • Operational Staff
international agreements; • Intelligence and Investigation Service (IIS)
9. Identification of the dead/victims in case of mass • Plans and Operations Service (POS)
fatality incidents caused by natural disasters; • Legal and Prosecution Service (LPS)
• Compliance Service (CS)

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• International Cooperation and Foreign Affairs dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
• Service (ICFAS) chemical as provided for in this Act and the provisions of
• Preventive Education and Presidential Decree 1619;
Community Involvement 3. Administer an oath, issue subpoena and
• Service (PECIS) subpoena duces tecum relative to the conduct of
• Special Enforcement Service (SES) investigation involving the violations of this Act
• Laboratory Service (LS) 4. Arrest and apprehend as well as search all
violators and seize or confiscate the effects or proceeds of
Regional Offices the crimes as provided by law and take custody thereof,
It consists of 17 Regional Offices headed by Directors for this purpose, the prosecutors and enforcement agents
in the different regions of the country, responsible for are authorized to possess firearms, following existing laws;
implementing RA 9165 and the agency's policies, 5. Take charge and have custody of all dangerous
programs, and projects in different regions. drugs and/ or controlled precursors and essential
chemicals seized, confiscated, or surrendered to any
PDEA Academy national, provincial, or local law enforcement agency if no
PDEA maintains its own PDEA Academy temporarily longer needed for purposes of evidence in court;
located at Camp General Mariano N. Castañeda in Silang, 6. Establish forensic laboratories in each PNP office
Cavite. The PDEA Academy is headed by a in every province and city to facilitate action on seized or
superintendent with the rank of director. It is confiscated drugs, thereby hastening its destruction
responsible for the recruitment and training of all PDEA without delay;
agents and personnel. Thus, PDEA Academy formulates 7. Recommend to the DOJ the forfeiture of
basic and specialized anti-drug training courses and career properties and other assets of persons and/or corporations
courses for all PDEA Agents and Personnel. found to be violating the provisions of this Act and
following the pertinent provisions of the Anti-Money-
Legal Basis of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Laundering Act of 2001;
Agency 8. Prepare for prosecution or cause the filing of
PDEA was established by virtue of Republic Act No. appropriate criminal and civil cases for violation of all laws
9165, or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of on dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential
2002, on June 7, 2002, and it took effect on July 4, chemicals, and other similar controlled substances, and
2002. The law defines more concrete courses of action assist, support, and coordinate with other government
for the national anti-drug campaign, imposes heavier agencies for the proper and effective prosecution of the
penalties on offenders, and reorganized the Philippine same;
drug law enforcement system. While the Dangerous 9. Monitor and, if warranted by circumstances, in
Drugs Board remains as the policy-making and coordination with the Philippine Postal Office and the
strategy- formulating body in planning and Bureau of Customs, inspect all air cargo packages, parcels,
formulation of policies and programs on drug control and and mails in the central post office, which appear from the
prevention, it created the Philippine Drug Enforcement package and address itself to be a possible importation of
Agency under the Office of the President. dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and
essential chemicals, through on- line or cyber shops via
The R.A. 9165 abolished the National Drug Law the internet or cyberspace;
Enforcement and Prevention Coordinating Center created 10. Conduct eradication programs to destroy wild or
under Executive Order No. 61. The Narcotics Group of illegal growth of plants from which dangerous drugs may
Philippine National Police (PNP-NG), Narcotics be extracted;
Division of National Bureau of Investigation (NBI-ND), and 11. Initiate and undertake the formation of a
the Customs Narcotics Interdiction Unit of the Bureau of nationwide organization that shall coordinate and
Customs (BOC-CNIU). supervise all activities against drug abuse in every
province, city, municipality, and barangay with the active
Under Executive Order No.206 dated May 15, 2003, these and direct
law enforcement agencies have organized the following
anti-illegal drugs task force to support the PDEA: participation of all such local government units and non-
governmental organizations, including the citizenry,
• Philippine National Police - Anti-Illegal Drugs subject to the provisions of previously formulated
Special Operation Task Force (PNP-AIDSOTF); programs of action against dangerous drugs;
• National Bureau of Investigation - Anti-Illegal 12. Establish and maintain a national drug
Drugs Task Force (NBI-AIDTF); intelligence system in cooperation with law enforcement
• Bureau of Customs - Customs Task Group/Force agencies, other government agencies/offices, and local
in Dangerous Drugs and Controlled Chemicals (BOC- government units that will assist in its apprehension of big-
CTGFDDCC). time drug lords;
13. Establish and maintain close coordination,
Powers and Duties of the PDEA [S-84, R.A. 9165] cooperation, and linkages with international drug control
1. Implement or cause the efficient and effective and administration agencies and organizations, and
implementation of the national drug control strategy implement the applicable provisions of international
formulated by the board, thereby carrying out a national conventions and agreements related to dangerous drugs
drug campaign program which shall include drug law to which the Philippines is a signatory;
enforcement, control, and prevention campaign with the 14. Create and maintain an efficient special
assistance of concerned government agencies, enforcement unit to conduct an investigation, file charges,
2. Undertake the enforcement of the provisions of and transmit evidence to the proper court, wherein
Article II of this Act relative to the unlawful acts and members of the said unit shall possess suitable and
penalties involving any dangerous drug and/or controlled adequate firearms for their protection in connection with
precursor and essential chemical and investigate all the performance of their duties: Provided, that no previous
violators and other matters involved in the commission of special permit for such possession shall be required;
any crime relative to the use, abuse or trafficking of any

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15. Require all government and private hospitals, Its functional command units include The Maritime
clinics, doctors, dentists, and other practitioners to submit Security Command (MARSECOM), Marine Environmental
a report to it, in Protection Command (MEPCOM), and Maritime Safety
coordination with the Board, about all dangerous drugs Services Command (MSSC). Its special operations
and/ or controlled precursors and essential chemicals command consists of Coast Guard Aviation Force/ Coast
which they have attended to for data and information Guard Air Group, Special Operations Force, and Philippine
purposes; Coast Guard Auxiliary (Civilian support group).
16. Coordinate with the Board for the facilitation of
the issuance of necessary guidelines, rules, and Philippine Coast Guard Officers' Basic Education
regulations for the proper implementation of this Act; and and Training Center
17. Initiate and undertake a national campaign for The PCG also operates the Philippine Coast Guard Officers'
drug prevention and drug control programs, where it may Basic Education and Training Center (PCGOBETC), an
enlist the assistance of any department, bureau, office, officer candidate school of PCG officer aspirants. Cadets
agency, or instrumentality of the government, including taking the Coast Guard Officers' Course (CGOC) became
government- owned and/or controlled corporations, in the Probationary Ensigns (PENS), and after graduation, they
anti-illegal drugs drive, which may include the use 53 54 will be commissioned as officers in the organization.
of their respective personnel, facilities, and resources for
a more persistent detection and investigation of drug- Legal Basis
related crimes and prosecution of the drug traffickers; 1. Republic Act 5173 of the Philippine Coast Guard
Submit annual and periodic reports to the Board as Law (6 August 1967) made the PCG a major unit of the
required from time to time, and perform such other Philippine Navy under a flag officer. The PCG was activated
functions as may be authorized or required under existing on 10 October 1967, and its coast guard functions were
laws, as directed by the President himself/herself, or as transferred from the navy.
recommended by the congressional committees 2. Executive Order 475 (30 March 1998) separated
concerned. the Coast Guard from the Philippine Navy due to the
civilian nature of its functions.
Qualifications for PDEA Agents 3. Executive Order 477 (15 April 1998) effectively
1. 21-35 years old transferred the PCG from the Department of National
2. 5'2" in height for males; 5' in height for females Defense to the Office of the President and eventually to
• [*With NCIP-issued Certificate of Confirmation the Department of Transportation and Communications
• (COC) if under height] (DOTC).
3. Baccalaureate degree holder 4. Republic Act 9993, Otherwise known as the
4. Eligible for Career Service Second Level Position "Philippines Coast Guard Law of 2009", which was
• by [CS Professional / Board exam passer / established as an armed and uniformed service attached
qualified to the Department of Transportation and Communications
• by CSC/ under special laws] (DOTC): Provided, that in times of war, as declared by
3. Baccalaureate degree holder Congress, it will be or its parts thereof, shall be attached
4. Eligible for Career Service Second Level Position to the Department of National Defense.

C. The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) Powers and Functions of the PCG [S-3, R.A. 9993]
1. To enforce regulations in accordance with all
The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) is an armed and relevant maritime international conventions, treaties or
uniformed service tasked primarily with enforcing laws instruments and national laws for the promotion of safety
within Philippine waters, conducting maritime security of life property at sea within the maritime jurisdiction of
operations, safeguarding life and property at sea, and the Philippines and conduct port state control
protecting the marine environment and resources. It is implementation;
attached to the Department of Transportation but 2. To inspections on all merchant ships and vessels,
serves as an attached service of the Armed Forces of including but shall not be limited to inspections prior to
the Philippines in wartime. departure, to ensure and enforce compliance with safety
standards, rules, and regulations;
It was used to be with the Armed Forces of the Philippines 3. To detain, stop or prevent a ship or vessel which
under the Philippine Navy before it was transferred to the does not comply with safety standards, rules and
Department of Transportation. The country's third armed regulations from sailing or leaving port;
and uniformed service is primarily tasked with enforcing 4. To conduct emergency readiness evaluation on
all applicable laws within the Philippine waters, conducting merchant marine vessels;
maritime security operations, safeguarding life and 5. Subject to the approval of the Secretary of the
property at sea, and protecting the marine environment DOTC, to issue and enforce rules and regulation for the
and resources. promotion of safety and life and property at sea on all
maritime-related activities;
It currently maintains a presence throughout the 6. To coordinate, develop, establish, maintain and
archipelago, with thirteen Coast Guard Districts, fifty- operate aids to navigation, vessel traffic system, maritime
four Stations, and over one hundred ninety Coast Guard communications and search and rescue facilities within the
Sub- Stations, from Basco, Batanes to Bongao, Tawi- maritime jurisdiction of the Philippines;
Tawi. 7. To remove, destroy or low to port, sunken or
floating hazards to navigation, including illegal fish and
It is headed by the Commandant of the Philippine vessels, at or close to sea lanes which may cause hazards
Coast Guard. It directly reports to the Secretary of to the marine environment;
Transportation in maritime law enforcement and reports 8. To issue permits for the salvage of vessels and to
to the Chief of Navy in wartime. The Deputy Commandant supervise all marine salvage operations, as well as
assists the commandant for Administration and the Deputy prescribe and enforce rules and regulations governing the
Commandant for Operations. same;

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9. To render aid to persons and vessels in distress 1. Natural born citizen of the Philippines with good
and conduct search rescue in marine accidents within the moral character
maritime jurisdiction of the Philippines, including the high 2. 21-24 years old on the date of the examination
seas, following applicable international conventions. In the 3. Single
performance of this function, the PCG may enlist the 4. Minimum height of 5'0" for male and female
services of other government agencies and the merchant 5. Baccalaureate degree holder
marine fleet; 6. With Professional Civil Service Eligibility with a
10. To investigate the inquire into the causes of all rating of 82% and above or with PRC license
maritime accidents involving death, casualties, and 7. Physically and mentally qualified
damage to properties; 8. Has passed the PCG Aptitude Battery Test for
11. To assist in the enforcement of laws on fisheries, Commissionship
immigration, tariff and customs, forestry, firearms and Enlistment/Non-Officer
explosives, human trafficking, dangerous drugs and 1. Natural born citizen of the Philippines with good
controlled chemicals, transnational crimes, and other moral character
applicable laws within the maritime jurisdiction of the 2. 18-26 years old on the date of the examination
Philippines; 3. Single
12. To board and inspect all types of merchant ships 4. Minimum height of 5'0"
and watercraft in the performance of these functions; 5. Physically and mentally qualified under the
13. To enforce laws and promulgated and existing regulation of the Coast Guard Service
administered rules and regulations for the protection of 6. College graduate or has earned 72 units in only
marine environment and resources from offshore sources one course as reflected in the TOR; OR Senior High School
of pollution within the maritime jurisdiction of the Graduate provided that he/she has completed the TESDA
Philippines; course relevant to the PCG mandates
14. To develop oil spill response, containment, and 7. Has passed the PCG Aptitude Battery Test
recovery capabilities against ship-based pollution;
15. To grant, within the capabilities and consistent C. The Bureau of Immigration and
with its mandate, requests for assistance of other Deportation (BID)
government agencies in the performance of their The BID is the immigration regulatory and control body of
functions; the Philippines. The Philippine Immigration Act was
16. To organize, train and supervise the PCG established in 1940 under the administrative supervision
Auxiliary (PCGA) to assist the PCG in carrying out its of the Office of the President.
mandated functions; and
17. To perform such other functions that may be -attached agency of the Department of Justice.
necessary for attaining the objectives of this Act (RA -In 1948, the Bureau was reverted to the jurisdiction of
9993). the Department of Justice, where it has remained up to
the present time.
Ranking System
PCG's line personnel is classified into Commissioned -It is composed of the commissioner and his two associate
Officer Ranks and Non-Commissioned Officer Ranks to wit: commissioners. The bureau was given the sole authority
Commissioned Officer Ranks to enforce and administer immigration and foreign
1. Admiral (ADM) - General nationals registration laws, including the admission,
2. Vice Admiral (VADM) - Lieutenant General registration, exclusion and deportation, and repatriation of
3. Rear Admiral (RADM) - Major General foreign nationals. It also supervises the immigration from
4. Commodore (COMMO) - Brigadier General the Philippines of foreign nationals.
5. Captain (CAPT) - Colonel
6. Commander (CDR) - Lieutenant Colonel On July 25, 1987, President Corazon C. Aquino signed
7. Lieutenant Commander (LCDR) - Major Executive Order No. 292, also known as the
8. Lieutenant (LT) - Captain Administrative Code of 1987. Said order renamed the
9. Lieutenant Junior Grade (LTJG) - 1st Lieutenant office "Bureau of Immigration." It continues, however,
10. Ensign (ENS) - 2nd Lieutenant to perform all the powers and functions it had while still a
11. Probationary Ensign (P/ENS) - Trainee Rank or commission and its head of office remain to be called
awaiting for Commissionship/Probationary 2nd Lieutenant commissioner as provided under DOJ.

Non-Commissioned Officer/Enlisted Ranks GENERAL FUNCTIONS

1. First Master Chief Petty Officer (FMCPO) - First 1. Acts as the primary enforcement arm of the
Chief Master Sergeant Department of Justice and the President of the Philippines
2. Master Chief Petty Officer (MCPO) – Chief Master in ensuring that all foreigners within its territorial
Sergeant jurisdiction comply with existing laws';
3. Senior Chief Petty Officer (SCPO) – Senior Master 2. Assists local and international law enforcement
Sergeant agencies in securing the tranquility of the state against
4. Chief Petty Officer (CPO) - Master Sergeant foreigners whose presence or stay may be deemed threats
5. Petty Officer 1st Class (PO1) - Technical Sergeant to national security, public safety, public morals, and
6. Petty Officer 2nd Class (PO2) - Staff Sergeant public health; and
7. Petty Officer 3rd Class (PO3) - Sergeant 3. Acts as a chief repository of all immigration
8. Seaman First Class (SN1) - Corporal records on entry, temporary sojourn, admission,
9. Seaman Second Class (SN2) - Private First Class residence, and departure of all foreigners in the country.
10. Apprentice Seaman (ASN) - Private
11. Candidate Coast Guardsman (CCGM) - Candidate SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
Soldier In the discharge of its broad functions, the Bureau through
its Board of Commissioners exercises administrative and
Qualifications for PCG Personnel quasi-judicial powers over the:
Commissionship/Officer

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1. Regulation of the entry (arrival), stay (sojourn), 2. Control, supervise, construct, maintain, operate
and exit (departure) of foreign nationals in the country; and provide such facilities or services as shall be necessary
2. Monitoring of the entry and exit of Filipino for the efficient functioning of the AIRPORT;
citizens in compliance with Philippine laws and other legal 3. Promulgate rules and regulations governing the
procedures; planning, development, maintenance, operation, and
3. Issuance of immigration documents and improvement of the AIRPORT, and to control and
identification certifications on non-immigrant, immigrant, supervise the construction of any structure or the rendition
and special non-immigrant visas; of any service within the AIRPORT;
4. Issuance of special permits in relation to the 4. Sue and be sued in its corporate name;
enforcement of immigration laws (e.g., Special Work 5. Adopt and use a corporate seal;
Permit (SWP), Provisional Permit to Work (PPW), Special 6. Succeed by its corporate name;
Study Permit (SSP), re-entry permits, clearances, etc.); 7. Adopt its By-Laws, and to amend or repeal the
5. Extension of stay of temporary visitors and same from time to time;
implementation of changes of status as provided by law; 8. Execute or enter into contracts of any kind or
6. Administrative determination of citizenship and nature;
related status; 9. Inquire, purchase, own, administer, lease,
7. Investigation, hearing, decision, and execution of mortgage, sell or otherwise dispose of any land, building,
orders on exclusion, deportation, and repatriation of airport facility, or property of whatever kind and nature,
foreign nationals; whether movable or immovable or any interest therein;
8. Implementation of Hold Departure Orders, 10. Exercise the power of eminent domain in the
Blacklist, Watchlist, Immigration Lookout Bulletin Orders pursuit of its purposes and objectives;
and Alert List Orders; 11. Levy and collect dues, charges, fees or
9. Cancellation of immigration documents upon assessments for the use of the AIRPORT premises, works,
violation of immigration laws and procedures; appliances, facilities or concessions, or for any service
10. The investigation, arrests, and detention of provided by the AUTHORITY, subject to the approval of
foreigners in violation of immigration regulation and other the Minister of Transportation & Communications in
Philippine laws; consultation with the Minister of Finance; may deem
11. Accreditation of schools and learning institutions proper, in government
that can officially accept and enroll foreign students; and 12. Invest its idle funds, as it securities and other
12. Accreditation of law firms, liaison officers, travel evidence of indebtedness;
agencies, and other individuals and organizations 13. Provide services, whether on its own or
transacting with the Bureau of Immigration otherwise, within the AIRPORT and the approaches
thereof, which shall include but shall not be limited to the
Qualifications for Immigration Officers following:
1. Less than 36 years old • aircraft movement and allocation of parking
2. Civil Service Professional Eligibility areas of aircraft on the ground;
3. Of good moral character • loading or unloading on aircraft;
4. Must pass the qualifying exams • passenger handling and other service directed
5. Physically fit to undergo intensive training towards the care, convenience, and security of
6. College degree from a reputable school passengers, visitors, and other airport users; and
• sorting, weighing, measuring, warehousing, or
E. AIRPORT POLICE DEPARTMENT (APD) Manila handling of baggage and goods.
International Airport Authority (MIAA) 14. Perform such other acts and transact such other
-is a government agency responsible for managing the business, directly or indirectly necessary, incidental or
Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA). conducive to the attainment of the purposes and
objectives of the AUTHORITY, including the adoption of
- It is organized as a government-owned and controlled necessary measures to remedy congestion in the
corporation under the Department of Transportation and AIRPORT; and
Communication (DOTC) as an attached agency. 15. Exercise all the powers of a corporation under the
Corporation Law, insofar as these powers are not
-It was created under Executive Order (EO) 778 (s. 1982), inconsistent with the provisions of this Executive Order.
otherwise known as the (Charter of the Manila Police Authority Exercised by the MIAA (S-5, EO 778).
International Airport Authority). It was originally tasked to, The MIAA has the power to exercise such police authority
among others, formulate a comprehensive and integrated as may be necessary within its premises or area of
policy and program for Manila International Airport (Now operation to carry out its functions and attain its purposes
the Ninoy Aquino International Airport) and other airports and objectives, WITHOUT PREJUDICE to the exercise of
in the Philippines, and to implement, review and upgrade functions within the same premises by the Ministry of
such policy and program periodically; and control, National Defense through the Aviation Security Command
supervise, contract, maintain, operate and provide such as (AVSECOM) as provided in LOI 961; PROVIDED, it may
facilities or services as shall be necessary for its efficient request the assistance of law enforcement agencies,
functioning. including a request for deputization as may be required.

Functions, Powers and Duties of MIAA (S-5, EO Such police authority shall be exercised in connection with
778) the following, among others:
1. Formulate, in coordination with the Bureau of Air 1. Maintenance of security to passengers, cargoes,
Transportation and other appropriate government aircraft, airport equipment, structures, facilities,
agencies, a comprehensive and integrated policy and personnel, funds, and documents;
program for the AIRPORT and other airports in the 2. Regulating the entry to, exit from, and movement
Philippines, subject to the approval of the Minister of within the AIRPORT;
Transportation and Communications, and to implement, 3. Maintenance of peace and order within the
review and upgrade such policy and program periodically; premises of the AUTHORITY in coordination with local

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police authorities and other authorized peace-keeping
entities within the AIRPORT;
4. Regulation and supervision of private security
agencies operating in the Airport; and
5. Enforcement of rules and regulations
promulgated by the Authority under law.

Ranking System
Ranks for official personnel
• Airport Police Senior Superintendent
• Airport Police Superintendent
• Airport Police Chief Inspector
• Airport Police Senior Inspector
• Airport Police Inspector

Ranks for non-official personal

• Airport Police Officer III
• Airport Police Officer II
• Airport Police Officer I

Qualifications Standards for MIAA Police

Personnel:
1. B.S. Criminology Graduate
2. Career Service Professional Eligible or RA 1080
3. Male and Female ages must not be less than 21
nor more than 29 years old.
4. Height-Male 1.40 meters (5'5")
5. Height-Female 1.35 meters (5'3")
6. Weight not more or less than 5kgs from
standards weight corresponding to his/her height, age,
gender.

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LEA2: COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING 2. Now, globalization is very effective in the
Philippines, it has allowed major changes in the
Policing -According to Manning (1977), policing nation like more labor, and more Filipino and
literally means, "controlling, monitoring, tracking, and foreign companies has emerged in the nation in
altering, if required, public conduct". Its core concept order to help the country's developing economy.
is identified by its relation with the potential use of
force in ensuring obedience to the law, within the rule Advantages of Globalization
of law. 1. Peaceful Relations
-Most of the countries have resorted to trade
Comparative Police System. This refers to the relations with each other in order to boost their
science and art of investigating and comparing the economy, leaving behind any bitter part
police system of nations, which covers the study of experiences if any.
their police organizations, trainings and methods of 2. Employment
policing. - Considered as one of the most crucial advantages,
globalization has led to the generation of numerous
Comparative Criminal Justice. This pertains to the employment opportunities. Companies are moving
sub- field of criminal justice which deals with toward the developing countries to acquire labor force.
comparing the similarities and differences of criminal - A very critical advantage that has aided the population
justice in terms of structure, goals, punishment and is the spread of education. With numerous educational
emphasis on rights as well as history, and political institutions around the globe, one can move out from the
structure of different systems. home country for better opportunities elsewhere.
3. Product Quality
Police System vs. Criminal Justice System - The product quality has been enhanced so as to retain
- With these influences of societal system, Police the customers. Today the customers may compromise
System and Criminal Justice Systems around the world with the price range but not with the quality of the
varies depending on the kind of legal system. With the product. Low or poor quality can adversely affect
exceptions of Japan and the Common law notions, few consumer satisfaction.
countries hold their police officers accountable for 4. Cheaper Prices
violations of civil rights. - Globalization has brought in fierce competition in the
market.
- In Socialist and Islamic countries, the police hold 5. Communication
enormous political and religious powers. In fact, in - Every single information is easily accessible from
such places, crime is always seen as political crime or almost every corner of the world. Circulation of
co- occurring religious problem. information is no longer a tedious (lack of interest) task,
and can happen in seconds. The internet has significantly
GLOBALIZATION affected the global economy, thereby providing direct
= package of transnational flow of people, production, access to information and products.
investment, information, ideas and authority. 6. Transportation
= growing interpenetration of states, markets, - Considered as the wheel of every business
communication and ideas. organization, connectivity to various parts of the world is
= The process of creating transnational markets, no more a serious problem. Today with various modes of
politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and transportation available, one can conveniently deliver the
sustain a global economy. products to a customer located at any part of the world.
7. GDP Increase (GDP) - The measure of an economy
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO POLICE adopted by the United States in 1991; the total market
SERVICE values of goods and services produced by workers and
Globalization capital within a nation's borders during a given period
- It is the growing interpenetration of states, (usually 1 year))
markets, communications and ideas. - Gross Domestic Product, commonly known as GDP, is
- It is a process of interaction and integration the money value of the final goods and services produced
among the people, companies, and governments of within the domestic territory of the country during an
different nations, a process driven by international accounting year.
trade and investment and aided by information 8. Free Trade
technology. - Is a policy in which a country does not levy taxes,
- This process has effects on the environment, on duties, subsidies or quota on the import/export of goods
culture, on political systems, on economic or services from other countries. There are countries
development and prosperity, and on human physical which have resolved to free trade in specific regions. This
well- being in societies around the world. allows consumers to buy goods and services,
-It is a package of transnational flow of people, comparatively at lower cost.
production, investment, information, ideas, and 9. Travel and Tourism
identity (Garcia, M.). - Globalization has promoted tourism to great heights.
- Is a term used to describe the changes in International trade among different countries also helps
societies and the world economy that are the result of in increasing the number of tourist that visit different
dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. In places around the world.
specifically economic contexts, it refers almost 10. External Borrowing
exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly trade - With the help of globalization, there is opportunity for
liberalization or "free trade". corporate, national, and sub-national borrowers to have
better access to external commercial borrowing and
Globalization in the Philippines syndicated loans.
1. The country is taking part in the process of
globalization ever since the country signed Disadvantages of Globalization
agreements with World Trade Organization in 1995. 1. Health Issues

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 - Globalization has given rise to more health -The written is law is taken as gospel and subject to
risks and presents new threats and challenges for little interpretation. -Founded on the basis of natural
epidemics. law in respect for tradition and custom. - Always
- The dawn of HIV/AIDS. Having its origin in the opposed to the common law notion that nobody is
wilderness of Africa, the virus has spread like wildfire above the law.
throughout the globe in no time.
- Food items are also transported to various 3. Socialist systems - (Marxist-Leninist Justice)
countries, and this is a matter of concern, especially - Exist mostly in Africa and Asia and other
in case of perishable items. Countries.
2. Loss of Culture - Distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate or
- With large number of people moving into and retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the
out of a country, the culture takes a backseat. People state. (ultimate expression of positive law).
may adapt to the culture of the resident country. They - Primarily characterized by administrative law.
tend to follow the foreign culture more, forgetting
their own roots. This can give rise to cultural conflicts. 4. Islamic systems - (Muslim or Arabic Justice)
3. Uneven Wealth Distribution -Derive all their procedures and practices from
- It is said that the rich are getting richer while interpretation of the Koran. - Characterized by the absence
the poor are getting poorer. In the real sense, of positive law.
globalization has not been able to reduce poverty. - Given always an important emphasis on the Religion.
4. Environment Degradation
- The industrial revolution has changed the Types of Police system
outlook of the economy. Industries are using natural 1. Decentralized Law Enforcement
resources by means of mining drilling, etc. which puts - refers to a system where police administrations and
a burden on the environment. operations are independent from one state to another. It is
5. Disparity (Inequality) more applicable to countries with federal government
- Though globalization has opened new avenues - police agency is the exclusive responsibility of the gov't.
like wider markets and employment, there still exist a of the state or provinces.
disparity in the development of the economies. -e.g. India, Pakistan, US.
Structural unemployment owes to the disparity 2. Centralized Policing System
created. Developed countries are moving their - simply means one police force operating in a country.
factories to foreign countries where labor is cheaply - one police agency which has unlimited jurisdiction
available. throughout the country.
6. Conflicts - e.g. Chile, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Papua New
- It has given rise to terrorism and other forms Guinea, Thailand, Uganda
of violence. Such acts not only cause loss of human
life but also huge economic losses. Three Styles of Policing
7. Cut-throat Competition 1. Legalistic law.
- Opening the doors of international trade has - it emphasizes the use of threats or actual arrests to solve
given birth to intense competition. This has affected disputes.
the local markets dramatically. The local players 2. Watchman
thereby suffer huge losses as they lack the potential - it emphasizes on informal means of resolving disputes.
to advertise or export their products on a large scale. 3. Service
Therefore, the domestic markets shrink. - it emphasizes on helping the community, as opposed to
enforcing the
Threats to Law Enforcement
▪ increasing volume of human rights violations as
evidenced by genocide and mass killing Theories of Comparative Policing
▪ conflict between nations 1. Alertness to crime theory
▪ Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, - is that as a nation develops, people's alertness to crime
money laundering, terrorism is heightened. They report more crime to police and
demand the police to become more effective in solving
Types of Criminal Justice System in the World crime problems.
(Legal Traditions in the World)
2. Economic or migration theory
1. Common law systems – (Anglo- American - is that crime everywhere is the result of under strained
Justice) migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as
-Exist in most English-speaking countries in the world ghettos and slums.
(U.S.; England; Australia; and New Zealand.
- Strong Adversarial System (the accused is 3. Opportunity theory
innocent until proven guilty) - is that long with higher standards of living, victims become
- Primarily rely upon oral system of evidence in more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for
which the public trial is a main focal point. committing crime multiply.
(Anglo-American - An American who was born in
Britain or one whose ancestors were British) 4. Demographic theory
- is based on the event when a greater number of children
2. Civil law systems - (Continental justice or are being born. As these baby booms grow up, delinquent
Romano-Germanic justice) - Exist mostly in European subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
countries such as Sweden; Germany; France; and
Japan. 5. Modernization theory
- Distinguished by strong inquisitorial system - sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
(the accused is guilty until proven innocent).
6. Deprivation theory

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 - holds that progress comes along with rising 1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System
expectations. People at the bottom develop (Ancient England)
unrealistic expectations while people at the top don't A. Tun Policing System
see themselves rising fast enough. A system of policing emerged during the
Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male residents
7. Theory of anomie and synomie were required to guard the town (tun ) to
- suggest that progressive lifestyles and norms results preserve peace and protect the lives and properties
in the disintegration of older norms that once held people of the people.
together. About 700 A.D, the people living in England in
SYNOMIE – social cohesion small rural towns used the Anglo-Saxon
ANOMIE – disintegration System. Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a
tithing. Each tithing elected a leader who was known
Types of Societies in the World as the Tithingman. Since 10 tithings amounted to
1. Folk- Communal Societies - (Primitive 100, the leader of the 100 families was named the
Societies) reeve. Both the tithingman and reeve were elected
- Has little codification of law, no specialization among officials. They possessed judicial power as well as
police. police authority.
- System of punishment: harsh and barbaric. B. Hue and Cry
- Examples: Roman Gentiles; African; and Middle A village law started in Britain which provided
Eastern Tribes. methods of apprehending a criminal by an act of the
2. Urban-Commercial Societies complainant to shout to call all male residents to
-Has civil law; and Special Police Force assemble and arrest the suspect.
- System of punishment: inconsistent either harsh or
lenient. - Example: Continental Europe. C. Trial by Ordeal
3. Urban-Industrial Societies A judicial practice wherein the guilt or
-Has codified laws; without government interference. - innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting
Specialized Police forces him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience.
- England and the U.S (In present terminologies, it would mean an
4. Bureaucratic Societies - (Modern Post- employment of a “3rd degree.”) The word “ordeal” was
Industrial Societies) derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum”
- Given emphasis on technologizing of everything with which means “a miraculous decision.”
the government. - Has a system of laws
- Police tend to keep busy in handling political crime 2. Norman Period of Policing System
and terrorism and a system of punishment characterized This system of policing existed during the time
by over criminalization and overcrowding. of Norman William The Conqueror (King of France).
- U.S and other Nations. When he invaded and conquered England, a military
regime of conquers and dictators began and changed
THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE the concept of crime being committed against the state.
Continental = is the theory of police service which
maintains that police officers are servants of higher A. Shire-Rieve
authorities. This theory prevails in the continental Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the
countries like France, Italy and Spain. Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-five
Home Rule = the theory of police service which states (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler called the
that police officers are servants of the community Rieve (head-man or lieutenant of the army). The
or the people. This theory prevails in England and fifty-five (55) military divisions in England are called
United States. It is also the police service which prevails shires. The shire-rieve had absolute powers that no
in country with decentralized form of government. This is one could questions his or her actions.
likewise the police service theory that should prevail in the
Philippines based on the existing laws, concepts and Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the
principles. Horse” were appointed to each village to aid the Rieve
in his duties. It became the source of the word
CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE Constable.
a. Old police service = states that the yardstick of
police proficiency relies on the number of arrests The term “Shire-Rieve” is said to be the
made. origin of the word “Sheriff.”
b. Modern police service = states that the yardstick
of police proficiency relies on the absence of crime. B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge
Deviance Control = is the modern police function which A judge selected to hear cases which were
primarily involves the mission to reinforce community formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and tasked
values and laws. This was adopted by Germany, China to travel through and hear criminal cases. This
and Japan. was the first instance of the division of the police
Civil order control = is not organizationally separated and judicial powers.
from deviance control but is performed by regular street
police in the country of England and United States. C. Legis Henrici
An act that was enacted during this
EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM period with the following features:
▪ Praetorian guards = military bodies who serve as ▪ Offenses were classified as against the king
guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the idea of and individual.
policing said to have originated. ▪ Policeman becomes public servant.
▪ Officer de la Paix = a French term which claimed ▪ The police and the citizens have the broad
to be the origin of the term Police Officer power to arrest. It introduced the system called
“citizen’s arrest.”

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 ▪ Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal
of the law. A system which made inquisition onto the Crown
facts of a crime and eliminate the “Anglo-Saxon = made up of eight constables who also
Trial or “Trial by Ordeal System.” investigated crimes handed over to them by the
volunteer constables and watchmen
D. Frankpledge System
A system of policing whereby a group of ten 1798 = Marine Police Force was established;
neighboring male residents over twelve years of salaried constables were being paid by local
age were required to guard the town to preserve peace magistrates.
and protect the lives and properties of the people = initially made up of 220 Constables assisted
by 1,000 registered dock workers, and was responsible
3. Westminster Period of Policing System for preventing the theft of cargo. = widely regarded as
It is called by this name because the laws governing being the first modern police force in the world, in
policing came out of the capital of England, which at the sense that they were not government controlled and
the time was Westminster . This period has the were responsible for the prevention of crime.
following features:
▪ Guards were appointed and the duties of the
constables at night (watch) and in daytime (ward) TOTAL POLICING = motto of London
were defined Metropolitan Police
▪ Statute of Westminster of 1285 , a collection of
regulations aimed at keeping the peace. IMPORTANT DATES
▪ 1833 = Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays Inn
B. Statute of 1295 Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by the
The law that marks the beginning of the curfew Metropolitan Police with controversial use of
hours, which demanded the closing of the gates of force.
London during sundown. ▪ 1836 = The Metropolitan Police absorbs the
Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control.
C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361) ▪ 1838 = incorporates Marine Police and
Three or four men who were learned in the law of Bow Street Runners into the Metropolitan Police and
the land were given authority to pursue, arrest, the disbandment of the Bow Street Office and other
chastise and imprisonment violators of law. They Offices. These were all agreed and put into effect.
handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or
village ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years Administration Policing Principles of London
after. Metropolitan Police
1. Stable and effective civil police under government
D. Star Chamber Court (1487) control
A special court designed to try offenders against 2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency
the State. The room set-up is formed in a shape of a star 3. Fast distribution of crime news to the police is
and judges were given great powers such as the essential
power to force testimony from a defendant leading
to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of ▪ Commissioner = highest rank in the
the judges. Metropolitan Police
▪ Police Constable = lowest rank

4. Keepers of the Peace Contributions of the French in Policing

A proclamation issued by King Richard of England ▪ Assigning house numbers
sometime in 1195 that required the appointment of ▪ Installing street lights
knights to keep the King’s peace by standing as guards ▪ Use of police ambulances
on bridges and gates while checking the people ▪ Use of warrant card and ID signifying the
entering and leaving the cities and towns. authority to arrest

5. King Charles II of England (1663) UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM

King Charles II passed an act which established or TYPES OF US POLICE
promoted the employment of watchmen or bellmen to 1. Municipal Police = includes village, township, city and
be on duty from sunset to sunrise. country police departments, sheriff departments.

6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter" Types of Local Police

A law promulgated by King John of England upon a. Country Sheriff = in charge with the operation of
the demand of the Knights of the Round Table forcing county jail, civil function such as service of eviction
the King to sign the same with the following features: notices and other court orders and police responsibility.
▪ No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or b. City Police = most common local police organization.
exiled except by legal judgment of his peers. It has jurisdiction in matters that occur in an
▪ No person shall be tried for murder unless there is incorporated municipality.
proof of the body of the victim. 2. State Police = includes special investigative agencies
that concentrate on statewide law enforcement
LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829 3. Federal Police = agencies operated by federal
Henry Fielding = appointed as Magistrate in 1748, government at the national level
introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow
Street Runners
Bow Runners = a group of men organized by Henry Some Federal Agencies Having Police Functions
Fielding and named by his brother John Fielding task to a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal
catch thieves and robbers Statutes

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 1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of being a national, federal, provincial and municipal
Justice) = investigates all violations of federal law policing body. It is founded in 1920 by the Merger
except when the enforcement authority was given to of Royal Northwest Mounted Police (1873) with
other specific federal agency the Dominion Police (1868).
2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) = = headed by the Commission under the direction of the
concerned with investigation of counterfeiting, forging or Minister of Public Safety Canada.
altering of any of the money or other securities of the U.S. Commissioner = highest rank in the Royal Canadian
It is also in charge of the protection of the president and his Mounted Police
family, and of the executive mansion grounds Police Constable 4th Class = lowest rank
3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) =
investigated all violations of federal law relating to AUSTRALIA
prohibited drugs Australian Police = a progressive and multi-faceted
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of law enforcement organization, taking strong lead in the
Justice) = investigates all violations of immigration and fight against 21st century crime.
naturalization laws, patrol boarders to prevent surreptitious ▪ Commissioner = highest rank
entry of aliens, ▪ Constable = lowest rank

b. Protection of the National Revenue HONGKONG

1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = Hong Kong Police Force
investigation of violations of income tax laws = is the largest disciplined service under the
2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the world's
violations of internal revenue laws second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate with a
3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May 1844.
= investigates smuggling activities and enforces customs in 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted
and navigation laws. the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force for
4. Private Police = additional police protection made by their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming
employing sworn officers through contract when they are them: The Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Following
not officially on duty the transfer of sovereignty, the Force is once again
named the Hong Kong Police Force
Two Basic Forms of Private Police
a. Proprietary Police = when a person wishes to receive Structure HKPF
service, he hires and security personnel directly The Force is commanded by the
b. Contract Security = services of an independent security Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by two
company deputy commissioners:
a. Deputy Commissioner – Operations =
U.S. Police Agencies supervises all operational matters including crime and
New York City = it is where the first full time police b. Deputy Commissioner – Management
force was organized in the United States = is responsible for the direction and coordination of
▪ New York Police Department = the largest force management including personnel, training, and
police force in the United States management services.
▪ Texas Ranger = police force originally created Motto =We Serve with Pride and Care
in response to colonization The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into Six
▪ Boston Police Department = first local modern Regions:
police department established in the United States ▪ Hong Kong Island
▪ Pennsylvania State Police = the first state ▪ Kowloon East
police agency established ▪ Kowloon West
▪ Los Angeles Police Department = police force ▪ New Territories North
that hired the first female police officer named, Alice ▪ New Territories South
Stebbins Wells ▪ Marine Region
The Force Headquarters (Management) is made up
The United States police rank model is generally quasi- of five departments:
military in structure. Although the large and varied number ▪ Operations & Support
of federal, state, and local police departments and sheriffs’ ▪ Crime & Security
office have different ranks, a general model, from highest ▪ Personnel & Training
to lowest rank, would be: ▪ Management Services
➢ Chief of Police/Police ▪ Finance, Administration and Planning
Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff
➢ Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Hong Kong Police College = is responsible for all
Commissioner/Deputy Superintendent/Undersheriff matters relating to training within the Hong Kong Police
➢ Inspector/Commander/Colonel except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police
➢ Major/Deputy Inspector Training. Training provided by the Police College
➢ Captain includes recruit and continuation training, crime
➢ Lieutenant investigation training, police driver training and weapon
➢ Sergeant tactics training. The information technology training,
➢ Detective/Inspector/Investigator command training, local and overseas management
➢ Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal training, some specialist courses and periodic courses
on firearms and first aid are also provided by the Police
CANADA College.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) =
colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Service Quality Wing = is responsible for
Force” = is the national police force of Canada and spearheading initiatives to improve services provided
one of the most recognized of its kind in the word to force customers both external and internal. The

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 wing comprises three branches: Performance Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
Review, Research and Inspections and Inspector of Police (IP)
Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II) Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
Station Sergeant (SSGT)
Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II) = Sergeant (SGT)
includes the Complaints Against Police Office (CAPO) Senior Constable (SPC)
oversees the investigation and successful resolution of all Police Constable (PC)
complaints made both externally and internally against
members of the force. TAIWAN
TAIWAN POLICE FORCE = is the unified police force
Entry Requirements to HKPF of Taiwan
Nationality = under the supervision of NATIONAL
Must be a permanent resident of the Hong Kong Special POLICE AGENCY which is directly under the
Administrative Region and had lived in Hong Kong for at MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
least seven years. = under effective civilian control
FUNCTIONS
For Inspector 1) to maintain public order,
Academic Requirements 2) 2) to protect social security,
▪ Hong Kong degree, or equivalent; or 3) 3) to prevent all dangers, and
▪ An accredited Associate Degree from Hong Kong 4) ) to promote the welfare of all people.
tertiary institution / A Higher Diploma from a Hong Kong
Polytechnic / Polytechnic University, or a Diploma from a TYPES OF POLICE FORCE IN TAIWAN
registered post-secondary college awarded after the date of 1. Administration Police = generally referred to
its registration, or equivalent; or those who are required to wear uniforms to carry out
▪ Passed in two subjects at Advanced Level in the duties of household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding,
Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (2A) plus three duty officer, and reserves.
other subjects at Grade C or above in the HKCEE (3O), or a 2. Traffic Police = the primary duties of the Traffic
combination of results in five Hong Kong Diploma of Police are to keep traffic order, to ensure traffic safety,
Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 3 in New to prevent traffic accidents, and to smooth traffic flow.
Senior Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained with Distinction” 3. Special Police = those who are responsible for
in Applied Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a maximum protecting the Central Government, establishing
of two ApL subjects) and Grade C in Other Language contingent plans and assisting local and specialized
subjects, or equivalent. police units in maintaining public order.
4. Criminal Investigation Police = the primary
For Police Constable duties of the criminal investigation police are to prevent
Academic Requirements and detect crimes.
Five passes or above, which may include Chinese 5. Specialized Police = main duties are to protect
Language and English Language, in the HKCEE, or a state-run enterprises and public facilities like railways,
combination of results in five Hong Kong Diploma of highways, airports, harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan.
Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 2 in New
Senior Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained” in Applied RANKS OF TAIWAN POLICE FORCE
Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a maximum of two ApL Police Supervisor General
subjects) and Grade E in Other Language subjects, or Police Supervisor Rank
equivalent. Police Supervisor Rank Two
Police Supervisor Rank Three
Selection Processes for Inspector Police Supervisor Rank Four
▪ Written Examination Police Officer Rank One
▪ Extended Interview Police Officer Rank Two
▪ Psychometric Test Police Officer Rank Three
▪ Final Interview Board Police Officer Rank Four
▪ Physical Fitness Test Police Rank One
▪ Integrity Checks and Medical Examination Police Rank Two
▪ Appointment Police Rank Three
Police Rank Four
Selection Processes for Police Constable
▪ Physical Fitness Test MYANMAR
▪ Group Interview Myanmar Police Force = formally known as The
▪ Psychometric Test People's Police Force (Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup
▪ Final Interview Board Pwe)
▪ Basic Law Test = established in 1964 as independent
▪ Integrity Checks and Medical Examination department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It was
▪ Appointment reorganized on 1 October 1995.
There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces
RANKS OF HKPF and three additional State/Division Police Forces
Commissioner of Police (CP) Each State and Divisional Police Force consists of
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) four components
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP) ▪ Office of the Commander of the State and
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) Divisional Police Force
Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP) ▪ Office of the Commander of the District Police
Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) Force
Superintendent of Police (SP) ▪ Office of the Commander of the Township
Chief Inspector of Police (CIP) Police Force

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 ▪ Police Stations 2. Logistics Department = has the role to provide
several equipments needed in RMP
TRAINING CENTERS ▪ 3. Criminal Investigation Division = deals
1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force with the investigation, arrest and prosecution of hard
2. No.1 Police Training Depot = undertakes Basic crimes (murder, robbery, rape etc) and petty crimes
Training Course for Police Sergeant for 2 years; Warrant (theft, house-breaking etc).
Officer and Police Sergeants Course for 12 Weeks; and Basic = This department also specializes in gambling,
Training Course for Constables for 6 Months vice and secret societies (triads)
3. No. 2 Police Training Depot = undertakes only Basic
Training Course for Constables, which normally takes Branches of Criminal Investigation Division
around 6 months to complete. ▪ D1 – Administrative Division
▪ D2 – Criminal Record Registration
INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM ▪ D3 – Internal Affairs
Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara ▪ D4 – Statistics
Republika Indonesia) = is the official police force of ▪ D5 – Prosecution and Law Divisions
Indonesia ▪ D6 – Technical Assistance Division
= organized 1946 ▪ D7 – Gambling / Vice / Secret Societies
= also known as Polri ▪ D8 – Investigation Division / Planning
Markasbesar/Mabes = name of the headquaters of ▪ D9 – Special Investigation Division
Indonesian National Police located in KebayoranBaru, ▪ D10 – Forensic Laboratory Division
South, Jakarta, Indonesia ▪ D11 – Sexual Investigation Division
▪ D12 – National Centre Bureau-Interpol Division
POLRI TERRITORIAL FORCES
1. Kepolisian Daerah or polda = provincial police 4. Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division = this
2. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil = regional police department's function is to fight against dangerous
3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres = city police drugs by enforcing the law to stop and reduce the
4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek = sub-district police demand and supply of dangerous drugs.

SPECIAL BRANCHES 5. Internal Security and Public Order Department

1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) = the most militarized = responsible for traffic control and Search & Rescue
trained to deal with mass demonstrations (SAR) operations
= paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization
operations and providing security for VIP and vital facilities 6. The Police Field Force (PFF) = organized in
2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) = received battalions and was a para-military unit of the Royal
special anti-riot training Malaysia Police. Also known as the Jungle Squad
3. Sea and Air Police = responsible patrolling the airspace = established in 1948
4. Plainclothes Unit = assigned in conducting
investigations 7. Police Counter-Terrorism Unit = an elite unit of
5. Maritime Police = responsible in protecting the RMP responsible in counter-terrorism operations
territorial sea
6. Anti-Terrorist Unit = trained in counter-terrorism 8. UNGERIN = Unit Gempur Marin (UNGERIN) (Marine
7. Forensics = in-charged of laboratory examination of Combat Unit) was established in 2006 and it was fully
evidence operational by the end of 2007
= first name was Unit Selam Tempur due to
POLICE RECRUIT VOLUNTEERS the pressing need to suppress the pirate attacks alongside
▪ At least sixth-grade education and should pass the the coastal area of Malacca Straits and open sea area of
competitive examination. South China Sea which were continuously widespread
After 3 years, personnel with junior secondary diploma could from time to time despite various efforts done to
enter into training to become NCO. overcome the problem
= members received training from U.S
RANKING SYSTEM OF POLRI
Police General = equivalent of Director General of PNP 9. Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) = (Malay: Pasukan
Second Bhayangkara = equivalent of patrolman/woman of Simpanan Persekutuan)
the PNP = its role is riot suppression, crowd control,
disaster relief & rescue, as well as special
ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE (RMP: Malay: Polis operations assistance
Diraja Malaysia, PDRM) = police force of Malaysia. = organized in 1955
= headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala
Lumpur 10. C4-i Implementations System = (abbreviation
= The constitution, control, employment, for Command, Control, Communications,
recruitment,fund, discipline, duties and powers of the police Computer-Integrated) = based at Police Control
force is specified and governed by the Police Act 1967 Centre in all police contingents in Malaysia.
Motto = TEGAS, ADIL DAN BERHEMAH = Firm, Fair and = this unit is assigned to patrol the city and the
Prudent suburbs.

RMP Organizations 11. The Marine Operations Force

1. Management Department = the Management or (Malay: Pasukan Gerakan Marin) = tasked with
Department is tasked with the routine of management and maintaining law and order and coordinating search and
administration affairs of the RMP. This department is also rescue operations in the Malaysian Maritime Zone and on
the nerve center of the RMP and acts as the support services the high seas
platform for the rest of the force.

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 12. Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing Unit or Unit ▪ Japanese Yakuza = considered as the center
Udara PDRM (UUP) = is a special unit of Royal of Asian organized crime action.
Malaysia Police with a vital role in maintaining national
security with thorough surveillance and patrol from the ORGANIZATION OF NPA
air 1. National Public Safety Commission = a
government body responsible for the administrative
13. Special Branch = This department is responsible for supervision of the police. Under the jurisdiction of the
collecting intelligence for national security Prime Minister
2. Japan National Police Agency (NPA) = a totally
14. Traffic Unit = responsible in maintaining the flow of gun less police force, except for its special attack team.
traffic Organizations Attached to the NPA
a. National Police Agency = provides training to police
15. Commercial Crimes Investigation Department = officers and conduct academic research
this department's main function is to investigate, arrest, and b. National Research Institute of Police Science =
prosecute offenders committing white collar crimes such as conducts research in police science
fraud, breach of trust, cyber-crimes, forgery, counterfeiting c. Imperial Guards = provides escort to the Emperor,
etc Empress, Crown Prince and other Imperial family.
= responsible for the security of Imperial Palace
16. Mounted Police = police who patrol 3. Regional Police Bureau = exercises control and
on horseback (equestrians) or camelback. They continue to supervision over regional police offices and provides
serve in remote areas and in metropolitan areas where their support with the prefectural police.
day-to-day function may be picturesque or ceremonial, but Director General = heads each Regional
they are also employed in crowd control because of their Bureau acting upon orders from the Commission
mobile mass and height advantage. General of the NPA.
Regional Police Bureau = the local organizations to
RANKS OF RMP carry out part of the NPA’s functions. There are about 7
INSPECTOR-GENERAL OF POLICE = equivalent of Bureaus in the major cities except for Tokyo and
director general (Philippines) Hokkaido where in Tokyo, Metropolitan Police
POLICE CONSTABLE = equivalent of patrolman/woman Department (headed by Superintendent General) has
(Philippines) long been established and shares the same location with
the NPA. Prefectural Police has the whole of
Singapore Hokkaido under its jurisdiction.
Francis James Bernard = formed the skeleton force as 4. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC) =
the heritage of Singapore Police Force in 1819. administrative commission functioning under the
representative system which supervise the prefectural
▪ Singapore Police Force (SPF) is the main agency police. Under the Jurisdiction of the Governor.
task with the maintaining law and order in the city-state. It Though not empowered to give order to the Commission.
is formerly known as Republic of Singapore Police. 5. Koban = a system of policing adopted in Japan, a
Organized with split staff (15) and line functions (13) substation near major transportation hubs and shopping
roughly modeled after the military. Headquarters at New areas and in residential districts which forms the first line
Phoenix Park in Novena. The highest rank is of police response to the public.
Commissioner of Police and the lowest is Police = Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers and
Constable. about 7000 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho- staffed
by a single officer). About 20 % of police is assigned
▪ Section 7 of Police Force Act of 1857 = to Koban.
constitution of the SPF
Recruitment/training CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
▪ Ministry of National Defense = is the top of
▪ High school graduates who were interested in law the hierarchy with judicial and public security agencies
enforcement as a career can be recruited and those who are such as Ministry of Public Safety and the Ministry of State
selected for officers had to be approved by the Public Security.
Service Commission. ▪ Ministry of Public Security= is the principal
police authority of the mainland of the People’s Republic
▪ Career development course were encouraged for of China which oversee the day-to-day law
officer and senior officers are required to travel oversees enforcement. (It is the equivalent of the National Police
for training such as in Police Staff College in Britain, Agency in Japan).
FBI National Academy in US and Police Academy in ▪ Ministry of State Security = the Chinese
Japan. government’s largest and most active foreign
intelligence agency, though it is also involved in
▪ Nine (9) months training. Newly appointed domestic security matters.
officer will be placed on a one-year probation period.
RANKS OF SPF Kinds of Police
Commissioner of Police = equivalent of director general 1. People’s Armed Police (PAP), 1980’s deals with
in the Philippines domestic disturbances, acts as riot police and guard’s
Constable = equivalent of Police Officer 1 in the PNP government compounds and foreign embassies. Usually
handles border defense but is called sometimes to back
JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM up local police.
▪ Keihoryo (Police Bureau within the Ministry of 2. State Security Police = (1983) safeguards state
Home affairs to 1945) security, prevent foreign espionage, sabotage and
▪ Japanese Colonial Government = the one which conspiracies. Under the Ministry of State Security and
organized the first formal policing in China . directly accountable to the State council.

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 3. Prison Police = a part of the correctional arm of of December 20, 1842 and it was called – Cuerco De
the overall police system stationed in prisons and Seguridad Publica (Corps of Crabbiness for Public
correction units. This is under the leadership of the Security).
Ministry of Justice. ▪ Guardia Civil = Created by a Royal Decree on
4. Judicial Police = responsible for maintaining the February 12, 1852, to partially relieve the Spanish
security and order in courts and serving instruments peninsula troops of their works in policing towns. It
and some also executing death sentences. consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized
5. Quasi parapolice (“Cheng guan”) = operates in many originally in each of the provincial capital of the province
places and hired by officials to help carry out some of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.)
unpopular actions such as collecting taxes and fines and ▪ Philippine Commission Act No. of 175 =
ousting peasants from seized land. (July 18, 1901) an act providing for the organization and
Special Police College = conducts nationwide recruitment government of an Insular Constabulary.
once a year. ▪ Sec. 1, Act 255 of October 3, 1901 =
Central Military Commission = appoints police in China renamed the Insular Constabulary to Philippine
People’s Liberation Army = Chinese Armed forces. Constabulary (a national police institution for preserving
Civil Service Promotion Examinations = basis for peace, keeping order and enforcing the law.
regulation of the Rank promotion Examination for police ▪ Henry Allen = the first Chief of the Philippine
officer. Constabulary.
RANK SYSTEM IN CHINA ▪ Rafael Crame = the first Filipino Chief of the
Commissioner General = equivalent of Director General in Philippine Constabulary.
the PNP ▪ Act No 70 = (On January 9, 1901) The
Constable 2nd Class = equivalent of Police Officer 1 in the Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized
PNP ▪ E.O. 389 = Ordered that the PC be one of the
four services of the AFP, dated December 23, 1940.
THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM ▪ P.D. 765 = Integration Act of 1975, dated
Royal Thai Police = formerly known as THAILAND August 8, 1975, established the Integrated National Police
NATIONAL POLICE DEPARTMENT (TNPD) (INP) composed of the PC as the nucleus and the
= In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry Integrated local police forces as components, under the
of Interior of Thailand to be directly under the Office of Ministry of National Defense.
the Prime Minister using the name Royal Thai Police. ▪ E.O. 1012 =transferred to the city and
The position of its supreme head was changed from that municipal government the operational supervision and
of the Director-General of the TNPD to the Commissioner- direction over the INP units assigned within their locality.
General of the Royal Thai Police. ▪ R.A. 4864 =It created the POLCOM (Police
Royal Thai Police Headquarters = based in Bangkok Commission) as a supervisory agency to oversee the
Police-General = highest rank of the Royal Thai Police training and professionalization of the local police under
Policeman / Constable = lowest rank the Officer of the President. Otherwise known as the
Police Professionalization act of 1966, dated September
BRUNEI POLICE SYSTEM 8, 1966. It was later renamed as the National Police
▪ Royal Brunei Police Force (Polis Diraja Brunei Commission (NAPOLCOM).
– PDRB) = created in 1921 which is responsible for keeping ▪ E.O. 1040 = Transferred the Administrative
law and order and providing law enforcement services Control and Supervision of the INP from the Ministry of
throughout Brunei National Defense to the National Police Commission.
▪ Inspector-General of Police = highest rank ▪ R.A. 6975 = It is otherwise known as the
▪ Lance Corporal = lowest rank Department of Interior and Local Government Act of
1990, enacted on December 13, 1990. Established the
Philippine Police System PNP, BFP, BJMP and the PPSC.
During the Spanish Regime ▪ R.A. 8551 Philippine National Police Reform and
 Maintenance of law and order is a part of Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted 1998, amending the
the military system for the defense of the colony; provision of R.A. 6975
 Locally organized police forces although ▪ Act No. 181 = created the Division of
performing civil duties is a direct adjunct of the colonial Investigation (DI) of the Department of Justice dated
military establishments; (policemen in appearance yet November 1938.
colonial soldiers in the ultimate sense. ▪ R.A. 157 = created the National Bureau of
 Police functions consisted mainly of (1) Investigation, enacted June 19, 1947 and later
suppression of brigandage by patrolling unsettled areas; (2) reorganized by R.A. 2678
detection of local or petty uprising by spying upon the work ▪ Line and Staff = the organizational structure
and movements of the people and; (3) the enforcement of of the P.N.P. which is also adopted by many police
tax collection including church revenues. organization in the world.
▪ Cuardilleros = a body of rural police organized in ▪ P.N.P. = headed by Chief with a rank of Director
each town established by a Royal Decree on January. 8, General with two (2) Deputy Director General (1) for
1836. It mandates that 5% of the able-bodied male Administration and (2) for Operation. Although there are
inhabitants of each province where to be enlisted in this three (3) Deputy Director General ranks.
police organization for 3 years. Their services are originally ▪ SOP No. 7 = prescribed PNP guidelines in the
not paid or gratuitous subject to some privileges although conduct of operations against terrorists and other lawless
in some province they received a proportionate pay ranging elements involved in terrorist activities.
from 4.00 to 8.00 depending on the revenue collection.
▪ Carabineros De Seguridad Publica = United Nations = officially came into existence on
Organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the October 24, 1945
regulations of the Department of State. This was armed = Coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D.
and considered as the mounted police who later Roosevelt in the declaration by United Nation. This
discharged the duties of a port, harbor and river police. declaration was made to officially state the Cooperation
It was later given special commission by Royal Decree

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 of the allies (Great Britain, the United States, and cooperation in addressing transnational crime. Its
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic) headquarters was initially located in Vienna Austria
Branches of UN (it is where Interpol was founded) but at present it is
1. UN general Assembly = This is the main decision- transferred to Lyon France.
making and representative assembly in the UN through its ▪ INTERPOL = is the world’s largest
policies and recommendations. It is composed of all international police organization, with 190 member
member states, is headed by a president elected from the countries. It exists to help create a safer world by
member states, and meets from September to December. supporting law enforcement agencies worldwide to
combat crime.
Functions of General Assembly ▪ It aims to facilitate international police
a. Deliberative = initiating studies and making cooperation, and supports and assists all organizations,
recommendations for the development of international law authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or
b. Supervisory = receiving and considering annual and combat internal crime.
special reports from another organs ▪ = the organization of law enforcement
c. Financial = approval and apportionment of budget agencies worldwide that serves as transmission or
d. Elective = election of non-permanent members of the communication line for the exchange of
security council information, data and request for assistance
e. Constituent = admissions of members and the between and among the member countries.
amendments of charter ▪ It focuses on: (1) combat crimes and
transnational crimes; (2) protect minorities
2. UN Security Council = is another branch in the against the dominant groups; and (3) maintain
organization of the UN and is the most powerful of all the law enforcement regardless of race or religion.
branches. INTERPOL’s Structure
▪ General Assembly
FUNCTIONS ▪ Executive Committee
a. Preventive Action = consists of provisional measures ▪ General Secretariat
to prevent a conflict from worsening, and may involve the ▪ National Central Bureaus
deployment of PEACEKEEPING AND OBSERVER ▪ Advisers
missions. ▪ The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s
b. Enforcement Action = consist of deployment of air, sea Files.
and land forces.
Five Permanent Members of Security Council General Assembly = is the supreme governing
1. China body of the Interpol, it meets annually and
2. France comprises delegates appointed by each member
3. Russia country. The assembly takes all important decisions
4. United Kingdom related to policy, resources, working methods, finances,
5. United States activities and programmes.
Executive Committee = consisting of 13 members
*The other 10 members are rotating or elective elected by the General Assembly and comprises the
members for a period of two years by the General president, three vice –presidents and nine delegates
Assembly. covering the four regions.
3. International Court of Justice = located in the Hague, It is the INTERPOL’s select deliberate organ
Netherlands. This branch is responsible for the judicial which meets three times a year, usually in March,
matters of the UN. July and immediately before the General
4.Secretariat = Its main responsibility is providing Assembly.
studies, information, and other data needed Current Members of the EC as of 2012
5. Economic and Social Council = consists of 45
members elected by the General Assembly for a 3-year ▪ KHOO Boon Hui (Singapore) – Current
term. President and Singapore’s Senior Deputy Secretary of
Efforts are Towards the Following: the Ministry of Home Affairs and former Commissioner
a. Higher standards of living of Police.
b. Condition of economic and social progress and 3 Vice Presidents
development Adamu Abubakar MOHAMMED (Nigeria)
c. Solutions of international economic, social, health and Mireille BALLESTRAZZI (France)
related problems Oscar Adolfo NARANJO TRUJILLO (Colombia)
d. Universal respect for human rights and fundamental 9 Delegates
freedoms ▪ Pieter Jaap AALBERSBERG (The Netherlands)
6. Trusteeship Council = assists the security council and ▪ Fath ELRAHMAN Osman (Sudan)
the general assembly in the administration of the ▪ Emmanuel GASANA (Rwanda)
International Trusteeship System ▪ Francisco GIL MONTERO (Spain)
UN CHARTER = it is closest to a constitution that basically ▪ Nobuyuki KAWAI (Japan)
governs the relations of international persons. Technically, ▪ Tariq KHOSA (Pakistan)
it is a Treaty. ▪ Sanna PALO (Finland)
TREATY = an international agreement concluded between ▪ Marcos VASQUEZ MEZA (Chile)
states in written form and sworn by international law, ▪ Timothy A. WILLIAMS (United States)
whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more General Secretariat = (Lyon, France) operates 24
instruments and whatever its particular designation. hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the
Secretary General. It works with officials of more
INTERPOL than 80 countries side-by-side using four official
▪ Interpol (1923) = (International Criminal languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish . It
Police Organization) is the police forces organization consists of seven (7) Regional Offices across the world,
that primarily manifests global or international namely:

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  Argentina, *System of policing that serves as a grass root
 Cameron, approach to bring the people and the police together
 Cote D’Ivoire, in cooperative manners:
 Kenya,  Problem Oriented Policing
 El Salvador,  Community Oriented Policing
 Thailand, and  Cooperative Policing
 Zimbabwe  Team Policing

National Central Bureaus (NCB) = Each INTERPOL INTERPOL’s FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS
member country maintains a National Central Bureau 1. Secure Global Police Communications Services
staffed by National Law Enforcement Officers. The NCB is INTERPOL developed the I-24/7 global police
the designated contact point for the General communications system to exchange crucial data
Secretariat, Regional Offices and other member quickly and securely is a cornerstone of effective
countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations international law enforcement.
and the location and apprehension of fugitives. 2. Operational Data Services and Databases for
Advisers = these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, Police
who may be appointed by the Executive Committee and INTERPOL provides operational data
confirmed by the General Assembly. services and databases for police to fight international
Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’ File (CCF) crime, police need access to information which can
= this is an independent body whose mandate is threefold: assist investigations or help prevent crime. INTERPOL
(1) to ensure that the processing of personal manages several databases, accessible to the
information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization’s INTERPOL bureaus in all member countries through its
regulations, I-24/7.
(2) to advice INTERPOL on any project, operation, 3. Operational Police Support Services
set of rules or other matter concerning the information a. 24-Hour Support
contained in INTERPOL’S files. The Command and Co-ordination Centre
INTERPOL’s Governance = comprises the General (CCC) operates round the clock in all of INTERPOL’s four
Assembly and the Executive Committee, which is headed by official languages (English, French, Spanish and Arabic)
the President. and serves as the first point of contact for any member
The President of the Organization is elected by the country faced with a crisis situation.
General Assembly for a period of four (4) years. His role b. Crisis Response and Major Events
is to chair the General Assembly and Executive Committee In the event of a disaster or major crime,
and ensure that INTERPOL’S activities conform with INTERPOL Response Teams or Disaster Victim
decisions made at these meetings. Identification teams composed of officers from the
 Oskar Dressler = the first secretary general of the General Secretariat and member countries can be
Interpol. dispatched to the scene within hours of an event.
 Johann Schober = the first president of the c. International Alert System
Interpol. An important component of INTERPOL’s
operational police support is the notice system, of
INTERPOL’S NOTICE which the Red Notice for wanted persons is the
1. Red Notice – a notice which is issued to seek the arrest most well-known. In addition to the six color-coded
or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to notices (Red, Blue, Green, Yellow, Black and
extradition. Orange), is the INTERPOL-United Nations Special
2. Blue Notice – this type of notice is issued in order to Notice issued for groups or individuals who are the
locate, identify or obtain information on a person of interest targets of UN sanctions against Al Qaeda and the
in a criminal investigation. Taliban.
3. Green Notice – to warn about a person's criminal d. Analyzing Crime Data
activities if that person is considered to be a possible threat Criminal intelligence analysis is recognized
to public safety. by the law enforcement community as a valuable tool,
4. Yellow Notice – to help locate missing persons, often helping to provide timely warning of threats and
minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to operational police activities. INTERPOL contributes to
identify themselves. investigations by assisting officers working at the
5. Black Notice – a notice issued to seek information on General Secretariat and in member countries with
unidentified bodies. research and analysis on crime trends and with training
6. Orange Notice – to warn of an event, a person, an courses in criminal analysis techniques.
object or a process representing an imminent threat and Divisions of Criminal Intelligence Analysis
danger to persons or property. a. Operational Analysis = aims to achieve a specific
7. Purple Notice – issued to provide information on modus law enforcement outcome. Usually, it has immediate
operandi, objects, devices and concealment methods used benefit.
by criminals. b. Strategic Analysis = provides early warning signals
8. INTERPOL–United Nations Security Council of threats and to support decision making in setting
Special Notice – is issued for individuals and entities that priorities to deal with criminal issues.
are subject to UN sanctions. 4. Police Training and Development
The following are channels of global bilateral and As one of the 4 INTERPOL core functions,
multilateral international cooperation against Police Training and Development continues to evolve as
transnational crime: a priority for INTERPOL and member countries.
 Global multi-lateral cooperation via Interpol;
 Bilateral police cooperation agreements with ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL)
individual states; 1981 (Manila) = The first formal meeting of The
 European multilateral cooperation via Europol. Chiefs of ASEAN Police

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 = Attended by 5 original member countries the extent that political leader will finally be convinced
(Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, of political expediency of efficient law enforcement.
Singapore and Thailand)
FIVE OTHER MEMBERS On the inadequacy of salaries, many believed that
1. Brunei 4. Myanmar honesty and integrity couldn’t be purchased. Thus,
2. Cambodia 5. Vietnam when the policemen are willing to accept responsibility
3. Lao as professionals and establish high standards of
performance, then they can expect recognition in terms
IMPORTANT DATES of appropriate pay scale and reasonable allowances.
▪ 1983 (Jakarta) = Endorsement of the model & Careful inquiry usually discloses that those who are
design of ASEANAPOL logo most deeply involved are the leaders in the politico-
▪ 1984 (Kuala Lumpur) = Royal Brunei Police criminal malpractice. If the wages are too low to attract
became a member and joined the annual conference men who are capable of effective service, then, it is the
▪ 1996 (Kuala Lumpur) = Vietnam joined as a new administrator duty to present the facts to the proper
member authorities for correction and adjustment.
▪ 1998 (Brunei) = Laos joined ASEANAPOL If the laws are weak and new legislations are
▪ 2000 (Myanmar) = Myanmar became the necessary, then the administrators must see that the
10th country to joined as a new member proposed solutions are properly placed before the
▪ 2005 (Bali) = The setting up of a working group to legislature for consideration and correction.
consider the viability of establishing a permanent
ASEANAPOL Secretariat As for public apathy, a law enforcement agency
= Silver Jubilee Commemoration of ASEANAPOL does not meet the approval of the good citizens will not
▪ 2008 (Brunei) = The Royal Malaysia Police was succeed. Public support is the end product of faithful,
chosen as a host of permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat honest and effective law enforcement for the people in
▪ 2009 (Vietnam) = Adoption of Terms of Reference the community. Public support must originate with the
(TOR) people. It is a fundamental responsibility of police
▪ 2010 = On 1st January 2010 commencement of administrators to clean their own ranks and must deal
ASEANAPOL Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia with the problems directly, promptly and effectively.
Otherwise, the impatient citizenry may take upon
ORANIZATION themselves to do the job for them.
1. ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE = comprises
of deputy heads of delegation attending the annual Although the past many years of police
ASEANAPOL conference. It provides a summary reports of development have record distinctive achievements,
the activities of the Secretariat to the Head of the Delegation police services have apparently failed to cope with
2. ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT = is on increasing crime. Despite of substantial addition of
rotational basis with member countries taking turn to host personnel at all levels of police service, statistics show
the ASEANAPOL conference and automatically assume the continuing increases in criminal offenses and anti-social
role of the secretariat for the current year. acts. Part of the blame may be attributed to political
= headed by executive director and assisted by 2 interference, low salaries, weak law enforcement, public
directors apathy or corruption of officials and police officers.
Tenure of Services
a. Executive Director - 2 years But these factors are not the basic causes in the
b. Directors - 3 years (one for Police Services and one for breakdown of police services. They are symptomatic of
Plans and Programs the more fundamental factors, such as disorganization,
*During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, lack of cohesion or inadequate and realistic leadership,
Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of Reference on the defective recruitment, inadequate personnel
establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally management and insufficient training. A situation of this
endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent character has a profound effect on the public welfare as
seat. well as upon the law enforcers themselves.
*The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation
fully on January 1, 2010. The public has become increasingly critical on
police service and as a result a significant number of
CONTEMPORARY POLICE PROBLEMS loyal and capable officers find themselves confused and
Some critiques have said that a small percentage of fearful of the future.
law enforcement officers who are responsible for the
misdeeds of the organization that have brought public Factors and Conditions which caused the
criticism upon them. This very fact makes the indifference Problems
of police heads to the situation all the more reprehensible Why Man Turns to Crime?
subject to criticism. Generally, when the police The causes are so varied as human
administrators are brought to task for permitting improper experiences itself and man’s capacity for evil is
practices and misbehavior to continue, they are quick to matched only by his capacity for good.
blame political interference, inadequate salaries, weakness If experts in human behavior,
of the law, and lack of public support. sociologist, and police authorities are asked why
man turns to crime, complex and elaborate
The Police Problems answers are offered that could be divided into
The problem on political interference can be a the following categories:
most destructive force and often it is a serious 1. Biological- The impulsive and the
obstacle to effective administration of the police temperamental are likely to blow their tops given a
organization, but it cannot be corrected by passive particular situation. Obviously, certain types of
measures. A fundamental responsibility of police temperament are prone to violent behavior – those
administrator is to go and on, fighting for the ideals to whose tolerance levels are extremely low.

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 2. Psychological – Too many frustrations, 8. Attitudes and policies of the courts and
rejections and disappointments. correctional institutions and formal supportive
3. Environmental / Sociological organizations existing in the community
4. Economics 9. Relationship and attitudes of law
5. Political enforcement, including degree of adherence to
crime enforcement procedures and reporting
Why Crime is on the Rise? standards.
Crime is committed because of the following
factors: Police Problems on Human Rights
1. A need exists or the lack of something Observation reveals that many police officers
necessary or desirable violate, in different degrees and circumstances, the
2. There is an opportunity rights of people. As previously discussed in chapter
3. Specifically, the following situations provide ten, the violations of human rights in every state all
opportunities for crime to take place: over the world has connection with the alarming
4. Police Protection of the Criminals negative effects of globalization.
5. The citizens distrust the police
6. Inefficient law Enforcement With law enforcers’ involvement on human
7. Poverty rights violations, it is proper to discuss the basic
8. Others concepts on human rights.
Define Human Rights
Statistics from year-to-year show that on a The term human rights are generally defined
nationwide scale, one crime committed every three as those rights inherent in the nature of every
minutes, which means 20 crimes per hour. Theft, the individual person without which man cannot live as a
leading index offense, occur every 16 minutes, human being. The Commission on Human Rights
followed by physical injuries every 19 minutes, defined human rights as the supreme, inherent,
robbery 28 minutes, homicide every 39 minutes, inalienable right to life, to dignity and to self-
murder every 49 minutes and rape every 6 hours. development.

Cost of Crime Who is a Human Being?

The factors that go into the cost of crime and A human being is a person who possesses
disorder are legion. In so far as lives lost, limbs broken physical existence, a product of pro-creation. The
and mental anguish are concerned, the cost of crime term person refers not only to a human being who
is not quantifiable. inhabits the earth, but also contemplates an unborn
child who has not yet seen the light of a day.
The cost of enforcing the laws can be
categorized to three aspects: namely: 1. to the What is an Inherent Right?
government, 2. to the society, and 3. to the individual An inherent right is one which is essentially
person. These costs to crime do not even include a part of a person’s legal personality from the moment
social costs associated with offenses such as: of his birth. It is a right, which cannot be sold,
1. Victimization transferred or in any other manner alienated to
2. Fear of Victimization another person.
3. Cost of protection against crime ▪ Meaning of Life - Life means more than
4. Operation of the Criminal Justice System mere physical existence. It includes the right to live,
5. Welfare for offenders and families free from social damages against limbs or freedom
Crime Factors from unjustified control.
The causes of criminality and social disorder ▪ Meaning of Liberty - Liberty means
are numerous and occur in such complex variety of the right of a person to act without any
combinations that their isolation, analysis and interference except in accordance with law.
evaluation become extremely difficult. The prevention ▪ Meaning of Property - The term
of criminality, therefore, cannot be the exclusive task property means everything which a man may
of one agency or organization. Crime is a social legally have exclusive dominion and ownership.
problem and the basic concern of the entire
community. The law enforcement effort as a rule is When is a person deprived of his Liberty?
limited to factors within its control. It can only provide A person is considered deprived of his property without
support to the related effort of the pillars of the due process of law when it is physically taken from him, when
Criminal Justice System. its value is destroyed, when its capability for enjoyment or its
Some of the conditions that affect the volume, adaptability to some particular uses is impaired.
density and type of crime that occurs from place to What is due process of law?
place are as follows: The term due process of law means that law which
1. Density and size of the community population hears before it condemns, which proceeds upon inquiry, and
area of which it is a part. renders judgment only after trial.
2. Composition of the population, particularly
with reference to age, sex, race. On Unreasonable Search and Seizure
3. Economic status and mores of the population Constitutional Protection
4. Stability of population taking into accounts the The protection afforded the people against
percentage of commuter seasonal and other transient unreasonable searches and seizure under Sec. 2, Art. III of
types. the 1987 Constitution speaks of three things namely: The
5. Climate including seasonal weather conditions. right to be secured in their persons, in their houses, in their
6. Educational, recreational and religious papers and effects.
characteristics
7. Effective strength of the police force

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 ▪ Freedom of Thought, Conscience and
Human Rights Violation per se Religion and Belief
The following are classified as Human Rights ▪ Freedom of Opinion and Expression.
Violation Per Se under Commission on Human Rights ▪ Freedom of Association, including Trade
Circular No. 001 – 88 and Union Rights.
1. Deprivation of life, liberty or property without due ▪ The Right of everyone to take part in the
process of law. (Sec. 1, Art. III Bill of Rights under the government.
Constitution) 2. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
2. Violation of the Right to the equal protection of laws. ▪ The Right to Work
3. Violation of the rights of the people to be secure in ▪ The Right to Education
their persons, houses, papers, and effects against ▪ The Right to Health
unreasonable search and seizure of whatever nature and for ▪ The Right to Adequate Shelter and Services
any purpose. ▪ The Right to Culture
4. Commission of acts constituting illegal arrest and ▪ The Right to Development
procurement of illegal search warrant. ▪ The Right to a Clean Environment
5. The use of force, torture, violence, threats and other
means that vitiate the freewill of any person or to do The Bill of Rights
anything or to sign a document against his will. (Sec.12 Art. The Bill of Rights is the list of rights
III Bill of Rights under the Constitution). pertaining to persons. These rights are
6. Holding a person in a secret detention places, in recognized, guaranteed, and protected against
solitary confinement, or incommunicado or other forces of invasion, reduction or destruction.
detention.
7. Employment of physical, psychological and Article III of the 1987 Constitution provides for
degrading punishment against a prisoner or detainee. the Bill of Rights are as follows:
8. Unexplained of force disappearance and extra-legal SEC. 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty,
executions. or property without due process of law, nor shall any
person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Human Rights are violated in different areas under any
of the following categories: SEC. 2. The right of the people to be secure in
1. The constitutional areas their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
2. The statutory area, whether civil or criminal unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature
3. Where one acts in defense of one’s rights and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search
4. Conflict of interest and of motives warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon
probable cause to be determined personally by the
The Constitutional Area judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
Human Rights subject to the violation fall within the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and
protecting ambit of Art. III of the 1987 Constitution of the particularly describing the place to be searched and the
Philippines entitled “The Bill of Rights” which includes those persons or things to be seized.
found in other provisions.
SEC. 3. (1) The privacy of communication and
The Statutory Area - The statutory area includes correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful
those provided under Chapter 2, Preliminary Title of the order of the court, or when public safety or order
New Civil Code of the Philippines entitled Human Relations requires otherwise as prescribed by law. (2) Any
on the one hand, and those defined and punished under evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding
Book Two of the Revised Penal Code, which includes the section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any
following: proceeding.
1. Those Crimes Against the Fundamental Laws of the
State SEC. 4. No law shall be passed abridging the
2. Those Against Personal Liberty freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the
3. Those Against Chastity right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition
the Government for redress of grievances.
Where one act in defense of his rights - There are acts
which a person commits in defense of his rights, he thus, SEC. 5. No law shall be made respecting an
violates the rights of another as a consequence. establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
Conflict of interest, motives and disparity in the social exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of
and economic status of people. religious profession and worship, without discrimination
or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test
Classification of Human Rights shall be required for the exercise of civil or political
1. Civil and Political Rights rights.
▪ The right to life, liberty, security of person.
▪ Protection against torture and other forms of SEC. 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the
cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment. same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be
▪ Protection Against Arbitrary Arrest and impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither
Detention shall the right to travel be impaired except in the
▪ Right against Slavery, Force or Compulsory interest of national security, public safety, or public
Labor. health, as may be provided by law.
▪ The Right to own Property.
▪ The Right to Leave and to Return to one’s SEC. 7. The right of the people to information on
country matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access
▪ Human Right in the Administration of to official records, and to documents, and papers
Justice pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions,
as well as to government research data used as basis

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 for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, punishment for a crime whereof the party shall be duly
subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. convicted.
SEC. 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed,
SEC. 8. The right of the people, including those employed nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted.
in the public and private sectors, to form unions, Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for
associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the
shall not be abridged. Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty
already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
SEC. 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use (2) The employment of physical, psychological, or
without just compensation. degrading punishment against any prisoner or detainee
or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities
SEC. 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.
be passed.
SEC. 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or
SEC. 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies non-payment of a poll tax.
and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any
person by reason of poverty. SEC. 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of
punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by
SEC. 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under
commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the
of his right to remain silent and to have competent and same act.
independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the
person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be SEC. 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder
provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in shall be enacted.
writing and in the presence of counsel. (2) No torture, force,
violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which Promotion of Human Rights
vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret Under our laws and government administrative
detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar issuances the following are mandated:
forms of detention are prohibited. (3) Any confession or 1. The DepEd shall include the study and
admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof understanding of human rights in the curricula of all levels
shall be inadmissible in evidence against him. (4) The law of education and training in all schools in the country,
shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of adapting the scope and treatment of the subject or course
this section as well as compensation to and rehabilitation of on human rights to the respective educational levels
victims of torture or similar practices, and their families. (Executive Order 27-86).
2. The CSC shall include in the examinations for
SEC. 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses government service the basic knowledge on human
punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is rights.
strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient 3. The Department of National Defense, the AFP
sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided and the PNP shall include the study of Human rights as
by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when an integral and indispensable part of the education and
the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. training of all police, military, and other arresting and
Excessive bail shall not be required. investigating personnel.
4. The NAPOLCOM shall include in the qualifying
SEC. 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal examinations for police work a basic knowledge on human
offense without due process of law. (2) In all criminal rights. (Memo Order No. 26-86).
prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until I.
the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard J. Police Problem on Graft and
by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and Corruption
cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, The malady is the result of rampant criminal
impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to activities of public/private officials using their influence
face, and to have compulsory process to secure the and positional advantage in illegal acquisition of wealth.
attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in Police Corruptions has many definitions. Herman
his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed Goldstein defines it as “acts involving the misuse of
notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that authority by a police officer in a manner designed to
he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is produce personal gain for himself or others.
unjustifiable.
Frederick A. Elliston and Michael Feldberg define
SEC. 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not corruption as “the acceptance of money or the equivalent
be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when of money by a public official for doing something he or
the public safety requires it. she is under the duty to do anyway, that he or she is
under a duty not to do, or to exercise legitimate discretion
SEC. 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy for improper use.”
disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or
administrative bodies. Although these definitions differ, we can find
enough commonalities to define corruption as follows: A
SEC. 17. No person shall be compelled to be a police officer is corrupt when he or she is acting under his
witness against himself. or her official capacity and receives a benefit or something
of value for doing something or for refraining from doing
SEC. 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by something.
reason of his political beliefs and aspirations. (2) No
involuntary servitude in any from shall exist except as

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The Cost of Corruption First Level – Rotten Apples and Rotten Pockets
The cost of corruption is extremely high – Corruption is less serious when it involves only a few
to the police, the criminal justice system and the police officers acting on their own. The rotten apple theory
society. The most important point is that a corrupt applies to a situation where only a few officers
act is a criminal act. Criminal activity by the police independently engaged in corrupt acts. A rotten pocket
officers undermines the fundamental integrity of exists when several corrupt officers cooperate with one
the law enforcement mission. At the same time, another. The Rotten apple problem is the easiest to control.
corruption protects other criminal’s activity. Rotten pockets represent a far more difficult problems, they
Gambling syndicates, protected by corruption are involved a conspiracy among several officers who will not
the major source of profits for organized crimes. testify against one another.

Corruption destroys the police department itself. It Second Level – Pervasive Unorganized
robs officers of self-respect, respects for their supervisors, Corruption
and respect for the department as a whole. Effective discipline Corruption reaches a higher degree of intensity
becomes impossible when corruption spreads. The corrupt when it is a majority of personnel who are corrupt, but who
supervisor cannot discipline an officer who might threaten to have little relationship to each other.
expose the supervisor’s illegal activity. Corruption also
encourages police lying, as officers protect one another. Lying Third Level – Pervasive Organized Corruption
to protect one or other officers can then spread to other areas The most serious form of corruption exists at an
of policing, such as covering up excessive use of force. organized level that penetrates the higher levels of the
department. An example is a systematic payoff to protect
Corruption destroys public confidence in the police. illegal activities with the payoff shared among all members
The belief that a department is corrupt undermines respect of a unit and their supervisors.
for officers and public support for the department as a whole.
This has a special impact on police community relations. Types and Forms of Corruption
Illegal vice activities have generally been relegated to low Corruption is not limited to the present day, for
income and racial minority neighborhoods. Awareness of as long as there have been police, there has been
corruption in their neighborhood is one reason why police police corruption. Samuel Walker describes four
have low ratings from the public. general types of corruption: taking gratuities, taking
bribes, theft or burglary, and internal corruption.
C. How the Police Become Corrupt? 1. Gratuities – are small tips or discounts on
Police officers do not start their careers as corrupt goods purchased. In many communities. Some prohibits
individuals. The only exceptions are those who have some gratuities, while others do not.
criminal activity in the past, which was not detected in the 2. Taking Bribes – the payment of money or other
selection process. An important part of understanding police consideration to police officers with intent to subvert the
corruption, then, is examining how individual officers become aims of the criminal justice system. According to Walker,
corrupt. bribe may take two forms: (1) the pad (formal, regular,
periodic payments to the police to overlook continuing
Corrupting Individual Officers criminal enterprises) (2) the score (a one-time payment
Most experts believe that officers become corrupt to avoid arrest for illegal conduct).
through a process of socialization. An officer does not 3. Theft or Robbery – The taking of money or
become corrupt all at once. Rather, the process involves a property by the police while performing their duties, is
series of stages in which the officer passes from lesser to another form of corruption. The police have access to
greater tolerance and or involvement in corrupt activities. numerous premises; include warehouses and stores,
First Stage – The moral career of a corrupt officer while investigating burglaries.
begins with relatively minor gratuities. The officer begins to 4. Internal Corruption – Officers pay members of
regard free meals as a normal part of the job. Peer pressure their departments for special assignments or
is extremely important in the first stage. The new officer is promotions.
introducing to corrupt acts by veteran officers.
Thomas Barker and Julian Roebuck on the other
Second and Third Stage – According to Sherman, hand have identified the following types of corruption:
it involves regulatory offenses, an officer accepts a free ▪ Acceptance of free or discounted meals
drink from a bar owner and allows the bar to remain open and services.
after the legal closing hours. Peer pressure is important if ▪ Acceptance of kickbacks for referral for
the officers know that other officers routinely do the same services
thing. ▪ Opportunistic theft from helpless citizens
or unsecured premises.
Final Stage – At some point, the officer becoming ▪ Shakedowns
corrupt changes from one who passively accepts gratuities ▪ Protection of Illegal Activities
into one who aggressively solicits bribes. The corrupt acts ▪ Acceptance of money to fix cases
begin to involve more serious violation of the law, become ▪ Planned Theft
more systematic, and involve larger amounts of money; the
officer begins to initiate corrupt acts. Eight Kinds of Police Corruption

Level of Corruption ▪ Corruption of Authority – An officer’s

Not all departments are corrupt, and not all corrupt authority is corrupted when he receives officially
departments are equally corrupt. The relevant question, unauthorized material gain by virtue of his position as a
according to Sherman is: Why are there different kinds and police officer without violating the laws.
extends of police corruption’s is different communities? ▪ Kickbacks - Profits
▪ Opportunistic theft – Occurred from
arrest of suspects, investigating victims in crime scenes
and from unprotected properties.

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▪ Shakedown – Arises when an officer 3. It destroys the department itself, robbing the police
inadvertently witnesses or gains knowledge of a criminal officer of self-respect and respect for superior officers and
violation and the violator subsequently offer a bribe to the department as a whole. Effective discipline becomes
evade arrest. impossible when corruption is systematic
▪ Protection of Illegal Activities – This 4. Knowledge of the existence of corruption under the
type of corruption concerns with the giving of protection public’s faith in the police and the entire criminal justice
by a policeman in any illegal activity such as gambling, system.
smuggling, prostitution or other vices to operate without
police interference in exchange of any form of material Problems on Police Response
rewards. Patrol effectiveness is frequently measured in
▪ Traffic Fix – The quashing of prosecution response time. The time elapsed between when the call is
proceeding following the offender’s arrest. received and when the police arrived on the scene.
▪ Direct Criminal Activities – It involves
no corruptor. Policeman directly committed crimes One obvious reason for a rapid response is the
against the person or property of another for material opportunity to apprehend a person engaged in criminal
gain. activity.
▪ Criminal Pay-off- Internal Pay-Off
regulates a market where the police officers’ Primary Reasons for Police Response Delay
prerogatives maybe bought, bartered or sold. Citizen’s delay in calling the police is because of
decision-making problems or problems in
Other Kinds of Corruption communicating with the police.
Many police officers have been involved in acts of Three basic decision-making problems that result in
corruption sourced out from Gambling - Parking and citizen’s failure to call the police immediately are:
Traffic – Narcotics - Retrieving seized automobiles – ▪ Citizens sometimes want first to verify that a
Construction - Intradepartmental Payments – Bars - situation does indeed involve a crime; that is, they try to
Sale of Information – Prostitution – and Gratuities resolve ambiguity in the situation.
▪ Sometimes citizens take actions to help
Reasons for Police Corruptions themselves cope with problems the crimes have
Numerous theories attempt to explain created for them, for example leaving the scene,
corruption in law enforcement agencies. Frank talking with someone else to enlist support, chasing
Schmalleger offers an interesting theory about the the suspect or taking care of a physical injury.
reason some police officers become corrupt by tying ▪ Most citizens experience conflict as to whether
Edwin Sutherland theory of differential association to or not to call the police, and try to avoid making
police corruption. Sutherland’s theory of differential immediate decisions.
association holds that crime is basically imitative, we After the citizens decided to call the police, they may
learn crime the same way we learn other behavior. encounter other problems, such as the following:
Police tend to imitate the behavior that surrounds ▪ No Phone Available
them. ▪ Not Knowing what Number to Call
▪ Nor Being Able to Communicate Clearly with
The tremendous discretion they are allowed to the Person Receiving the Call
exercise, and the existence of the police personality and
police cynicism, it is easy to see that police work is fertile Response time is also delayed when the
ground for the growth of corruption. Add to this, is the department does not have enough patrol officers
environment the constant contact police have with criminals available for such duty at any particular time.
and unsavory people, and the enormous amount of money
that can be made by corrupt officers. Based on all these Patrolling is mainly a deterrent to criminal activity:
factors, it is little wonder that corruption is pervasive. recent research showed that a patrolling police officer is
likely to come across a serious crime by chance once
Wilson says that low salaries and expectation that every 14 years.
the police will have other jobs increase the probabilities that
the police will be involved in corruption. Patrols are particularly useful in offering
reassurance to the public. More targeted police
Other Factors Which Contribute to Police Corruption presence also prevents crime, especially where there
1. Branch of the Department to which the officer is are crowds of people.
assigned.
2. Area to which an officer is assigned Police patrols take place in cars or on foot; there
3. Character of the police has been some tendency to return to foot patrols
4. Rank recently, as they are seen as more conducive to a good
5. Police Attitude relationship with the public; car patrols, on the other
6. Police Officer clientele hand, have the advantage of speed of response when a
7. Leadership crime is reported. Police are equipped with radios that
enable the local control room to respond with officers to
Effects of Corruption on Law Enforcement an incident as appropriate.
Nothing undermines public confidence in the police
and in the process of criminal justice more than the illegal Factors Affecting Police Response
acts of police officers. David Burnham identified what he
calls four hidden social costs of police corruption namely: Police Officers respond to calls about committed
1. It represents a secret tax on businesses that have to crimes depend on several important variables:
pay off the police to avoid harassment. ▪ What specific crime is involved?
2. It undermines the enforcement of the law, allowing ▪ Is the crime still in progress? How many suspects are
widespread illegal activity to flourish involved? Are weapons involved? Is there a danger to
the public?

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▪ Could a hostage situation develop? contact between the officer and his opponent that may
▪ How many officers are available? occur days or week later.
▪ Where are they?
K. When Use of Force on the Citizen can be judged to
be Improper or Unnecessary?
Police Use of Violence In a significant study on the phenomenon of police
brutality, Albert J. Reiss has laid down certain criteria when
Need for Restraint in Police Use of Force use of physical force on a citizen can be judged to be
One of the central issues in policing today is improper or unnecessary if force was used in one or more
how we can make the police accountable to the citizenry of the following ways:
in a democratic society and yet not hamstring them in 1. If a policeman physically assaulted a citizen and then
their legitimate pursuit of law and order. failed to make an arrest, proper use involves an arrest.
2. If the citizen being arrested did not, by word or deed,
All people-processing organizations, like the resist the policeman, force should be used only if it is
police agencies, face certain common problems. But the necessary to make the arrest.
police administrator faces a problem in controlling 3. If the policeman, even though there was resistance
practice with clients that is not found in most other to the arrest, could have easily restrained the citizen in other
organizations. The problem is that police contacts with ways.
citizens occur in the community, where direct 4. If a large number of policemen were present and
supervision is not feasible and where exercise of wide could have assisted in subduing the citizen in the station, in
discretion is unavoidable. lockup, and in the interrogation rooms.
5. If an offender was handcuffed and made no attempt
The problem of excessive use of force by to flee or offer violent resistance.
policemen is popularly referred to as POLICE 6. If the citizen resisted arrest, but the use of force
BRUTALITY. However, most authorities on the continued even after the citizen was subdued.
police have become wary of the phrase “police
brutality” in this connection because they By the same idea, Reiss discovered that citizens
believe the term has become so overcharged objected to, and complained about:
with emotional connotation. They feel the 1. The way police use language
expression “violent-force”- both authorized 2. The habit the police officers have of talking
and non-authorized-is a more accurate way of down to them
describing this aspect of police conduct. 3. The harassing tactics of the police – the
indiscriminate stopping and searching of citizens on foot
Sequence of Decision Phases in Police Use of Deadly or in cars, commands to go home, or to move on.
Force Reiss summarizes the ways in which police have
Research studies have established that in a traditionally dealt with certain citizens, particularly those
substantial percentage of shootings by police, their action in in the lower class:
squeezing the trigger is not the product of a “shoot/don’t 1. The use of profane and abusive language
shoot” decision rather the result of a sequence of decisions 2. Commands to move on or get home
stretching back in time minutes or even hours before the 3. Stopping and questioning people on the street
gun is fired. or searching them and their cars
4. Threats to use force if not obeyed
In this regard, Scharf and Binder have conceptualized 5. Prodding with a nightstick or approaching with
five “decision phases”: a pistol and
1. Anticipation – defined as the period from the 6. The actual use of the physical force or violence
officer’s first awareness of the need for the intervention to itself.
his arrival on the scene where the encounter occurs with the
opponent. A critical element of this phase is the substance, Use of Force Model Based Upon Progressive
amount and accuracy of information that the officer receives Application of Force
and that he may use in forming expectations of and The model supports the widely accepted premise
preparations for the encounter. and practice of progressive application of force, which
2. Entry and Initial Confrontation – This is the implies the appropriate selection of force options in
period in which the officer physically enters the scene or first response to the level of compliance from the individual
approaches the citizen. It is theorized that tactical decisions to be controlled. For instance, each officer citizen
made in this phase can significantly influence the officer’s encounter must flow in a logical and legal sequence of
later options. These decisions would include whether to cause and effect based upon the officer’s perception of
seek cover (behind an object, protective body armor, etc.) risk.
or concealment and whether to enlist the aid of individuals A brief examination of the model includes the
whom the suspect may trust. following areas:
3. Dialogue and Information Exchange – This is a Structural Components - The model consists of three
“definitional” phase in which, through oral or other forms of panels – “reasonable officer’s perception”,
communication, the officer(s) and civilians(s) “size up” the “enforcement electives” and “reasonable officer’s
situation and each other. Included in this phase are orders response”- each of which is comprised of five levels.
to “halt”, “drop the gun” among others, issued by the police,
threats or signs of contempt by the civilian toward the 1. Reasonable Officer’s Perception – It is
officer, and actual negotiations of the sort that would be breakdown into five categories of perceived subject
involved in extended hostage-barricade incidents. actions:
4. Final Frame Decision to shoot or not to Shoot ▪ Compliant (Cooperative) – Within the normal
– The officer’s actual determination about discharging the realm of law enforcement, the vast majority of
weapon. police/citizen encounters are positive and cooperative.
5. Aftermath – This final phase includes both on-site ▪ Resistant (Passive) – In some confrontational
events immediately following a decision to shoot or not to contacts, the subject may offer a preliminary level of
shoot and activities, such as departmental review and future

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noncompliance. The subject resistance is primarily their genuine loyalty and noble faith in the policies and
passive, with the subject offering no physical objectives of the organization.
enhancement toward the effort other than sheer Recruitment standards, training requirements and
unresponsiveness. career development program must be strictly observed.
▪ Resistant (Active) – At this level, the subject’s Salaries and allowances and other personnel
resistance has become more active in scope and motivations must be maintained in the proper levels. Police
intensity. The indifference to control has increased to a service as it is presently conducted does not appear to meet
level of enhanced physical defiance. all the requirements of a true profession, and while evident
▪ Assault (Bodily Harm) – In this case, the improvements have been made in some areas of work,
officer’s attempt to gain lawful compliance has met with much remain to be done in the correction of the police
active, hostile resistance culminating in an attack upon organizations to attain modern civilian professional
the officer. concepts.
▪ Serious Assault (Serious Bodily Harm/ Death) There are no obstacles to the attainment of
– This category represents the least encountered but professional status that are so great that cannot be
most serious threat to officer safety. Here the officer surmounted if the human elements of the organization
can draw a reasonable conclusion that he is subject to themselves are willing to accept the demands of
death or great bodily harm as a result of the attack. professional growth and responsive service.
2. Enforcement Elective Panel – The model In professional organizations, high standards of
corresponds to the tools provided via the training qualifications must be established and recognized by the
curriculum, keying enforcement actions to the specific members for recruitment and admission thereto. Likewise,
encounter. facilities must be provided for technical and enrichment
▪ Level I – This category consists of skills and the development of knowledge on both substance
fundamental procedures supportive of the initiation and and work procedures.
continuation of compliance and procedures.
▪ Level II – This level includes options centered Control Mechanisms in the Use of Force by Police
on the gaining of control via procedures that are Officers
primarily psychologically manipulative, rather than To improve the control of violent force,
physically manipulative. many police specialists believe major changes
▪ Level III – Due to the introduction of a in the purpose, recruiting method, training,
physical component to the subject’s noncompliance, organization and tactics of the police will have
the officer now must call upon the tactics of encounter to be implemented.
and, possibly, the deployment of supportive force. ▪ Adoption of organizational rules,
▪ Level IV – Due to the combative nature of the procedures, accountability mechanism, training, firm
confrontation, the officer must now deploy tactical system of oversight and accountability by police
procedures centering upon active, force-enhanced counter managers.
measures. ▪ Improved officer selection criteria, and
▪ Level V – At this level, tactical options are directed officer training in various survival tactics, such as range
toward officer survival and self-preservation. instruction, human relation skills, cultural awareness
3. Reasonable Officer’s Response programs, verbal judo, martial arts, and the use of less
▪ Verbal Command – This level relies on the lethal weapon.
professional officer’s wide variety of communication skills, ▪ Heavy emphasis should be given to
capitalizing upon the general population’s acceptance of detailed background check in order to detect any erratic
authority. behavior in the past as an indicator of possible trouble
▪ Contact Controls – In the first stage of non- in the future.
compliance, the officer must deploy tactical talents to assert ▪ Intensive psychiatric or psychological
control and gain cooperation. interview should be conducted for all applicants.
▪ Compliance Techniques – The officer must deploy
sufficient force to overcome the subject’s active resistance, Proactive Measures against Police Violence
remaining vigilant for signs of more aggressive behavior With training as a focal point, the following
from the subject. proactive measures towards violence-reduction in police
▪ Defensive Tactics – Confronted with the subject’s work are suggested:
assaultive act/s the officer is justified in taking appropriate ▪ Training, training, training, retraining,
steps to immediately cease the assaultive action and gain retraining, retraining, communication, communication,
and maintain control of the subject once compliance is communication.
achieved. ▪ Front-line supervision that is well trained,
▪ Deadly Force – Facing an assaultive situation that well informed and not afraid to supervise.
reaches the ultimate degree of danger, the officer must ▪ Discipline that is fair, consistent and
deploy absolute and immediate tactics to stop the lethal consistently applied.
threat and secure conclusive compliance and control. ▪ An awareness of instances of over-
aggressive tendencies and the provision of remedial
THE REMEDIES TO THE POLICE PROBLEMS training or discipline before these latent tendencies
As they say, every problem has a solution. After we become assaults.
have discussed the problems, below is a discussion on the
possible remedies to deal with these police problems. They Other Remedies
must be, however, taken into holistic approaches in their To improve efficiency and effectiveness in
implementation. police work with a lessened amount of police problems,
the following are other remedies on police problems:
General Remedies Available ▪ Comprehensive campaign of the Moral
Consistent progress in public service is possible only Recovery Program in the police service
when the internal strength of the organization exists. There ▪ Comprehensive focus on educational
must be high morale among the members of the police measures with emphasis on the ethical standards and
service reflected in their esprit de corps that springs from code of conduct for law enforcers.

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▪ Comprehensive check-up on existing Criminal World
statutes concerning the police organization - refers to the social organization of criminals with
▪ Political will power remedies on erring its own social classes and norms.
police officers

Historical Types of Transnational Crime

TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES 1. Slavery
Transnational Crime - the submission to a dominating influence or the
- are crimes that have actual or potential effect state of a person who is a chattel of another.
across national borders and crimes which are intra-State Slave - a person held in servitude as the chattel of
but which offend fundamental values of the another.
international. 2. Piracy
- the word "transnational" describes crimes that - is typically an act of robbery or criminal violence
are not only international (that is, crimes that cross at sea. The term can include acts committed on land, in
borders between countries), but crimes that by their the air, or in other major bodies of water or on a shore.
nature involve cross-border transference as an essential - It does not normally include crimes committed
part of the criminal activity. against persons traveling on the same vessel as the
- transnational crimes also include crimes that perpetrator (e.g. one passenger stealing from others on
take place in one country, but their consequences the same vessel).
significantly affect another country and transit countries - (Presidential Decree No. 532 (The Anti-Piracy and
may also be involved. Anti- Highway Robbery Law of 1974).
- a crime perpetuated by organized criminal 3. Opium Smuggling
groups which the aim of committing one or more serious Smuggling - the act of conveying or introducing
crimes of offenses in order to obtain directly or surreptitiously or to import export secretly contrary to
indirectly, a financial or other material benefits law and especially without paying duties imposed by law.
committed through crossing of borders or jurisdictions.
Modern Types of Transnational Crime
A working definition of transnational crime. 1. Terrorism
- Crime that impacts on more than one - define as the unlawful use of force or violence
jurisdiction. e.i. one country to another. against person or property to intimidate or coerce a
government, the civilian population, or any segment
Adopted from the United Nations Convention thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
on Transnational Organized Crime. (FBI, 1997)
- Committed by Organized criminal groups that
have a home base in one state, but cooperated in one - the term terrorism comes from French
or more host states where there are favorable market "terrorisme", from Latin: "terror" which means "great
opportunities. fear", "dread", related to the Latin verb "terrere", which
Well known types: means "to frighten".
- the use of the word first appeared in January
- Drugs, economic, people smuggling, money 1975.
laundering, environmental. - the systematic use of terror, especially as a
What about: means of coercion. It refers only to those acts which
- People trafficking, sea piracy, arms trafficking, are:
precursor chemicals, terrorism and the crimes that 1. Intended to create fear
underpin or facilitated terrorism.
Crossing of borders by: 2. Are perpetrated for ideological goal
- People - criminals, fugitives and victims – 3. Deliberately target non-combatants.
Things - commodities
- Intent - traffic, defraud, circumvent, etc. With In November 2004, a United Nations Secretary General
international recognition of the crime: - conventions, report described terrorism
treaties and laws - As any act intended to cause death or serious
With international recognition of the crime: bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the
-conventions, treaties and laws purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a
government or an international organization to do or
Transnational Organized Crime abstain from doing any act.
- involves the planning and execution of illicit
business ventures by groups or networks of individuals
working in more than one country. Characteristics of Terrorism:
- these criminal groups use a systematic violence 1. Premeditated or Planned
and corruption to achieve their goals. 2. Politically motivated
3. Aimed at civilians
Organized crime 4. Carried out by sub-national groups
- is a combination of two or more person for the
purpose of establishing by terror, threat, intimidation or Organized Crime Group (OCG) vs.
conception in the city or municipality or any community Terrorism
of either monopoly or criminal activities in field that - OCG are motivated by money
provides continuing financial support. - Terrorists are motivated by ideology a.
terrorist may use:
Criminal Syndicate 1. weapons of mass destruction
- an organized and relatively stable business which 2. threats to create fear
uses violence and threat against competitors. 3. traditional weapons

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Typology of Terrorism against person or property to intimidate or coerce a
1. Nationalist Terrorism government.
- seek to form a separate state of their own and - International groups typically operate in multiple
frequently depict their activities as a fight for liberation. countries, but retain a geographic focus for their
- the loyalty and devotion to a nation, and the activities.
national consciousness derived from placing one
nation's culture and interest above those of other 9. Cyber Terrorism
nations or groups. - is a form of terrorism that makes use of highly
technology especially computers, the internet and the
2. Religious Terrorism World Wide Web, in the planning and carrying out of
-pursue their own vision of the divine will and use terrorist attacks.
violence intended to bring about social and cultural
changes. 10. Pathological Terrorism
- religiously inspired terrorism is on the rise, with - this describes the use of terrorism by individuals
a forty-three percent increase of total international who utilize such strategies for the sheer joy of terrorizing
terror groups espousing religious motivation between others. Pathological terrorist often operate alone rather
1980 and 1995. in groups like the others on the list and often are not
true terrorist as they lack any well-defined political
Religiously motivated terrorists see their objectives as motive.
holy writ, and therefore infallible and non-negotiable.
11. Issue Oriented Terrorism
3. State-Sponsored Terrorism - this type of terrorism is carries out for the
purpose of advancing a specific issue. Commonly these
- deliberately used by radical states as foreign issues are social in nature or deal with the environment.
policy tools. Here this definition is used to include environmental
terrorism.
4. Left-Wing Terrorism
- seek to destroy economies based on free 12. Separatist Terrorism
enterprise and to replace them with socialist or - separatists seek to cause fragmentation within a
communist economic system. country and established a new state. This type of
- these group seek to overthrow capitalist terrorism is typical of minorities within a nation-state
democracies and establish socialist or communist that desire their own, commonly due to discrimination
governments in their place. They want to attack the from the majority group.
established system in order to do away with class
distinction. 13. Narco-Terrorism
- this term originally refers to organizations that
5. Right-Wing Terrorism gain funds through the sale of drugs. It can also deal with
-motivated by fascist ideals and work toward the the use of violence by those groups or gangs designed to
dissolution of democratic make the sale of their drugs easier.
governments.
- this type of terrorism aims to combat liberal Human Security Act of 2007 (RA 9372)
governments and preserve traditional social orders. - Policy (Sec. 2) - protect, liberty and property from
Right wing terrorism is commonly characterized by acts of terrorism;
militias and gangs; many time these groups are racially - Condemn terrorism as inimical and dangerous to
motivated and aim to marginalize minorities within a the national security of the country and to the welfare of
state. the people;
- Make terrorism a crime against the Filipino
6. Anarchist (Revolutionary) Terrorism people, against humanity and against the law of nations.
- are revolutionaries who seek to overthrow all - signed into law by Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
established forms of government. and effective on July 2007, officially aimed at tackling
- dedicated to the overthrow of an established militants in the Southern Philippines, including
order and replacing it with a new political or social Abu Sayyaf Group, which has link to Al-Qaeda and has
structure. Although often associated with communist been blamed for bombings and kidnappings.
political ideologies, this is not always the case, and other - The law took effect on 15 July 2007.
political movements can advocate revolutionary methods
to achieve their goals. Terrorism (Sec. 3, RA 9372) three-part definition:
1. Predicate act
7. Domestic Terrorism a. Piracy and mutiny on high seas (Art. 122)
- refers to the unlawful use of force or violence by b. Rebellion or insurrection (Art. 134)
a group or an individual who is based and operates c. Coup d'etat (Art. 134-A)
within a state. d. Murder (Art. 248)
- these terrorist are "home grown" and operate e. Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention (Art.
within and against their home country. They are 267) f. Arson (Art. 324*; PD 1613)
frequently tied to extreme social or political factions h. RA No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law)
within a particular society, and focus their efforts h. PD No. 532 (Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law
specifically on their nation's socio-political arena. of 1974) i. PD No. 1866 as amended by RA 8294 & 10592
(Illegal Possession of Firearms and Ammunition)
8. International Terrorism 2. Results/Consequences
- is the unlawful use of force or violence by a group - Thereby sowing and creating a condition of widespread
or an individual who has connection to a foreign power and extraordinary fear and panic among the populace.
or whose activities transcend national boundaries 3. Objectives

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- In order to coerce the government to give in to - This world organization was founded in 1945 and
an unlawful demand. was formerly known as the League of Nations. Its
primary task is to stop wars between countries and to
Penalty - 40 years of imprisonment provide a platform for dialogue.
- United Nations-sponsored multilateral treaty
Counterterrorism against transnational organized crime, adopted in 2000.
- refers to the practices, tactics and strategies that - It is also called the "Palermo Convention".
governments, militaries and other groups adopt in order - Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
to fight terrorism. Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children.
- that include the offensive measures taken to - Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by
prevent, deter, preempt, and respond to terrorism (NATO Land, Sea and Air.
and US Military Operations). 2. Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Chiefs of National Police (ASEANAPOL)
Types of Counterterrorism: - Consolidate National Police Forces, enhance
1. Strategic Counterterrorism - deny resources, regional law enforcement cooperation and harmonize
such as finances or base areas to the terrorist. It will policing system in the region.
capture, kill, or convert terrorist leaders. - PNP is a member of the ASEANAPOL.
2. Tactical and Operational Counterterrorism - - The ASEANAPOL deals with the preventive
creation of elite units or forces, whose role is to directly enforcement and operational aspects of cooperation
engage terrorists and prevent terrorist attacks. They against transnational crime.
perform both in preventive actions, hostage rescue and - Actively involved in sharing knowledge and
responding to on-going attacks. expertise on policing, enforcement, law, criminal justice,
and transnational and international crimes.
Counter-Terrorist Groups
1. Australia - Tactical Assault Group (TAG) and Objectives of ASEANAPOL
Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) • Enhancing police professionalism.
2. Germany - Grenzchutzgruppe-9 (GSG) • Forging stronger regional cooperation in police
3. Israel - SayeretMatkal (General Staff work and promoting lasting friendship amongst the police
Reconnaissance Unit 269) 4. Netherlands - officers of ASEAN countries.
BijzondreBijstandEenheid (BBE) 3. European Police Office (EUROPOL)
5. Norway - Europol is the European Union's criminal
ForsvaretsSpecial Kommando (FSK) - (Special intelligence agency. It became fully operational on July 01,
Commando of the Defense) 1999.
6. Oman - Sultan's Special Forces "Cobras"
7. United Kingdom (UK) - Special Air Service (SAS) Aim of EUROPOL
8. United States of America - Delta Force and Seal - aim is to improve the effectiveness and
Team Six cooperation between the competent authorities of the
9. Philippines - Special Action Force (PNP-SAF) and member states primarily by sharing and pooling
Special Operations Group (PASCOM-SOG) intelligence to prevent and combat serious international
organized crime. Its mission is to make a significant
United Nation's Counter-Terrorism Committee contribution to the European Union's law enforcement
- The CTC was established by Security Control efforts in targeting organized crime.
resolution 1373, which was adopted unanimously on
Sept. 28, 2001 in the wake of the Sept. 11 terrorist Mission of Europol
attack in the United States. - the mission of Europol is to make a significant
- The Committee, comprising all 15 Security contribution to the European Union's law enforcement
Council Members. action against organized crime and terrorism with an
emphasis on targeting criminal organizations.
United States of America's National
Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) 4. International Association of Chief of Police
- Established by President Executive Order 133354 (IACP)
in August 2004 and codified by the Intelligence Reform - The International Association of Chiefs of Police
and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. is the world's oldest and largest nonprofit membership
organization of police executives, with over 20,000
Philippine Center on Transnational Crime (PCTC) members in over 89 different countries. IACP's leadership
- Created on January 15, 1999 by Executive Order consists of the operating chief executives of international,
No. 62 under the Office of the President to formulate and federal, state and local agencies of all sizes.
implement a concerted of action of all law enforcement,
intelligence and other government agencies for the Mission of IACP
prevention and control of transnational crime. 1. advance professional police services.
2. promote/enhanced administrative, technical, and
***Terrorist Organization in the World, Drug Trafficking, operational police practices; foster cooperation among
Money Laundering, Human Trafficking and Cybercrimes police leaders and police organizations of recognized
(see page 58 to 73 of CDI Volume 2) professional and technical standing throughout the world

PARTICIPATION OF PNP PERSONNEL IN UN

BILATERAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS
OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
The PNP personnel participate in UN Peacekeeping
Convention against Transnational Organized Missions
Crime
1. UNITED NATIONS

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- The Republic of the Philippines is committed to PNP personnel who passed the UNSAT Examination but
global peace and as a founding member of the United with previous UN mission deployment.
Nations, abides by its Charter and recognizes that while
the maintenance of international peace and security is the Personnel who obtained the highest UNSAT exam rating,
primordial responsibility of the United Nations, individual or those superior in rank, length of service, educational
states, regional organizations and civil society share in this attainment, or with fewer missions, in such order, shall
responsibility. have priority for deployment.

- The Philippines reaffirms its commitment to the Default

mandate of the United Nations Security Council under - Personnel after having been nominated for
Chapter VI and VII of the Charter and the role of regional deployment shall be considered in default and will be
organizations under Chapter VIII in the maintenance of removed from the priority list under the following
international peace and security. In honoring its circumstances:
obligations under the Charter, the Philippines within its a. Non-submission of documentary requirements to
capabilities, shall participate in initiatives under the aegis the Secretariat on specified date;
of the United Nations. b. Failure to report for processing for deployment;
and
-It recognizes that the United Nations plays a fundamental c. Non-attendance to the scheduled Pre-Departure
and crucial role in peace operations and imposes upon Orientation Seminars (PDOS).
itself the responsibility to take measures on humanitarian
concerns without resorting to the use of arms. Deferment
a. Deferment shall be allowed only once and only
- Subject to national goals and interests, the due to health reasons duly certified by the Director,
Philippines may commit its resources to international Health Service;
developmental and humanitarian assistance in furtherance b. Personnel deferred due to justifiable reasons
of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). cited above can be renominated for deployment to the
same mission area as last priority; and
Selection and Qualifications c. Request for deferent shall be in writing.
- Applications for UN peacekeeping mission should
satisfy the following standards and qualifications at the
time of filing the application thereof:
a. UNSAS eligible;
b. A Police Commissioned Officer (PCO) applicant
must have a rank of at least Police Senior Inspector
(Police Captain) while a Police Non-Commissioned
Officer (PNCO) applicant must have a rank of at least
Police Officer 3 (Police Staff Sergeant);
c. Have attained at least five (5) years of active
police service (excluding cadetship for PMA, PNPA,
PMMA, and equivalent Officer's Training/Field Training
Program (FTP) for Lateral Entry Officers and Recruitment
Training for Police Non-Commissioned Officers);
d. Appointed in permanent status in his/her present
rank;
e. Have at least one (1) year experience in vehicle
driving reckoned from the date of issuance of his/her
valid driver's license;
f. Recommend by his/her Unit Commander
(Command Group, D-Staff Directors, RDs of PROS, NSUS
Directors and District Directors);
g. Have a Performance Evaluation Rating (PER) of
at least Very Satisfactory (VS) for two (2) consecutive
semestral rating periods immediately preceding his/her
application;
h. With no pending administrative or criminal case
in any body/tribunal or court nor a witness to any such
case nor a summary hearing officer with unresolved
cases;
i. Have not been repatriated from previous UN
Mission for disciplinary reason/s;
j. With knowledge on basic computer operations
(e.g. Word, Excel, Powerpoint, email and internet);
k. Passed the latest Physical Fitness Test (PFT)
conducted by DHRDD as well as Medical, Dental and
Neuro-Psychiatric Examination; and
I. Without firearm accountability as certified by DL.
Terms of Deployments

a. 1st Priority - PNP personnel who passed the

UNSAT Examination but without previous UN Missions
deployment.
b. 2nd Priority

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LEA3: INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL employed to watch or secure government building and
SECURITY CONCEPTS properties.
- On August 1969, the Philippine Constabulary activated
CONCEPT OF SECURITY the Security and Investigation Supervisory office or SIASO
Security is a state or condition of being secured; to supervise and control the organization and operation of
there is freedom from fear, harm, danger, loss, destruction private security and detective agencies nationwide.
or damages. Basically, it is the action of man against man - Later it was renamed Philippine Constabulary Supervisory
that led to many unsecured and unsafe conditions. Office for Security and Investigation Agencies or PCSUSIA.
Reasons could be economic, revenge, or just plain greed - With the passage of RA 6975, this unit was absorbed by
and avarice. Whatever the motives, the civilized man the Philippine National Police.
needs adequate protection. -Later, it was made into a division of the PNP Civil Security
Generally, the meaning of security is a kind of state Group and was renamed Security Agencies and Guard
where people, institution, authority or groups feel fully Supervision Division (SAGSD).
secured of feeling, free from any threat or vulnerability - It was renamed to PNP Supervisory Office for Security
from somewhere or someone in his/her life, liberty, Investigation Agency (SOSIA).
property or activity. It could be in physical, psychological,
social or economic form. Since security in general is very hard to
-It is a state or quality of being secured, freedom comprehend, it can be divided into three major
from fear or danger, assurance, certainty. areas:
-It is the degree of protection against danger, loss, 1. Physical Security - this concern with the
and criminals. physical measures adopted to prevent unauthorized
- Protection against any type of crime to safeguard access to equipment, facilities, material and document and
life and assets by various methods and device. to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage,
loss and theft.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SECURITY 2. Personnel Security- this is as important as
physical security. Personnel security starts even before the
1. Command Responsibility hiring of an employee and remains to be maintained for as
-Cannot be delegated but the security tasks can long as the person is employed. Its purpose is to ensure
be assigned. that a firm hires those best suited to assist the firm in
2. Compartmentation achieving its goals and objectives and once hired assists in
-Need to know basis providing necessary security to the work force while
3. Balance between security and efficiency carrying out their functions.
-Security prevails over efficiency 3. Document and Information Security- this
4. General principles of security remain involves the protection of documents and classified papers
constant from loss, access by unauthorized persons, damage, theft
-Specific measures to suit operations and compromise through disclosure. Classified documents
5. Security is the concern of all personnel need special handling. Lack of indoctrination and
-Regardless of rank, position, designation orientation among the personal handling them can result
in the leakage, loss, theft and unauthorized disclosure of
TYPES OF SECURITY MEASURES FOR AN the documents.
EFFECTIVE DEFENSE AGAINST CRIMES:
Physical security, personnel security, and document
1. ACTIVE MEASURES – these involve the security cannot exist independently- they are mutually
installation of physical barriers, security lighting, use of supporting. They are in many respects overlapping.
vaults, locks and others. Physical security is correlated to the other two parts,
2. PASSIVE MEASURES – those that will deter interwoven and one is essential to the other.
man from committing such act of fear of being caught,
charge in court or get dismissed, such as: security
education, programs, investigations, seminars, personnel
security check. PROTECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEMS
Protective Security can be defined as those
Brief History of Security in the Philippines measures taken by an installation or unit to protect itself
- The private security business began on March 11, 1933, against sabotage, espionage or subversion and at the
when the first formally licensed private security agency same time provide freedom of action in order to provide
“Special Watchman Agency” started operations.
the installation of the unit with the necessary flexibility to
- Later it renamed “Jimenez Security Agency”, founded by
brothers Juan and Pedro Jimenez. accomplish its mission.

- On May 30 1958, the Philippine Association of Detectives The aspects of protective security can be seen with the
and Protective Agency Operators (PADPAO) was formally
application of the following:
organized.
-RA 5487 was passed on June 13, 1969 through the
continuous lobbying of the incorporators and officers of 1. Industrial Security – a type of security applied
PADPAO, which sets the standards and minimum to business groups engaged in industries like
requirements for the operations of security agencies. manufacturing, assembling, research and development,
- P.D. 11 was passed on October 3, 1972, widening the processing, warehousing and even agriculture. It may
coverage of RA 5487 to include security guards employed also mean the business of providing security.
in logging concessions, agricultural, mining and pasture 2. Hotel Security - a type of security applied to
lands; hotels where its properties are protected from pilferage,
- P.D. 100 was issued on January 17, 1973, broadening loss, damage and the function in the hotel restaurants are
the coverage of the security industry to include employees not disturbed and troubled by outsiders or the guest
of the national or local government or any agency who are themselves. This type of security employs house

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detectives, uniformed guard and supervisor and ensures tends to delay the intruder. Examples are walls, doors,
that hotel guests and their personal effects are windows, locks, fences, safe, cabinets or containers etc.
safeguarded. 3. Human barriers - persons being used in
3. Bank security - this type of security is providing a guarding system or by the nature of their
concerned with bank operations. Its main objective is the employment and location, fulfill security functions.
protection of bank cash and assets, its personnel and Examples are guards, office personnel, shop workers, etc.
clientele. Security personnel are trained to safeguard bank 4. Animal barriers - animals are used in partially
and assets while in storage, in transit and during providing a guarding system. Dogs are usually trained and
transactions. utilized to serve as guard dogs. German shepherds are
4. VIP Security - a type of security applied for the best suited for security functions. Goose and turkeys could
protection of top-ranking officials of the government or also be included.
private entity, visiting persons of illustrious standing and 5. Energy barriers - it is the employment of
foreign dignitaries. mechanical, electrical, electronic energy imposes a
5. School Security - a type of security that is deterrent to entry by the potential intruder or to provide
concern with the protection of students, faculty members, warning to guard personnel. These are protective lighting,
and school properties. Security personnel are trained to alarm system and any electronic devices used as barriers.
protect the school property from theft, vandals, handling
campus riots and detecting the use of intoxicated drugs
and alcohol by the students. Three Line of Physical Defense
6. Supermarket or Mall Security - a type of 1. First line of Defense- perimeter fences/ barriers
security which is concerned with the protection of the 2. Second line of defense- doors, floors, windows,
stores, warehouses, storage, its immediate premises and walls, roofs and grills and other entries to the buildings
properties as well as the supermarket personnel and 3. Third line of defense- storage system like steel
customers. Security personnel are trained to detect cabinets, safes, vaults and interior files.
“shoplifter”, robbery, and bomb detection and customer
relation. Principles of Physical Security
7. Other types – these include all other security 1. The type of access necessary will depend upon a
matters not covered in the above enumeration. number of variable factors and therefore may be achieved
in a number of ways.
2. There is no impenetrable barrier
3. Defense-in depth is barriers after barriers
PHYSICAL SECURITY 4. Delay is provided against surreptitious and non-
surreptitious entry.
Definition: Physical security measures are being 5. Each installation is different.
used to define, protect, and monitor property rights and
assets. These measures consist of barriers and devices What is a Restricted Area?
that would detect, impede, and prevent unauthorized A restricted area is any area in which personnel or vehicles
access to equipment, facilities, material and document and are controlled for reasons of security. Restricted area is
to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage established to provide security for installation or facilities
and theft. and to promote efficiency of security operations and
It `may be also defined as the safeguarding by economy in the use of security personnel.
physical means, such as guard, fire protection measures,
of plans, policies, programs, personnel, property, utilities, Types of Restricted Areas
information, facilities and installation against compromise,
trespass, sabotage, pilferage, embezzlement, fraud, or Two types of restricted areas may be established to
other dishonest criminal act. permit different degrees of security within the same
installation or facility, and to provide efficient bases for the
application of different degrees of access, circulation and
What is a Barrier? protection. These restricted areas are termed Exclusion
A barrier can be defined as any structure or physical Areas and Limited Areas. Exclusion Area- an exclusion
device capable of restricting, deterring, delaying, illegal
area is a restricted area which contains a security interest
access to an installation.
to TOP SECRET importance, and which requires the
Generally, a barrier is used for the highest degree of protection. Limited Area Control- a
following purposes: limited area is a restricted area in which a lesser degree of
1. Define the physical limits of an area. control is required than in an exclusion area but which the
2. Create a physical and psychological deterrent to security interest would be compromised by uncontrolled
unauthorized entry.
movement.
3. Prevent penetration therein or delay intrusion,
thus, facilitating apprehension of intruders.
4. Assist in more efficient and economical Limited Area Control includes the following:
employment of guards
5. Facilitate and improve the control and vehicular
traffic. a. Interior Area Control - Interior area control is
generally affected in two ways. The first method is the
Types of Barriers system which is initiated and terminated at the outer limits
1. Natural barriers - it includes bodies of waters, of the area to determine the movements of a visitor within
mountains, marshes, ravines, deserts or other terrain that the area. A second somewhat less means of accomplishing
are difficult to traverse. the same thing is time travel. This system provides for
2. Structural barriers - these are features checking the actual time used by the visitor against known
constructed by man regardless of their original intent that time requirements for what the visitor is to accomplish.

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b. Visitor Identification and Movements 2. Barbed wire fence
Control - Processing and control of movements of visitor ▪ Standard barbed wire is twisted, double-
shall be included in the PASS SYSTEM. The control of strand, 12-gauge wire with 4-point barbs spaces in an
movements of visitor will depend on the installation. A equal distance apart.
visitor register shall be maintained to include the name of ▪ Barbed wire fencing should not be less than
the visitor, date of visit, purpose of visit, which may be 7 feet high excluding top guard.
filed for the future reference. ▪ Barbed wire fencing must be firmly affixed to
c. Key Control- A system of controlling keys shall posts not more than 6 feet apart.
be advised and regulations covering the disposal, storage As a standard, the distance between strands
or withdrawals, shall be issued and imposed. must not exceed 6 inches at least one wire will be
d. Fire Prevention- fire is so potentially interlaced vertically and midway between posts.
destructive without human assistance, with assistance it 3. Concertina wire fence
can be caused to devastate those things you are ▪ Standard concertina barbed wire is
attempting to secure and, professionally accomplished, commercially manufactured wire coil of high strength steel
often in a way that does not leave recognizable evidence barbed wire clipped together at intervals to form a
of sabotage. cylinder.
▪ Opened concertina wire is 50 feet long and
What is Perimeter Security? 3 feet in diameter.
It is the protection of the installation’s inner and the
immediate vicinity. The main purpose of perimeter barrier Perimeter Barrier Opening
is to deny or impede access or exit of unauthorized person. ▪ Gates and Doors - when not in use and
Basically, it is the first line of defense of an installation. controlled by guards, gates and doors in the perimeter
This may be in the form of fences, building walls or even should be locked and frequently inspected by guards.
bodies of water. Locks should be changed from time to time and should be
The function and location of the facility itself usually covered under protective locks and key control.
determine the perimeter of the installation. If the facility ▪ Side-walk-elevators - these provide access to
is located in a city whereby the facility is located in a city areas within the perimeter barrier and should be locked
whereby the building or enterprise occupies all the area and guarded.
where it is located, the perimeter may be the walls of the ▪ Utilities Opening - sewers, air intakes, exhaust
building itself. Most of the Industrial companies, however, tunnels and other utility openings which penetrate the
are required to have a wide space for warehousing, barrier and which have cross sectional areas of 96 square
manufacturing etc. inches or more should be protected by bars, grills, water
filled traps or other structural means providing equivalent
Types of Perimeter Barrier protection to that portion of the perimeter barriers.
Perimeter barriers includes fences, walls, ▪ Clear Zones - an obstructed area or a “clear
bodies of water zone” should be maintained on both sides of the perimeter
barrier. A clear zone of 20 feet or more is desirable
Types of Fences between the barriers and exterior structures and natural
Solid fence -constructed in such a way that visual covers that may provide concealment for assistance to a
access through the fence is denied. Its advantage is that person seeking unauthorized entry.
it denies the opportunity for the intruder to become
familiar with the personnel, activities and the time Additional Protective Measures
scheduled of the movements of the guards in the
installation. On the other hand, it prevents the guards from ▪ Top Guard - additional overhang of barbed wire
observing the area around the installation and it creates placed on vertical perimeter fences upward and outward
shadow that may be used by the intruder for cover and with a 45-degree angle with 3 to 4 strands of barbed wires
concealment. spaced 6 inches apart. This increases the protective height
and prevents easy access.
Full-view fence - it is constructed in such a way ▪ Guard Control stations - this is normally
that visual access is permitted through the fence. Its provided at main perimeter entrances to secure areas
advantages are that it allows the roving patrols and located out-of-doors, and manned by guards on full-time
stationary guard to keep the surrounding are of the basis. Sentry station should be near a perimeter for
installation under observation. On the other hand, it allows surveillance at the entrance.
the intruder to become familiar with the movements and
time schedule of the guard patrols thereby allowing him to ▪ Tower Guard - this is a house-like structure
pick the time that is advantageous on his part. above the perimeter barriers. The higher the tower, the
more visibility it provides. It gives a psychological
Types of Full-View Fences unswerving effect to violators. By and large guard towers,
1. Chain link fence whether permanent or temporary, must have a
▪ It must be constructed of 7 feet material corresponding support force in the event of need. Towers
excluding top guard. as well as guard control stations should have telephones,
▪ It must be of 9 gauges or heavier. intercoms, and if possible, two-way radios connected to
▪ The mesh openings are not to be larger than security headquarters or office to call for reserves in the
2 inches per side. event of need.
▪ It should be twisted and barbed selvage at
top and bottom ▪ Barrier Maintenance - fencing barriers and
▪ It must be securely fastened to rigid metal protective walls should always be regularly inspected by
or reinforced concrete. security. Any sign or attempts to break in should be
▪ It must reach within 2 inches of hard ground reported for investigation. Destruction of fence or sections
or paving. thereof should be repaired immediately and guard
▪ On soft ground, it must reach below surface vigilance should be increased.
deep enough to compensate for shifting soil or sand.

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▪ Protection in Depth - in large open areas or provide high lumen efficiency and relatively good color
ground where fencing or walling is impractical and rendition.
expensive, warning signs should be conspicuously placed.
The depth itself is protection reduction of access roads, Types of Lighting Equipment
and sufficient notices to warn intruders should be done. Three types of lighting equipment are generally used
Use of animals, as guards and intrusion device, can also or associated with security lighting. These are:
be good as barriers. 1. Floodlights - These can be used to
accommodate most outdoor security lighting needs,
▪ Signs and notices - “Control signs” should be including the illumination of boundaries, fences and
erected where necessary in the management of buildings and for the emphasis of vital areas or particular
unauthorized ingress to preclude accidental entry. Signs buildings.
should be plainly visible and legible from any approach and 2. Street lights - This lighting equipment received
in an understood language or dialect. the most widespread notoriety for its value in reducing
crime.
What is Protective Lighting? 3. Search lights - These are highly focused
The idea that lighting can provide improve protection for incandescent lamp and are designed to pinpoint potential
people and facilities is as old as civilization. Protective trouble spots.
lighting is the single most cost-effective deterrent to crime 4. Fresnel lights - These are wide beam units,
because it creates a psychological deterrent to the primary used to extend the illumination in long, horizontal
intruders. strips to protect the approaches to the perimeter barrier.
Fresnel projects a narrow, horizontal beam that is
Types of Protective Lightings approximately 180 degrees in the horizontal and from 15
1. Continuous lighting - the most familiar type of to 30 degrees in the vertical plane.
outdoor security lighting, this is designed to provide two
specific results: glare projection or controlled lighting. It What are Protective Alarms?
consists of a series of fixed luminaries at range to flood a
given area continuously during the hours of darkness. Protective alarm is one of the important barriers in
a. Glare projection type- it is being used in prisons security. It assists the security in detecting, impeding or
and correctional institutions to illuminate walls and outside deterring potential security threat in the installation.
barriers. Basically, its function is to alert the security personnel for
b. Controlled lighting- it is generally employed any attempt of intrusion into a protected area, building or
where, due to surrounding property owners, nearby compound. Once an intruder tampers the circuitry, the
highways or other limitations, it is necessary for the light beam or radiated waves of the alarm system, it will
to be more precisely focused. activate an alarm signal.
2. Standby lighting - it is designed for reserve or On the other hand, the use of communication
standby use or to supplement continuous systems. A equipment in the installation helps security in upgrading
standby system can be most useful to selectively light a its operational efficiency and effectiveness.
particular area in an occasional basis.
3. Movable or Portable lighting - this system is Three Basic Parts of Alarm System
manually operated and is usually made up of movable
search or floodlights that can be located in selected or 1. Sensor or trigger device - it emits the aural or
special locations which will require lighting only for short visual signals or both.
period of time. 2. Transmission line - a circuit which transmit the
4. Emergency lighting - this system is used in message to the signaling apparatus.
times of power failure or other emergencies when other 3. Enunciator/inhere - it is the signaling system
systems are inoperative. that activates the alarm.
L.
General Types of Lighting Sources Types of Protective Alarm System
Listed below are the general lighting sources that are 1. Central Station System - a type of alarm
mostly used in providing indoor or outdoor lighting. where the control station is located outside the plant or
installation. When the alarm is sounded or actuated by
1. Incandescent lamp - it is the least expensive subscriber, the central station notifies the police and other
in terms of energy consumed and has the advantage of public safety agencies.
providing instant illumination when the switch is on. 2. Proprietary system - centralized monitor of the
2. Mercury vapor lamp - it is considered more proprietary alarm system is located in the industrial firm
efficient that the incandescent and used widespread in itself with a duty operator. In case of alarm, the duty
exterior lighting. This emits a purplish-white color, caused operator calls whatever is the primary need; firefighters,
by an electric current passing through a tube of conducting police, an ambulance or a bomb disposal unit.
and luminous gas. 3. Local Alarm – This system consists of ringing up
3. Metal halide - it has similar physical appearance a visual or audible alarm near the object to be protected.
to mercury vapor but provides a light source of higher When an intruder tries to pry a window, the alarm thereat
luminous efficiency and better color rendition. goes off.
4. Fluorescent- this provides good color rendition, 4. Auxiliary alarm - company-owned alarm
high lamp efficiency as well as long life. However, it cannot systems with a unit in the nearest police station so that in
project light over long distance and thus are not desirable case of need, direct call is possible. The company
as flood type lights. maintains the equipment and lines both for the company
5. High-pressure sodium vapor - this has gained and those in the police, fire and other emergency agencies
acceptance for exterior lighting of parking areas, by special arrangement. Radio, landlines, or cell phones
roadways, buildings and commercial interior installations. can avail of the auxiliary system.
Constructed on the same principle as mercury vapor
lamps, they emit a golden white to light pink color and this

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Kinds of Alarms 6. Card-operated lock - a type of lock operated
1. Audio Detection Device - it will detect any by a coded card.
sound caused by attempted force entry. A supersonic
microphone speaker sensor is installed in walls, ceilings Types of keys
and floors of the protected area. 1. Change key - a specific key, which operates the
2. Vibration Detection Device - it will detect any lock and has a particular combination of cuts which match
vibration caused by attempted force entry. A vibration the arrangement of the tumblers in the lock.
sensitive sensor is attached to walls, ceilings or floors of 2. Sub-master key - a key that will open all the
the protected area. lock within a particular area or grouping in a given facility.
3. Metallic foil or wire - it will detect any action 3. Master key - a special key capable of opening a
that moves the foil or wire. An electrically charge strips of series of lock.
tinfoil or wire is used in the doors, windows or glass 4. Grand Master key - a key that will open
surfaces of the protected area. everything in a system involving two or more master key
4. Laser Beam Alarm - a laser emitter floods a groups.
wall or fencing with a beam so that when this beam is
disturbed by a physical object, an alarm is activated. Key Control
5. Photoelectric or Electric Eye Device - an Once an effective key control has been
invisible/visible beam is emitted and when this is disturbed installed, positive control of all keys must be
or when an intruder breaks contact with the beam, it will gained and maintained. This can be
activate the alarm. accomplished only if it is established in
conjunction with the installation of new
What is Protective Lock and Key Control? locking devices. The following methods can be
Lock is one of the most widely used physical security used to maintain effective key control.
devices in the asset protection program of an installation. 1. Key cabinet- a well-constructed cabinet will
It complements other physical safeguards of the have to be procured. The cabinet will have to be of
installation against any possible surreptitious entry. sufficient size to hold the original key to every lock in the
However, the owner of the installation or his security system. It should be secured at all times.
officer needs to understand the weaknesses and strength 2. Key record- some administrative means must
of each type of lock including the door, window or walls to be set up to record code numbers and indicates to whom
be used to achieve maximum benefit from its application. keys to specific locks have been issued.
This is because highly skilled burglars more often 3. Inventories- periodic inventories will have to be
concentrate on the lock and its surrounding mechanism in made of all duplicate and original keys in the hands of the
order to make a forcible entry. It is for this obvious reason employees whom they have been issued.
that locks are considered as delaying devices which cannot 4. Audits- in addition to periodic inventory, an
really stop a determine intruder from destroying the lock unannounced audit should be made of all key control
just to launch an attack. Hence, knowledge of the basic records and procedures by a member of management.
principles of locking systems will enable the installation 5. Daily report- a daily report should be made to
owner or the security officer to evaluate any lock and the person responsible for key control from the personnel
determine its quality and effectiveness in a particular department indicating all persons who have left or will be
application. leaving the company. In the event that a key has been
issued, steps should be initiated to ensure that the key is
What is a Lock? recovered.
A lock is defined as a mechanical, electrical,
hydraulic or electronic device designed to prevent M. What is a Security Cabinet?
entry into a building, room, container or hiding The final line of defense at any facility is in the high
place. security storage where papers, records, plans or cashable
instrument, precious metals or other especially valuable
Types of Locks assets are protected. These security containers will be of
1. Key-operated mechanical lock - it uses some a size and quantity, which the nature of the business
sort of arrangement of internal physical barriers (wards dictates.
tumblers) which prevent the lock from operating unless In protecting [property, it is essential to recognize
they are properly aligned. The key is the device used to that protective containers are designed to secure against
align these internal barriers so that the lock may be burglary or fire. Each type of equipment has a specialized
operated. function and it will depend on the owner of the facility
which type ha is going to use.
Three (3) Types of Key-operated Lock
a. Disc or wafer tumbler mechanism Three (3) Types of Security Cabinet
b. Pin tumbler mechanism 1. Safe - a metallic container used for the
c. Lever tumbler mechanisms safekeeping of documents or small items in an office or
2. Padlock - a portable and detachable lock having installation. Safe can be classified as either robbery or
a sliding hasp which passes through a staple ring and is burglary resistance depending upon the use and need.
then made fasten or secured. a. Its weight must be at least 750 lbs. And should
3. Combination lock - instead of using the key to be anchored to a building structure.
align the tumblers, the combination mechanism uses b. Its body should at least one-inch-thick steel.
numbers, letters or other symbols as reference point which 2. Vault - heavily constructed fire and burglar
enables an operator to align them manually. resistance container usually a part of the building structure
4. Code-operated lock - a type of lock that can used to keep and protect cash, documents and negotiable
be opened by pressing a series of numbered button in the instruments. Vaults are bigger than safe but smaller than
proper sequence. a file room.
5. Electrical lock - a type of lock that can be a. The vault door should be made of steel at least 6
opened and closed remotely by electrical means. inches in thickness.

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b. The vault walls, ceiling, floor reinforce concrete Package Movement Control
at least 12 inches in thickness. Every facility must establish a system for the control
c. The vault must be resistive up to 6 hours. of package entering or leaving the premises. However
3. File room - a cubicle in a building constructed a desirable it might seem it is simply unrealistic to suppose
little lighter than a vault but of bigger size to accommodate that a blanket rule forbidding packages either in or out
limited people to work on the records inside. would be workable. Such a rule would be damaging to the
a. The file room should at most be 12 feet high. employee morale and, in many cases, would actually work
b. It must have a watertight door and at least fire against the efficient operation in the facility. Therefore,
proof for one hour. since the transporting of packages through the portals is
a fact of life, they must be dealt with in order to prevent
Control of Personnel in the Physical Facility theft and misappropriation of company properties. Thus;
In every installation, the use of protective barriers, a. No packages shall be authorized to be brought
security lighting, communication and electronic hardware inside the industrial installation, offices and work area
provides physical safeguards but these are insufficient to without proper authority. This basic precept help reduce if
maximize the effort of the guard force. A control point not eliminate pilferage, industrial espionage or sabotage.
must be established for positive personnel identification b. Outgoing packages carried by personnel should
and check system. This is to ensure that only those be closely inspected and those in vehicles should also be
persons who have the right and authority will be given the checked as many pilfered items are hidden in the surface
necessary access to the area. of the vehicles leaving the compound.
The most practical and generally accepted system of c. Any personnel/visitor entering the installation
personnel identification is the use of identification cards with a package should deposit the same to the security
badges or passes. Generally speaking, this system and in return receives a numbered tag, which he/she will
designates when and where and how identification cards use in claiming his/her package upon departing.
should be displayed, and to whom. This helps security
personnel eliminate the risk of allowing the access of F. Control of Vehicle in the Installation
unauthorized personnel within the establishments.
Types of Personnel Identification Vehicular traffic within the boundaries of any facility
1. Personal recognition must be carefully controlled for safety as well as to control
2. Artificial recognition- identification cards, passes, the transporting of pilfered goods from the premises.
passwords, etc. Thus;
1. Privately owned vehicles of personnel/visitors
D. Use of Pass System should be registered and are subject to the identification
1. Single pass system - the badge or pass coded and admittance procedure.
for authorization to enter specific areas is issued to an 2. Vehicles should be subjected for search at the
employee who keeps it in his possession until his entrance and exit of the installation.
authorization is terminates. 3. All visitors with vehicle should provide the
2. Pass exchange system - an exchange takes security as to the complete details of their duration of stay,
place at the entrance of each controlled area. Upon leaving person to be visited, and other information.
the personnel surrenders his badge or passes and retrieve 4. All vehicles of visitors should be given a
back his basic identification. sign/sticker to be placed on the windshield.
3. Multiple pass system - this provides an extra 5. Traffic warning signs should be installed in all
measure of security by requiring that an exchange take entrances in order to guide the visitors in their destination
place at the entrance of each restricted area. as well to provide them with the necessary safety
precautions while they are inside the installation.
E. Visitors Movement Controls 6. Security personnel must constantly supervise
Security should establish proper methods of parking areas and make frequent spots searches of
establishing the authority for admission of visitors as well vehicles found there.
as the limitation thereat. This security measure would
depend on the sensibility of the installation, but could N. Building Access Control
include the following: At any physical barrier, a security system must
1. Visitor’s logbook – All visitors to any facility possess the ability to distinguish among authorized
should be required to identify themselves and should be persons, unauthorized visitors, and other unauthorized
given a visitor’s ID by the security. Visitor’s logbook should persons. This is to assist the security personnel protects
be filled up with the named of visitors, nature and duration sensitive are and information within the installation.
of visit. Appropriate warning signs should be posted at the building
2. Photograph - taking of photographs should also perimeter. Special restricted entry facilities to public
be considered. Extreme caution must be exercised in areas access should be provided. This will be dependent on the
where classified information is displayed to preclude degree of security needed for the protection of property,
unauthorized taking of pictures of the installation. If a activity and other processes within the building. A clear-
visitor has camera and it is prohibited to take picture, said cut policy on the access control should be disseminated to
camera should be left in the care of security with all personnel of the installation.
corresponding receipt.
3. Escort - If possible, visitors should be escorted PERSONNEL SECURITY
by the security to monitor their activity within the Personnel Security includes all the security measures
establishment and guide them where to go. designed to prevent unsuitable individuals or persons of
4. Visitor entrances - separate access for visitors doubtful loyalty to the government, from gaining access to
and employees of the establishment should be provided. classified matter or to any security facility, and to prevent
5. Time- traveled - If there is a long delay or time appointment, or retention as employees of such
lapse between the departure and arrival, the visitors may individuals,
be required to show cause for the delay.
The Security “Chain”: Personnel Security is the
“weakest link” in the security “chain”. This weakness can

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best be minimized or eliminated by making it personnel 2. Integrity- uprightness in character, soundness
security conscious through good training program. of moral principles, freedom from moral delinquencies, ore
Security depends upon the action of the individuals. The more simply stated-honesty.
superior must instruct his subordinates so that they will 3. Discretion- the ability or tendency to act or
know exactly what security measures to take in every decide with prudence; the habit of wise judgment or
instance, a safe will not lock itself. An individual must be simply stated- good judgment
properly instructed and must do the locking. 4. Moral- distinctive identifying qualities which
serves as an index to the essential or intrinsic nature of a
Control of Personnel person; his outward manifestation, personal traits or moral
Access to “restricted Areas” can be partially habits.
controlled by fences, gates and other physical means, but 5. Character- the sum of the traits that serves as
the individual working in the area is the key to the bringing an index of the essential intrinsic nature of a person. It is
out of classified matter to unauthorized personnel. Written the aggregate of distinctive mental and moral qualities
information does not have the power of speech. Only the that have been impressed by nature, education and habit
individual has knowledge of this written information can upon the individual.
pass it to unauthorized personnel if he unguardedly talks 6. Reputation- opinion or estimation in which one
about information. is generally held. It is what one reported to be, whereas
character is what a person is.
What is Personnel Security Investigation?
It is an inquiry into the character, reputation, Motives that cause people to be disloyal
discretion and loyalty of individual in order to determine a 1. Revenge- a real or fancied wrong can create a
person’s suitability to be given security clearance. hatred which will stop at nothing to obtain revenge of the
offender. Hatred wraps the sense of moral values until the
Types of Personnel Security Investigation (PSI) hater will go to any lengths, even betrayal of his country,
National Agency Check (NAC). – This is an to avenge himself on the person or class of people hated.
investigation of an individual made upon the basis of 2. Material Gain- some people are so avid for
written information supplied by him in response to official material gain that they will stop at nothing to achieve this
inquiry, and by reference to appropriate national agencies. end.
It is simply a check of the files and record of national 3. Personal Prestige- this motivation applies to
agencies. The national agencies checked under this type those whose main desire is for power-power over others-
of investigation are the following: to prove to the world what leaders they are. However,
▪ National Intelligence Coordinating Agency their desire for power makes them especially vulnerable to
(NICA) subversion.
▪ National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) 4. Friendship –through close attachment to
▪ ISAAFP or J2 Division, GHQ AFP another person, many people, otherwise of high integrity,
▪ CIDG PNP Camp Crame, etc. will do things inimical to their country’s interest.
5. Ideological Beliefs- If a person holds inimical
Local Agency Check (LAC) – This type of to their country, they are of course vulnerable to approach
investigation consists of the first type plus written inquiries by subversive groups of agents.
sent to appropriate local government agencies, former
employees, references and schools listed by the person THE GUARD FORCE AND GUARD SYSTEM
under investigation. The local agencies normally check The security guard force is the key element in the
besides the past employment, schools and references are overall security system of a plant or installation. Its basic
the following: mission is to protect all the property within the limits of
▪ Place of the locality where the individual is a the facility boundaries and protect employees and other
resident. persons on the installation.
▪ Mayor, Police, Fiscal, Judge of the locality where
the individual is a resident. Security Guard Defined
Sometimes called private security guard or
Background Investigation (BI) This is more watchman shall include any person who offers or renders
comprehensive investigation than the NAC and LAC. A personal service to watch or secure either a residence or
thorough and complete investigation of all or some of the business establishment or both for hire or compensation,
circumstances or aspects of a person’s life is conducted. and with a license to exercise profession.
This type of personnel Security Investigation may
either be a complete (CBI) or a partial Background Security Guard Force
Investigation (PBI). It is a group of force selected men, trained or
1. Complete Background Investigation – grouped into functional unit for the purpose of protecting
Consists of the investigation of the background of a operational processes from those disruption which would
person, particularly all the circumstances of his personal impede efficiency or halt operation at a particular plant,
life. facility, installation or special activity
2. Partial Background Investigation – Consists
of the investigation of the background of an individual but Types of Security Guard Forces
limited only to some of the circumstances of his personal 1. Private Security Agency - any person,
life which are deemed pertinent to the investigation. association, partnership, firm or private corporation, who
Normally, the request for the investigation will indicate the contracts, recruits, trains, furnishes or post any security
specific personal circumstances to be covered. This type guard, to do its functions or solicit individual s, business
of BI is also used to further develop questionable firms, or private, public or government-owned or
information contained in another investigation report. controlled corporations to engage his/its service or those
of his/its security guards, for hire commission or
Factors considered in Background Investigation. compensation.
1. Loyalty – faithful allegiance to the country,
government and its duly constituted authority.

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2. Company Security Force - A security force b. Personnel Strengths
maintained and operated any private company/ c. Replacement
corporation for its own security requirements only. d. Discipline, Law and Order
3. Government Security Unit - a security unit e. Morale and Personnel Services
maintained and operated by any government entity other f. Personnel Procedures
than military and/a police, which is established and g. Interior Management
maintained for the purpose of securing the office or h. Personnel Adviser
compound and/or extension such government entity. 5. Office of the Operations Manager/Staff
Director for Operations
Typical Structure of a Security Organization a. This office is the principal staff on Operations,
The security force of any installation must be training, intelligence and investigation.
organized in accordance with the principles of 6. Office of the Finance
responsibility and authority. Each personnel must be a. This office is principally concerned with
assigned to a position that corresponds to his experience, budgeting, finance, reports control and program review
skills, training and knowledge. This is to carry out different and analysis. Exercise’s supervision over the management
functions efficiently and effectively and thus insures engineering activities of the company and the accounting
smooth flow of the organization. office. Renders advice, assistance and guidance to GM/SD
on financial management. Specific duties and functions of
The security positions may be classified into the the Finance Office are:
following: b. Accounting
1. Office of the General Manager/Security c. Credit and collection
Director d. Bookkeeping
a. The Office of the General Manager/Security e. Billing
Director is vested the authority and responsibility of f. Payroll and disbursing
running the security force by authority of the President of 7. Office of the Logistic Manager
the Company/Corporation. a. This office is in charge with the following:
b. The General Manager/Security Director is directly b. Coordinate’s plan and supervises the
responsible to the President of the Company/Corporation implementation of directive and guidance; determines
in the operations and administration of the security force/ divisional responsibility and evaluates in logistical planning
c. The principal adviser to the president on matters and related planning programs.
involving security operations, administration of the c. Develops, administers, and coordinates research
security force. and development on logistical matters.
d. The overall head of both various staff d. Collects and computes statistical data on
departments and field units where he may delegate logistical matters.
corresponding authority commensurate to their assigned e. Recommends logistics budget policy including
responsibility. budget planning.
e. Implements policies promulgated by the policy f. Prepares estimates and/or requirements to
making body and executed by the President. ensure that logistical plans support for corporate plans.
f. Directs controls and supervises all offices and g. Performs necessary program and fiscal
field units of the force in their respective assigned tasks. administration.
g. Performs other functions as directed by the h. Supervises all matters pertaining to supply.
President of the Company/Corporation. i. Determines the organization, allocation of service
2. Office of the Executive Secretary of the personnel
General Manager j. Plans for maintenance and repair of supplies and
a. The principal administrative assistant to the equipment.
General Manager/Security Director. 8. Office of the Inspectorate and Special
b. Prepares communications initiated by the Projects (Special Staff)
General Manager/Security Director. a. This office assists the General Manger in inquiring
c. Maintains records of scheduled conferences, into, and reports upon matters pertaining to the
appointments and other engagements and advises the performance of the different staff, units, towards the
GM/SD of such activities. attainment of corporate objectives. It also inquires on the
d. Records and checks outgoing communications state of discipline, efficiency and economy of the
signed by the GM/SD as to its completeness (attachments company.
to be considered) as well as to ensure the timely dispatch b. The Inspectorate Staff conducts inspections,
to the addressee through the administrative section. investigations and submits reports to the General
e. Performs other duties as directed by the General Manager. In the performance of its duties and functions,
Manager/Security Director. the General Manger is provided relevant information
3. Office of the Assistant General pertaining to meritorious conduct and performance of a
Manager/Security Executive Director unit or individual.
a. The Security Executive Director is the Assistant c. This office is also tasked to conduct overt and
Manager of the Security Force and takes the Operational covert inspections and investigations and other related
and Administrative Management of the security force in services.
the absence of the GM/SD 9. Office of the Communications Officer
b. Directly responsible to the GM/SD a. The Communications Officer who is a licensed
c. Performs other duties as directed by GM/SD radio operator is the principal adviser of the General
4. Office of the Human Resources and Manager on communication on matters pertaining to radio
Administrative Manager/Staff Director for communication.
Personnel and Administration 10. The Detachment Commander/Officer-in-
a. The principal staff assistant to the General Charge
Manager/Security Director for planning and supervising a. A Detachment Commander shall command and is
matters or activities pertaining to personnel management responsible for a certain detachment, with fifteen (15) or
and miscellaneous administrative functions such as:

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more security personnel under him. He is directly 1. He shall be honest in thoughts and deeds both in
responsible to the Security Manager of the installation. his official actuation, obeying the laws of the land and the
b. He prepares and executes the security plan of his regulations prescribed by his agency and those establish
Detachment in relation to the security requirements of the by the company he is supposed to serve.
establishment being guarded. 2. He shall not reveal any confidential matter
c. He is responsible for the enforcement and confided to him as a security guard and such other matters
implementation of Rules and Regulations/Policies. imposed upon him by law.
d. He receives instructions from the Security 3. He shall act all times with decorum and shall not
Manager and implements the same as required. permit personal feelings, prejudices and undue friendship
e. He has full operational and administrative control to influence his actuation in the performance of his official
of all his units to include his assistant and shift-in- functions.
charge/supervisor. 4. He shall not compromise with criminal and other
f. He conducts inspection of his units and institutes lawless elements to the prejudice of the customers or
corrective measures on the spot on those problems he clients and shall assist government relentless drive against
may detect or brought to his attention. If not possible, he lawlessness and other forms of criminality.
brings the problem to the Security Manager of the 5. He shall carry out his assigned duties as required
establishment. by law to the best of his ability and shall safeguard life and
11. Assistant Detachment Commander property of the establishment he is assigned to.
a. Detachment with more than twenty (20) security 6. He shall wear his uniform, badge, patches and
personnel assigned may be provided with an Assistant insignia properly as a symbol of public trust and
Detachment Commander who will be the principal confidence as an honest and trustworthy security guard,
assistant of the Detachment Commander. watchman and private detective.
b. In the absence of the Detachment Commander, 7. He shall keep his allegiance first to the
he performs the duties of the Detachment Commander. government he is assigned to serve with loyalty and
12. Shift-in-Charge utmost dedication.
a. The Shift-in-Charge shall be responsible to the 8. He shall diligently and progressively familiarize
Detachment Commander as far as his shift is concerned. himself with the rules and regulations lay down by his
b. He forms his men at least 30 minutes before agency and those of the customers or clients.
posting time seeing that all are in proper uniform and 9. He shall at all times be courteous, respectful and
presentable. salute his superior officers, government officials and
c. He disseminates instructions coming from his officials of the establishment where he is assigned and the
Detachment Commander/OIC or those relayed to him by company he is supposed to serve.
his counter-part, the outgoing SIC. 10. He shall report for duty always in proper uniform
d. He inspects the posts as often as he can to and neat in his appearance
ensure that his men are on the alert and performing their 11. He shall learn at heart and strictly observe the
duties effectively. laws and regulations governing the use of firearm.
e. He performs other duties as may be directed by
the Detachment Commander or by the ADC. Code of Conduct: The watchman should abide by the
13. Security Guard on Duty/Post following code of conduct:
a. The Security Guard (SG) on Duty/Post must 1. He shall carry with him at all times during his tour
always carry his license to practice his profession, of duty his license identification card and duty detail order
photocopy of the firearm’s license assigned to him, and his with an authority to carry firearms.
duty detail order, authorizing him to carry his issued 2. He shall not use his license and privileges to the
firearm within his area of jurisdiction. prejudice of the public, the client or customer and his
b. If the Security Guard is manning a fixed post agency.
especially entrance or exit points, he must maintain a 3. He shall not engage in any unnecessary
guard’s logbook and enters in the same logbook all conversation with anybody except in the discharge of his
events/passages of VIP’s vehicles and inspections or visits work and shall at all times keep himself alert during his
of Security Manager/Director of the Client/Firm. tour of duty.
c. Guards must observe and apply religiously the 4. He shall not read newspapers, magazines, books,
provisions of the Code of Ethics, Code of Conduct, and the etc., while actually performing his duties.
General Orders of the Security Guard when on post. 5. He shall not drink any intoxicating liquor
d. He may perform special task as may be directed immediately before and during his tour of duty.
by his shift supervisor, DC and or ADC like control of 6. He shall know the location of the alarm box near
visitors, inspections of bags of persons coming in and his post and sound the alarm in case of fire or disorder.
going out of the establishment, vehicle cargoes, or 7. He shall know how to operate any fire
prevents the intrusion of unauthorized person in a extinguishers at his post.
particular area, etc. 8. He shall know the location of the telephone
Security Guard’s Professional Conduct and Ethics and/or telephone number of the police precincts as well as
Security Guard’s Creed: the telephone number of the fire stations in the locality.
As a Security Guard, my fundamental duty is to protect 9. He shall immediately notify the police in case of
lives and properties and maintain order within the vicinity any sign of disorder, strike, riot or any serious violations
or place of duty, protect the interest of my employer and of the law.
our clients and the security and stability of our government 10. He or his group or guards shall not participate or
and country without compromise and prejudice, honest in integrate any disorder, strike, riot or any serious violations
my action, words and thought, and do my best to uphold of the law.
the principle: MAKADIOS, MAKABAYAN AT MAKATAO. 11. He shall assist the police in the preservation and
maintenance of peace and order and in the protection of
Ethical Standard: As security guard/detective, his life, property/having in mind that the nature of his
fundamental duty is to serve the interest or mission of his responsibilities is similar to that of the latter.
agency in compliance with the contract entered into with
the clients or customers of the agency he is to serve thus,

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12. He shall familiarize himself with the Private Basic Qualifications of a Security Consultant
Security Agency Law (RA5487) as amended, and the PNP In addition to the general qualifications, a consultant
SAGSD implementing rules and regulations. should be:
13. When issued a pass, he should not lend his pass a. Holder of Master Degree in Criminology, MPA,
to anybody. MNSA, Industrial Management or LL.B.
14. He shall always be in proper uniform and shall b. Must have at least ten (10) years’ experience in
always carry with him his basic requirements, and the operation and management of security business.
equipment such as writing notebook, ball pen, nightstick
(baton) and/or radio. He shall endeavor at all times to Basic Qualifications of a Security Officer:
merit and be worthy of the trust and confidence of the In addition to the general qualifications, a security
agency he represents and the client he serves. officer, should be:
a. At least graduated from Security Officers Training
The 11 General Orders (GOs) Course
1. To take charge of this post and all companies b. Retired personnel in the PNP/AFP
property in view and protect/preserve the same with c. Must not possess any of the disqualification.
utmost diligence.
2. To walk during tour of duty in military manner, Basic Qualifications of a Private Detective
keeping always in the alert and observing everything that In addition to the general qualification, a detective
takes place within sight or hearing. should possess any of the following:
3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed a. BS Criminology Graduate
to enforce. b. LL.B. holder
4. To repeat all calls from post more distant from c. Graduate of a Criminal Investigation Course
the guardhouse where I am station. d. Advance ROTC graduate
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.
6. To receive, obey and pass out to the relieving Basic Qualification of a Security Guard
guard all order from company officers or officials, In addition to the general qualifications, a security
supervisors post in charge or shift leaders. guard should-
7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty a. Be at least high school graduate
8. To sound or call the alarm in case of fire or b. Be at least 18 years of age but not more than 50
disorder years old
9. To call the superior officer in any case not c. Undergone pre-licensing training course
covered by instructions. d. Passed a neuropsychiatry examination.
10. To salute all company officials, superiors in the e. Be locally cleared with PNP or NBI
agency, ranking public officials and commission officer of
the AFP and officers of the PNP. Desirable Qualities of Security Guards
11. To be especially watchful at night and during the 1. Alertness- A good guard must be alert in
time of challenging to challenge all persons on or near my spotting violators. This can be attained by being watchful,
post and to allow no one to pass or loiter without proper dedicated and diligence.
authority. 2. Judgment- sound and good judgment is more
than the use of common sense. It is the arriving at wise
Selection of Guards and timely decision.
Republic Act Number 5487 and its implementing 3. Confidence- it is the state of being sure; a state
rules and regulations prescribed the minimum of the mind free from doubt or misgivings. This attribute
requirements for guards to be able to secure a license to includes faith in oneself and in his abilities, which is
exercise profession as a security guard, private detective, attained by job knowledge. Thorough and proper training
security officer and security consultant. plus good supervision instills confidence.
4. Physical fitness- security work is strenuous and
General Requisites in the Security Professions demanding. Physical conditioning is essential if he is to be
1. Filipino Citizen a dependable guard.
2. Physically and mentally fit 5. Tactfulness- ability of the guard to deal with
3. Good moral character others successfully without offending. In short, he can be
4. Must not possess any disqualification firm but pleasant.
6. Self-control- ability to take hold of oneself
General Disqualification regardless of a provoking situation. With self-control, the
1. Dishonorably discharge from the service in the guard will do his work without being angry and the
PNP/AFP or any private government entities. situation will be on hand.
2. Physically or mentally unfit 7. Interest, loyalty, responsible and
3. Conviction of a crime trustworthy, is also important attributes of a reliable
4. Addicted to drugs or alcohol dummy of a guard.
foreigner
5. Elective or appointive government official Licenses in the Security Profession
1. License to Operate- before a Private Security
Basic Qualifications of an Agency Agency (PSA) can operate; it has to secure a License to
Operator/Manager Operate (LTO) categorized as either temporary or regular.
In addition to the general qualifications, an operator A temporary license is issued by the PNP thru Civil Security
should be: Croup Directorate after the applicant /licensee should have
a. At least 25 years of age complied with all the requirements while it has less than
b. Commissioned officer, inactive or retired from two hundred guards. A Regular license to operate is issued
AFP or PNP or a graduate of Industrial Security to the PSA once it is qualified of having two hundred (200)
Management with adequate training and experience in the or more license security guard in its employ duly posted.
security business. Regular license is renewable every two (2) years.

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2. Security Guard License- before a security
guard can practice his profession; he shall possess valid Note: Legal age in the Philippines is 18 years old.
security license. The use of expired license is not allowed.
In case of doubt, licenses may be verified at the PNP Firearms and Weapons Authorized for Used of the
SAGSD whether valid or fake. Security Guard While on Duty
3. Firearm’s license- all firearms of the security 1. Handguns/Low-powered (cal. 22 and cal.38) not
agency should be covered with firearms license issued by exceeding one FA for every two guards employed.
the PNP through its Firearms Explosive Division under the 2. Shotguns (not bigger than 12 gauge)
Civil Security Group, renewable every two years. No 3. High-powered- when the agency is operating in
duplication of two or more firearms with the same make areas where there is upsurge of lawlessness and
and serial number shall be covered by one license. criminality as determined by the Chief PNP.

Guard’s Uniforms, Equipment and Paraphernalia

1. Set of Uniforms for Security Personnel
a. Headgear- pershing cap for men and 2 ply caps
for women
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11917, July 30, 2022 b. Service Bush Jacket- intended for Directorial and
Staff officers
AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE REGULATION OF c. Service shirt
THE PRIVATE SECURITY SERVICES INDUSTRY, d. Service trouser
e. Service belt
REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE, REPUBLIC ACT NO. f. Footwear
5487, ENTITLED “AC ACT TO REGULATE THE 2. Color of Uniforms
ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF PRIVATE a. Private Security Agency- navy blue (upper and
DETECTIVE WATCHMEN OR SECURITY GUARD lower)
b. Company Security Forces- light blue/light gray for
AGENCIES”, AS AMENDED upper and navy blue for lower
c. Government Security Forces- white for upper and
navy blue for lower
Section 4. Private Security Agency 3. Ornaments and Patches
(PSA): RA11917 — Any Filipino citizen or juridical a. National badge
entity wholly owned and controlled by Filipino citizens b. Cap device
may organize a private security agency and provide c. Regulation buckle
security services: Provided, That they shall not d. Collar device
employ more than two thousand (2,000) private security e. Name cloth
professionals as defined in f. Agency/unit name cloth
this Act. 4. Equipment and Paraphernalia
a. Leather pistol belt with regulation buckle
Section 5. No applicant shall be granted a license b. Holster, black leather for pistol
to operate a PSA unless the applicant possesses c. Night stick with horizontal handle
the following qualifications: RA 11917 d. Whistle with lanyard
e. Handheld radio
(a) Must be at least twenty-five (25) years of age; f. Pocket notebook and ball pens
(b) Must hold a bachelor's degree;
(c) Must be a part owner of the company or in case DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURITY
of juridical entity, holder of at least The leakage of document and information cost
one (1) share of stock with voting rights; government, business and industry alike, billions of pesos.
(d) Must be of good moral character; A rival company or an enemy agent might use an illegally
(e) Must not have been convicted of any crime or obtain document and information for their own advantage.
offense involving moral turpitude; and For this reason, a comprehensive and information security
(f) Must be physically and mentally fit, and passed program is very essential to the installation in order to
the neuro-psychiatric test and drug focus freely on the attainment of its goals and objectives.
test administered by the PNP or other similar
government centers and facilities: Basis of Document, Information, and
Communication Security
Sec 7. Period of Validity of LTO. — The LTO issued Security of documents and information is based on the
to PSA and PSTA shall be valid for a maximum period premise that the government has the right and duty to
of five (5) years, subject to renewal: Provided, That the protect official papers from unwarranted and
Chief PNP may set a shorter validity period for LTO with indiscriminate disclosure. In answer to this problem,
applicable fair and reasonable fees adjusted Malacañang, Manila dated August 14, 1964 entitled
accordingly. “Promulgating rules governing security of classified
matters in Government Officers” was promulgated in order
Section 12. License to Exercise Security to safeguard our secrets as secrets.
Profession (LESP). — No applicant shall be granted
license to exercise private security profession unless There are various laws likewise effecting security of
the applicant possesses the following qualifications: RA officials’ papers of the government, namely, appropriate
11917 articles of the Revised Penal Code as amended and
(a) Must be of legal age; Commonwealth Act 616 as amended. Any violations of the
(b) Must be a Filipino citizen; provisions of Memorandum Circular No. 78 shall be dealt
(c) Must be physically and mentally fit; administrative proceedings without prejudice to offense
(d) Must be of good moral character; and under provisions soft the cited penal statutes. The
(e) Must not have been convicted of any crime or unauthorized publication of any classified information shall
offense involving moral turpitude.

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be deemed a violation of Memorandum Circular No. 78 by Classified refers to assigned information by one of
the parties responsible thereof. the four classification categories. Security Clearance refers
to the administrative determination that an individual is
Standard Rules eligible for access to classified matter. Compromise means
The authority and responsibility for the preparation and loss of security, which results from an authorized person
classification of classified matter rest exclusively with the obtaining knowledge of classified matter.
originating office. Compartmentation is the grant of access to classified
matter only to properly cleaved persons in the
Classified matter should be classified according to their performance of their official duties.
content and not to the file in which they are held or of
another document to which they refer, except radiograms Declassify is the removal of security classification
or telegrams referring to previously classified radiograms from classified matter. Reclassify / Re grading is the
or telegram. act of changing the assigned classification of matter. Up-
grading is the act of assigning to a matter of higher
Classification should be made as soon as possible by classification to a classified document.
placing the appropriate marks of the matter to be What are Top Secret Matters?
classified.

Each individual whose duties allow access to classified These are information and material (matter), the
matter, or each individual who possesses knowledge of unauthorized disclosure of which would cause
classified matter while it is in his possession and shall exceptionally grave damage to the nation, politically,
insure that dissemination of such classified matter is on economically or from a security aspect. This category is
the “need-to-know” basis and to property cleared persons reserved for the nation’s closest secrets and is to be used
only. with great reserve.
Document Security System
Documents Security is that aspect of security which
involves the application of security measures for the Classification Authority
proper protection and safeguarding of classified
information. The original classification authority for assignment of
TOP SECRET classification rests exclusively with the head
Classification Categories - Official matter which requires of the department. This power may however, be
protection in the interest of national security shall be delegated to authorized offices in instances when the
limited to four categories of classification which in necessity for such arises. Derivative classification authority
descending order of importance shall carry one of the for TOP SECRET classification (authority for) may be
following designations: granted those officers who are required to give comments
or responses to a communication that necessitates TOP-
SECRETS response.
TOP SECRET - SECRET

Examples of Top-Secret Documents

CONFIDENTIAL - RESTRICTED

✓ Very important political documents

In Document and Information Security, a matter
regarding negotiation for major alliances.
includes everything, regardless of its physical character, or ✓ Major governmental projects such as
in which information is recorded or embodied. Documents, proposal to adjust the nation’s economy.
equipment, projects, books, reports, articles, notes, ✓ Military – Police defense class/plans
letters, drawings, drawings, sketches, plans, photographs, ✓ Capabilities of major successes of Intel
recordings, machinery, models, apparatus, devices, and all services.
other products or substances fall within the general term ✓ Compilations of data individually
classified as secret or lower but which collectively should
“matter”. Information, which is transmitted orally, is
be in a higher grade.
considered “matter” for purposes of security. ✓ Strategies plan documenting overall
conduct of war.
Security Clearance- is the certification by a responsible ✓ Intel documents revealing major Intel
authority that the person described is cleared for access production effort permitting an evaluation by recipients of
to classified matter the appropriate level. Need-to-know the success and capabilities of Intel agencies.
is the principle whereby access to classified matter may ✓ Major government project like drastic
only be only given to those persons to whom it is proposals.
necessary for the fulfillment of their duties. Persons are
not entitled to have access to classified matter solely by What are Secret Matters?
virtue of their status or office. It is a requirement that
the dissemination of classified matters be limited strictly These Information and material (matter), the
to persons whose official duty requires knowledge or unauthorized disclosure of which would endanger national
possession thereof. security, cause serious injury to the interest or prestige of
the nation or of any governmental activity or would be of
Certificate of Destruction is the certification by a great advantage to a foreign nation.
witnessing officer that the classified matters describe
therein has been disposed of in his presence, approved, A secret grading is justified if:
destruction methods. 1. It materially influences a major aspect of military
tactics;

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2. It involves a novel principle applicable to existing b. Maintain a registry of classified matter
important projects; showing all classified matter received and to whom
3. It is sufficiently revolutionary to result in a major transmitted.
advance in existing techniques or in the performance of c. Maintain current roster of persons
existing secret weapons; authorized access to classified matter for each
4. It is liable to compromise some other projects so classification in the office.
already graded. d. Ensure physical security for classified matter.
e. Conduct an inventory of all TOP SECRET
Classification Authority – Same as TOP SECRET matter as specified in paragraph 7 (Memo Cir Nr 78/196).
matter. f. Upon his relief, account for all TOP SECRET
Examples of Secret Documents and SECRET matter by inventory and transmit the same to
✓ Those that jeopardize or endanger Intel relations his successor.
of a nation.
✓ Those that compromise defense plans, scientific Unauthorized keeping of private records – All
or technological development. government personnel are prohibited from keeping private
✓ Those that reveal important intelligence records, diaries, or papers containing statement of facts or
operations. opinions, either official or personal, concerning matters
✓ War plans or complete plans for future war which are related to or which affects national interest or
operations not included in top secret. security. Also prohibited are the collecting of souvenirs or
✓ Documents showing disposition of forces. obtaining for personal use whatsoever any matter
✓ New designs of aircraft projections, tanks, radar classified in the interest of national security.
and other devices.
✓ Troop movement to operational areas. Dissemination – Dissemination of classified matter
✓ Hotel plans and estimates shall be restricted to properly cleared persons whose
✓ Order of battle info. official duties required knowledge or possession thereof.
Responsibility for the determination of “need-to-know”
What are Confidential Matters? rests upon both each individual, who has possession,
These are information and material (matter) the knowledge or command control of the information involve,
unauthorized disclosure of which, while not endangering and the recipient.
the national security, would be prejudicial to the interest
or prestige of the nation or any governmental activity, or Disclosures to other departments of classified
would cause administrative embarrassment or information originating from another departments
unwarranted injury to an individual or would be of Classified matter originating from another
advantage to a foreign nation. department shall not be disseminated to other
departments without the consent of the originating
Confidential grading is justified if: department.
a. It is more than a routine modification or logical
improvement of existing materials and is sufficiently Release of classified matter outside a department
advanced to result in substantial improvement in the General Policy. – No person in the government
performance of existing CONFIDENTIAL weapons. shall convey orally, visually or by written communication
b. It is sufficiently important potentially to make it any classified matter outside his own department unless
desirable to postpone knowledge of its value reaching a such disclosures have been processed and cleared by the
foreign nation. department head or his authorized representative.
c. It is liable to compromise some other project
already so graded. Release of classified matter to Congress
Government personnel, when giving oral testimony
Classification Authority – Any officer is authorized to before Congressional Committee involving classified
assign confidential classification to any matter in the matter, shall advice the committee of the classification
performance of his duties. thereof. Government personnel called upon to testify
Examples of Confidential Documents shall obtain necessary and prior instruction from his
✓ Plans of government projects such as roads, department head concerning disclosure.
bridges, building, etc. When Congressional members visit government
✓ Routine service reports like operations and offices, department heads are authorized to release
exercise of foreign power. classified matter which is deemed and adequate response
✓ Routine intelligence reports. to an inquiry provided that it is required in the
✓ Certain Personnel records, Staff matters. performance of official functions.

What are Restricted Matters? Disclosure to Foreign Government or Nationals

These are information and material (matter), which 1. Its use shall be solely for the purpose for which
require special protection other than that determined to the classified matter is requested.
be TOP SECRET, SECRET, or CONFIDENTIAL. 2. It shall be treated or handled in accordance with
Authority to classify shall be the same as for the classified categories of the originating office.
CONFIDENTIAL matter. Reproduction is authorized. 3. Handling shall be made by security-cleared
Transmission shall be through the normal dissemination personnel.
system. 4. Reproduction and dissemination shall not be
made without the consent of the department head.
Control of Classified Matters
Custody and accounting of classified matter – Disclosure of classified matter for publication
Heads of departments handling classified matter shall Classified matter shall be released for public consumption
issue orders designating their respective custodians of only upon the consent of the department head or his
classified matter. Custodian shall: authorized representative. However, in instances where
a. Store all classified matter. there is a demand or need for releasing classified

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information, extreme caution must be exercised to analyze possessor and over which the possessor asserts
in detail contents of the classified matter before release. ownership. In the business community, proprietary
Normally all informations are released through Public information relates to the structure, products or business
Information Officers. Public Information Officers should be methods of the organization. It is usually protected in
assisted in the analysis of classified information by the some way against causal or general disclosure.
Security Officer. All proprietary information is confidential, but not all
confidential information is proprietary. For example,
Purpose of Protecting Classified Materials confidential personnel data in employee files is not
1. Deter and impede potential spy considered as proprietary although the company treats it
2. Assist in security investigations by keeping as confidential.
accurate records of the moments of classified materials.
3. Enforce the use of “Need to Know” principle Types of Proprietary Information
1. Trade Secret - It consists of any formula,
Categories of Document for Security Purposes pattern, device or compilation of information which is used
1. Category A in one’s business and which gives him an opportunity to
a. Information which contains reportable time gain an advantage over competitors who do not know or
sensitive, order of battle and significant information. use it. It may be a formula for a chemical compound a
b. It should be given priority because it is critical process of manufacturing, treating or preserving
information. materials, a pattern for machine or device, or a list of
c. It must be forwarded without delay. customers. It differs from other secret information as to
d. It is critical to friendly operations. single or ephemeral events. A trade secret is a process or
e. It requires immediate action. device for continuous use in the protection of the business.
2. Category B
a. Anything that contains communications, 2. Patents- this is a grant made by the government
cryptographic documents, or systems that should be to an inventor, conveying or securing to him the exclusive
classified as secret and requires special handling. right to make, use, or sell his invention for term of years.
b. Higher authorities should declassify it.
3. Category C Primary Distinctions Between Patents and Trade
a. Other information, which contains something Secrets
that, could be an intelligence value. 1. Requirements for obtaining a patent are specific.
b. Contains exploitable information regardless of its To qualify for a patent the invention must be more than
contents. novel and useful. It must represent a positive contribution
c. Unscreened materials/documents should be beyond the skill of the average person.
categorized as Category C. 2. A much lower of novelty is required of a trade
4. Category D secret.
a. No value, yet lower level will classify documents 3. A trade secret remains secret as long as it
as category D. continues to meet trade secret tests while the exclusive
b. No decision must be made at the lower echelon right to patent protection expires after 17 years.
that document has no value. It is the responsibility of the
higher Headquarters. Proprietary Information Protection Program
Realizing that the most serious threat to trade
Three (3) Security Concepts secrets is the employee, a measure of protection is often
1. Personnel are the weakest link in the security realized through the use of employee agreements which
chain. restrict the employee’s ability to disclose information
2. Training is important to make security personnel without specific authorization to the company. The
conscious and realize the value of document. following countermeasures may be adopted:
3. Training is necessary for the practice of “Need to
Know” principle. 1. Policy and procedure statements regarding all
sensitive information.
Rules for Classification of Documents 2. Pre- and post-employment screening and review.
1. Documents shall be classified according to their 3. Non-disclosure agreements from employees,
content. vendors, contractors and visitors.
2. The overall classification of a file or of a group of 4. Non-competitive agreements with selected
physically connected therein. Pages, paragraphs, sections employees.
or components thereof may bear different classifications. 5. Awareness programs
Documents separated from file or group shall be handled 6. Physical security measures
in accordance with their individual classification. 7. Informed monitoring of routine activities.
3. Transmittal of documents or endorsements which
do not contain classified information or which contain COMMUNICATION SECURITY
information classified lower than that of the preceding Communication Security is the protection
element or enclosure shall include a notation for automatic resulting from the application of various measures which
downgrading. prevent or delay the enemy or unauthorized persons in
4. Correspondence, indexes, receipts, reports of gaining information through our communications. It
possession transfer or destruction, catalogs, or accession includes Transmission, Cryptographic and Physical
list shall not be classified if any reference to classified Security.
matter does not disclosed classified information. Rules- governing communications security do not
5. Classified matter obtained from other guarantee security, and they do not attempt to meet every
department shall retain the same original classification. conceivable situation. Communication security rules are a
means, not an end.
Protection of Sensitive Information Department heads- are responsible for the
Proprietary information is information that in some maintenance of communication security and for the
special way relates to the status or activities of the promulgation of additional directives as may be necessary

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to ensure proper communication security control within FLHA
their jurisdiction. (Read this by copying out a progressive cipher. Progress
All communication personnel should have an 1, 2, 3….)
appreciation of the basic principles of communication
security may result in compromise. Decipher: DO NOT TRUST SMITH
Communication Security Officer - A properly Note: The plaintext is concealed by “nulls” - are
trained and cleared Communication Security Officer shall meaningless symbol to fill in and separate plaintext.
be appointed in every Department of the Government
handling cryptographic communication. Transposition System – is another category of cipher.
Below is an example.
TRANSMISSION SECURITY: C: NRUTE RAMOH ALKOL ECNAC
Transmission Security is that component of (Everything is written backward)
communication security which results from all measures (Put into 5 letters)
designed to protect transmission from interception, traffic
analysis and imitative deception. Decipher: Return to base – this is the plaintext
P: CANCEL LOKLA HOMAR ETURN
Communication personnel shall select the means P: CANCEL OKLAHOMA RETURN – which means
most appropriate to accomplish the delivery of message in P: Return to base.
accordance with the specified precedence and security
requirements. Example
Radio Operators shall adhere to the use of correct
procedures, circuit discipline and authentication system as RTRTBS
a security measures against traffic analysis, imitative encipher by droppings every other letter
deception and radio direction finding. EUNOAE

CRYPTOGRAPHIC SECURITY C: RTRTBS EUNOAE

Cryptographic Security is that component of
communication security which results from the provisions then put in four letter code group
of technically sound crypto-system and their proper use.
C: RTRT BSEU NOAE
CODES AND CIPHERS
Code - a system which uses words as the smallest Decipher:
element like the one below.
Code word Plaintext P: Return to base
Angel we are ready
Fox sends additional Decipher:

Cipher - a system that manipulates one, two, or three P: Charlie will attack 2001
characters at a time like: P: CHARLIE WILL ATTACK TWO ONE ZERO ONE
Cipher Plaintext C: charliewillattacktwoonezero
B 1 C: char liew illa tack twoo nez roome
C 2
J 3 Substitution Method - original message elements,
D 4 letters, numbers or other symbols are replaced with
alternate symbols.
Abbreviation: Example 1 - symbols number of times
C: code or cipher j 26
P: Plaintext 4 19
K: keyword/ key number I 16
Note: Code and cipher may be used interchangeably to ) 15
mean the same. * 13
Categories of Cipher
Concealment – is the simplest, which means to Example 2 - c: x y z a b c d e
hide/hidden. For instance: p: ABCD EFGH
p: stop icebox
I WILL DO IT. IF NOT TODAY, THEN TRUST ME. SIGNED c: VWRS LFHERA
SMITH.
message: (copy out every third word) Example 3 - Using a keyword/phrase
Decipher: DO NOT TRUST SMITH
c: FOURSCOREANDSEVENYEARSAGO
EFDH GORA NQBO PETE YTDS RTOU ZESV ITVE SOWM p: abcde………………………xyz
XNIM CTLK HJEA
Same: copy of the third letter RISK ANALYSIS AND SECURITY HAZARD

decipher: DO NOT TRUST SMITH What is a Risk?

It is the potential damage or loss of an asset. The
Example: level of risk is a combination of two factors: The value
ADDE DAQD NPCR OOLL TMAT RLOC RATS TKCL MNRA placed on that asset by its owner and the consequence,
KETI SSTU ARTF impact adverse effect of the loss or damage to that asset
THEE OSET ULCO JEOU TAKE BLFZ IAHF SQUI TIFC ANLL and; the likelihood that a specific vulnerability will be
TMZX AEXE exploited by a particular threat.
DLGY ZZTI FLOO VWKA TTIM IFTT HATH EEFC ANND

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What is Risk Management? d. Storms (typhoons, cyclones, tornado and
It is a process of selecting and implementing security hurricane)
countermeasures to achieve an acceptable level of risk at e. Lighting storms
an acceptable cost. f. Extreme temperature and humidity
2. Human-Man made Hazards- These are
What is Risk Analysis? hazards which are the result of a state of mind, attitude,
It is the analysis of risk include examinations of the weaknesses or character traits of one or more persons.
vulnerability, probability and criticality of potential threats They can be acts of commission or omission, both overt
and include natural and man-made risk and covert, which can disrupt operation of a plant or
installation. The following are types of human or man-
What is an Adversary? made hazards:
An individual, group, organization, or government a. Carelessness- accidents and dissatisfaction
that conducts activities or has the intention and capability b. Disloyalty-subversion and sabotage
to conduct activities detrimental to the individual, private c. Espionage, pilferage and theft
or government entity. d. Vandalism, etc.

What is an Asset? Sabotage as a Security Hazard

Any information, facility, material, information, or Description of a Saboteur
activity which has a positive value to its owner whether it 1. He is the most dangerous foe whom security will
is an individual, private or government entity. have to deal with while planning and implementing
security measures and techniques.
What are Countermeasures? 2. He is an ordinary looking as the next guy but, in
An action taken or a physical entity used to reduce his mind, he has the training in deception, knowledgeable
or eliminate one or more vulnerabilities. The cost of in incendiaries, explosives, chemistry, bacteriology,
possible countermeasures may be monetary, but may also mechanics and psychology.
include non-monetary cost such as reduced operational 3. He can work alone, in-groups, or simultaneously
efficiency, adverse publicity unfavorable working in several places.
conditions, and political consequences.
Possible Targets of Saboteur
What is Probability? 1. Armed Forces Installation
It is the chance or likelihood that a loss will take 2. Natural resources- mines, forests, farms and
place. Indicated by a mathematical statement concerning farm products
the possibility of an event occurring 3. Industries- buildings, power sources, machinery,
fuel, etc.
What is Criticality? 4. Warehouse’s depots, communications, public
It is the impact of a loss as measured in financial utilities, etc.
terms. How important it is in terms of the survival or
existence of the organization. Countermeasures Against Sabotage
1. Use of an efficient, alert and trained guard force.
Risk Management Alternatives and Strategies 2. Use of Physical security aids like barriers,
1. Risk Avoidance- eliminating or removing the personnel and vehicular control, intrusion devices,
risk totally from the business, government, or industrial communication systems, and electric aids.
environment for which the risk manager has responsibility 3. Proper screening of personnel.
2. Risk Reduction- decreasing the risk by 4. Identification and movement control system.
minimizing the probability of the potential loss. The 5. Searches on incoming vehicles.
reduction of criminal opportunity is often accomplished by 6. Safeguarding of classified information.
situational crime [prevention strategies to discourage, 7. Designation of restricted areas.
deter, or deny criminal incidents. 8. Investigation of breaches of security.
3. Risk Spreading- spreading the risk through 9. Security education and indoctrination.
compartmentation or decentralization to limit the impact 10. Good housekeeping methods.
(criticality) of the potential loss 11. Effective and compatible emergency planning.
4. Risk Transfer- moving the financial impact of 12. Regular audit.
the potential loss-over to an insurance company. 13. Continuing background checks.
5. Risk Self-assumption- planned assumption
and acceptance of the potential risk by making a deliberate Espionage as a Security Hazard
managerial decision of doing nothing about the threat, or Description of an Espionage Agent
setting aside resources for use in case of a specific loss 1. He is very dangerous adversary and his skills in
incident. deception and his cunning should never be under
estimated.
SECURITY HAZARDS 2. He is usually a person of extensive training and
Any act or condition which may result in the will be highly effective in gaining the confidence of people
compromise of information, loss of life, loss or destruction and of extracting information of value to be relayed to his
of property or disruption of the objective of the employer or handler.
installation. 3. Even how well-trained an espionage agent he
might be, he is human like the saboteur and he can be
Types of Hazards defeated in his own game if proper methods and
1. Natural Hazard- these are hazards which arise techniques are undertaken.
from natural phenomena. The following are types of
natural hazards or disasters: Countermeasures against Industrial Espionage
a. Floods caused by typhoons 1. Careful and complete pre-employment measures
b. Earthquakes designed to control threats of industrial espionage.
c. Fire (not caused by human action)

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2. Continuing personnel check on employees and 3. Removal of item- this can be done as wearing the
particularly personnel on sensitive positions even already stolen shoes or shorts, concealment in body or vehicles,
employed. use of false documents, etc. Driver may conceal pilfered
3. Prevention of unauthorized entry to the plant or items in his vehicle.
industrial installation. 4. Disposal of items- there is a need for “fences”
4. Restricting of movement of personnel in the brokers” or “clearing houses” for these “hot” items.
premises of the plant.
5. Controlled disposal of waste papers including Countermeasures for Casual Pilferage
carbons in classified work. 1. “Spot”: check on outgoing vehicles and persons.
6. Only properly cleared personnel should handle 2. An aggressive security education and
classified document. indoctrination program with emphasis that “crime does not
pay”.
Subversive Activity as a Security Hazard 3. Superiors should set example of integrity and
Threats of Subversive Activity desirable moral climate for employees in the
1. It can be local or national in nature and their establishment.
mission is to undermine the authority weaken the 4. All employees must be enjoined to report or any
organization, and eventually take over. This can be in loss to security.
business or any activity. 5. Inventory and control methods should be done
2. This can be in the form of rumor mongering, especially to pilferable items.
propaganda, undermining morale, and injecting defeatist 6. Control of tools equipment and sets.
attitudes, and other emotional approaches.
3. It is an activity not easy to detect. Countermeasures for Systematic Pilferage
1. Guards and electronic surveillance on all exits.
Countermeasures to Subversive Activity 2. Package and material control system.
1. The spreading of rumors, written materials, 3. Parking area outside perimeter fence of
slogans or any other devices to confuse the work establishment.
population and discredit the government should be 4. Careful screening and background checks on
immediately reported. applicants to weed out potential thieves.
2. Labor and other company unions can be 5. Investigation of all losses quickly and efficiently
infiltrated so that strikes and “slowdowns” can be called to to determine “modus operandi” or obtain clues.
disrupt the normal operation of a plant or installation. 6. Alert all patrols to check areas and buildings for
3. Security force should be alerted for person trying possible concealment of stolen properties.
to recruit others in organizing movements for peace, anti- 7. Install mechanical, electrical, electronic detection
colonials, anti-trade and anti-imperialism. and alarm devices where needed and applicable.
4. Employees or outside personnel seeking 8. Establish an effective lock and key control
memberships in “paper organizations” should report this system.
activity to security. 9. Use of appropriate perimeter fencing and lighting
5. Other methods of subversion like united fronts, for parking facilities and areas for vehicles and persons.
mob action, terrorism and sabotage will be done to gain 10. Store bulk quantities of pilferable items in
the subversive ends. enclosed security areas and distribute them to using
section in limited quantities.
Pilferage as a Business Hazard 11. Establish accurate inventory and accounting
1. Pilferage is one of the most annoying and methods for procurement, use and disposal.
common human hazards which security has to deal with. 12. Establish close liaison with governmental law
This activity if uncontrolled can become financial drain if enforcement and intelligence agencies.
not a menace to smooth and orderly operation.
2. Failure to detect shortage and inaccurate SECURITY SURVEY AND INSPECTION
inventories will cause inventory losses, which may be
labeled as pilferage. What is Security System?
The information pertaining to one of the most
Types of Pilferers important security services offered to a head of office is
1. Casual Pilferer- one who steals due to his the conduct of security surveys and security inspections.
inability to resist the unexpected opportunity and has little Every unit chief desire a security system that will reduce
fear of detection is no plan or premeditation and he is to an absolute minimum the possibility of espionage,
usually a “loner” on the job. The temptation to pick up the sabotage and compromise of classified information on his
article is basically due to poor security measure. The office or unit. Since there are many security
implication of causal pilfering is the big cumulative cost if countermeasures to be considered, heads of offices should
it remains unchecked. utilize specially trained personnel, if the efforts of
2. Systematic Pilferer- one who steals with espionage and sabotage agents and other criminal
preconceived plans and takes away any or all types of elements are to be negated. Security is an extremely
items or supplies for economic gain. Pilferers of this kind complex program an objective analysis of an office head’s
can be employees or outsiders of the establishment. security program by security survey and inspection
personnel can be of great assistance in determining the
Factors considered in Pilferage efficiency of any established security program.
1. Location of items to be pilfered- the systematic
pilferer surveys shopping and store areas, or through What is a Security Survey?
contacts from the firms. It is an estimate of the security standards of a unit,
2. Access to the items- techniques can be from fake and is conducted to enable the responsible officer to
documents, bribing of guards, outsmarting security, recognize and evaluate security hazards and determine
creating disturbance and other methods to divert attention protective measures necessary to the prevention of
while pilferage goes on. sabotage, espionage, subversive activities and other

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criminal acts inimical towards the interest and/or mission
of the unit and/or command. Central direction and unity of effort
The officer in charge should be given full
What is Security Inspection? responsibility for all phases of the security mission.
It is a check of how well existing security measures Close coordination must be established with all local
and regulations are being carried out within a command. military and civilian authorities. Civilian authorities will
A security inspection may also include an investigation of include police and other interested city, municipal or other
alleged or suspected security violations. Physical security local officials.
is concerned with forces, entrances and exits, guards, The agencies responsible for each of the security
traffic control, lighting, fire control, and with such other plan must be clearly defined. Arrangements should be
physical measures, which, if properly established and made for local police to control local inhabitants. All
maintained, will deny access to, unauthorized persons. available intelligence channels should be used to obtain
information of potential danger areas, persons, or groups.
Security Survey Distinguish with Security Coordination must be accomplished by an advance
Inspection party after the official itinerary is received.
The terms “Security Survey” and “Security Protective measures must be through but
Inspection” to accentuate the particular differences inconspicuous and afford security without impending the
between the two types of services, are defined as follows: protectee/VIP’s performance of his functions.
Security Survey is defined as a counterintelligence The degree of protection is dependent upon the degree of
service to assist heads of office in determining the security contact with the general public desired by the protectee.
measures required to protect key installations from A basic element of VIP/Executive protection is the
possible sabotage, espionage, subversion, and identification and the elimination of possible sources of
unauthorized disclosures of, or access to, classified danger against a VIP/Executive before the danger
information or material contained therein. becomes real.
Plans for a perimeter of protection must be surprise
Role of Security Officer in Offices proof and flexible enough to allow a quick response to any
With the exception of the office head, the security emergency.
officer is more interested in the survey that any other
individual of the office. It is the security officer who is Defense-in-Depth Theory
directly responsible to the head of office for proper There is no impenetrable barrier. If an unfriendly
maintenance of security of the security program of the individual, organization or government can devote time,
office. money, personnel, material or imagination to passing a
A survey specialist must be cognizant of established barrier, he can succeed.
security procedures relative of the office since much of the To achieve the ultimate results from a physical
survey including the resulting recommendations will be security system, it is necessary to add barrier to barrier,
affected by these measures. delay time, until sufficient delay time has been
accumulated to allow control of any foreseeable
Authority in Conducting Security Survey penetration.
The Unit head may request a survey of his entire Therefore, rather than attempting to achieve
office or of specific function of a unit within the office. exclusion through the use of a single barrier, security must
When higher authorities direct a security survey to be be built upon accumulated time or a system of “Defense-
conducted for one of its subordinate office, an information in-Depth.
copy of the correspondence may also be forwarded to the
unit to be surveyed. It must be remembered that a Contingency Planning
security survey is not conducted solely for the purpose of Security planning should be flexible. Weather
establishing a security program of an office. The head of conditions, mechanical failures and failure of lighting
office is directly responsible for establishing a security systems are three-ever-present potential hazards. The
system for his office after which a survey may be unexpected arrival of large numbers visitors, audience is
conducted to determine if the program is adequate in another situation frequently encountered. Last-minute
comparison with the importance of the office to the overall changes in the security plan or schedule of events occur
national objective. routinely. The security plan therefore must be sufficiently
fluid to cover these and other eventualities, all of which
EXECUTIVE/VIP PROTECTION present hazards.
Executive/VIP Security
Those measures taken by Agents, Security Officers, Mission Orientation
Law Enforcement officers or an Agency /officers to protect An orientation/briefing must be conducted by the
heads of state, foreign, national or local dignitaries, civilian officer in charge or the protection plan, during which he
or military against any personal injury, assassination, explains fully the contents of the plan. Some topics to be
sabotage, and espionage. These may include the emphasized are:
protection of any government or civilian officials and
individual utilized as government witnesses. Conduct of Security Personnel
Police/Security personnel assigned to these duties
Basic Security Principles in VIP Security are selected to the basis of the appearance, alertness, and
Every phase of security must be carefully in advance, intelligence, as well as their ability to act quickly and
to include the importance of the individual to be protected, correctly in unforeseen circumstances.
political attitude of the population, obstacles involved, Restriction on the circulation of the individuals
means of transportation, and duration of the security should be strictly enforced. Before any person may be
mission. allowed to get near the protectee or his effects, the person
Physical protection should consist of a series of is checked carefully for identification and the authority for
protection cordons. These protective cordons may be his presence is established.
composed of a combination of personnel or physical
security barriers. Use of weapons

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 There is always the danger of accidental discharge 7. Bellboys, waiters, cooks should be cleared.
and injury of innocent persons when weapons are carried. 8. Food to be cooked must be examined and
All protective personnel must be qualified to fire the samples be sent to laboratory for analysis.
weapons with which they are armed. 9. Inspect for time bombs, radio - active materials
and fire hazards.
Crowd Control 10. Inspect closets and under the tables.
Protective personnel should understand the 11. Never allow the VIP to stop his car in a crowd if
principles of crowd control. They should not show not it can be avoided.
show prejudice or sympathy, or become involved in any 12. Drivers for the VIP should be competent, reliable,
grievances expressed by the crowd. well trained in protective driving and must be alert for
dangers and to take instant action.
Security Preparation in Local/Foreign Travels 13. While walking, it is necessary to increase the
Advance Preparations number of guards because the VIP becomes an easy
Advance preparation refers to the activities of target.
arranging timetable/ itinerary and coordinating with those 14. In case the VIP is going to speak at hasty made
concerned with visit local or foreign law enforcement stage, its strength and capacity should be inspected to
security men. Conduct security survey and inspection of limit the persons going up to stage.
routes, quarters, conference, luncheon and or inaugural 15. During afternoon sessions, lightning facilities
site. Arrange for security measures for motorcade routes, must be checked or installed. It is estimated that the
quarters, conference site, etc. Confer with local or foreign program may reach up to nighttime.
security men about potential danger to the Executive, such 16. An alternate generator for emergency use is
as persons, organizations or obtain copies of photographs made available if source of electric power is from a central
and place these persons under surveillance. source. Designate qualified electrician to watch main
source or switch.
Motorcades 17. If traveling by air, close the door of VIP plane
Select and consider the best motorcade route, when parked and place constant guards every time.
preferably the most direct route to destination. Select a 18. If traveling by watercraft, select boats of type
route which affords a chance to have alternate routes if and size capable of facing danger at the ocean. Thorough
something happened on the motorcade route. inspection should be made on the ship and check the
Review or dry run the route and take notes on the adequacy of lifesavers and emergency facilities.
requirements for controlling the crowd and traffic and 19. All non- uniformed men must wear signs or
deployment of foot patrolmen and motorcycle police at countersigns for identification.
various positions along the route. Arrange for police or 20. Checklist of all security hazards noted in the
buildings custodian to inspect buildings along the course of security survey or inspection should be given to
motorcade routes. the OIC for reference/planning.
21. Security plans and specific duties of men
Security in Inaugural/Conference/Luncheon sites assigned or details must be stated.
1. Control access to the building/sites 22. All written instructions must be classified
2. Closing off and policing areas around it, SECRET.
3. Securing rooftops and adjoining buildings.
4. Ensure the presence of numerous police officers Other Guidelines for VIP Security
inside and around the building/site. Security Formations assist in allowing the VIP to
have the best possible protection and defensible position
Security in VIP Office/Quarters/Residence. even for the limited amount of manpower while protectee
1. “Defense-in-Depths” Barriers – Concentric is mobile/in transit, or static.
Patterns (any attack will have to penetrate layer after layer
of defenders, the heaviest layer of defense, being closest, Threat evaluation is to ascertain at varying times
being closest to the Executive/VIP.) and function which will give the best formation sequence
2. Outer ring- sidewalks, stationed in front of or set. Other considerations are threat levels and type and
quarters/residence/office, covering all entrances, front, advance planning for staff levels.
center, side and rear.
3. Middle ring- inside quarters, office/residence, The Need for Close - in /Escort Security
covering all stairways and elevators. Officers, such as first aid requirements (which differ from
4. Inner ring- immediately outside executive/VIP’S location to location) and special weapons (a real
door, or close to Executive/VIP if outside. headache-the less you need to rely on them, the better),
and other logistical needs must be considered. One must
VIP Security Measures in all Areas have the ability to use a lot of common sense and attention
1. Establish screening points to allow only to detail, to give the possible protection, without
authorized persons access to the protected area/person overbearing or on top of the protectee/principal. Fully
and to keep out those who have no valid reasons to enter aware with this information, the Close-in/Security Escort
same. team should be well equipped, with an understanding of
2. Duty stations or posts should be marked on a their respective position, alternatives and functions.
floor/ground plan or sketch/map.
3. If an unusually large crowd are expected along a These could be varied hourly, in response to current
parade route security man may call on the armed forces threat level, and areas of coverage or occasion in any of
to station troops along the line of march. the following:
4. If the VIP travels by train, a pilot engine must run ✓ Crowds, restaurants, home, office
the trucks IN advance of the VIP train. ✓ Public transport, bus, taxi
5. Every manhole and sewer along the route should ✓ Friends of protectee/principal, business
be sealed. ✓ Movie theatre
6. Every single building and all its occupants along ✓ Functions: private, public, business
the route should be checked.

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✓ Huge crowds: a tight-packed area of swirling
bodies
✓ Elevators: opening a door to the unknown,
stopping at unknown floors.
✓ Escalators: progressing into the unknown, turn
side on, so that you can see the front at one side and the
area behind you. As you rise with the escalator, you will
become level with the floor behind before you, giving you
something to watch.
✓ Stairs: give way, standing, doors on way
✓ Doors: can’t see through them, an unknown
reality.
✓ Street lights: workmen, doorways, shops you are
walking past, hotels or clubs and doorways should always
be covered the protectee/Principal walks past

Threat Analysis and Reaction

1. Concentrate - concentration do not get loss or be
left behind, it takes only a second or two {to get killed}
2. Anticipation - anticipate your fellow
officer/escort’s moves, you can keep the protective
formation together nice and well-coordinated. Because of
obstacles, obstructions, and areas of threats, the
movement of Close-in Security/Escorts will be spasmodic
and spontaneous.
3. Relaxation/Observation- observation should be
done in a relaxed manner. Be very attentive but looking
relaxed.
4. Common sense- common sense comes from
using your brain, foresight, experience, and good training.
5. Participation within the Team- the team must
train together and understand completely what their job is
and their responsibilities. There will be big gaps in the
defenses if we do not have participation within the team.

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LEA4: LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATION AND formulation and decision affecting law enforcement
PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING management.

What is Operational Planning?

POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING
Operational Planning is the use of a rational design or
What is a Plan? pattern for all departmental undertakings rather than
relying on chance in an operational environment. It is the
A plan is an organize schedule or sequence by methodical preparation and development of procedures and
activities intended to attain a goal and objectives for the techniques in accomplishing of each of the primary tasks
accomplishments of mission or assignment. It is a method and functions of an organization.
or way of doing something in order to attain objectives.
Plan provides answer to 5W’s and 1 H. What is Police Operational Planning?

What is Planning ? Police Operational Planning is the act of determining

policies and guidelines for police activities and operations
Planning is a management function concerned with and providing controls and safeguards for such activities
visualizing future situations, making estimates concerning and operations in the department. It may also be the
them, identifying issues, needs and potential danger process of formulating coordinated sequence of
points, analyzing and evaluating the alternative ways and methodical activities and allocation of resources to the line
means for reaching desired goals according to a certain units of the police organization for the attainment of the
schedule, estimating the necessary funds and resources to mandated objectives or goals.
do the work, and initiating action in time to prepare what
may be needed to cope with the changing conditions and Objectives are a specific commitment to achieve a
contingent events. measurable result within a specific period of time.

Planning is also the process of preparing for change and Goals are general statement of intention and typically
coping with uncertainty formulating future causes of with time horizon, or it is an achievable end state that can
action; the process of determining the problem of the be measured and observed. Making choices about goals is
organization and coming up with proposed resolutions and one of the most important aspects of planning.
finding best solutions.
A Strategy is a broad design or method; or a plan to
Planning is the process of deciding in advance what is attain a stated goal or objectives.
to be done and how it is to be done. Instead of accepting
the future, managers, by planning, may be able to affect Tactics are specific design, method or course of action to
that future. It is essentially an intellectual process that is attain a particular objective in consonance with strategy.
strongly influenced by how a manager thinks about his
organization. One way of thinking is based on a systems Procedures are sequences of activities to reach a point
theory perspective in which the organization is considered or to attain what is desired.
to be a system made up of interdependent components
that work together to accomplish the aim of the system. A policy is a product of prudence or wisdom in the
There are two approaches to thinking in attempting to management of human affairs, or policy is a course of
understand a system: action which could be a program of actions adopted by an
individual, group, organization, or government, or the set
Analytical Approach involves taking the system apart, of principles on which they are based.
trying to understand each part, and then using this
knowledge to understand the whole system. Guidelines are rules of action for the rank and file to
show them how they are expected to obtain the desired
Synthetical Approach considers all the organizational effect.
processes together to try to understand how they relate to
one another and to the environment in which the system STRATEGIC PLANNING
functions.
Strategic Planning is a series of preliminary decisions on a
Creativity is an important part of planning. There are framework, which in turn guides subsequent decisions that
several different types of creativity: generate the nature and direction of an organization. This
Imitation involves using plans, programs, methods, and so is usually long ranged in nature. The reasons for Strategic
on, developed by others. Planning are:

Inductive Reasoning moves from the specific to the 1. VISION - A vision of what a police department
more general. should be.
2. LONG-RANGE THINKING - Keeping in mind
Deductive Reasoning moves from the general to the that strategy is deciding where we want to be
specific. 3. STRATEGIC FOCUS
4. CONGRUENCE
5. A STRATEGIC RESPONSE TO CHANGE
What is Police Planning? 6. A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK

Police Planning is an attempt by police administrators in The PNP Strategic Focus for 2013 and Beyond
trying to allocate anticipated resources to meet anticipated
service demands. It is the systematic and orderly Strategic Focus 1: Competence
determination of facts and events as basis for policy • Intensify Policy Reform;
• Review and pursue legislative agenda;

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• Improve the Field Training Program (FTP) with In the process, the police administrator can use the potent
emphasis on Field Training Exercise (Patrol,Traffic and tool of alternatives. Alternatives (options) are means by
First Responder); which goals and objectives can be attained. They maybe
• Standardize specialized courses for operational policies, strategies or specific actions aimed at eliminating
support staffs/units/teams; a problem. Alternatives do not have to be substitutes for
• Improvement of existing Non-uniformed one another or should perform the same function. For
Personnel (NUP) courses and development of competency example, our goal is to “improve officer-survival skills.”
courses for NUPS; and The plan is to train the officers on militaristic and combat
• Enhance operational procedures and practices. shooting. The alternatives could be:

Strategic Focus 2: Organizational Development Alternative 1 - modify police vehicles

• Streamline the organization; Alternative 2 - issuing bulletproof vests
• Implement the concept of "My IP is the Key", at Alternative 3 - utilizing computer assisted dispatch system
all levels nationwide; Alternative 4 - increasing first-line supervision, etc
• Standardize recruitment, selection and
placement of police personnel; What are the Objectives of Police Planning?
• Instil leadership down to the lowest level to
communicate and implement changes; 1. To increase the chances of success by focusing
• Complement or support organizational on results and not so much on the objectives.
development through efficient resource management. 2. To force analytical thinking and evaluation of
alternatives for better decisions.
Strategic Focus 3: Discipline 3. To establish a framework for decision making
• Establish mechanism to determine the level of consistent with the goal of the organization.
discipline of PNP personnel; 4. To orient people to action instead of reaction.
• Institutionalize reforms and mechanisms to fast 5. To modify the day-to-day style of operation to
track the resolution of admin cases against PNP personnel; future management.
and 6. To provide decision making with flexibility.
• Enhance counter-intelligence efforts against 7. To provide basis for measuring original
erring PNP personnel. accomplishments or individual performance.

Strategic Focus 4: Excellence What can be expected in planning?

• Integrate the "Subukan Nyo Po Kami" SMS
Center with the PNP TXT 2920; 1. Improve analysis of problems
• Establish an effective feedback mechanism as the 2. Provide better information for decision-making
basis for evaluation and assessment on the performance 3. Help to clarify goals, objectives, priorities
of field units; 4. Result is more effective allocation of resources
• Fully implement the adopted ICT-assisted based 5. Improve inter-and intradepartmental cooperation
system to support administrative functions, investigation and coordination
and police operations; 6. Improve the performance of programs
• Redesign the PNP uniforms and institute 7. Give the police department a clear sense of
safeguards against unauthorized manufacture and use; direction
and 8. Provide the opportunity for greater public support
• Provide quality service to the people and the
community. What are the characteristics of a good police plan?

Strategic Focus 5: Professionalism 1. With clearly defined Objectives or Goals.

• Standardize Placement and Promotion System 2. Simplicity, Directness and Clarity
based on merit and fitness at all levels; 3. Flexibility
• Develop various levels of expert professionals in 4. Possibility of Attainment
the organization; 5. Must provide Standards of Operation
• Rationalize Rewards and Incentive System and 6. Economy in terms of Resources needed for
Enhance Morale and Welfare Program; implementation
• Continuously review and update police
operational procedures and other policy manuals; and What are the guidelines in Planning? The five (5)
• Improve internal and external communications W’s and one (1) H
through proactive media program.
1. What to do – mission/objective
2. Why to do – reason/philosophy
What is the Strategic Planning process? 3. When to do – date/time
4. Where to do – place
• TASK 1 - Develop Mission and Objectives 5. Who will do – people involve
• TASK 2 - Diagnose Environmental Threats and 6. How to do – strategy
Opportunities
• TASK 3 - Assess Organizational Strengths and Responsibilities in Planning
Weaknesses
• TASK 4 - Generate Alternative Strategies Broad External Policy Planning-is the responsibility of
• TASK 5 - Develop Strategic Plan the legislative branch of the government. The main
• TASK 6 - Develop Tactical Plan concern of the police in this broad external policy planning
• TASK 7 - Assess Results of Strategic And Tactical is assisting the legislature in their determining of police
Plan guideline through the passage of appropriate laws or
• TASK 8 - Repeat Planning Process ordinances for the police to enforce.

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Internal Policy Planning-is the responsibility of the
C/PNP and other chiefs of the different units or What is Synoptic Planning?
headquarters within their area of jurisdiction to achieve
the objectives or mission of the police organization. They Synoptic planning or the rational comprehensive
are responsible for planning, organizing, staffing, approach is the dominant tradition in planning. It is also
directing, coordinating, controlling, reporting and the point of departure for most other planning approaches.
budgeting for the police organization within existing
policies and available resources. For maximum police This model is based on a problem-oriented
effectiveness, they shall be responsible for the technical approach to planning especially appropriate for police
operation of the police organization and management of agencies. It relies heavily on the problem identification and
its personnel. analysis of the planning process. It can assist police
administrators in formulating goals and priorities in terms
Police Planners that are focused on specific problems and solutions that
often confront law enforcement.
Executive Managers are concerned about the vision of
the organization, strategic planning, and long-range and Steps in Synoptic Planning
general plans. They tend to spend more time on planning
than those at other levels in the organization because of 1. Prepare for Planning - The task of planning
the needs to prepare the organization to adapt to changing should be detailed in a work chart that specifies (a) what
environmental conditions and to balance and integrate events and actions are necessary, (b) when they must take
diverse expectations about police activities and behavior. place, (c) who is to be involved in each action and for how
long, and (d) how the various actions will interlock with
Middle Managers (e.g., captains and lieutenants) one another.
participate in all types of plans and provide both general
and specific plan implementation. They are particularly 2. Describe the present situation - Planning
concerned with operational plans. They are probably the must have a mean for evaluation. Without an accurate
most critical persons in determining the success or failure beginning database there is no reference point on which
of a plan. They need to make adjustments that become to formulate success or failure.
necessary when the plan is implemented because it is
difficult to anticipate all possible contingencies. The police 3. Develop projections and consider
develop another approach to solving problems when they alternative future states - Projections should be written
see that the approach to solving a problem as planned is with an attempt to link the current situation with the
less effective. future, keeping in mind the desirable outcomes. It is
important for the police executive to project the current
Supervisors oversee the day-to-day activities of officers situations into the future to determine possible, probable
as they implement plans. They can also play a key role in and desirable future states while considering the social,
gathering data concerning plan efficiency and legislative, and political trends existing in the community.
effectiveness and in making suggestions as to how plans
can be changed. Supervisors, as a result of their daily 4. Identify and analyze problems - The
interaction with operational personnel and first-hand discovery of the problems assumes that a system to
observation of community problems, may be the most monitor and evaluate the current arena is already on
important persons in the organization in proposing new place. Closely related to the detection and identification of
theories and hypotheses concerning police activities and issues is the ability of the police to define the nature of the
behavior. The success or failure of the police organization problem, that is to able to describe the magnitude, cause,
is determined more by what supervisors do or do not do duration, and the expense of the issues at hand. A
than any other person or position in the organization. complete understanding of the problem leads to the
development of the means to deal with the issues.
Patrol Officers and Investigators, In police
departments in which there is widespread employee 5. Set goals - Making choices about goals is one of
participation, not only participate in the planning but also the most important aspects of planning. It makes no sense
provide feedback concerning plan efficiency and to establish a goal that does not address a specific
effectiveness. In some community policing programs, problem. Remembering that the police departments are
officers have the responsibility for managing members of problem oriented, choices about goals and objectives
the community, and even employees of other should adhere to the synoptic model.
organizations, in responding to problems. This managerial
role requires that officers engage in all four functions of 6. Identify alternative course of action – As
management: developing plans, organizing community stated earlier, alternatives are means by which goals and
members, providing leadership by motivating and objectives can be attained. These are options or possible
supervising citizens, and evaluating and controlling. things to be done in case the main or original plan is not
applicable.
What are the approaches in Police Planning?
7. Select preferred alternatives – there are
A variety of approaches are employed in the techniques to select alternative like:
planning processes. Each is unique and can be understood
as a method of operationalizing the word planning. There • Strategic Analysis – this includes the study on
are basically five major approaches to planning which are: the courses of actions; suitability studies; feasibility
studies; acceptability studies; and judgment.
1. Synoptic Approach • Suitability – each course of action is evaluated
2. Incremental Approach in accordance with general policies, rules and laws.
3. Transactive Approach • Feasibility - these include the appraisal of the effects
4. Advocacy Approach of a number of factors weighed separately and
5. Radical Approach together.

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• Acceptability – those judged to be suitable and What is Transactive Planning?
feasible are then analyzed in acceptability studies.
Transactive planning is carried out in face-to-face
• Cost-effectiveness Analysis - This technique interaction with the people who are to be affected by the
is sometimes called cost-benefit or cost performance plan and not to an anonymous target community of
analysis. The purpose of this form of selection is that the beneficiaries. Techniques include field surveys and
alternative chosen should maximize the ratio of benefit to interpersonal dialogue marked by a process of mutual
cost. learning.
• Must-wants Analysis – This method of
selecting a preferred course of action combines the What is Advocacy Planning?
strengths of both strategic and cost effectiveness analysis.
Must wants analysis is concerned with both the subjective Beneficial aspects of this approach include a
weights of suitability, feasibility, and acceptability and the greater sensitivity to the unintended and negative side
objectives weights of cost versus benefits. effects of plans.

Musts - are placed at the top of the page. These are What is Radical Planning?
conditions that are set by the police chief and that
absolutely have to be met in order for an alternative to The first mainstream involves collective actions
continue to be a viable choice. Failure of any alternative to to achieve concrete results in the immediate future. The
meet a must condition immediately eliminates it from second mainstream is critical of large-scale social
further consideration. processes and how they permeate the character of social
and economic life at all levels, which, in turn, determine
Wants- are conditions, performances, characteristics, or the structure and evolution of social problems.
features that are desirable but not absolutely necessary.
They are listed below the musts and the corresponding Values of the Legalistic Model of Policing:
data for each want are completed for each alternative that 1. Police authority is based solely on the law.
was not discarded at the previous step. Professional police departments are committed to
enforcement of laws as their primary objective.
Weight-reflect the subjective importance of the want as 2. Communities can provide police with assistance
determined by the police chief. It has a scale of 1 (lowest) in enforcing the law, and helpful citizens will provide police
to 10 (highest). with information to assist them in carrying out their
mission.
Score-is the evaluation of the actual existence of wants by 3. Responding to citizen calls for service is the
the chief. The score from 1-10 is set by the chief to reflect highest police priority, and all calls must receive the fastest
an assessment of the subjective or actual existence of the response possible.
want. The weight and score are multiplied and summed. 4. Social problems and other neighborhood issues
are not the concern of the police unless they threaten the
8. Plan and carryout implementation - The breakdown of public order.
police administrator must be aware that the 5. Police, as experts in crime control, are best suited
implementation requires a great deal of tact and skill. It to develop police priorities and strategies.
maybe more important how an alternative is introduced to
a police department than what actually is. Values of the Community Policing Model:
1. The police department is committed to the
9. Monitor and evaluate progress - Evaluation positive evolution, growth and livability of the community.
requires comparing what actually happened with what was 2. In attempting to maintain a peaceful community,
planned for- and this may not be a simple undertaking. the police role involves cooperating with others in the
Feedback must be obtained concerning the results of the creation and maintenance of a way of life which strikes the
planning cycle, the efficiency of the implementation optimum balance between the collective interests of the
process, and the effectiveness of new procedures, projects all citizens and the personal rights of all individuals.
or programs. This is an important step of synoptic 3. The police derive their authority not only from the
planning, trying to figure out what, if anything happened law but also from the community norms and expectations.
as a result of implementing a selected alternative. 4. The community will be involved in all policing
activities that directly affect the quality of community life.
10. Summation of the synoptic planning 5. The police will work with other public and private
approach – This can be done by making a summary of agencies to foster crime prevention and problem solving.
the presentation, could be tabular or other forms of 6. The police will be sensitive to, and show respect
presentation. for, all citizens and their problems and will emphasize
positive social interactions rather than just the technical
11. Repeat the Planning Process – repetition of application of procedures when interacting with citizens.
the process of planning enables the planner to thresh out 7. Policing strategies must preserve and advance
possible flaws in the plan. democratic values and the constitutional rights and
personal freedom of all citizens.
8. The delivery of policed services should have input
What is Incremental Planning? into the development of policies that directly affect the
quality of neighborhood life.
Incrementalism concludes that long range and 9. The department should seek the input of
comprehensive planning are not only too difficult, but employees into matters that affect employee job
inherently bad. The problems are seen as too difficult satisfaction and effectiveness.
when they are grouped together and easier to solve when
they are taken one at a time and broken down into gradual
adjustments over time. d. Formulation of structural designs and
operational plans.

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 The characteristics of a particular area or building can also
The Organizational Design includes an be altered to make criminal incidents less likely. Lighting
organization chart that identifies the relationship between can be improved, abandoned cars can be towed away, and
individuals, programs, and basic functions, as well as basic residents can be encouraged to be more alert.
guidelines for police activities and behavior (policies); the
step-by-step process for carrying out tasks (procedures); Assessment. Discovering the impact of the response is
and specific requirements for officers (rules and the evaluation phase of the SARA process. Were the goals
regulations). This may also include the development of and objectives achieved? What went right and what went
goals and objectives. A Goal is a broad, qualitative wrong? What were the reactions of the citizens and the
statement of purpose. An Objective is more specific, officers involved? The assessment process usually involves
usually quantifiable, and has a time frame. Objectives are, the following:
in effect, steps toward goals that identify a direction and 1. Comparing statistics relative to the problem
provide a basis for evaluation. before, during and after the response.
2. Comparing attitudes of those involved before and
e. Forecasting, scanning, data gathering and after the response.
analysis. 3. Checking with complainants to determine their
Forecasting is the process in which the police planner changing attitudes.
attempts to predict what is likely to happen in the future 4. Maintaining contact with other groups that are
in order to make necessary adjustments in the involved to determine their reactions.
department. There are two methods of data gathering that 5. Continuing to monitor the area and its problems.
the police usually use: the citizen survey and the
community-needs assessment.
CONSIDERATIONS IN POLICE PLANNING
f. Identification and selection of alternatives. The
alternative selected should be tested before it is used a. Primary Doctrines
throughout the department. They must also be assessed
in terms of available resources, the capabilities of those • Fundamental Doctrines – These are the basic
expected to implement them, and general acceptance in principles in planning, organization and management of
the department and the community. An alternative will the PNP in support of the overall pursuits of the PNP
probably fail if there are inadequate resources to Vision, mission and strategic action plan of the attainment
implement it, if those charged with its implementation do of the national objectives.
not have the knowledge and skills to do so, or if a • Operational Doctrines – These are the
substantial number of citizens or police personnel are principles and rules governing the planning, organization
opposed. and direction and employment of the PNP forces in the
accomplishment of basic security operational mission in
g. Plan execution and control. The plan is put into the maintenance of peace and order, crime prevention and
place, and evaluated. The persons charged with suppression, internal security and public safety operation.
implementation must be committed to the plan or at least • Functional Doctrines – These provide
be willing to give it a try; they must be knowledgeable guidance for specialized activities of the PNP in the broad
about the plan; be competent to carry it out; have the field of interest such as personnel, intelligence, operations,
support of superiors and those that are affected by the logistics, planning, etc.
changes; have adequate resources; and evaluate the plan.
b. Secondary Doctrines
7. The SARA process. There is a specific planning
process associated with problem solving. This process, • Complimentary Doctrines – Formulated
referred to as SARA, has four steps: jointly by two or more bureaus in order to effect a certain
operation with regard to public safety and peace and
Scanning is a process in which planners and managers order. These essentially involve the participation of the
look for problems in the department, including the other bureaus of the Bureau of Jail Management and
performance of individual officers and in the community. Penology (BJMP), Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP),
For example, the inability to achieve an objective might be Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC), National Bureau of
indicative that something is wrong with the objective, the Investigation (NBI) and other law enforcement agencies.
person or persons charged with accomplishing it, the • Ethical Doctrines – These define the
resources available, or the procedures used. fundamental principles governing the rules of conduct,
attitude, behavior and ethical norm of the PNP.
Analysis. Once a problem has been identified, additional
data about the problem are gathered and analyzed. In c. The Principles of Police Organization
addition, information can be obtained from victims or
complainants, personal observations, discussions with a. Homogeneity. The work should be apportioned
other officers, interviews with individuals and at among the various individuals and units according to some
community meeting, and existing departmental records logical plan.
like arrest reports and any previous crime analysis that has
been conducted. b. Delineation of Responsibility. Lines of authority and
responsibility should be made as definite and direct as
Response may involve other government agencies, possible.
private organizations and businesses or private individuals.
The response can focus on the offender, the victim, the c. Span of Control. There is a limit to the number of
environment or all three. Offenders can be arrested and subordinates who can be supervised effectively by one
prosecuted, or discouraged in other ways from committing officer and this limit seldom should be exceeded.
crimes. Potential victims can be encouraged to change
their behavior and response to criminal incidents through d. Unity of Command. Subordinates should be under the
crime prevention programs and training in self-defense. direct control of only one supervisor.

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 6. Situation-General Situation and Specific Situation
e. Delegation of Responsibility. Responsibility cannot 7. Mission
be placed without the delegation of commensurate 8. Task Allocation
authority, and authority should not be delegated to a 9. Coordinating Instructions-Refers to the
person without holding him/her accountable for its use. manner of giving alarm or signal when encountering such
f. Coordination. The efforts of the organizational units problems which needs immediate action
and of their component members must be coordinated so 10. Command-Refers to the relationship between
that all will be directed harmoniously toward the operating personnel or units with that of Police
accomplishment of the police purpose. The components Headquarters; who to summon for assistance.
thus coordinated will enable the organization to function 11. Signal - Defines communication network, which
as a well-integrated unit. is to be used during a particular operation like using
passwords.
d. The Four (4) Primal Conditions of the Police 12. Signature
Organization 13. Distribution- Refers to what unit will be given
copies of the plan. For instance, A-All units, B-Selected
• Authority – The right to exercise, to decide, and units, C-Very selected, and D-Only 1 unit may be properly
to command by virtue of rank and position. obtain through research and other means of information
• Doctrine – It provides for the organizations gathering techniques.
objectives. It provides the various actions. Hence, policies,
procedures, rules and regulations of the organization are Classifications of Police Plan
based on the statement of doctrines.
• Cooperation or Coordination According to coverage - Police Plans could be Local
• Discipline – It is imposed by command or self- Plans (within police precincts, sub-stations, and stations),
restraint to insure supportive behavior. Regional Plans, and National Plans.

Factors affecting Police Planning According to Time - Police Plans are classified as:

1. Condition-a consideration of political atmosphere, 1. Strategic or Long-Range Plan – It relates to

public opinion; ideological aspirations; peace and order; plans which are strategic or long range in application, and
national/ community ethics, behavior and discipline in the it determine the organization’s original goals and strategy.
area where the plan will be implemented.
Example: Police Action Plan on the Strategy DREAMS and
2. Time- It is the period available to establish plan before Program P-O-L-I-C-E 2000, Three Point Agenda, and
putting it into effort. Consider the time of execution/ GLORIA (These are discussed on the latter part of this
implementation, the time interval and time allowed for the Chapter).
revisions and modifications of plan.
2. Intermediate or Medium Range Planning –
3. Resources Available - Allocation of manpower, It relates to plans, which determine quantity and quality
money and materials efforts and accomplishments. It refers to the process of
determining the contribution on efforts that can make or
4. Skills and Attitudes of Management -Refers to the provide with allocated resources.
level of experiences of the personnel who are involved in
the preparation of the plan and those who will execute the Example: 6 Masters Plans:
plan. Applicability of good management principles shall be • Master Plan Sandigan-Milenyo (Anti-Crime
exploited. Master Plan)
• Master Plan Sandugo (Support to Internal
5. Social and Political Environment-Refers to social Security Operations Master Plan)
and political practices, which will be affected b the plan or • Master Plan Banat (Anti-Illegal Drugs Master
plan affecting these practices, beliefs and norms of Plan)
society. • Master Plan Sang-ingat (Security Operations
Master Plan)
6. Physical Facilities-Refers to machinery, instrument or • Master Plan Saklolo (Disaster Management
tools in the attainment of the goals of the plan. A certain Master Plan)
system or structural designs in order to meet expected • Sangyaman (protection and Preservation of
results. Environment, Cultural Properties, and Natural Resources
Master Plan)
7. Collection and Analysis of Data - Ready sources and
basis of good decision-making by the makers of the plan 3. Operational or Short Range Planning -
may be properly obtain through research and other means Refers to the production of plans, which determine the
of information gathering techniques. schedule of special activity and are applicable from one
week or less than year duration. Plan that addresses
Parts of a Police Operational Plan immediate need which are specific and how it can be
1. Security Classification accomplished on time with available allocated resources.
2. Number of Copies and Pages
3. Name of Headquarters Examples of OPLANS
4. Plan Title or Name
5. Reference-The source of authority in formulating • Oplan Jumbo – Aviation Security Group Strategic
a plan is based on: Plan against terrorist attacks
• Organizational Policy or Guidelines • Oplan-Salikop – Criminal Investigation and
• Orders of Superior Officersor Authorities Detection Group (CIDG) Strategic Plan against Organized
• Documents, maps, books, etc. Crime Groups

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• The TMG through its "OPLAN DISIPLINA" that Time-specific plans are concerned with specific
resulted in the apprehension of 110,975 persons, the purposes and conclude when an objective is accomplished
confiscation of 470 unlawfully attached gadgets to or a problem is solved. Examples are specific police
vehicles, and rendering various forms of motorists’ programs or projects such as illegal drug crackdown, crime
assistance. prevention program, neighborhood clean-up campaign
• OPLAN BANTAY DALAMPASIGAN that sets forth and budget.
the operational guidelines on the heightened security
measures and sea borne security patrols. Budget is an estimate of the financial costs of successfully
managing the police department. It is the guide for the
Types of Plans expenditure of funds and identifies the monetary
1. Reactive plans are developed as a result of a constraints for the manager. It includes not only the
crisis. A particular problem may occur for which the available funds but also the procedures for spending the
department has no plan and must quickly develop one, money and the methods for auditing spending.
sometimes without careful preparation.
2. Proactive plans are developed in anticipation of Five Types of Budget
problems. Though not all police problems are predictable,
many are and it is possible for a police department to 1. Line-Item Budget is a listing of the cost of
prepare responses in advance. items, such as personnel, equipment, maintenance and
repairs. General-item categories such as personnel are
3. Visionary plans are essential statements that usually broken down into smaller items - salary, fringe
identify the role of the police in the community and a benefits, and equipment.
future condition to which the department can aspire. A
vision may also include a statement of values to be used 2. Performance Budget attempts to relate cost to
to guide the decision-making process in the department. outputs or the work to be performed. It asks how much
money is required to investigate 100 crimes during the
4. Strategic plans are designed to meet the long- budgetary period? The estimated costs to investigate
range, overall goals of the organization. Such plans allow these crimes would include personnel, supplies,
the department to adapt to anticipated changes or develop equipment, office space, etc.
a new philosophy or model of policing. One of its most
important aspects is to focus on external environmental 3. Results-oriented Budget identifies the
factors that affect the goals and objectives of the estimated costs associated with accomplishing specified
department and how they will be achieved. Important outcome objectives in each function, each unit and
environmental factors include personnel needs, population program. It asks, what is the estimated cost of a projected
trends, technological innovations, business trends and reduction in one or more types of crime if the level of
demands, crime problems and community attitudes. patrol is increased?

5. Operational plans are designed to meet the 4. Program Planning Budgeting attempts to
specific tasks required to implement strategic plans. They interrelate planning, management and control. It asks,
are the work programs of the line units (patrol, what does the department do and how much will it cost?
investigation and traffic) as established by an analysis of What expenditures are to be allocated to each function,
the need for services. There are four types of operational unit and program? What is the expected benefit to be
plans: derived from the costs expended? How the money was
actually spent compared to what was intended?
Standing plans provide the basic framework for
responding to organizational problems. The organizational 5. Zero-based Budget considers the impact of
vision and values, strategic statements, policies, various changes in financial resources on performance. It
procedures and rules and regulations are examples. asks, what is the purpose of a particular function, unit or
Standing plans also include guidelines for responding to program? What are the specific objectives? How are these
different kinds of incidents like civil disturbance, hostage objectives measured? How much will it cost to accomplish
situation, a crime in progress, bomb threat, traffic incident, objectives? What would happen if the function, unit or
etc. program were eliminated?

Functional plans include the frame work for the 6. Management or administrative plans
operation of the major functional units in the organization, include formulation of the department's mission
such as patrol and investigation. Functional plans also statement, goals, and policies; the structuring of
include the design of the structure, how different functions functions, authority and responsibilities; the allocation of
and units are to relate and coordinate activities, and how resources; personnel management; and other concerns
resources are to be allocated. whose character is that they are prevalent throughout the
entire agency. An administrative plan is usually expressed
Operational-efficiency, effectiveness and in a general order.
productivity plans are essentially the measures or
comparisons to be used to assess police activities and General orders are issued to cover standing or long-term
behavior (outputs) and results (outcomes). If one of the situations.
goals of the police department is to reduce the crime rate,
any change that occurs can be compared to past crime Special orders are issued to cover unique nonrecurring
rates in the same community or crimes in other event which lasts for only a limited and specified period of
communities, state or nation. If the crime rate was time. It could also contain announcement of promotions,
reduced while holding or reducing costs, it would reflect transfers, designations and other such actions.
an improvement not only in effectiveness but also in
departmental productivity. 7. Procedural plans, in line with many but
certainly not all management plans, are ordinarily included
as part of a police department's written directive system,

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a copy of which is assigned to every officer and is updated
periodically. 5. There must be coordination in the development
and implementation of plans with other units of
Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) shall be government whenever there appears even only a minimal
planned to guide members in routine and field operations. need for such action.
SOPs include
6. They must be coordinated in their development
a. Field Procedures are used in all situations as and implementation within the police department to
guide to officers and men in the field. Examples are those ensure consistency.
related to reporting, dispatching, raids, arrest, search and
seizure, stopping suspicious persons, patrol, and 7. As may be appropriate, the means for comparing
investigation of crimes. The use of reasonable or the results planned for versus the results actually
necessary force that necessitates the use of firearm, produced must be specified before implementation. In the
baton, stun gun, pepper spray, handcuff and the like in PNP, this often takes the form of an analysis, referred to
dealing with individuals or groups shall also be outlined. as the After-operation report.

b. Headquarters Procedures include the

procedures such as the duties of the dispatcher, jailer, FIELD OPERATIONS: How planning affects them?
desk officer and other concerned personnel as reflected in
the duty detail. Procedures that involve coordinated action Field Operations shall be directed by the police
on activity of several offices, however, shall be established commander and the subordinate commanders and the
separately as in the case of using telephone for local or same shall be aimed at the accomplishment of the
long-distance calls and other similar devices. following primary tasks more effectively and economically:

c. Special Operations Procedures are prepared Patrol – The patrol force shall accomplish the
for special units charged with performing special police primary responsibility of safeguarding the community
operations like searching and preservation of crime through the protection of persons and property, the
scenes, dealing with demonstrators, hostage takers, preservation of the peace, the prevention of crime, the
strikers and bombers and the like. suppression of criminal activities, the apprehension of
criminals, the enforcement of laws and ordinances and
8. Tactical plans involve planning for emergencies regulations of conduct, and performing necessary service
of a specific nature at known locations. Included in this and inspections.
category are plans for dealing with attacks against Investigation – The basic purpose of the
government, military or police offices by lawless elements. investigation division unit shall be to investigate certain
Plans shall likewise be made to dear with possible jail designated crimes and clear them by the recovery of
break, demonstrations, and special community events like stolen property and the arrest and conviction of the
athletic competitions, parades, religious activities, and the perpetrators. To this end, the investigation division shall
like. supervise the investigation made by patrolman and
undertake additional investigation as may be necessary of
9. Extra office plans are plans made to organize all felonies.
the community to assist in the accomplishment of Traffic Patrol – Police control of streets or
objectives in the fields of crime prevention, traffic control highways, vehicles, and people shall facilitate the safe and
and juvenile delinquency prevention. Community rapid movement of vehicles and pedestrians. To this end,
organizations shall assist in coordinating community effort, the inconvenience, dangers and economic losses that arise
promoting public support and combating crimes. Plans from this moment, congestion, delays, stopping and
utilizing community organizations shall be prepared for parking of vehicles must be lessened. Control of traffic
civil defense in case of war or emergency in coordination shall be accomplished in three (3) ways:
with the office of Civil Defense.
Causes of accidents and congestion shall be
Effective Plans - regardless of how plans are classified, discovered, facts gathered and analyzed for this purpose;
the bottom line is that organizations with a formal and Causes shall be remedied, charges shall be made
continuous planning process outperform those without in physical condition that create hazards, and legislation
one. This discrepancy in performance increases as the shall be enacted to regulated drivers and pedestrians; and
larger environment becomes more turbulent and the pace The public shall be educated in the provisions of
and magnitude of change increases. traffic and ordinances. Motorists and pedestrians shall be
trained in satisfactory movement habits, and compliance
Characteristics of Effective Plans with regulations shall be obtained by enforcement. The
police shall initiate action and coordinate the efforts of the
1. The plans must be sufficiently specific so that the agencies that are concerned in the activities.
behavior required is understood.
Vice Control – It shall be the determined stand
2. The benefits derived from the achievement of the of the PNP in the control of vices to treat vice offenses as
goals associated with the plan must offset the efforts of they shall do to any violation, and to exert efforts to
developing and implementing the plan, and the level of eliminate them, as there attempt to eliminate robbery,
achievement should not be so modest that it is easily theft, and public disturbance. Control of vice, shall be
reached. based on law rather than on moral precepts, and intensive
operations shall be directed toward their elimination. A
3. Involvement in their formulation must be as primary interest in vice control results from the close
widespread as is reasonably possible. coordination between vice and criminal activities.
Constant raids of known vice dens shall be undertaken.
4. They should contain a degree of flexibility to Juvenile Delinquency Control – Effective
allow for the unforeseen. crime control necessitates preventing the development of

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individuals as criminals. The police commander shall undertaken by the PNP that will spearhead the fight
recognize a need for preventing crime or correcting against all forms of illegal gambling nationwide.
conditions that induce criminality and by rehabilitating the 13. SOP #13 – ANTI-SQUATTING - This SOP sets
delinquent. forth the concept of operation in the campaign against
professional squatters and squatting syndicates.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPs) 14. SOP #14 – JERICHO - This SOP prescribes the
operational guidelines to be undertaken by the National
Standard Operating Procedures or SOPs are products of Headquarter (NHQ) of PNP in the establishment of a quick
police operational planning adopted by the police reaction group that can be detailed with the office of the
organization to guide the police officers in the conduct of Secretary of Interior and Local Government (SILG), with
their duties and functions, especially during field personnel and equipment requirements of that reaction
operations. group supported by the PNP.
15. SOP #15 – NENA (ANTI-
The following are Police Security Service Package of the PROSTITUTION/VAGRANCY) - This SOP sets forth the
PNP with the following standard operating procedures and operational thrusts to be undertaken by the PNP that will
guidelines: spearhead the fight against prostitution and vagrancy.
16. SOP #16 – ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY - This
1. SOP #01 – POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES prescribes the guidelines to be followed by tasked PNP
- This SOP prescribes the basic procedures to be observed Units/Offices in enforcing the ban on pornographic
by all PNP Units and mobile patrol elements in the conduct pictures, videos and magazines.
of visibility patrols. 17. SOP #17 – GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF
2. SOP #02 – BANTAY KALYE - This SOP prescribes ARREST, SEARCH, AND SEIZURE -This SOP prescribes the
the deployment of 85% of the PNP in the field to increase procedures and manner of conducting an arrest, raid,
police visibility and intensifies anti-crime campaign search and/or search of person, search of any premises
nationwide. and the seizure of properties pursuant to the 1987
3. SOP #03 – SIYASAT - This SOP prescribes the Philippine Constitution, Rules of Court, as amended and
guidelines in the conduct of inspections to ensure police updated decision of the Supreme Court.
visibility. 18. SOP #18 – SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF
4. SOP #4 – REACT 166 - REACT 166 was launched SANDIGAN MASTER PLAN
in 1992 as the people’s direct link to the police to receive 19. SOP #19 – ANTI-ILLEGAL LOGGING
public calls for assistance and complaints for prompt action 20. SOP #20 – ANTI-ILLEGAL FISHING
by police authorities. This SOP prescribes the procedures 21. SOP #21 – ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS
in detail of Duty Officers, Telephone Operators and Radio
Operators for REACT 166; and their term of duty and
responsibilities. Example of OPLAN
5. SOP #5 – LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING) - With
the creation of the Presidential Anti-Organization Crime SANDIGAN
Task Force (PAOCTF), the PNP is now in support role in (ANTI-CRIMINALITY MASTERPLAN)
campaign against kidnapping in terms of personnel
requirements. SOP #5 sets forth the PNP’s guidelines in its I. INTRODUCTION
fight against kidnapping activities.
6. SOP #6 – ANTI-CARNAPPING - This SOP PURPOSE AND SCOPE
prescribes the conduct of an all-out and sustained anti
carnapping campaign to stop/minimize carnapping This Plan shall serve as the Master Plan in which
activities, neutralize syndicated carnapping groups, all plans and programs of the PNP shall conform with and
identify/prosecute government personnel involved in supplement.
carnapping activities, and to effectively address other
criminal activities related to car napping. It shall prescribe the grand strategy to be
7. SOP #7 – ANTI-TERRORISM - This prescribes undertaken by PNP Offices and personnel on crime
the operational guidelines in the conduct of operations prevention, control and suppression, in the total fight
against terrorists and other lawless elements involved in against all forces of criminality.
terrorist activities.
8. SOP #8 – JOINT ANTI-BANK ROBBERY ACTION SITUATION
COMMITTEE (ANTI-BANK ROBBERY) - This SOP provides The campaign against crime is a continuing
overall planning, integration, orchestration or concern. It is a war that the police cannot win alone, and
coordination, and monitoring of all efforts to ensure the cannot in any real sense fight alone. Police cannot change
successful implementation. the "root drivers" of crime such as poverty,
9. SOP #9 – ANTI-HIJACKING/HIGHWAY unemployment, poor housing, moral education, freedom,
ROBBERY - This SOP sets forth the guidelines and civil liberties, ambitions, dysfunctional families and other
concepts of operations to be observed in the conduct of ills of socio-economic opportunities. Thus, all aspects of
anti-highway robbery/hold-up/hijacking operations. police work should be premised upon active community
10. SOP #10 – PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-HOPE - consent, trust and participation.
This SOP sets forth the concept of operations and tasks of
all concerned units in the campaign against Partisan In so doing, developing effective crime
Armed Groups and loose fire. prevention, control and suppression strategies has
11. SOP # 11 – MANHUNT BRAVO presented the PNP with a fundamental dilemma. On one
(NEUTRALIZATION OF WANTED PERSONS) - This SOP hand, crime will always be committed and, indeed, a
sets forth the objectives and concept of operation tasks of continuing mandate. From this perspective, the police is
all concerned units in the neutralization of wanted viewed solely as a professional crime buster and often
persons. criticized if public expectations are not met. On the other
12. SOP #12 – ANTI-ILLEGAL GAMBLING - hand, the community needs to believe that the police is or
This SOP sets forth the operational thrusts to be can become effective crime buster.

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 b) The Inner Containment Ring, composed of the
Thus, the PNP has been compelled to rethink and foot patrol elements are in uniform for police visibility while
redesign its entire approach to this main task through the detective patrol component is in "civilian” attire for
clearer prioritization of targets with emphasis on police presence. Even if there are no uniformed police
prevention, control and suppression of crime and more around the people will still think that a police eye is
resources moved into proactive policing. watching them because they will see police detectives in
civilian causing the arrest of crime perpetrators.
ASSUMPTION
c) The third component is the Middle Containment
The primary concern of the PNP for the next five Ring, which is composed of bicycle or motorcycle mounted
years is curbing criminality. patrols at control points who shall patrol the residential
areas and make the transport loading and unloading areas
MISION as their standby points. This will prevent mugging of
commuters especially during nighttime.
The PNP shall implement a responsive and
holistic anti-crime strategy to effective prevent, control d) The Outer Containment Ring is composed of
and suppress the occurrences of crimes to insure safety in designated specialized units like the mobile patrols, which
our community. shall be deployed at chokepoints. Their task is to prevent
the escape of fleeing criminal and react to call for police
OBJECTIVES assistance.
• To reduce index crime rate
• To improve response time e) The fifth A the Outermost Containment Ring,
• To improve crime solution efficiency where the special police units (like the SWAT or anti-
• To increase conviction rate terrorist units) and the mobile groups shall serve as
• To operationalize COPS through the Police security elements at areas designated as strong points,
Community Precincts, for the 24-hour community security where they can immediately react to call for armed
coverage. support to beleaguered police personnel on the ground.
II.DEFINITION OF TERMS (Please see appendix E)
2) Adoption by police offices/stations of the
III.EXECUTION Crime and Information Management System,
which will systematize the recording, retrieval and
A. CPNP'S INTENT analysis of crime data.

"Let us intensify our campaign against crime. Let Another means of effective law enforcement is the
us create an atmosphere of peace, in close collaboration adoption by police offices/stations of Crime and
with the community, local government units, NGOs and Information Management System. In simple terms, the
international organizations, dedicating our resources and Regional, Provincial and City, and Municipal Police Offices
enhancing our capabilities and skills to address national will indicate in their local maps the place and time a crime
and transnational threats to peace and order". incident happened. The resulting inputs will constitute the
basis for the deployment or redeployment of police
The efforts of the Police Regional Offices (PROs), resources to maximize their use for anti-crime efforts.
Police Provincial Offices (PPOs)/City Offices and PolOe
Stations shall. be to set-up and implement a localized Anti- 3) Deployment of dedicated Police
Crime Campaign plan based on this plan. On the other Intelligence and Investigation Teams for criminal
hand, the National Support Units shall create their efforts gang/syndicates, terrorists, kidnappers, bank
in accounting and neutralizing transnational and robbers, carnappers and specific crime prone
syndicated crime groups, and support the PROs in their areas.
localized Anti-Crime Campaign.
The deployment of dedicated intelligence, investigation
B. CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS and manhunt teams is another means of organizational
effectiveness. Teams for specific activities involving
Internal Security/Terrorist Groups, Kidnapping, Robbery,
1.Strategic Concept Hijacking and Carnapping are formed in all police units in
varying scale depending on the threat analysis and
A. Improve the Police Security Service Package availability of personnel. These teams shall conduct legal
offensives against members of syndicated crime groups to
1) Effective law enforcement and crime force them out of the locality or, better still, to prevent
prevention and suppression system. them in the commission of crimes.

Foremost among the means of effective law enforcement 4) Aggressive Anti-Illegal Drugs Campaign
is the wise utilization of all PNP available assets on the
ground. One tested and tried instrument is the Police Illegal Drug is the country's number 1 enemy. A high
Security Containment Ring System (PSCRS), composed of percentage of our populace is affected by this menace and
the following five (5) major components, deployment of majority of the heinous crimes committed is drug-related.
which depends on their availability and the situation on the It is for this reason that we do not only put to jail drug
ground: pushers but also rehabilitate drug users. The supply and
demand reduction strategies should be coupled with a
a) The Innermost Containment Ring, which is heightened drug education campaign.
composed of barangay tanods, CVOs, NGOs, radio groups,
fire/disaster/calamity volunteer brigades that provide 5) Strengthening of the Programs for Public
localized and needed police services to the barangays. Safety and Internal Security

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The government considers the crimes such as killings;
kidnappings, extortion and etc, committed by the f. Devise an Effective Feedback Mechanism
insurgent groups as a criminal act not a political act. It is
for this reason that crimes committed by them should be The continued feedback from all recipients of
investigated and appropriate cases filedso that justice is public safety services received from the citizens through
afforded to the victims. the Project 117 of the DILG, the "Ugnayans" conducted by
the PNP and other government agencies, and other
People who feel that they are not safe in their houses, sources of reports, complaints, needs, or rejoinders, shall
streets and place of work are predisposed to crime. The be the basis peaceful and prosperous community.
police therefore has to lend support. 2. Operational Concept

6) Pursuing the objectives for Gender The NHQ-PNP, through its directorial staff, shall
Awareness Development supervise and support the Police Regional Offices in
implementing the strategic agenda and operational
This concept will involve the strengthening of Gender and concept of this anti-crime strategy. The PNP leadership,
Development thrust of the PNP in collaboration with through the NALECC, the NDCC and the NPOC, shall
government organizations, NGOs and women coordinate and cooperate with other national government
organizations in the country, as great percentage of crimes agencies in the realization of the mission of this anti-crime
committed nowadays, involve women and children as strategy.
victims.
The Police Regional Offices, through the police
b. Strengthen linkages with NGOS, local and international provincial/ city offices and municipal/city police stations,
law enforcement organizations, the AFP, and Presidential shall implement their localized anti-crime plans based on
Task Force and Centers as venues for interagency and this master plan. Their plans shall be focused towards the
international cooperation and support. implementation of localized activities to attain: (1)
reduction of crime rate;(2) improvement of response time;
These organizations and agencies are venues for (3) improvement of local crime solution efficiency; (4)
effective law enforcement coordination and support. The increase in conviction rate for cases filed in court; and (5)
maintenance of peace and order is a multi-disciplinary the operationalization of community-oriented policing
responsibility and the active linkages with these agencies system (COPS) thru the Police Community Precincts, for
and offices will redound to the efforts to eliminate the 24-hour community security coverage.
transnational and national crimes in the country, to include
the criminal activities of internal security threat groups and The national support units, through their
terrorists. specialized operating units and various regional offices,
shall concentrate their efforts towards supporting all the
In addition, this linkage would turn very relevant anti-crime efforts of the PROs,except in the pursuit of
and beneficial during the conduct of special events, like, specific anti-crime tasks assigned to them.
the holding of honest, orderly and peaceful elections for
both national and local officials of the government. Schematic Diagram of the "SANDIGAN MASTER PLAN"
refer to appendix
c. Enhance the community participation thru the
Community-Oriented Policing System (COPS). C.TASKS

Through COPS, there will be voluntary In furtherance of the intent and purpose of this
community support and cooperation with law lan the following shall also be undertaken by offices/units
enforcement/crime prevention and control activities, thus concerned:
there will be enhanced police effectiveness and efficiency
given the same police resources. 1. NHO, PNP

d. Operationalize the Integrated Area/Community Public a. DCO-Command Group supervisor,

Safety Plan (IA/CPSP) responsible in the successful implementation of this Master
Plan.
In order to insure the success of linking up the
contribution of the community, the government and the b. DPRM
police in guaranteeing the safety and security of the 1) Responsible in the conduct of moral recovery
communities, the existing Integrated Area/Community program for PNP personnel in coordination with DHRDD.
Public Safety Plan Cl provincial and municipal government 2) Strictly implement COMPLAN PATNUBAY;
units shall complement this Anti-Crime Strategy. Close 3) Monitor and supervise the moral and welfare
coordination with respective Peace and Order Councils program for the PNP personnel.
(POCs), Law Enforcement Coordinating Committees 4) Strengthen policies and guidelines for the proper
(LECCs), Regional Development Councils (RDCs), Disaster selection of personnel for designation to key positions,
Coordinating Councils (DCCs), Drug Watch and Street particularly at municipal station level; and
watch organizations, shall be maintained. 5) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.

e. Promote the objectives of an active Criminal Justice c. DI

System 1) Update and validate w4ch-lists 55 55534415 and
furnish the same to tasked units;
Being in the frontline in the operationalization of 2) Provide timely intelligence and
the Criminal Justice System, the police serves as an counterintelligence information or similar support, as
effective catalyst in promoting the concepts of justice for needed, in the implementation of this Plan; and
crime victims and of enhancing attainment of the 3) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.
objectives of the Anti-Crime Strategy.

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 5) Together with the Provincial Directors
d. DO (PDs), constantly evaluate the performance
1) OPR for this Master Plan; and continuously assess the fitness,
2) Supervise and monitor the progress of the qualifications, and service reputation of local police chiefs.
activities of tasked units in the implementation of this Plan; The Provincial Directors shall closely coordinate these
3) Supervise the implementation of the Strategic evaluations with the concerned local government
concepts on law enforcement, prevention and suppression executives.
system, and Integrated Area/ b. Provide other support/assistance to other
Community Public Safety Plan. operating units tasked with law enforcement functions.
4) Coordinate with the PAOCTF,PCTC and NDLEPCC
for an effective integration of anti-crime efforts with local 3. National Support Units
and international offices and organizations; and tasked
units; and a. CIDG
5) Perform other tasks as requested/directed. 1) Support/assist all PNP units in the conduct of
investigation and in the filing and prosecution of criminal
e. DL cases, to insure the conviction of suspects; and
1) Provide equipment and logistical support to all 2) 2) Perform other tasks as requested/directed;
2) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.
b. NARG
f. DC 1) Launch sustained campaign against drug chain
1) Provide necessary fund support needed in the and syndicates and other related offenses;
implementation of this Plan; and 2) Provide other support/assistance to Al PNP units
2) Perform other tasks as requested/directed. pertaining to anti-illegal drugs operations; and
3) Perform other tasks, as requested/ directed.
g. DIDM
1) Monitor the progress of cases being investigated c. IG
until their final disposition in court; 1) Conduct intelligence and counter-intelligence
2) Conduct pre-charge investigation of personnel operations in support of this Plan; and
involved in violation of the ICU guidance of the CPNP; and 2) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.
3) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.
d. TMG
h. DPCR 1) Assist all PNP units in the conduct of investigation
1) Disseminate various thrusts of the PNP in of crimes involving motor vehicles; and
containing all forms of criminal activities throughout the 2) Perform other tasks as directed/requested.
country;
2) Supervise the implementation of the Community e. SAF
Oriented Policing System (COPS) in this Plan; 1) Assist the PROs in specialized crime operations;
3) Come up with activities to catalyze the five(5) and
pillars of CJS to be an effective system for anti-crime 2) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.
efforts;
4) Perform other tasks as requested/directed. f. PCRG
1) Promote crime prevention awareness by tapping
i. DHRDD the support of the media and the community;
1) Design training programs/seminars for all PNP 2) Formulate/distribute anti-crime slogans/ tips/
personnel to enhance their ability in the performance of posters/leaflets/pamphlets, etc.; and,
their assigned duties relative to this Plan's operational 3) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.
concept;
2) Assist DPRM in the conduct of Mood Recovery g. CLS
Programs; and 1) Provide forensics technical support to PROs; and
3) Perform other tasks as requested/directed. 2) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.

2. Police Regional Offices 1-13, ARMM, CAR and 4. All Other NSUs
NCR
a. Provide technical/administrative support to all
a. The main implementors of this Master Plan, thus PROs, NSUs and other PNP attached agencies; and
you are directed to perform activities but not limited to the b. Perform other tasks as requested/directed.
following:
D.COORDINATING INSTRUCTIONS
1) Pursue more meaningful interfacing with other 1. Respect for human rights shall be paramount.
government agencies through the RLECC, RPOC and other And strict adherence with the PNP Operational Procedures
regional coordinating bodies; prepare and update and (Revised Rules of Engagement) shall always be
operational IA/CPSP of every province and municipality emphasized in all police operations.
under your jurisdiction; 2. All PNP units shall re-assess respective resources
2) Coordinate with various government agencies and capabilities. All IMPLANs and SOPs, shall be updated
and NGOs concerned in development programs and the to conform with this master plan.
government's poverty-alleviation projects; 3. Tasked units shall operate on the existing
3) Operationalize the strategic concept and logistical and financial allocations. NHQ-PNP shall provide
operational concept as contained in this Plan; additional logistical and financial support on a case-to-case
4) Support government agencies, particularly the basis.
pillars of the Criminal Justice System, and those concerned 4. Maximum coordination with national government
in the drive against lawless elements; and agencies, local government units, non-government
organizations and all sectors of the community, for the

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success of the anti-crime strategy, is authorized and highly This prescribes the operational guidelines in the conduct
encouraged. of operations against terrorists and other lawless elements
5. In order to insure uniformity in involved in terroristic activities.
adopting/implementing the COPS and IA/CPSP concepts,
all chiefs of police/ police supervisors implementing them 8. SOP #08-JOINT ANTI-BANK ROBBERY
must always be guided by the "Community-Oriented ACTION COMMITTEE (ANTI-BANK ROBBERY)
Policing System (COPS) Manual for the PNP" issued thru
NAPOLCOM Resolution Ns 2000-157 dated October This SOP provides overall planning, integration
31,2000 and IA/CPSP guidelines and requirements. orchestration/coordination and monitoring of all efforts to
6. This Master Plan shall supersede PNP LOI 10/93 ensure the successful implementation.
SANDIGAN (PNP Anti-Crime Strategy). However, all
applicable issuances, MOUs/MOAs not in conflict with this 9. SOP #09-ANTI-HIJACKING/HIGHWAY
Master Plan are still in effect. ROBBERY
7. All RDs, PROs and Dirs, NSUs shall submit
IMPLANs to this Plan and periodic reports on its This SOP sets forth the guidelines and concepts of
implementation. operations to be observed in the conduct of anti-highway
8. This Master Plan shall take effect upon approval. robbery/hold-up/hijacking operations.

IV. APPENDICES 10. SOP #10-PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-

HOPE
A. To improve the Police Security Service Package,
the following standard operating procedures and This SOP sets forth the concept of operations and tasks of
guidelines shall be implemented: all concerned units in the campaign against Partisan
Armed Groups and loose firearms.
1. SOP #01-POLICE BEAT PATROL
PROCEDURES
11. SOP AII-MANHUNT BRAVO
This SOP prescribes the basic procedures to be observed (NEUTRALIZATION OF WANTED PERSONS)
by all PNP Units and mobile patrol elements in the conduct
of visibility patrols. This SOP sets forth the objectives and concept of
operations and tasks of all concerned units in the
2. SOP #02-BANTAY KALYE neutralization of wanted persons.

This SOP prescribes the deployment of 85% of the PNP in 12. SOP#12-ANTI-ILLEGAL GAMBLING
thefield to increase police visibility and intensify anti-crime
campaign nationwide. This SOP sets forth the operational thrusts to be
undertaken by the PNP that will spearhead the fight
3. SOP #03 – SIYASAT against all forms of illegal gambling nationwide.

This SOP prescribes the guidelines in the conduct of 13. SOP #13 - ANTI-SQUATTING
inspections to ensure police visibility.
This SOP sets forth the concept of operations in the
4. SOP #04 -REACT 166REACT 166 campaign against professional squatters and squatting
syndicates.
Was launched in 1992 as the people's direct link to the
police to receive public calls for assistance and complaints 14. SOP #14-JERICHO
for prompt action by police authorities. This SOP
prescribes the procedures in the detail of Duty Officers, This SOP prescribes the operational guidelines to be
Telephone Operators and Radio Operators for REACT 166; undertaken by the NHQ, PNP in the establishment of a
their term of duty and responsibilities. quick reaction group that can be detailed with the office of
the SILG (OSILG), with personnel and equipment
5. SOP #05 -LIGTAS(ANTI-KIDNAPPING) requirements of that reaction group supported by the PNP.

With the creation of the Presidential Anti-Organized Crime 15. SOP #15 - NENA (ANTI-PROSTITUTION/
Task Force (PAOCTF), the PNP is now in the support role VAGRANCY)
in the campaign against kidnapping in terms of personnel
requirements. SOP #6 sets forth the PNP's guidelines in its This SOP sets forth the operational thrusts to be
fight against kidnapping activities. undertaken by the PNP that will spearhead the fight
against prostitution and vagrancy.
6. SOP #06-ANTI-CARNAPPING
16. SOP#16-ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY
This SOP prescribes the conduct of an all-out and
sustained Anti-Carnapping campaign to stop/minimize This prescribes the guidelines to be followed by tasked
carnapping activities, neutralize syndicated carnapping PNP Units/Offices in enforcing the ban on pornographic
groups, identify/prosecute government personnel involved pictures, videos and magazines.
in carnapping activities, and to effectively address other
criminal activities related to carnapping. 17. SOP #17-GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT
OF ARREST,SEARCH,AND SEIZURE
7. SOP #07-ANTI-TERRORISM
This SOP prescribes the procedure and manner of
conducting an arrest, raid, search and/or search of person,
search of any premises and the seizure of properties

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pursuant to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Rules of
Court, as amended and updated decision of the Supreme This Letter of Instructions sets forth the strategic
Court. concepts, operational guidelines and coordinating
instructions to be undertaken by PNP Offices and
18. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SANDIGAN personnel on disaster management. With this Letter of
MASTER PLAN Instructions, the action that will be undertaken by the
concerned PNP units/offices will be as responsive and
19. ANTI-ILLEGAL LOGGING possible with the support of the government agencies and
the community.
(Please refer to SANGYAMAN Master
III.SITUATION:
20. ANTI-ILLEGAL FISHING
The Great Ocean and seas around the
(Please refer to SANGYAMAN Master Philippines, while providing wide avenues for international
trade and commerce and source of tremendous marine
21. ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS resources, also serve as the spawning areas of destructive
typhoons and monsoons. Being in the so-called Circum-
(Please refer to BANAT Master Plan) Pacific belt of fire and typhoons, our country has always
been subjected to series of natural disasters and calamities
B. To strengthen linkages with other government yearly, which usually result in deaths, miseries and
and NGOs, local and international law enforcement massive destruction of property.
organizations, the AFP, and Presidential Task Force and
Centers as venues for interagency and international Disasters, which could be natural and human-
cooperation and support, the following shall be made, would cause enormous loss in terms of human lives
implemented. and property, the destruction of environment and the
setback of economic development. It has been noted that
1) RULES AND REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTING EO the number and costs of disasters continue to rise
829 AS AMENDED BY EOs 41 AND 41-A(LECC) overtime. This is in view of the increasing vulnerabilities of
societies and communities to natural and man-made
2) PNP IMPLEMENTING PLAN TO EO 61. disasters. On the other hand, poverty and population
pressures have forced growing numbers of poor people to
3) PNP IMPLEMENTING PLAN TO EO 62. live along harm's way - on flood plains, unstable hillside
and earthquake-prone zones. Their extraordinary
C. To enhance community participation thru the vulnerability is perhaps the most important cost of the high
Community-Oriented Policing System (COPS) and uniform number of disaster casualties. Moreover, in cities and
implementation of COPS, the COMMUNITY-ORIENTED communities experiencing rapid industrialization and
POLICING SYSTEM (COPS) MANUAL shall be urbanization, the lack of disaster-risk mitigation programs
implemented. contributes to their increasing vulnerability to disaster. In
D. To operationalize the Integrated Area/ whatever part of the country we are located, the possibility
Community Public Safety Plan (IA/CPSP), IA/CPSP of experiencing the gloom and the stark reality of all types
GUIDELINES shall be implemented. of hazards: typhoons, floods, flashfloods, drought,
E. Definition of Terms earthquakes, volcanic eruption, landslide, fire, maritime
disasters, air disasters, oil spills, etc., is always present.
V.REFERENCES
Relatedly, the PNP's inherent duty for public
A. Republic Act 6975, as amended by Republic Act safety dictates the provision of area security; search,
8551 rescue/recovery, evacuation and relief operation in
B. Pertinent NAPOLCOM Resolutions affected areas, in support to the tasked government
C. NHQ-PNP LOI 10/93 SANDIGAN (PNP Anti-Crime agencies/instrumentalities of the Disaster Coordinating
Strategy) Councils. The program thrusts shall be pursued thru the
D. The PNP Program Thrusts for CY 2001 implementation of keeping the police units and personnel
E. "Pulls ng Bayan, Lingkod ng Mamarnayan" by ready to serve, and provide support to community
PDDG LEANDRO Ft MENDOZA F. The Operational PPAs development.
and PER.

IV.MISSION:
SAKLOLO
The Philippine National Police, as the Disaster
(DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND MANAGEMENT Coordinating CounciI operating unit, conducts disaster
MASTERPLAN) preparedness activities, provides security coverage in
disaster areas, and assist in search and rescue,
I.REFERENCES: evacuation, and relief operations.

a. Republic Act 6975,as amended by Republic Act V.EXECUTION:

8551;
b. Presidential Decree No 1566- Strengthening the This Master Plan embraces all conceivable
Philippine Disaster Control Capability and Establishing the contingencies, short of war emergency, making use of all
National Program on Community Disaster Preparedness; available resources the PNP can muster to execute the
and NDCC Calamities and Disaster Preparedness Plan. The
c. The Operational PPAs and PERs. intent conceived in this LOI is to make operation plans
promulgated by the different regional commands
II.PURPOSE: functional and action-oriented and is capable of meeting

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simple or multiple contingencies. This LOI encourages the The activities to be undertaken shall be as
concept of self-reliance by promoting the spirit of self-help follows:
and mutual assistance among the local officials and their
constituents which the local PNP units will be in contact a. Preparation – Involves planning, readiness
with and/or will be working with during disasters and through information dissemination and training,
calamities. Preparedness is constant alertness and and pre-positioning of response/reaction teams to meet all
constant enhancement of capabilities. Readiness is foreseeable threats/ emergencies. Planning and operation
preparedness shall be done on an inter-agency, multi-sectoral basis to
for the worst. optimize the utilization of resources. Goals and objectives
have to be more realistic and attainable.
As member-Agency, the PNP is tasked to
organize Police Auxiliary services in the cities, b. Organization - Inventory of equipment,
municipalities and barangays;and to provide security manpower and resources of different participating
coverage in disaster areas. government agencies, non-government organizations and
private entities which can be readily tapped when the
A. STRATEGIC CONCEPTS situation so requires. Considered the Council's frontier in
its response are the following association/groups, but not
In furtherance of the DILG/PNP mandated limited to: medical, contractors, fire volunteers, mountain
functions, the following shall compose the strategic climbers, engineers, communications, transport, etc.
concepts:
c. Accounting - Resources and equipment
1) CONTINUOUSLY IMPROVING POLICE committed shall be accounted for maximum
SECURITY SERVICE PACKAGE - Effective law utilization/disposition and the proper turn-over of same
enforcement and crime prevention and suppression after the disaster operations.
system, through the Innermost Containment Ring of the
Police Security Containment Ring System (PSCRS), which d. Coordination- Networking with the LGUs, other
is composed of barangay tanods, CVOs, NGOs, radio government agencies such as DPWH, DECS, DSWD, the
groups, fire/disaster/calamity volunteer brigades that non-government organizations and private entities.
provide localized and needed police services to the
barangays. The deployment of PNP personnel in every
municipal/city throughout the country, become
2) THE OPERATIONALIZATION OF AN magnanimous to the first line of response mobilized to the
INTEGRATED AREA/COMMUNITY PUBLIC SAFETY scene/disaster response operation.
PLAN(IA/CPSP) -While emergency preparedness is a Rescue and recovery operations shall be conducted at the
joint responsibility of the national and local government, Barangay/ Municipal/Provincial nearest the disaster
its effectiveness will depend largely on the skills and incident until such time that the appropriate agency
resources, and the involvement of private organizations concerned should have taken over the control of the
and the general public in the area of disaster. Through rescue operations.
close coordination with the Disaster Coordinating Council,
the formulated and developed IA/ CPSP of the PNP, in To this end, regular/simulated exercises and drills
consonance with the local government units is rationalized will be conducted at all levels to enhance the PNP's and
in order that it shall appropriately serve as the unified and community reaction capability and ensure precision and
integrated direction of the local public safety programs to spontaneity in responding to emergencies.
be more resolve to confront disaster on a total system
approach. C. TASKS

3) THE COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT 1. NHO,PNP

THROUGH THE COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING
SYSTEM (COPS) -The function of the community in a. DCO- Command Group supervisor,
nation building is not only crucial, it is absolutely responsible in the successful implementation of this LOI.
imperative. Efficient and effective delivery of police
services can only be attained through the development of b. DO
a responsive partnership, based on trust and goodwill, 1) OPR for this Letter of Instructions;
between the community and the police. The interactions 2) Supervise and monitor the progress of the
among the community players, which result in a activities of tasked units in the implementation of this LOI;
partnership for a peaceful community is called COPS. 3) Supervise the implementation of the Strategic
Concepts on continuous improvement of police security
4) EFFECTIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM-The service package; and the operationalization of the
continued feedback formal recipients of public safety Integrated Area/Community Public Safety Plan; and
services received from the citizens through the Project 117 4) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.
of the DILL, the "Ugnayans" conducted by the PNP and
other government agencies, and other sources of reports, c. DL
complaints, needs, or rejoinders, shall be the basis for 1) Provide equipment and logistical support to all
improving the delivery of police services to the citizenry. tasked units; and
This feedback mechanism shall serve as the trigger to set 2) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.
off a series of adjustments and if needed be, a realignment
of the foregoing strategies to attain the purpose of d. DPCR
maintaining a peaceful and prosperous community. 1) Supervise the implementation of the strategic
concepts on Community Oriented Policing System (COPS);
B. OPERATIONAL CONCEPT linkage with other NDCC-member agencies, NGOs and
CVOs; and effective feedback mechanism; and
2) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.

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e. DC a. Establish a physical facilities to be known as the
1) Provide necessary fund support for the additional Regional Disaster Operations Center (RDOC);
subsistence allowance/hazardous duty pay of personnel
involved in the search and rescue/recovery operations; b. Coordinate the disaster operations activities in
and the region from the RDOC or from any forward operating
2) Perform other tasks as requested/directed. facility within the region;

f. DHRDD c. Implement within the region the guidelines set by

1) Design training programs/seminars for all PNP the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC);
personnel to enhance their ability in the performance of
their assigned duties relative to this LOI's operational d. Advise the Chairman, NDCC on the status of
concept; and disaster preparedness programs, disaster operations, and
2) Perform other tasks as requested/directed. rehabilitation efforts undertaken by the region and the
private sector;
2. Police Regional Offices 1-13,ARMM,CAR
and NCR e. Establish policy guidelines on emergency
preparedness and disaster preparedness and disaster
The main implementors of this LOI, thus directed operations involving rescue, relief and rehabilitation for
to perform activities, but not limited to the following: the RDCC;

1) Pursue more meaningful interfacing with other f. Convene the Council as often as necessary to
government agencies through the RDCC, RPOC and other effectively coordinate the original efforts on disaster
regional coordinating bodies; prepare and update and preparedness, emergency operations, relief, recovery and
operational IA/CPSP of every province and municipality rehabilitation activities;
under their jurisdiction. Review/identify technological, g. Call on all military units and government
doctrinal and operational gaps in respective DCC system departments, bureaus, agencies and instrumentalities and
and disaster management programs in preparation for corporations as well as the private sector under the area
emergencies; of their jurisdiction for assistance in preparing for, reacting
2) Operationalize the strategic concept and to and recovery from the effects/calamities and regional
operational concept as contained in this LOI. civil emergencies;
Institutionalize the practice of constant improvement
focusing on operational efficiency, increased speed and h. Advise the Local Disaster Coordinating Councils
corrective service, and improved internal and public on disaster management; and
communications;
i. Submit appropriate recommendations to the
3) Maintain peace and order and the safeguarding NDCC as necessary such as the declaration of a state of
of essential facilities during disaster or civil disturbances; calamity in disaster-stricken areas in the area.

4) Provide security coverage in disaster areas, as 9) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.

well as to government and private officials engaged in
disaster relief operations and other dignitaries 3. National Support Units
assisting/assessing distress areas. Additionally, undertake
traffic control and direction in clearing the streets from a. TMG
vehicular congestion and other obstructions;
1) Ensure that traffic at the disaster area will be
5) Sustain the participation of LGUs, civil societies, orderly in order to speed up rescue/recovery, relief and
and volunteer groups/ auxiliary public safety services at rehabilitation operations; and
the barangay level in partnership with the community, in 2) Perform other tasks as directed/requested.
providing traffic, safety and security services in cases of
emergency and in times of calamities by promoting the b. SAF
traditional bayanihan and the spirit of voluntarism. Forge
stronger partnerships with civil society groups, NGOs, civic 1) Perform rescue operations and other special
organizations, private institutions and other service- operations that may contribute to the success of disaster
oriented groups (police auxiliary) to create a wider scope relief operations; and
of operational support and assistance; 2) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.

6) Make the community equally pro-active and c. PCRG

responsive to cooperation and collaboration in ensuring a
peaceful, stable and safe community; 1) Catalyze the organization of NGOs/volunteers re
plans and programs of government agencies and private
7) Organize, develop, equip and mobilize PNP sector that will promote community and citizen's
Radiological Response Teams (RQRTs), which shall serve participation in the maintenance of peace and order and
as rapid deployment units that could quickly deployed to public safety in the disaster area;
perform precursory police functions in case of radiological 2) Assist in providing relief assistance to the victims
emergencies. Prepare inventory of equipment, facilities, of disaster; and
and supplies. Identify items and programs for 3) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.
procurement and repair;
d. CLS
8) As Chairman, Regional Disaster Coordinating
Councils, except ARMM and CAR, shall perform the 1) Provide forensics technical support to PROs; and
following duties and responsibilities, namely: 2) Perform other tasks as requested/directed.

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e. CES SANG-INGAT
(SECURITY COVERAGE MASTER PLAN)
1) Make available the communication unit to
receive/ transmit disaster information, and closely I.REFERENCES:
coordinate with the accredited radio groups for a
concerted utilization of their communication facilities, in a. Republic Act 6975, as amended by Republic Act
times of impending and/or actual emergency; and 8551;
2) Perform other tasks as requested/directed. b. Pertinent NAPOLCOM Resolutions; and
c. The Operational PPAs and PERs.
f. HS
II.PURPOSE:
1) Assist in providing medical and dental services to
victims of disaster; and This Master Plan sets forth the strategic concepts
2) Perform other tasks as requested/ directed. and operational guidelines, as well as contingency plan to
ensure the maintenance of peace and order during the
VI. COORDINATING INSTRUCTIONS: year-round observance of holidays, which involves great
concern on movement of the citizens, international,
1. Although the possibility of radiological national and local meeting/conferences/ events, and
catastrophe is remote in the local setting, the potential and rallies/mass action in protest to wide range of issues.
cataclysmic consequences of such event, the local PNP
units shall prepare and plan courses of actions on 1. Broad Objective
radiological emergencies, in coordination with the
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) and the The PNP, concurrent with its mission and
Philippine Atmosphere. Geophysical and Astronomical functions, conducts police operations to ensure utmost
Services (PAGASA). security possible to individuals and vital installations, most
especially during the holding of special events. It shall
2. Simulated drills to be regularly conducted to test undertake coordinated courses of action necessary to
the effectiveness of preparations, bring out flaws and prevent, contain, and neutralize persons from inflicting
weaknesses, and corrective/remedies effected to heighten any harm upon people or damage to property especially
levels of readiness of systems, procedures, organization, on activities involving foreign guests and tourists.
equipment and logistics to enhance reaction capability,
and ensure precision and spontaneity in responding to 2. Specific Objectives
emergencies.
In the conduct of providing security for various
3. The provision of security coverage, hand-in-hand events, the PNP, thru its Police Regional/Provincial Police
with immediate relief, rehabilitation and community-based Offices (PROs/PPOs) and National Support Units (NSUs)
development effort in areas affected by the shall undertake the following:
disaster/calamity shall be coordinated and synchronized Al
plans and projects of all government agencies and a. To catalyze all PNP units to enhance coordination
instrumentalities. and cooperation with government units and private
sectors in their respective areas of jurisdiction, to be able
4. Lateral coordination to create awareness, to come up with measures to preempt the occurrence of
constant communications and action among tasked crimes that can adversely affect the safety and security of
offices/units, other local government agencies, NGOs and individuals and vital installations;
other concerned civilian organizations in carrying out the
mission is highly encouraged/authorized. One player's b. To enhance the level of awareness and
problem/concern should be regarded as team problem. preparedness of PNP personnel in providing security to
individuals and vital installations, and in dealing mass
5. .Assistance rendered by NDCC member- actions;
agencies, NGOs/ volunteers in the aftermath of disasters
and calamities have to be well recognized. Their tangible c. To enhance the units' capability to identify and
effort during the disaster operation eases the load of neutralize threat groups; and
policeman's work, which may become complicated in their
absence. d. To determine and rectify PNP vulnerabilities
6. PNP Headquarters and other PNP units in the which may be exploited by the threat groups.
calamity stricken areas shall not become depositories of
relief goods in order that speculations contrary to III.SITUATION:
moral/decency/ honesty, can be avoided.
7. In order to insure uniformity in The security situation is one of the factors that
adopting/implementing the IA/CPSP concept, Al chiefs of greatly affect the economic conditions of the country. The
police/police supervisors implementing them must always Philippine National Police, being the forefront of
be guided by the IA/CPSP guidelines and requirements. maintaining peace and order and public safety, undertakes
8. This Master Plan has been conceived in order to security measures towards the attainment of a safe place
provide a single reference material, prevent confusion, to live, work, invest and do business in.
minimize paperwork, or preclude repetitive issuances of
directives, guidelines or policies applicable to similar Wide range of issues which tend to beset/affect
situations. the lives of the populace are being capitalized by cause-
9. All RDs, PROs and Dirs, NSUs shall submit oriented groups/various threat groups, to coerce
IMPLANs to this LOI NLT fifteen (15) days from date of moderate organization/s to join in staging mass actions,
receipt of this LOI, and thereafter, periodic reports on its such as rallies, demonstration, strike, etc. to project their
implementation. positions and demands. The situation can likely be taken

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advantage of by the dissidents/terrorists to create an through the development of a responsive partnership,
atmosphere of chaos and destabilization. Hence, the need based on trust and goodwill, between the community and
to integrate PNP efforts with the national and local the police. The interaction among the community players,
government units to be able to come up with a program which result in a partnership for a peaceful community is
of action that is well-coordinated, unified and responsive called COPS.
to the situation at hand to preempt, prevent and/or
suppress destabilization and/or terroristic acts. d. Effective Feedback Mechanism

IV.MISSION: The continued feedback from all recipients of

public safety services received from the citizens through
The PNP, concurrent with its mission and the Project 117 of the DILL, the "Ugnayans" conducted by
functions, secures and protects the people and facilities the PNP and other government agencies, and other
from any acts of violence, to further ensure normal sources of reports, complaints, needs, or rejoinders, shall
functions of the government, business establishments, be the basis for improving the delivery of police services
and preserve the freedom of travel and assembly; orderly to the citizenry. This feedback mechanism shall serve as
and safe conduct of any local, national or international the trigger to set off a series of adjustments and if needed
events. be, a realignment of the foregoing strategies to attain the
purpose of maintaining a peaceful and prosperous
V.EXECUTION: community.

1. STRATEGIC CONCEPTS 2. OPERATIONAL CONCEPT

In furtherance of the PNP's thrust in providing The following policies in various special events
security coverage and public safety services to ensure the shall serve be observe:
peaceful and orderly conduct of any event/activities, in
dose coordination with the concerned government a. During Elections/Plebiscite-The PNP, as
agencies, non-government organizations(NGOs) and deputized by the Commission on Elections, shall ensure
civilian volunteer organization (CVOs), the following shall the smooth implementation and maximum effectiveness of
compose the strategic concepts: the security operations and delivery of public safety
services during the given period for the electoral process.
a. The Police Security Containment Ring System All PNP personnel shall remain apolitical and shall
(PSCRS). The deployment of which depend on their undertake necessary actions to pre-empt the occurrence
availability and the situation on the ground: of election-related violence and provide contingency plans
to address untoward incidents during the entire election
a.1 The Innermost Containment Ring, composed of process.
barangay tanods, CVOs, NGOs, radio groups;
b. During Holidays - The PNP, in coordination
a.2 The Innermost Containment Ring, composed of the with DOTC and jointly with the LGUs, NGOs, CVOs,
foot-patrol elements in uniform for police visibility while established a Public Assistance Centers to ensure a
the detective patrol component is in "civilian" attire for secured, safe, and orderly movement of the
police presence; motorists/commuters during the year-round observance of
holidays, Ensure the smooth flow of traffic and conduct
a.3 The Middle Containment Ring, which is composed of preemptive/ preventive measures to minimize if not totally
bicycle or motorcycle-mounted patrols at control points; eradicate vehicular accidents.

a.4 The Outer Containment Ring, composed of designated c. During International, National and Local
specialized units like the mobile patrols, deployed at Events/ Conferences/ Celebrations - The PNP, in
chokepoints; and a.5 The Outermost Containment Ring, close coordination with the National Executive Committee/
where the special police units (like SWAT or anti-terrorist Organizing Committee, other government agencies and
units) and the mobile groups shall serve as security NGOs, provides security coverage to the visiting
elements at areas designated as strong points, where they dignitaries, top ranking/senior officials, delegates and
can immediately react to call for armed support. participants to ensure their safety and the peaceful and
orderly conduct of all the scheduled activities.
d. During Mass Actions - The PNP, in close
b. The Operationalization of an Integrated coordination with the LGEs and other law enforcement
Area/Community Public Safety Plan (IA/CPSP) agencies, secures the rallyists, protects the citizenry from
acts of terrorism and violence brought about by mass
Through the coordination with the local Peace protest actions and related illegal activities, and ensures
and Order Councils, Law Enforcement Coordinating the normal government functions and normal business
Councils and Disaster Coordinating Council, the formulated operation of various industries. Maximum tolerance shall
and developed IA/CPSPs of local government units are be observed in dealing with rallyists.
rationalized in order that it shall appropriately serve a5 the
unified and integrated direction of the local public safety e. On Bomb Threats/Bombing Incidents-To
programs and create an active shield against the problems efficiently and effectively address the threats and
associated with internal security. destruction posed by terrorist groups and individuals, who
employ bombing as means to attain their objectives,
c. The Community Involvement thru the through planning, preparation, prevention, detection,
Community Oriented Policing Systems(COPS) reaction and post blast investigation, and to be able to
identify and bring the offenders before the bar of justice.
The function of the community in nation building
is not only crucial, it is absolutely imperative. Efficient and As situation/magnitude of the above-events
effective delivery of police services can only be attained demands, a provisional Task Force shall be organized by

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the concerned PROs/PPOs/CPOs that will control, direct 3. TASKS
and supervise the conduct of security operations to ensure
the orderly and peaceful conduct of the activity. 1. DPRM-
a. Issue appropriate order for the transfer or
The following Task Groups maybe established reassignment of organic personnel from one unit to
under the Task Force depending on the situation: another assignment, to rnan the Security Force. During
Elections, this must be with prior coordination and
a. Airport Security Task Group-state approval from the COMELEC, during the election period;
guests/dignitaries/ tourists and their official party, as well and
as their property, are being secured while at the airport b. Support the additional subsistence allowance of
area. Airport facilitation is extended to those arranging the personnel detailed for special security operations.
arrival and departure of the guests, in close coordination
with the airport authorities. 2. DI-
a. Provide timely intelligence information to all
b. Close-in Security Task Group -the safety of tasked units/offices; and
local and foreign VIP/s shall be arranged and provided by b. Draw up an election watch list areas at the
the close-in security. The responsibility ends when the provincial, city/municipal level, in close coordination with
party being secured has left the country, or an appropriate the AFP, during elections.
order has been issued terminating the close-in security's
services. 3. DO- Oversee and monitor the implementation of
security preparations for the various special events, as
c. Convoy Security Task Group-provision of embodied in the campaign plan.
motorcycle and mobile cars for escort duties, as well as
ensuring the safe and orderly movement of the vehicles 4. DL- Support the logistical requirements of tasked
and in accordance with the protocol arrangement shall be units on special security operations.
under the responsibility of convoy security.
5. DPCR-
d. Billet Security Task Group - appropriate a. Organize NGO's, CVO's and civic groups to
security to the VIP/s billeted in the different hotels, etc. support the DILG/PNP in providing better traffic
for their protection from thefts, kidnappings, etc shall be management and road safety, and publish traffic updates
the responsibility of the billet security. such as location of traffic jam, destroyed bridges,
rerouting plans, etc.;
e. Route Security Task Group -deployment of b. Supervise the implementation of the strategic
personnel to protect a predetermined course of movement concept on Community Oriented Policing System (COPS);
(primary and alternate route) from a specific point of origin linkage of those department/agencies hosting/sponsoring
to its destination. the event and those sectoral groups which might stage
actions, such as rallies, demonstration, strike, etc., to
f. Site Security Task Group - the inner circle of disrupt the staging of event or embarrass the government.
a place of engagement is placed under the overall security
coverage of PSG personnel as mandated by protocol, with 6. NCRPO, PROs 1-13, CAR and ARMM – The
the PNP in support role. Other than those specified (below main implementors of this campaign plan, thus you are
the Vice-President of the Republic of the Philippines, and directed to perform/undertake the activities but not limited
that of a visiting dignitary A a Minister rank), site security to the following:
shall be the primarily responsibility of the PNP. a. Gather, monitor and report all Intel matters/
significant developments that would likely occur in
g. Area Security Task Group - the immediate identified areas and report all intelligence matters that
vicinity and the outer circle of the place of engagement may affect the activity particularly on the movements and
has to be secured to thwart any possible threat. intention of the protesting groups and various security
g.1 Traffic and Parking Arrangement - the smooth threats.
flow of traffic along the routes to be taken, and the orderly b. Pursue more meaningful interfacing with other
and secured ingress/egress of vehicles in the designated government agencies through the RLECC, RPOC and other
parking area; and regional coordinating bodies; prepare, update and
operationalize the IA/CPSP of every province and
g.2 Contingency Operations- the deployment of city/municipality in respective AOR;
explosive ordnance for paneling purposes, civil c. Coordinate with various government agencies,
disturbance management, special weapons and tactics NGOs and civil society to discuss possible arrangements to
(SWAT) team, ready to address/respond to a localized ensure a cordial atmosphere during security operations,
emergency/crisis situation is included in the security plan. and necessary contingency measures/ plans to take care
of unforeseen events or acts, both natural or otherwise;
h. Reserve Force Task Group-augmentation of and
personnel and equipment placed on standby, ready on d. Perform other tasks as requested/directed.
call, to attend to certain emergency
requirements/prevailing situation, such as but not limited 7. TMG-
to medical and firefighting capability, prison van, a. UPR in the traffic direction and control, and
technical/lighting components /instruments, etc. motorist assistance;
b. Attach/detail motorcycle teams placed OPCON to
i. Intelligence Security Task Group-to gather PRO designated as UPR;
intelligence information for use of the Task Force. c. Catalyze the organization of land transport
system for a complementary support on inter-related
j. Logistics Security Task Group - to provide program/ thrusts.
logistics support to the Task Force. d. Perform other tasks as requested/directed.

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8. MG- d. Be reminded that while personnel would be
a. Conduct negation/barrier patrol along the coastal employed in commuters/motorists assistance, civil
areas of the place of engagement; disturbance management, securing the safety of VIPs and
b. Detail maritime patrol teams placed OPCON to delegates, the normal operations against criminal
PRO, designated as UPR; elements and dissidents terrorists should not be
c. Catalyze the organization of water-transport overlooked.
system for a complementary support on inter-related
program/thrusts.; and e. Alert status shall be declared/upgraded/lifted at
d. Perform other tasks as requested/directed. the discretion of the RDs based on the prevailing situation
in the respective AORs.
9. ASG-
a. Secure airports and its immediate establishments f. Tasked units shall operate on existing logistical
against threats of terrorist groups/individuals. and financial allocations. NHQ-PNP shall provide additional
b. Extend airport facilitation assistance to the logistical and financial support on a case-to-case basis.
visiting dignitaries and Welcome Committee coordinating
the arrival/departure of the VIPs; g. Lateral coordination to create awareness,
c. Catalyze the organization of air-transport system constant communications and action among
for a complementary support on inter-related program/ tasked offices/units, other local government agencies,
thrusts.; and NGOs and other concerned civilian organizations in
d. Perform other tasks as requested/directed. carrying out the mission is highly encouraged/authorized.
One player's problem/concern should be regarded as a
10. SAF- team problem.
a. Attach/detail CDM personnel, and EOD and ATU
teams to be placed OPCON to PRO, designated as UPR; h. This Master Plan has been conceived in order to
b. Support the PROs and the PPOs in terms of EOD provide a single reference material, prevent confusion,
training, and responding to bombing incidents, upon minimize paperwork, or preclude repetitive issuances of
request/orders; and directives, guidelines or policies applicable to similar
c. Perform other tasks as requested/directed. situations.
i. Prepare a specific plan for the specific activity
11. CES- wherein your Police Office is tasked to secure and submit
a. Support the PRO, designated as UPR, on it to NHQ PNP (Attn: DO).
communication network/requirements;
b. Coordinate with different civic and amateur radio j. This LOI takes effect ten (10) days after
groups/association for the use of their facilities and approval/signature.
members to assist the PNP in the monitoring and reporting
of incidents, traffic situation, motorist assistance,
land/seaports area activities; and DISASTER AND EMERGENCY PLANNING
c. Perform other tasks as requested/directed.
Emergency and disaster planning is one of
12. CSG- the most important interrelated function in a security
a. Coordinate with the security agencies and system. It is important in any organization as physical
company guard forces for their active role in assisting the security, fire protection, guard forces, security of
PNP in traffic control/direction and immediate reporting of documents and personnel security.
any crime incidents;
b. Periodic inventory/accounting and Emergency and disaster planning refers to
implementation of strict control measures to safeguard the preparation in advance of protective and safety
against pilferage of explosives; and measures for unforeseen events resulting from natural and
c. Perform other tasks as requested/directed. human actions.

13. Other NSUs- Disaster plans outline the actions to be taken by

a. Provide operational/technical/administrative those designated for specific job. This will result in
support expeditious and orderly execution of relief and assistance
b. Perform other tasks as requested/directed. to protect properties and lives. These plans must also be
rehearsed so that when the bell ring, there will be speed
VI. COORDINATING INSTRUCTIONS: and not haste in the execution. Speed is the accurate
accomplishment of a plan as per schedule, while haste is
a. Personnel detailed in route and area security doing a job quickly with errors. Plans therefore must be
must be facing outward in relation to the VIPs being made when any or all of the emergencies arise. Those
protected to detect and/ward-off possible hostile action of plans, being special in nature, must be prepared with
would be attackers and shall stay in their respective people whose expertise in their respective field is legion
assignment until recall order is given by the overall together with the coordination and help of management,
Commander. security force, law enforcement agencies, and selected
employees.
b. Coordination with media during live-traffic
situations and to implement re-routing and advisory
programs dealing with traffic congestion shall be ensured. Understanding Disaster

c. Pull-out of detailed personnel shall be only after A DISASTER is a sudden, unforeseen, extraordinary
the area has been cleared of rallyists/demonstrators and occurrence. It can be considered as an EMERGENCY but
traffic has been restored to normal flow. an emergency may not always be a disaster. An
EMERGENCY falls into 2 broad categories:

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Disaster (Natural Crisis) Review emergency procedures, its completeness
floods, earthquake, famine, typhoon, diseases, volcanic and accuracy
eruption, crashes, industrial accident, fires, landslide,
avalanches, tsunamis, etc. Phases in Emergency/Disaster Planning

Phase I - Assessment of the Situation

Induced Catastrophe (Man-made Crisis)
arson, bombing, kidnapping, robbery, hostage-taking, This will be a research in depth by a knowledgeable and
skyjacking, assassination, ambush, and other acts specially trained group on the vulnerabilities as well as the
terrorism resources available for the disaster plan. Surveys and
Inspection may be conducted
Commonalities:
Phase II – Writing the Plan
Deciding Policy
Assessing Threat The plan will have to be written based on the findings in
Identifying Resources phase I. The plan can be code title, management will just
Selecting crisis team personnel call for the name of the plan.
Locating crisis management center
Equipping the crisis center Phase III – Testing the Plan
Testing contingency plans and emergency
procedures Dry runs of the emergency plan is a part of the entire
Dealing with the media process of planning to determine plan reliability and to
Dealing with victims and their families identify deficiencies and make necessary corrections or
Dealing with other affected person (such as adjustments.
employees)
Getting the organization’s normal work done Phase IV – Critique the Plan
Returning to normal after the crisis
This involves the analysis of feedbacks. The unworkable
Plan Checklist procedures should be noted and finally corrected.

Identify the type of crisis/disaster/induced Checklist for Reviewing Policies, Procedures, and
catastrophe Plans
Identify which operation, facility, personnel at
risk Compile and review your organization”s policies
Prioritize accordingly on various contingencies before establishing your plans
Determine effects of emergencies in the Ensure that these policies are known throughout
operation the organization and that they are included in your
Identify broad categories that must be addressed emergency manuals
in your contingency planning Ensure that your procedures and plans are
Review existing emergency plans to identify gaps consistent with your organization’s established policies and
Consider the environment with in which your goals
emergency plans will be implemented. Identify appropriate outside consultants and
other sources of assistance in developing and
Assessing the Risk implementing your plans and procedures
Ensure that appropriate personnel have any
Pro-crisis Actions - “The planning process begins with an security clearances or background cheks which might be
understanding of the situation and recognition that a required
number of policy decisions must be made before the actual Establish a viable record-keeping system and
planning can begin.”; “Many emergencies can be procedures to ensure they are followed
prevented completely with adequate thought and action.
Others can be anticipated – often by doing nothing but
mere common sense. REMEMBER! It was not raining when Organizing Disaster Management Team
NOAH build the ark.”
Disaster Team Leadership
Checklist for a Disaster Action Plan
Disaster team leadership is vested in one person,
Identify the type of disaster occurred in the area who should designate an alternate capable of acting
Identify those that could affect your operation in independently in his or her absence. One of the team
the area leader’s primary tasks is to ensure that control is
Determine which scenarios are plausible maintained over the team’s activities, information flow,
Survey your physical facilities and operating and the implementation of decisions and organizational
procedures to determine preparedness policies. For these reason, the team leader should be a
Survey surrounding area to determine if there are person who has demonstrated ability to function under
operations or facilities near which might create pressure, must have sufficient authority to make on the
emergencies spot decisions within the framework of overall
Establish a liaison with law enforcement agencies organization’s policy, access to decision makers when
and emergency response groups required, and the ability to recognize which decisions to
Know where to get help, how to get help, and make independently and which to refer to upper
what help you can expect management.
Know who currently has authority to make key
decisions with in your organization and who control access Disaster Action Team Members
to decision makers in an emergency

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 Depending on the size of the organization and Security receives initial report of emergency
the number of people available, the following team Security notifies Disaster Team Leader
members maybe considered: Team leader decides if immediate action is
required
Team leader/ Alternate If action is required, he notifies the other team
Executive Assistance members to convene at the crisis management center
Public Affairs Initial liason established and actions taken:
Liaison Officers create log, contact of family, employees involved,
(for family/victim/government/International) government or law enforcement liaison contacts, prepare
Administrative Support contingency press guidance, others.
Communications Specialist Respond to event
Legal Specialist
Medical and Relief Operations Officer Crowd Control and Riot Prevention
Financial Specialist
Riot, in general is an offense against the public peace. It
Each disaster team member must be oriented and trained is interpreted as a tumultuous disturbance by several
on their respective role and the functional requirements persons who have unlawfully assembled to assist one
for disaster management. another, by the use of force if necessary, against anyone
opposing them in the execution of some enterprise of a
Disaster Action Team Duties private nature; and who execute such enterprise in a
violent manner, to the terror of the people.
On Pre-event
Under the law, it is punishable for any organizer or leader
Supervise the formulation of policies of any meeting attended by armed persons for the purpose
Ensure the development of procedures of committing any of the crimes punishable under the
Participate in preparing plans Revised Penal Code, or any meeting in which the audience
Oversee and participate in exercise of plans is incited to the commission of the crimes of treason,
Select crisis management/disaster center rebellion or insurrection, sedition or assault upon a person
Participate in personnel training in authority or his agents (Art. 146, RPC). It is also
Review preparation of materials punishable for any person who shall cause any serious
Delegate authority disturbance in a public place, office, or establishment, or
Brief personnel shall interrupt or disturb public functions or gatherings or
Ensure the assembly of supplies peaceful meetings (Art 153, RPC).
Ensure preparation of rest, food, medical areas
Some Basic Definition of Terms
During the Event
Tumultuous – The disturbance or interruption
Establish shift schedules immediately shall be deemed tumultuous if caused by more than three
Delegate tasks persons who are armed or provided with means of
Focus on underlying problem violence.
Maintain control Outcry – The means to shout subversive or
Follow organizational policies proactive words tending to stir up the people to obtain by
Use prepared procedures means of force or violence.
Innovate as needed Crowd – It consists of a body of individual
Ensure that information is shared with the entire people with no organization, no single partnership. Each
team individual’s behavior is fairly controlled and ruled by
Review all press release and public statements reason. All the participants have been thrown by
Double check or confirm informations if possible circumstance into a crowd for some common purpose that
Aid victim and their families may give them at least one thing in common.
Try to anticipate future consequences Mob – A mob takes on the semblance of
Control stress of team members organization with some common motive for action, such
Ensure log maintenance as revenge for a crime committed on the scene where the
crowd assembled, an aggravated fight, or a confrontation
On Post Event (After the Incident) with the police. At times like this, there is already a strong
feeling of togetherness (“we are one” attitude).
Evaluate effectiveness of plans Riot – It is a violent confusion in a crowd. Once
Evaluate adequacy of procedures a mob started to become violent, it becomes a riot.
Debrief personnel
Evaluate equipment and training used What is the Role of Planning in Crowd Control or
Revise plans and procedures in the light of new Riot Prevention?
experience
Reward personnel as appropriate A sound organizational planning, training, logistical
Assist victims as appropriate support and a high departmental morale are the essential
Document events success elements in modern counter-riot operations.
Prepare after-action reports
Arrange an orderly transition to normal The control of violent civil disorder involving large
conditions segments of the population, especially in congested urban
Retain archives areas, requires a disciplined, aggressive police counter-
action which at the same time adheres to the basic law
The chain of events during a disaster is simplified as enforcement precepts. This is done through effective
follows: police operational planning.

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Through planning, the law violators can be arrested and
processed with in the existing legal frameworks by the Communicate
exercise of reasonable force. Without an immediate
decisive police action, the continually recurring conditions report on your assessment, keeping your
of civil unrest and lawlessness could quickly evolve into a assessment brief but concise, giving your superior the
full-scale riot. Police planning could provide the best police sufficient data with which to proceed for plans of action
reaction and order can be restored with a minimum of ask for assistance or help from the command
property damage and injury. post hence remain close to the radio as possible until
additional units arrived or to communicate new
What are the Police Purpose and Objectives in Anti- developments
Riot Operations?
Maintain a Watchful Waiting
Containment – Unlawful assembly and riot are as
contagious as a plague unless they are quarantined from make your presence known to the people in the
the unaffected areas of the community. In here, all vicinity
persons who are at the scene should be advised to leave if the crowd is too much to handle, stay near the
the area, thereby reducing the number of potential anti- command post and wait for additional support units
police combatants. use radio or other means of communications to
call for assistance
Dispersal – The crowd of unlawful assembly or make preparations for decisive police action.
riot should be dispersed at once. It may appear at first to
be a legal assembly but the nature of the assembly at the Concentrate on Rescue and Self-Defense
time of the arrival of the police may clearly distinguish it
as being unlawful. Once it is determined, the responsibility take care of the immediate needs of the situation
of the police to command the people to disperse. Crowd until help arrives
control formations may be done if necessary to expedite apply first aid to injured people and self
their movements. protection must be considered
remember the primary objective of protecting
Prevention of Entry or Reentry- The police lives, property and the restoration of order
have to protect the area once the people have been moved
out or dissipated into smaller groups to prevent them from Maintain an Open Line of Communication
returning. Enforce quarantine by not allowing the group to
resume their actions. keep the dispatcher advised on the progress of
the scene
Arrest Violators – One of the first acts of the continue directing the support units to the scene
police upon arrival at the scene of the disturbance is to and the general perimeter control
locate and isolate individuals who are inciting the crowd to
violate or fragrantly violating the law. Prevent any attempt Establish a Command Post
by the crowd or mob to rescue those arrested by enforcing
total quarantine. follow what is in your contingency plan for civil
disturbance
Establish Priorities – Depending upon the make every officer aware of the command post
circumstances, it is always necessary to establish for proper coordination
priorities. Assessing the situation to determine the nature
of assistance and number of men needed is part of the Take immediate action for serious violations
planning process.
arrest perpetrators
isolate the leaders or agitators from the crowd
What are the Basic Procedures in Anti-Riot show full police force strength
Operations?
Give the dispersal order
Assess the Situation
disperse the crowd upon order
determine whether the original purpose of the anti-riot formations and procedures must be used
gathering was lawful or not use of force necessary for dispersal maybe
determine also the lawfulness at the time of considered
arrival at the scene
assess their attitude, emotional state, and their What are the General Guidelines in Handling Riot?
general condition
determine any state of intoxication and other 1. Preplanning must be high on the agenda
conditions that may lead to violence whenever the department anticipates any disorder or
identify the cause of the problem major disturbance.
locate and identify leaders or agitators 2. Meet with responsible leaders at the scene and
express your concern for assuring them their constitutional
Survey the Scene guarantees. Request them to disperse the crowd before
attempting to take police action.
determine as soon as possible the best position 3. Maintain order and attempt to quell the
of the command post disturbance without attempting to punish any of the
locate the best vintage point for observations violators.
consider geographical factors such as natural 4. Use only the force that is necessary but take
barriers, buildings, and weather condition positive and decisive action.
note the best method of approach

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5. Post the quarantine area with signs and Final Court Order, and Order from Quasi-Judicial Bodies,
barricades, if necessary. Hostage Situation, Visit Board Search and Seizure Onboard
6. Keep the traffic lane open for emergency and Marine Vessels and similar Police operations that are
support vehicle. conducted by police units with specialized training on the
7. Consider the fact that most impressive police peculiarity of the mission or purpose.
action at the scene of any type of major disturbance is the
expeditious removal of the leaders by a well-disciplined 5. Intelligence Operation - includes surveillance
squad of officers. Operation, Counter Intelligence, Intelligence Research,
8. For riot control, consider the following: Intelligence Assessment and similar police intelligence
Operation conducted to gather information related to
Surprise Offensive – The police action in its security, public safety and order.
initial stages at a riot must be dramatic. The elements of
surprise may enhance effectiveness of riot control 6. Investigation Operation – includes
Security of Information – Plans for action and investigation of Crime or Incident, administrative
communications regarding the movement of personnel Investigation and similar investigative work necessary to
and equipment should be kept confidential determine facts and circumstances for filing cases
Maximum utilization of Force – A show of criminally or administratively.
police force should be made in a well-organized manner,
compact, and efficient in a military-type squad formations. 7. Scene of the Crime Operation – includes the
Flexibility of Assignments – Officers and processing of crime scene, technical and forensic
teams should be flexibly assigned to various places where examination of evidence and similar scientific investigative
the need is greatest. assistance.
Simplicity – Keep the plan as simple as possible
and the instructions are direct to avoid mass confusion Operational Procedures Pre-Operational Clearance
among the officers.
No police operation shall be conducted without the
What are the Special Problems in Crowd Control approval of the Chief/Commander/Head of the concerned
and Anti-Riot Operations? Police Unit/Office. A pre-operational clearance shall be
filed by the Team Leader of the operating team/s prior to
Snipers – Certain psychopathic people may attempt to the conduct of the operation and shall be approved by the
take advantage of the mass confusion and excitement at concerned Police Unit Commander. This clearance shall be
a riot scene by taking a concealed position and shooting submitted to the operations section/division of the
at people with some type of weapons, usually rifle. concerned police unit for record purposes.

Arsonist – Persons holding torch in their hands are Inter-Unit Coordination

potential arsonists. They must be taken into custody
immediately. 1. Personal Coordination or by Official
Representative
Looters – Acts of simple misdemeanor thefts or may Team leader/s (TL) of local police operating outside their
consists of robbery of breaking and entering. Take the territorial jurisdiction and National Support Units (NSUs)
suspects into custody by whatever means are necessary. shall coordinate, personally or through an official
representative, with the Police Regional, Provincial or City
Police Operations Police Office within whose jurisdiction the operation is to
be conducted.
Categories of police operations
Police operations are categorized as follows: 2. Coordination by Filling Coordination Form
Prior to the launching of the operation, except in case
1. Public Safety Operation – includes Search. where the formal (in writing) inter-unit coordination
Rescue and Retrieval Operations. Fire Drills, Earthquake cannot be made due to the nature and/or urgency of the
Drills and similar operations that promote public safety. situation such as, but not limited to, cross- jurisdictional
pursuit operations, coordinating form, which shall be filed
2. Law Enforcement Operation – includes with the concerned operation center of the Police
Service of Warrant of Arrest, Implementation of Search Regional, Provincial or City Office (Anne “A” – Coordination
Warrant, Enforcement of Visitorial Powers of the Chief, Form).
Philippine National and unit commanders, Anti-Illegal
Drugs Operation, Anti- Illegal Gambling Operations, anti- 3. Coordination by Practical/Available Means
Illegal logging Operation, Anti-Illegal Fishing Operations , of Communication
Anti- Car napping Operation, Anti-Kidnapping Operations, In cases where formal inter-unit coordination is not
Anti-Cyber Crime Operation and similar operation that are feasible, the Police Unit concerned shall endeavor to notify
conducted to enforce laws, statutes, executive orders and the territorial police office through any practical
ordinance /available means of communication at any time during the
operation and, if not possible, shall accomplish and furnish
3. Internal security Operation – includes the territorial Police Office a written incident report
Counter-Insurgency Operations, Counter terrorist immediately after the termination of the operation.
Operation and similar operations that are conducted to
ensure internal security. Requirements of Police Operations

4. Special Police Operation – includes 1. Basic Requirements

Checkpoint Operation, Roadblock Operation, Civil Police operation like arrest, search and seizure,
Disturbance Management Operation, Police Assistance in checkpoint, roadblocks demolition and civil disturbance
the enforcement of Demolition Eviction Injunction and management shall be conducted as follows:
Similar Order, Police Assistance in the Implementation of a. With a marked police vehicle;

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b. Led by a Police Commissioned Officer (POC); and discretion to consider these factors in employing
c. With personnel in prescribed police uniform or reasonable force.
attire.
7. Responsibility of the Police Officer in
2. Use of Megaphones and Similar Charge of the Operation
Instrumentations The police officer who is in charge of the operation shall,
During actual police intervention operations, the Team at all times, exercise control over all police personnel in
Leader shall use peaceful means including the use of the area of operation, and shall exhaust all possible means
megaphones or any other similar instrument to warn or to apply the necessary and reasonable force to protect
influence the offender/s or suspect/s to stop and/or lives and properties during armed confrontation.
peacefully give up
3. Warning Shots Prohibited Use of Firearm During Police Operations

The police shall not use warning shots during police 1. Use of Firearm When Justified
intervention operations. The use of firearm is justified if the offender poses
imminent danger of causing death or injury to the police
officer or other persons. The use of firearm is also justified
Use of Force during Police Operations under the doctrines of self-defense, defense of relative,
and defense of stranger. However, one who resorts to self-
1. Use of Excessive Force Prohibited defense must face a real treat on his life, and the peril
The excessive use of force during police operation is sought to be avoided must be actual, imminent and real.
prohibited. However, in the lawful performance of duty, a Unlawful aggression should be present for self-defense to
police officer may use necessary force to accomplish his be considered as a justifying circumstance.
mandated task of enforcing the law and maintaining peace
and order. 2. Firing at Moving Vehicles Prohibited But
with Exceptions
2. Issuance of verbal warning A moving vehicle shall not be fired upon except when its
The police officer must first issue a verbal warning before occupants pose imminent danger of causing death or
he could use force against an offender. As far as injury to the police officer or any other person, and the
practicable, the verbal warning shall be in the dialect that use of firearms does not create a danger to the public and
is known to the offender or in the national language. outweigh the likely benefits of its non-use.
Basically, the verbal warning shall consist of the following:
the police officer identifying himself; his intention; and 3. Parameters to be Considered in Firing at
what he wants the offender to do. If the offender is a Moving Vehicles
foreigner, the verbal warning shall be done in English In firing at a moving vehicle, the following parameters
language followed by a demonstrative act of the police should be considered:
officer’s intent. The verbal warning shall be done in a loud a. The intent of the suspect/s to harm the police
and clear manner. officer or other persons;
b. The capability of the suspect/s to harm with
3. Non-Issuance of Verbal Warning When certainty the police officer or other persons; and
Excusable c. Accessibility or the proximity of the suspect/s
The failure to issue a verbal warning is excusable in cases fr5om the police officer and other persons.
where threat to life or property is already imminent, and
there is no other option but to use force to subdue the 4. Filing of an Incident Report after the Use of
offender. Firearm
A police officer who fires his service firearm or weapon
4. Use of Non-Lethal Weapon during a confrontation with an offender must submit an
When suspect is violent or threatening, and that less incident report outlining the circumstance necessitating
physical measures have been tried and deemed the use of his firearm.
inappropriate, a more extreme, but non-deadly measures
can be used such as baton/truncheon, pepper spray, stun 5. Procedures After an Armed confrontation
gun and other nonlethal weapon to bring the suspect Immediately after an armed confrontation, the officer who
under control, or effect an arrest. is in charge of the operation;
a. Secure the site of confrontation;
5. Application of Necessary and Reasonable b. Take photographs;
Force During confrontation with an armed offender, only c. Check whether the situation still poses imminent
such necessary and reasonable force should be applied as danger;
would be sufficient to overcome the resistance put up by d. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital;
the offender; subdue the clear and imminent danger e. Ensure that all persons who died on the spot are
posed by him; or to justify the force/act under the principle not moved from their original position;
of self-defense, defense of relatives , or defense of f. Arrest suspect should be kept in isolation;
stranger. g. Conduct debriefing on all
involved PNP operatives;
6. Factors to Consider in the Reasonableness h. Submit After-operations report; and
of the Force Employed i. Ensure psychological stress counselling for all
A police officer, however, is not required to afford involved PNP operatives.
offender/s attacking him the opportunity for a fair or equal
struggle. The reasonableness of the force employed will Patrol Procedures
depend upon the number of aggressors, nature and
characteristic of the weapon used, physical condition, size Patrol Guidelines
and other circumstance to include the place and occasion 1. Observe precautionary measures and personal
of the assault. The police officer is given the sound safety while on patrol;

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2. Observe defensive driving and follow traffic rules Precinct (PCP)/Station Headquarter Tactical Operation
and regulations; Center (TOC);
3. Select routes which provide best visibility; 8. Render after-patrol report duly signed by detailed
4. Patrol members must be always on the look-out personnel PCP Commanders shall collate and submit
for indications of vices and other illegal activities on the significant details to the Station Patrol Supervisor, who in
their best ; turn, will submit the same to the Provincial District Patrol
5. Patrol members must be knowledgeable of all Supervisor; and
conditions events and details of place on their beat; 9. Conduct debriefing after the patrol to assess its
6. Be observant of people, places situations or conduct and make necessary corrective measures on
conditions and develop a suspicious attitude especially if defects noted.
the subject appears to be slightly put pf the ordinary;
7. Keep under close observation actions of Duties of patrol Officer
juveniles, trouble makers/agitators and mentally ill/ 1. Attend the Roll Call Formation before his Tour of
retarded persons; Duty for briefing and likewise attend the after Tour of Duty
8. Be familiar, as much as possible, with known formation for debriefing;
criminals/ex-convicts residing in or frequenting the patrol 2. Patrol the assigned beats observe and check
beat; suspicious people structures/buildings, compounds and
9. Be familiar with stay-in employees of business vehicles;
establishments on your beat 3. Observe and monitor public gatherings. Prevent
10. Be on the alert for loiterers; disorders and disperse unlawful assemblies;
11. Keep watch on uninhabited homes; 4. Inspect and or conduct surveillance in various
12. Observe the practice of “shaking doors” of business establishment and other installations and remove
unguarded business establishment during night patrol. hazards to public safety;
Check for signs of intrusion 5. Check suspicious vehicles (private, public, or
13. Establish good rapport with the people on your commercial delivery vehicles) along the roads highways in
beat the course of their patrol:
14. Develop contacts by getting to know as many 6. Report occurrences and conditions which relate
people as possible who can give factual information about to crime public peace, order and safety;
crime conditions on the patrol beat; 7. Prevent crimes and arrest sighted law violators,
15. Use tact and persuasiveness when conducting assuring the public peace , order and safety
spot inquiry or questioning individuals for information; 8. Conduct regular visitations, dialogues/
16. When requiring identification from a suspicious consultations with the residents and other stakeholders;
persons or any individual, avoid taking the wallet or bag in 9. Assist personnel of responsible agencies/unit in
which the cards/documents are placed. Let the individual facilitating the flow of traffic at busy intersections/roads
remove and hand them to you; within his Area of Responsibility (AOR) assist and provide
17. When checking suspicious persons, places, pedestrian information such as directions and street
buildings/establishment and vehicles especially during locations;
night time, be prepared to use service firearm. Flashlight 10. Enforce city municipal ordinance on liquor
should be held tightly away from the body to avoid making establishments and clubs, cabarets and all houses of ill-
you a possible target; and repute;
18. Patrol members should avoid loitering in 11. Respond to calls, entertain complaints, initiate
theaters, restaurants and other recreational places. the investigation and protection of the scene and minimize
the after-effects of accident, fires and other catastrophes;
12. Patrol officers shall wear the prescribed patrol
Duties of Patrol Supervisors uniform; and
1. In any operations, careful planning is a must in 13. Patrol officers must have the equipment
order to avoid waste of time, effort and resources. Make a necessary in the performance of their duty.
patrol plan with the following details;
a. Area Coverage: safe haven, ambush areas and
crime prone areas Guidelines and Procedures when Responding to
b. Organizational Details of Personnel Calls for Police Assistance
c. Duration; 1. Gather and note down in the patrol officer’s
d. Stand-by points; and logbook all available data as to the nature of the calls, time
e. Route plan and name of the caller. It may be regular, urgent or
2. Designate and select the members of the patrol emergency in nature.
team/s; 2. The manner of approach will be dependent on
3. Inspect the members of the patrol for the nature of the call, either with haste/secrecy or with
completeness of uniforms, operational readiness and all flashing lights and sirens
government-issued equipment (firearms, mobile car, 3. Consider the pertinent like the time traffic
radio, etc.) to ensure that these are well-maintained and conditions the possibility of greater damage and the
properly used by the Patrol officer; neighborhood characteristics.
4. Conduct briefing prior to dispatch by 4. Stop the patrol car some distance from scene.
disseminating any orders, directives or instructions from Approach the scene on foot, in complete silence and
the Chief Of Police of higher authorities and new policy or exercising caution.
guidelines being implemented by the PNP Organization; 5. Immediately attend to the injured unless the
5. Remind the patrol team about the strict other members of the patrol are in immediate danger.
observance of the PNP Operational Procedures; 6. Focus all efforts to arrest criminals; however,
6. Strictly observe “Buddy System” during the patrol priority shall be given to aiding the injured.
operations; 7. Determine the crime committed, identify and
7. Render hourly report of location and situation question briefly the victim/complainant and possible
through radio\telephone/cell phone to Police Community witnesses at the scene.

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8. If the suspects or criminals have fled the scene d. Prior knowledge by the police officer of the
before your arrival, immediately relay the composition, suspect’s use of force and/or propensity to carry deadly
armament, appearance, and mode and direction of escape weapons;
of the suspects to the Tactical Operation Center (TOC) for e. The appearance and demeanor of the suspect;
the conduct of dragnet operations. f. Visual indications suggesting that the suspect is
9. When responding to street fights/brawls, the carrying a firearm or other deadly weapon; and
patrol member should call for back-up before intervening. g. Whenever possible, pat-down searches
If there are no injuries and insufficient corroborative should be performed by police officers of the same gender.
statements obtained to identify who started the fight,
disperse the crowd and make complete notes. Procedures and Guidelines
10. Never treat calls or complaints of loud noises 1. Spot Check/Accosting
caused by barking dogs, drunks, appliances and parties as a. When approaching the individual, the police
negligible or a nuisance. They only need courteous and officer shall clearly identify himself as a police officer. If
tactful intervention and not enforcement actions. not in uniform, by announcing his identity and displaying
11. When responding to call for police assistance due official identification card and/or badge.
to planted or found explosives, never attempt to handle, b. Police officers shall be courteous at all times but
move or lift the object. Instead contact Operation Center maintain caution and vigilance for suspicious movements
and request for Explosive Ordnance Disposal Team like tending to retrieve weapon, conceal or discard
(EODT). On-lookers must be promptly led to a safe contraband, or other similar actions.
distance away from the scene. c. Before approaching more than one individual,
12. When responding to calls from owners of police officers should determine whether the
beerhouses, bars or inns or any other similar circumstances warrant a request for back-up and whether
establishments during night time, request the owner to put the spot check/ accosting can and should be delayed until
the lights on first before entering the establishments. such back-up arrives.
13. Do not attempt to arbitrate and resolve d. Police officers shall confine their questions as to
conflicts/differences between neighbors, suspect’s identity, place of residence, and other inquiries
landlords/tenants, husband and wife. necessary to resolve the police officer’s suspicion.
However, in no instance shall a police officer hold a
LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS suspect longer than the period reasonably necessary to be
able to make these limited inquiries and to resolve
Spot Checks/Accosting and Pat-Down Searches suspicions.
Grounds for Spot Check/Search e. Police officers are not required to inform the
1. Spot Check/Accosting. The police officer may person of his rights under the law (i.e. Miranda Warning,
stop an individual for the purpose of conducting a spot Anti-torture law, etc.) unless the person is placed under
check/accosting only when reasonable suspicion exists. arrest.
Reasonable suspicion must be more than just a hunch or
feeling. In justifying the stop, the police officer must be 2. Body Frisk/Pat-Down Search
able to point to specific facts that, when taken together When reasonable suspicion justifies a pat-down search,
with rational inferences, reasonably warrant the stop. the search should be performed with due caution,
Such facts include, but are not limited to, the following: restraint, and sensitivity. Pat-down searches should be
a. The appearance or demeanor of the individual conducted in the following manner:
suggests that he is part of a criminal enterprise or is a. Whenever possible, pat-down searches should be
engaged in a criminal act; conducted by at least two (2) police officers, one to
b. The actions of the individual suggest that he is perform the search while the other provides protective
engaged in a criminal activity; cover.
c. Questionable presence of the individual in the b. Because pat-down searches are cursory in
area; nature, they should be performed with the suspect in a
d. The subject is carrying a suspicious object; standing position, or with hands placed against a
e. The suspect’s clothing bulges in a manner that stationary object, and feet spread apart. However, should
suggests he is carrying a weapon; an officer visually observe a weapon, a more secure search
f. The suspect has been found in the time and place position may be used like the prone (lying face down)
proximate to an alleged crime; position.
g. The police officer has knowledge of the suspect’s c. In a pat-down search, officers are permitted only
prior criminal record or involvement in criminal activity; to feel the outer clothing of the suspect. Police officers
and may not place their hands inside the pockets of the
h. The individual flees at the sight of a police officer. subject’s clothing unless they feel an object that could
probably be a weapon, such as a gun, knife, club, or the
2. Body Frisk/Pat-Down Search. likes.
A police officer has the right to perform a pat-down search d. If the suspect is carrying an object such as
if the individual has been legitimately stopped with handbag, suitcase, briefcase, sack, or other similar items
reasonable suspicion and when the police officer has that may conceal a weapon, the police officer should not
reason to believe that the individual possesses weapon/s open the item but instead put it in a place out of the
on his person and poses a threat to the police officer’s or suspect’s reach.
another person’s safety. Circumstances which may justify e. If the external patting of the suspect’s clothing
pat-down search: fails to disclose evidence of a weapon, no further search
a. The type of crime believed to be committed by may be made. If a weapon is found and the possession of
the subject particularly crimes of violence where the threat which amounts to a violation of the law, the police officer
of use or use of deadly weapon is involved; shall arrest the suspect and conduct a complete search of
b. Where the police officer handles several his person.
suspects;
c. The time of the day and the location where the
pat-down search took place;

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Reporting after the Spot Check/Accosting or Pat- 7. The participation of the civilians and the presence
Down Search of the media in the conduct of checkpoint must be
confined only as observers to give police additional eyes
If after conducting a spot check/accosting or pat- down and promote transparency of activities in the area.
search, the police officer has no basis for making an arrest, 8. All civic groups or organizations to include the
he should record the facts of such spot check/accosting or media, who are inclined to participate in police
pat-down search and forward a report to the appropriate checkpoints, must be duly registered and accredited by the
authority. If the spot check/accosting or pat-down search PNP for such purpose. The accreditation of the civilian
gives a justification for a valid warrantless arrest, then an groups to join in the conduct of checkpoint shall be
arrest shall be made. administered by the Police Regional and Provincial Offices.
9. PNP personnel manning the checkpoint must
Checkpoints have a presentable appearance, wearing the prescribed
PNP uniform. Likewise, the civilian members must also be
Authority to Establish Checkpoints in their organization’s uniform with their names
Checkpoint is a place where the police conspicuously displayed for identification. In no case shall
vehicular/pedestrian traffic in order to enforce circulation the civilian components be allowed to bear firearms during
control measures and other laws, orders, and regulation. the checkpoint.
The establishment of checkpoints must always be 10. In Metro Manila and other major cities, police
authorized by the Head of office of the territorial PNP Unit officers manning the checkpoints should not wear Field
and manned by uniformed PNP personnel. Other units Service Uniforms (FSU) or black fatigues in lieu of the PNP
directly involved in an operation may establish mobile General Office Attire unless the conduct of checkpoint is a
checkpoints in coordination with the Unit commander in result of a Hot Pursuit Operation or a High Risk
the area. Checkpoint. The use of mixed uniforms (GOA, FSU, black
fatigue) in the conduct of checkpoint is strictly prohibited.
Composition 11. As much as possible, the area where the
In the conduct of checkpoint proper, the checkpoint team checkpoints shall be established must be properly lighted,
shall be composed of, but not limited to, the following: with a noticeable signage bearing the name of the PNP
1. Team Leader (TL) - shall lead and take unit and the participating organization/s visibly displayed
responsibility in the conduct of checkpoint preferably an in the checkpoint site, to prevent any apprehension from
officer with the rank of at least Police Inspector; the public of the existence of the same.
2. Spotter - PNP personnel who will point/profile 12. Due courtesy must be accorded to the motorists,
suspected vehicle subject for checkpoint; traders and the commuters during the conduct of
3. Spokesperson - TL or member who is solely in checkpoint.
charge of communicating with the motorists subject for 13. The spokesperson must greet the people subject
checkpoint; for inspection, ask apology for the inconvenience, appeal
4. Investigation Sub-team - in charge of for understanding and state the reasons of the operation.
investigation and documentation of possible incidents in Thank the person/s searched.
the checkpoint to include issuance of Traffic Citation Ticket 14. Except in the actual commission of crime during
(TCT) or Traffic Violation Report (TVR); checkpoints or in a hot pursuit operation, the conduct of
5. Search/Arresting Sub-Team - designated to inspection of vehicle during a routine checkpoint is limited
conduct search, seizure and arrest, if necessary; to a visual search and therefore must be done with due
6. Security Sub-Team - tasked to provide security respect to innocent passersby, commuters, or bystanders
in the checkpoint area; and and be conducted in a manner that is least inconvenient
7. Blocking/Pursuing Sub-Team - team tasked to the public. Searches, seizures, and arrest made during
to block/pursue fleeing suspects/vehicle checkpoints shall be within the ambit of the law.
15. Violations/Infractions of the law
Guidelines in the Conduct of Checkpoints discovered during the checkpoint operation shall be
1. Mobile checkpoints are authorized only when expeditiously disposed of following legal procedures.
established in conjunction with ongoing police operations. Arrested persons must be apprised of their rights in
Only officially marked vehicles shall be used in establishing reference to the Miranda Doctrine.
mobile checkpoints. 16. The security of the PNP personnel, and most
2. Checkpoints may be established when there is a especially that of the civilians participating in the
need to arrest a criminal or fugitive from justice. checkpoint operation, must be given due consideration in
3. The composition of the personnel manning the the planning stage of the operation.
checkpoint shall be left to the sound discretion of the Team 17. Only the security sub-team and
Leader (TL), with the consideration of female PNP officer blocking/pursuing sub-team members are allowed to
in the team especially when there is an anticipated display high- powered firearms and are positioned where
4. The minimum Police Checkpoint team should at they can best provide security to the Checkpoint team
least be composed of an 8-man complement, with three including themselves.
verifiers, one spotter, one TL, one profile, one rear security 18. Checkpoint personnel must not limit their task in
and one advance security. law enforcement and crime deterrence. They should also
5. The Team manning checkpoints must have be ready to provide police assistance in the vicinity e.g.,
immediate contact with the LGUs. Public Attorney’s Office giving directions to inquiring motorists or passersby.
(PAO) or any member of the Philippine bar, and/or the 19. The PNP operating units must provide their own
media (for drug cases). logistical and financial requirements to avoid soliciting
6. The Team should encourage the participation of, support from the civilians for their personal or operational
but not limited to, the Local Government Units (LGUs), needs.
Civil Society Groups, Non-Governmental Organizations 20. Police personnel assigned in the checkpoint shall
(NGOs), business organizations, other civic groups, media not mulct, extort, or harass drivers, passengers, and
and other stakeholders during the conduct of Police traders. Designated TL assigned at the checkpoint shall be
Checkpoint Operation. responsible for the actuations and behavior of his

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personnel and shall be accountable under the doctrine of 1. PNP personnel conducting mobile patrols on
Command Responsibility. board patrol vehicles will initially man the checkpoint, to
21. Voluntary offers of cash or in kind from the be complemented by additional personnel upon arrival of
traders/motorists passing the checkpoint should be reinforcement. A collapsible signage with markings: “Stop,
absolutely refused because the offer might be Police Checkpoint”, indicating also the name of the
misconstrued as a bribe. concerned police office/unit conducting the operations,
22. The police and the civilian component must will be used for the purpose;
separately submit their After Checkpoint Operation Report 2. In the case of PNP personnel conducting Internal
to their respective units or organization for proper Security Operation (ISO) or foot patrol, where a vehicle
evaluation of the efficacy of the operation. and collapsible signage is not readily available, the
checkpoint shall be manned initially by said personnel;
3. The team shall immediately inform Higher
Procedure in the Conduct of Regular Police Headquarters of the exact location of the Hasty Checkpoint
Checkpoint to include personnel involved and available equipment;
1. Unit Commanders should inform Higher 4. In a hasty checkpoint, where there is a possibility
Headquarters (HHQs) Tactical Operations Center (TOC) of high risk stop and high risk arrest, and that there is an
and coordinate with adjacent units, such as, MPS, CPS, urgency for troop deployment and that public safety might
NSUs, Public Safety Management Forces and other friendly be at risk, the participation of the civilian component and
forces, personally or through an official representative, the presence of the media in the checkpoint operation
before commencing with the checkpoint to avoid mis- shall not be allowed;
encounter and any untoward incident; 5. The Unit Commander of the personnel manning
2. The TL shall brief the PNP personnel, as well as the hasty checkpoint shall immediately send additional
the civilian components present, including the media personnel, equipment and signage to the area in order to
regarding the proper conduct of the checkpoint and their convert the Hasty Checkpoint into a Regular Checkpoint;
assigned tasks prior to their deployment; and
3. The TL shall initially account for the PNP 6. As soon as the Hasty Checkpoint is converted into
personnel and check if they are in the prescribed uniform. a Regular Checkpoint, TL shall follow the procedures.
PNP personnel conducting the checkpoint shall display
their nameplates at all times. If wearing a jacket, the flap General Procedure to be Followed When
of the jacket bearing their names should also be displayed. Checkpoints are Ignored
Likewise, the equipment will include, but not limited to,
the following: When checkpoints are ignored, the following shall be
a. Marked Patrol vehicles; observed:
b. Firearms with basic load of ammunition; 1. In the event that checkpoints/roadblocks are
c. Handheld and vehicle base radios; ignored and the motorists/suspects bumped the roadblock
d. Flashlights; in an attempt to elude arrest or avoid inspection, the TL
e. Megaphone; and shall immediately contact adjacent units to inform them of
f. Signage: Warning sign: (e.g., Slowdown the situation so that these units can conduct dragnet
Checkpoint Ahead, Checkpoint 20 Meters Ahead, etc.); operation, while the members of the blocking/pursuing
and Information signs: (Name of the Unit and TL). team shall block or pursue the errant fleeing motorist;
4. The Spotter of the team will be pre-positioned in 2. Warning shots shall not be allowed due to the
a place where he can best point/profile suspected vehicles confusion it may create to the driver and passengers of
prior to their approach to the checkpoint; the vehicle. Megaphones or police sirens shall be used
5. Search/Arresting Sub-Team shall flag down instead during the pursuit. The plate number of the vehicle
suspected vehicles and conduct search, seizure and arrest shall be noted and given to other units in adjacent areas
if necessary; to prevent the possibility that the vehicle may elude the
6. In the event of seized drugs, the team having pursuit operation; and
initial custody and control of drugs shall immediately 3. In the event that the occupants of the vehicle
conduct physical inventory and photographs the same in open fire on the personnel manning the checkpoint,
the presence of the accused or the persons/s from whom reasonable force to overcome the suspects’ aggression
such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her may be employed.
representative or council, a representative from the media
and DOJ, any elected public official who shall be required Procedure in Flagging Down or Accosting Vehicles
to sign the copy of the inventory and be given a copy While in Mobile Car
thereof This rule is a general concept and will not apply in hot
7. Arrested persons and seized items shall be pursuit operations. The mobile car crew shall undertake
turned- over to the investigation sub-team for the following, when applicable:
documentation and proper disposition; 1. Call Headquarters to inform of the make or type
8. In the event that the checkpoint is ignored, and and plate number of the motor vehicle to be accosted
the occupants of the vehicle open fire on the personnel including the number and, if possible, identity of
manning the checkpoint, reasonable force to overcome the occupants;
suspects’ aggression may be employed; 2. State the reason(s) for the planned intervention
9. Inform Higher Headquarters before terminating of the suspected motor vehicle;
the conduct of Checkpoint; 3. Give mobile car’s location and its direction before
10. The TL shall conduct debriefing of personnel after making actual intervention;
termination of the Checkpoint; and 4. Try to get alongside the suspects’ vehicle and
11. Unit Commander shall submit After Activity check the occupants without alarming them of your
Report to Higher Headquarters purpose. You can even overtake the vehicle and wait for it
at an advantageous location before stopping the suspects’
vehicle;
Procedure in the Conduct of On-the Spot (Hasty) 5. Determine whether the suspects are hostile or
Checkpoints not;

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6. Make known to the suspect that you are after l. If there are other suspects aside from the driver,
them through the use of a siren or megaphone; separate them from one another.
7. Instruct the driver to pull over or stop on the side
of the road;
8. Park behind the suspect’s vehicle at an 2. Fleeing Vehicles
appropriate distance and cautiously approach the vehicle a. In the event that the motor vehicle did not stop
on the driver’s side; despite the warning given, inform Headquarters or
9. If the vehicle’s windows are heavily tinted and adjacent units so that roadblocks or hasty checkpoints can
the occupants cannot be seen, instruct the driver to open be set-up;
all windows to have a clear view of the interior of the b. Call Headquarters to inform of the make or type,
vehicle; plate number and color of the motor vehicle to be accosted
10. Instruct the driver to turn off the ignition, if this including the number of occupants and, if possible, their
was not done when the vehicle stopped; identity;
11. The other members of the team must be on c. State the reason(s) for flagging down
guard for any eventuality while the vehicle is being the suspected motor vehicle;
approached; d. Give mobile car’s location and its direction before
12. Talk to the driver in a most courteous manner making actual intervention;
and inform him of the nature of his violation. Demand to e. When the vehicle of the suspect is
see the driver’s license, photocopies of the certificate of cornered or stopped, instruct the driver and other
registration and the official receipt. Examine these occupants in a clear and commanding voice to follow
documents and counter-check the driver on the specifically what you will require of them. Failure on their
information reflected therein; part to follow will be construed as a hostile act on their
13. If it concerns traffic violations, immediately issue part. Execute instructions on the use of reasonable force;
a Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT) or Traffic Violation Report f. Instruct the driver to turn off the ignition and toss
(TVR). Never indulge in prolonged, unnecessary the key to the ground, open the door and step out of the
conversation or argument with the driver or any of the vehicle, followed by his hands to be placed on top of the
vehicle’s occupants; vehicle, or to move towards you with his hands up;
14. In cases of other violations that require the g. Instruct other occupants of the vehicle, if any, to
impounding of the vehicle, inform the driver regarding this come out one by one, and follow what the driver has been
situation and instruct him to follow you, after issuing the instructed to do earlier;
TCT/TVR; and,
15. Before moving out, inform Headquarters h. Arrest, handcuff and search the suspects and
regarding the situation/ status and disposition of the bring them to Headquarters for proper disposition; and
person and motor vehicle accosted. i. Before moving out, inform Headquarters about
the situation, status and disposition of the suspects and
Dealing with Hostile Situation motor vehicle accosted.

The following are the procedures to be followed in dealing

with hostile drivers: High Risk Stop and High Risk Arrest
1. Stopping Vehicles
a. Follow the procedure stated in paragraphs 1 to 3 1. Initial Stage
in the earlier paragraph; Upon receipt of information involving movement of armed
b. Immediately request for back-up; person or persons, either singly or in group, including
c. Follow the suspect and always keep him within unauthorized movement of government troops, or in
visual range; immediate response to a reported commission of crime
d. Expect that the suspect will notice your action at perpetrated by armed persons, the PNP shall immediately:
any time. Be prepared for a car chase or actual hostile a. Organize appropriate tactical security forces
confrontation; utilizing maximum firepower and armor assets;
e. If the back-up is already in the vicinity, inform b. Deploy the security forces to stopping zones in
Headquarters that you are proceeding to accost the defensive position; and
suspect; c. Seal off the area and establish strong
f. Inform the suspects that you are after them roadblocks/barricades.
through the use of siren or megaphone and instruct the
driver to pull over or stop on the side of the street; 2. Effecting a High Risk Stop
g. Park at an appropriate distance behind the When effecting high-risk stop, the police officer shall:
suspect’s vehicle; a. Exert utmost effort to persuade the suspects to
h. While the vehicle is being approached, the other halt or stop their movement.
members of the crew and back-up must be on guard for b. Start with the procedural conduct of regular
any eventuality. Overreactions should be avoided; warrantless arrest where arrest is inevitable.
i. If the vehicle’s windows are heavily tinted and c. Ensure proper documentation of the process.
the occupants cannot be seen, instruct the driver to open d. Respect the rights of all the persons involved.
all windows for a clear view of the vehicle’s interior;
j. Direct the driver and other occupants of the 3. During Violent Stage
vehicle not to make unnecessary movements and to show The PNP shall strictly adhere to the PNP Operational
their hands outside the car; Procedures (POP) particularly on the use of reasonable
k. Instruct the driver to turn off the ignition and toss force
the key to the ground. Demand to see the Driver’s License
and photocopies of the vehicle’s certificate of registration Police Defensive Roadblock
and the official receipt. Examine the documents and Police Defensive Roadblock is a temporary installation or
counter-check the driver on the information reflected hastily built barricade set for halting traffic to facilitate the
therein; and, apprehension/neutralization of an armed person/suspect
onboard a motor vehicle.

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 4. Coordinate with the Chief of Police and friendly
a. Pre-Conditions in Establishing Police forces who has territorial jurisdiction over the area; and
Defensive Roadblocks: 5. Immediately contact adjacent units to inform
A police defensive roadblock may be established in any of them of the situation so that these units can conduct
the following conditions/situations: dragnet operation, while the members of the
1. The object vehicle/s must be the subject of a blocking/pursuing team shall block or pursue the fleeing
recent flash alarm; suspects/vehicle.
2. The driver/occupants of the vehicle are c. Participating personnel in the roadblock must be
presumed hostile and will not stop at the checkpoint; in their prescribed uniform; and
3. The vehicle disregarded a d. In a roadblock, since troop deployment is urgent
police-established checkpoint when flagged and public safety is at risk, the participation of civilian
down; component and the presence of media in the roadblock
4. The identified vehicle and occupants must be the shall not be allowed.
subject of a police case/combat operational plan;
5. There is unauthorized troop movement; or 2. During the Roadblock:
6. There must be validated information on any of a. Establish forward observers/spotters
the following: and rear checkpoint;
a. On-going hot pursuit/police chase; b. Deploy security forces in a strategic and
b. Movement of suspected armed persons onboard defensive position;
a motor vehicle; c. Establish a strong roadblock on selected strategic
c. Report of suspected armed men who have just areas;
committed a crime; d. Deploy road spikes or tire deflation system if
d. Vehicle carrying escaped prisoner; or available;
e. Armed motorcycle riding criminals. e. Ensure that the whole intervention procedure is
documented by the videographer;
b. Procedures in Establishing Roadblock: f. As much as possible, the area where the
roadblock shall be established must be properly lighted
1. Before the Roadblock: with noticeable signage bearing the name of the PNP Unit
a. Organize appropriate/sufficient police tactical visibly displayed and in a safe distance from a populated
security forces, utilizing maximum fi repower and armor area to prevent collateral damage if a fi refight ensues;
assets (if any), with the following team composition: g. Police car lights must be turned on at all times
1. Team Leader (TL) - shall lead and take during the operation;
responsibility in the conduct of roadblock preferably an
officer with the rank of at least Police Inspector; h. Identify yourself-rank, name, unit verbally and
make known to the suspect/s that you are after them
2. Forward observer/spotter - PNP personnel through the use of a siren or megaphone;
who will point/profile suspected vehicle subject for i. (If the vehicle’s windows are heavily tinted and
roadblock; the occupants cannot be seen, instruct the driver to open
3. Spokesperson - TL or member who is solely in all windows to have a clear view of the interior of the
charge of communicating with the armed suspects vehicle;
onboard a motor vehicle subject for roadblock; j. Instruct the driver to turn off the ignition (if this
4. Sniper - to render the vehicle un-operational to was not done when the vehicle stopped) and order all the
avoid escape and provide fi repower support to neutralize occupants to disembark, followed by their hands to be
armed and hostile suspects during firefight; placed on top of the vehicle;
5. Investigation Sub-team - in charge of k. The other members of the team must be on
investigation and documentation of the roadblock; guard for any eventuality while the vehicle is being
6. Search/Arresting Sub-Team – designated to approached;
conduct search, seizure and arrest; l. Intervention procedures upon stop of subject
7. Security Sub-Team - tasked to provide security vehicle:
in the roadblock area and ensure exclusion of other 1. Exert utmost effort to persuade the suspects to
vehicles and civilians not subject of roadblock; halt or stop their movement;
8. Blocking/Pursuing Sub-Team – tasked to 2. Start with the procedural conduct of regular
block/pursue fleeing suspects/vehicle; warrantless arrest where arrest is inevitable;
9. Medical Sub-Team – tasked to provide 3. Ensure proper documentation of the process; and
immediate medical assistance if necessary; 4. Respect the rights of all the persons involved.
10. Additional tactical personnel/team may be m. Procedures when suspects open fi re/engage the
employed depending on the size of the hostiles; and troops:
11. Videographer – tasked to take videos of the
entire roadblock operation. 1. In the event that the occupants of the vehicle
open fi re on the personnel manning the roadblock,
b. The Team Leader (TL) shall brief the reasonable force to overcome the suspects’ aggression
elements/members of the Police Roadblock and perform may be employed;
the following: 2. Use only necessary force to neutralize suspects;
1. Inform the next higher Headquarters of the make 3. Prevent panic fi ring;
or type and plate number of the motor vehicle to be 4. Prevent collateral damage; and
accosted, including the number and, if possible, identity of 5. Account for the casualties.
the occupants;
2. State the reason(s) for the planned intervention 3. After the Roadblock:
of the suspected motor vehicle;
3. Give the exact location of the roadblock to a. When suspect/s surrendered or are
include personnel involved, available equipment and arrested:
marked vehicles;

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1. Arrested persons must be apprised of their rights 4. Conduct sustained inspection of the operational
in reference to the Miranda Doctrine; and readiness of PNP fi eld units/stations.
2. An After-Roadblock Operations Report must be 5. Always keep in mind the modus operandi,
submitted to their respective units or organization for strategies and tactics being practiced/employed by the
proper evaluation of the efficacy of the operation. CTM and other threat groups.
6. Enhance the establishment of Advance Security
b. When suspects engage with troops: Control Points (ASCPs) to control the ingress and egress
1. Account for the casualties and give immediate of people in Police Stations.
medical assistance to the wounded; 7. One of the strategies and tactics employed by
2. Protect/preserve the crime scene/ engagement CTM and other threats groups to gain access to police
area; and stations is by wearing of PNP/AFP uniforms and that of
3. Ensure proper documentation of the process. other LEAs, hence, personnel assigned in the advance
security control points shall not allow entry of uniformed
c. Fleeing Vehicles: groups or any individuals without prior coordination.
1. In the event that the motor vehicle did not stop a. Exercise sustained vigilance and maintenance of
and it evaded the roadblock despite the warning given, law, order and public safety in respective AOR through the
inform Headquarters or adjacent units so that another intensified conduct of police visibility patrols.
roadblock can be set-up; b. Carry out Police Community Relation (PCR)/
2. Fleeing vehicles shall not be fi red upon except Barangay Peacekeeping Operations (BPO) activities in
by a sniper but only to disable the vehicle; areas that are prone to influence, infiltration and
3. Inform Headquarters of the make or type, plate infestation of CTM fronts organization
number and color of the motor vehicle to be accosted
including the number of occupants and, if possible, their General Guidelines
identity; 1. All arrests should be made only on the basis of a
4. State the reason(s) for flagging down the valid Warrant of Arrest issued by a competent authority,
suspected motor vehicle; except in instances where the law allows warrantless
5. Give mobile car’s location and its direction before arrest.
making actual intervention; and 2. No violence or unnecessary force shall be used in
6. Establish Hot Pursuit Operation. making an arrest, and the person to be arrested shall not
be subjected to any greater restraint than what is
Internal Security Operations General mandate necessary under the circumstances.
The PNP is mandated to provide active support to the 3. As a general rule, arrests can be made on any
Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in Internal Security day of the week and at any time of the day or night.
Operations (ISO) for the suppression of the Communist 4. Only judges are authorized to issue Warrants of
Terrorist Movement (CTM) and other serious threats to Arrest.
national security. (E.O. 546) 5. A Warrant of Arrest is no longer needed if the
accused is already under detention. An Order of
The PNP in an Active Support Role: Commitment is issued by the judge in lieu of the Warrant
The PNP shall perform the following: of Arrest.
6. The following are immune from arrest:
1. Conduct sustained law enforcement actions a. A Senator or Member of the House of the
against CTM atrocities; Representatives while Congress is in session for an offense
2. In urban areas, the PNP may assume the lead punishable by not more than six years of imprisonment;
role in ISO against the CTM, other threat groups and and
organized crime groups engaged in armed offensives; b. Diplomatic Agents, Under the Vienna Convention
3. The PNP units may either operate as a single on Diplomatic Relations.
force or as a part of joint PNP-AFP combat operations. In
both cases, lateral coordination is a must; Warrant of Arrest
4. The PNP units in CTM-affected areas may be The warrant of arrest is the written authority of the
placed under Operational Control (OPCON) of AFP units arresting officer when making an arrest or taking of a
but shall continue to perform law enforcement functions. person into custody in order that he may be bound to
5. Specific areas where armed confrontations such answer for the commission of an offense.
as encounter, ambush, raid, liquidation and other similar
atrocities occur between government forces (PN or AFP) The head of the office to whom the warrant of arrest has
and the Communist Terrorists (CTs) shall be treated as a been delivered for implementation shall cause the warrant
crime scene. The police unit that has jurisdiction over the to be implemented within ten (10) days from receipt.
areas shall conduct the Crime Scene Investigation (CSI). Within ten (10) days after the expiration of such period,
the police officer to whom it was assigned for
Defensive Position implementation shall make a report to the judge who
Police Stations, especially those located in far- flung areas, issued the warrant and in case of his failure to implement
are priority targets of attacks. As such, security measures the same, shall state the reasons thereof.
against CT atrocities must be undertaken as follows:
1. Continuously remind all PNP personnel to be Arrest Without Warrant
extra vigilant and security conscious in their day- to-day A peace officer or a private person may, without a warrant,
activities and during troop movements. arrest a person:
2. Duty station guards shall memorize, internalize 1. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested
and put into practice the 11 General Orders of a Duty has committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to
Guard. (Annex “Z”) Likewise, they shall always carry their commit an offense;
issued long fi rearms and ammunition rig/bandolier with 2. When an offense has just been committed and
basic load. he has probable cause to believe, based on personal
3. Vigorously implement added security measures in knowledge of facts or circumstances, that the person to
all Police Stations and Police Community Precincts. be arrested has committed it;

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3. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who Effect Warrantless Arrest
has escaped from a penal establishment or place where 1. Freeze or restrain the suspect/s;
he is serving final judgment or temporarily confined while 2. Make proper introduction as to identity and
his case is pending, or has escaped while being transferred authority to arrest;
from one confinement area to another; 3. Inform the arrested person of the circumstances
4. Where the accused released on bail attempts to of his arrest and recite the Miranda Warning and Ant
leave the country without court permission; torture Warning to him;
5. Violation of conditional pardon, punishable under 4. Secure the person to be arrested and use
Article 159 of the Revised Penal Code as a case of evasion handcuffs for the protection of the arresting officer, other
of service of sentence; and individuals or the arrested person himself;
6. Arrest following a Deportation Proceeding by the 5. Conduct thorough search for weapons and other
Immigration Commissioner against illegal and undesirable illegal materials on the person arrested and surroundings
aliens. within his immediate control;
6. Confiscated evidence shall be properly
Authority of the Arresting Officer when Making an documented with the chain of custody of evidence duly
Arrest and clearly established;
1. Police officer may summon assistance – A 7. No unnecessary force shall be used in making an
police officer making a lawful arrest may verbally summon arrest; and
as many persons as he deems necessary to assist him in 8. Bring the arrested person to the Police Station for
effecting the arrest. further investigation and disposition
2. Right of a police officer to break into
building or enclosure – A police officer in order to make Duties of the Arresting Officer
an arrest, with or without warrant, may break into a 1. It shall be the duty of the police officer
building or enclosure where the person to be arrested is implementing the Warrant of Arrest to deliver the arrested
or is reasonably believed to be, if he is refused admittance person without delay to the nearest Police Station or jail
thereto after announcing his authority and purpose. to record the fact of the arrest;
3. Right to break out from building or 2. At the time of the arrest, it shall be the duty of
enclosure – Whenever a police officer has entered the the arresting officer to inform the person arrested of the
building or enclosure to make an arrest, he may break out cause of the arrest and the fact that a warrant had been
there from, when necessary, to liberate himself. issued for his arrest. The arresting officer need not have
4. Arrest after escape or rescue – If a person the warrant in his possession at the time of the arrest but
lawfully arrested escapes or is rescued, any person may after the arrest, if the person arrested so requires, the
immediately pursue to retake him without a warrant at any warrant shall be shown to him as soon as possible;
time and in any place within the Philippines. 3. When women or children are among the arrested
suspect/s, the arresting officer shall task the Women’s and
Procedures Children’s Protection Desks (WCPD) officer or a
Serving of Warrant of Arrest policewoman who is familiar with women and children
1. Verify the validity of the warrant and request for protection desk duties to conduct the pat-down search;
an authenticated copy from the issuing court; 4. In case of arrest without a warrant, it shall be the
2. In serving the warrant, the police officer should duty of the arresting officer to inform the person to be
introduce himself and show proper identification; arrested of his authority and the cause of the arrest except
3. Make a manifestation of authority against the when he flees or forcibly resists before the arresting officer
person to be arrested; has the opportunity to inform him or when the giving of
4. If refused entry, the police officer may break into such information will imperil the arrest;
any residence, office, building, and other structure where 5. The person arrested, with or without warrant,
the person to be arrested is in or is reasonably believed to shall be informed of his constitutional right to remain silent
be in, after announcing his purpose; and that any statement he makes could be used against
5. The police officer need not have a copy of the him. Also, that he has the right to communicate with his
warrant in his possession at the time of the arrest. If the lawyer or his immediate family and the right to physical
person arrested so requires, the warrant shall be shown to examination;
the arrested person as soon as possible; 6. A person arrested without a warrant shall be
6. Secure the person to be arrested and use immediately brought to the proper Police Station for
handcuffs for the protection of the arresting officer, other investigation without unnecessary delay. He shall be
individuals or the arrested person himself; subjected to inquest proceedings within the time
7. Conduct thorough search for weapons and other prescribed in Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code (RPC);
illegal materials on the person arrested and surroundings 7. No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation,
within his immediate control; or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used
8. Inform the person to be arrested of his rights against an arrested person. The bringing of arrested
under the law (i.e. Miranda Warning and Anti- torture persons to secret detention places, solitary confinement
Warning); and the like is prohibited;
9. No unnecessary force shall be used in making an 8. If the person arrested without a warrant waives
arrest; his right under the provisions of Art 125 of the Revised
10. Confiscated evidence shall be properly Penal Code, the arresting officer shall ensure that the
documented with the chain of custody of evidence duly former signs a waiver of detention in the presence of his
and clearly established; counsel of choice; and
11. Bring the arrested person to the Police Station for 9. If the person arrested waives his right against
documentation; self-incrimination and chooses to give his statement, the
12. Make a Return of Warrant to the court of origin arresting officer shall ensure that the waiver is made in
(Annex “B” - Return of Warrant Form); and writing and signed by the person arrested in the presence
13. Deliver the arrested person to jail/prison upon of a counsel of his own choice or a competent and
the issuance of a commitment order of the court. independent counsel provided by the government.

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Physical Examination of Arrested Person/Suspect In the conduct of search, if after giving notice of his
purpose and authority, the police officer is refused
Before interrogation, the person arrested shall have the admittance to the place of search, he may break open any
right to be informed of his right to demand physical outer or inner door or window or any part of a house or
examination by an independent and competent doctor of anything therein to implement the warrant or liberate
his own choice. If he cannot afford the services of a doctor himself or any person lawfully aiding him when unlawfully
of his own choice, he shall be provided by the State with detained therein.
a competent and independent doctor to conduct physical
examination. If the person arrested is female, she shall be Prohibited Acts in the Conduct of Search by Virtue
attended to preferably by a female doctor. of a Search Warrant
1. Houses, rooms, or other premises shall not be
Search and Seizure searched except in the presence of the lawful occupant
thereof or any member of his family or, in the absence of
Requisites for the Issuance of Search Warrant the latter, in the presence of two (2) witnesses of sufficient
A search warrant shall be issued only upon probable cause age and discretion residing in the same locality.
in connection with one specific offense to be determined 2. Lawful personal properties, papers, and other
personally by the judge after examination under oath or valuables not specifically indicated or particularly
affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses described in the search warrant shall not be taken.
presented. The search warrant shall particularly describe
the place to be searched and the things to be seized which Inventory and Delivery of Property Seized
may be anywhere in the Philippines. 1. The police officer who confiscates property under
a. The following properties may be the objects of a the warrant shall issue a detailed receipt of property seized
search warrant: to the lawful occupant of the premises, or in the absence
1. Properties which are the subject of the offense; of such occupant, shall do so in the presence of at least
2. Stolen, embezzled proceeds, or fruits of the two (2) witnesses of sufficient age and discretion residing
offense; and in the same locality;
3. Objects including weapons, equipment, and 2. The receipt shall likewise include items seized
other items used or intended to be used as the means of under the Plain View Doctrine;
committing an offense. 3. The police officer must then leave a receipt in the
b. Objects that are illegal per se, even if not place in which he found the seized property and a
particularly described in the search warrant, may be seized duplicate copy thereof with any barangay official having
under the plain view doctrine. jurisdiction over the place searched; and
4. The police officer must forthwith deliver the
Validity of Search Warrant property seized to the judge who issued the warrant,
1. The warrant shall be valid for ten (10) days together with an inventory thereof, duly verified under
from date of issuance and may be served at any day oath.
within the said period. Thereafter, it shall be void.
2. If, in the implementation of the search warrant, Valid Search and Seizures Without Search Warrant
its object or purpose cannot be accomplished in one day,
the search can be continued the following day, or days, a. Search made incidental to a valid arrest
until completed, provided it is still within the ten (10)- day
validity period of the search warrant. A person lawfully arrested may be searched for dangerous
3. If the object or purpose of the search warrant weapons or anything which may be used or which may
cannot be accomplished within the ten (10)-day validity constitute proof in the commission of an offense, without
period, the responsible police officer conducting the search a search warrant. The warrantless search and seizure as
must fi le, before the issuing -court, an application for the an incident to a lawful arrest may extend beyond the
extension of the validity period of said search warrant. person of the arrested to include the premises or
surroundings under his immediate control.
Time of Search
The warrant should be served during daytime, unless
there is a provision in the warrant allowing service at any b. Search of moving vehicles
time of the day or night.
If the police officers who will conduct the search have
Applications for Search Warrant reasonable or probable cause to believe, before the
All applications for Search Warrant shall be approved for fi search, that either the motorist is a law offender or they
ling by the Chief of Office. The application shall indicate will find the instrumentality or evidence pertaining to a
the following data: crime in the vehicle to be searched, the vehicle may be
1. Office applying for the Search Warrant; stopped and subjected to an extensive search.
2. Name of officer-applicant;
3. Name of the subject, if known; c. Seizure of evidence in plain view
4. Address/place(s) to be searched;
5. Specific statement of things/articles to be seized; Any object in the plain view is subject to seizure and may
and be introduced as evidence. Requirements under the Plain
6. Sketch of the place to be searched. View Doctrine are:
1. The police officer must have prior justification for
All approved applications shall be recorded in a log book, an intrusion or, otherwise, must be in a position from
duly maintained for the purpose, indicating the name of which he can view a particular area;
the applicant, name of the respondent, nature of the 2. The discovery of the evidence in plain view is
offense, and date of the application. unintentional; or
3. It is immediately apparent to the police officer
Authority of Police Officer when Conducting Search that the item he observes may be evidence of a crime,
contraband, or is a valid subject of seizure.

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 5. It is also imperative that the chain of custody be
d. When there is waiver of the right or there strictly observed and documented and therefore, as much
is consented search as practicable, it shall be the investigator-on- case (IOC)
who shall personally submit the recovered fi rearms/
To constitute a waiver of this constitutional right, it must shells/slugs to the local Crime Laboratory
appear, first, that the right exists; second, that the person
involved had knowledge, either actual or constructive, of Inquest Proceeding Necessary When the Suspect
the existence of such right; that said person had an actual Dies
intention to relinquish the right.
In cases of armed confrontation wherein the suspect dies,
e. Searches Under Stop and Frisk Rule the Team Leader of the operating unit shall submit the
incident for inquest before the duty Inquest Prosecutor
The police officer has the right to stop a citizen on the prior to the removal of the body from the scene, except in
street, interrogate him, and pat him for weapons areas where there are no Inquest Prosecutors. In which
whenever he observes unusual conduct which convinces case, the territorial police unit can proceed with the
him that a criminal activity exists. investigation.

f. Emergency and Exigent Circumstances Judicial Affidavit Rule

A search warrant could be validly dispensed with in cases This Rule shall apply to all actions, proceedings, and
of exigent and emergency situation, and the police officers incidents requiring the reception of evidence before the
have reasonable grounds to believe that a crime is being court in place of the direct testimonies of witnesses in
committed, and they have no opportunity to apply for a order to reduce the time needed for completing their
search warrant from the courts because the latter were testimonies.
closed.
Application of Rule to Criminal Actions
g. Tipped Information
This rule shall apply to all criminal actions where the
maximum imposable penalty does not exceed six years.
If the police officers have reasonable grounds to believe
that the subjects are engaged in illegal activities, the Contents of Judicial Affidavit
tipped information is sufficient to provide probable cause
to effect a warrantless search and seizure. A judicial affidavit shall be prepared in the language known
to the witness and, if not in English or Filipino,
Investigation Procedures accompanied by a translation in English or Filipino, and
shall contain the necessary data/information.
Investigation by the Territorial Police Unit after an Armed 1. The name, age, residence or business address,
Confrontation Responsibility of the Territorial Police Unit and occupation of the witness;
2. The name and address of the lawyer who
The Police Unit that has territorial jurisdiction over the area conducts or supervises the examination of the witness and
where the armed confrontation occurred shall secure the the place where the examination is being held;
scene and immediately undertake the necessary 3. A statement that the witness is answering the
investigation. questions asked of him, fully conscious that he does so
Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) Team to Process the under oath, and that he may face criminal liability for false
Crime Scene testimony or perjury;
4. Questions asked of the witness and his
The concerned Police Unit shall immediately request the corresponding answers, consecutively numbered, that:
Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) Team to conduct a. Show the circumstances under which the witness
crime scene processing. acquired the facts upon which he testifies;
b. Elicit from him those facts which are relevant to
Mandatory Examination of Firearm the issues that the case presents; and
Seized/Confiscated during Police Operation c. Identify the attached documentary and object
1. All fi rearms, cartridges and slugs seized, evidence and establish their authenticity in accordance
captured or recovered during checkpoints or pursuit with the Rules of Court;
operations or in any other police operations including 5. The signature of the witness over his printed
those seized during the service of warrants and, more name; and
importantly, those recovered from the crime scene shall 6. A jurat or a proof that an oath was taken before
immediately be submitted to the local Crime Laboratory an administering officer or a notary public.
(CLO) which shall in turn process it for capturing and
cross-matching through the Integrated Ballistics Sworn Attestation of the Lawyer
Identification System
2. (IBIS); The judicial affidavit shall contain a sworn attestation at
3. The field investigator or investigator-on-case the end, executed by the lawyer who conducted or
(IOC) shall submit the photo of the fi rearm and the receipt supervised the examination of the witness, to the effect
issued by the local Crime Laboratory Office for the said fi that:
rearm/cartridges/slugs to the prosecutor or the court; 1. He faithfully recorded or caused to be recorded
4. Should the prosecutor eventually require the the questions he asked and the corresponding answers
physical submission of the fi rearm, the investigator-on- that the witness gave; and
case shall manifest with the prosecutor or court that a 2. Neither he nor any other person then present or
subpoena be issued for the Crime Laboratory which issued assisting him coached the witness regarding the latter’s
the receipt to present the said fi rearm; and answers.

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Maintenance of Police Blotter Police Blotter 2. When the complainant or an essential witness is
Each PNP operating unit shall maintain an official police dead and the proceedings cannot be pursued;
blotter where all types of operational and undercover 3. When the victim or an essential witness refuses,
dispatches shall be recorded containing the five “Ws” or is permanently unable to stand as a witness; and
(who, what, where, when and why) and one “H” (how) of 4. The victim or complainant or witness is a minor.
an information.
b. Reporting Jurisdiction
A Police blotter is a logbook that contains the daily registry
of all crime incident reports, official summaries of arrest, The police unit with the territorial jurisdiction where the
and other significant events reported in a police station. crime was committed shall have the primary responsibility
to record and report the same. If a continuing crime is
Police Blotter for Cases involving Women and committed in various areas of responsibilities, it should be
Children recorded and reported as a single crime by the unit taking
cognizance of the crime.
A separate Police Blotter, however, shall be maintained for
crime incident reports involving violence against women
and children and those cases involving a child in conflict Booking of Arresting Suspects
with the law to protect their privacy pursuant to Republic
Act (RA) 9262 (Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Booking of arrested suspects shall be undertaken to record
Act of 2004) and RA 9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare and document the information surrounding the arrest of
Act of 2006), respectively. the suspect.

Crime Incident Reporting System (CIRS) Policies and Guidelines

Each PNP operating unit shall also maintain and utilize the The following policies and guidelines shall be adhered to
PNP Crime Incident Reporting System (CIRS), an by all PNP personnel involved in the booking of arrested
electronic reporting system that facilitates crime suspects:

documentation, modernizes data storage and provides a. General Policy

quick and reliable transmission of crime information from After arrest, a suspect is taken into police custody and
lower units and NOSUs of the PNP to the National “booked” or “processed”. During booking, the following
Headquarters at Camp Crame, Quezon City. procedures shall be performed by designated police
officers.
Blotter Procedure 1. Record the arrest made in the Police Blotter;
2. Conduct pat down or strip search of the suspect;
Before entry into the blotter book, the Duty Officer (DO) 3. Submit the suspect for medical examination;
should first evaluate if the report is a crime incident, arrest 4. Take the criminal suspect’s personal information
or event/activity, which is for records purposes only. If the (i.e. name, date of birth, physical characteristics, etc.);
report is a crime incident, the DO shall first accomplish the 5. Record information about the suspect’s alleged
Incident Record Form (IRF) from which the entry in the crime;
blotter book and IRS shall be extracted. All other reports 6. Perform a record search of the suspect’s criminal
shall be recorded directly to the blotter book. background;
7. Fingerprint and photograph the suspect;
Unit Crime Periodic Report (UCPER) Purpose 8. Take custody of any personal property carried by
To promote consistency in the recording of crime the suspect (i.e. keys, purse), to be returned upon the
incidence, the PNP adopts a uniform procedure in suspect’s release; and
reporting and collecting crime data including cases 9. Place the suspect in a police station lock-
reported to other law enforcement agencies that are part up/holding cell or local jail.
of the Criminal Justice System.
b. Specific Functions, Responsibilities and
Execution and Procedures Procedures

The Chief of Police is primarily responsible for the The following are the functions, procedures and
maintenance of accurate crime data. Accuracy and responsibilities of the different personnel during the
integrity of crime recording processes must be ensured by booking of arrested suspects:
the Chief of Investigation Section and Crime Registrar. The
Chief of Police shall likewise ensure that crime data are 1. Arresting Officer (AO):
gathered from all sources, such as: Barangay, NBI, PDEA, 1. Upon arrest, the Arresting Officer (AO) shall
BFAR, DENR, DSWD, BOC, BI and other agencies with law immediately bring the suspect/s to the police station and
enforcement functions in the locality. Unit Commanders present the suspect/s to the Desk Officer (DO);
shall appoint a Crime Registrar who shall be responsible in 2. The AO shall ask the Desk Officer to record in the
consolidating and maintaining crime data fi les of each unit police blotter the circumstances of the arrest as well as the
to ensure consistency and continuity. identity of the suspects and names of Arresting Officers
(AO). This procedure of assigning a blotter number to the
Recording arrest of the suspects signifies that the police station has
a. Incident Reports officially taken cognizance of the arrest. The AO shall sign
All crime incidents whether reported by the victims, in the blotter entry;
witnesses or third parties must be recorded in the police 3. The AO and the DO shall thereafter conduct a
blotter, even under the following circumstances. more thorough pat-down search of the suspects. Any
1. When the offender is ill and is unlikely to recover deadly weapon or contraband found and confiscated shall
or is too senile or too mentally disturbed for proceedings also be recorded in the blotter. When women or children
to take place; are among those arrested, the DO shall task the duty

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WCPD officer to conduct the pat-down. A strip search may 3. The DI shall conduct record check to determine
be conducted as the situation demands but only with the if the arrested suspect/s have previous or existing cases
authority of the Chief of Police (COP) or the Officer on and/or standing warrant of arrest; (d) The Duty
Duty. A strip search, if conducted, will be so indicated in Investigator shall not process suspects brought by the
the blotter; Arresting Officers who have not undergone a medical
4. After the pat-down, the AO shall request the DO examination in a government hospital;
to prepare PNP Booking Form-1 4. The DI shall ensure that Mug Shots or the
5. The AO shall receive the accomplished medical photographic portrait of the suspects are taken in four (4)
examination request form and then shall be responsible different methods in accordance with the procedures. The
for bringing/escorting the suspect/s to the government 4R mug shots shall be attached to or printed in the PNP
hospital referred to in the request for the examination of Booking Form2B
the suspect/s; 5. The Duty Investigator shall prepare a Turn-over
6. The AO shall receive the Medical Examination Receipt Form (from Investigator to the Jailer) known as
results from the government physician and then he shall PNP Booking Form-3 The Jailer of the Station will now take
bring back the suspect/s to the police station and turn- responsibility of the suspect. If it is necessary that the
over the suspect/s and the results of the medical arrested persons be placed in the lockup cell, a complete
examination to the Duty Investigator (DI); and body frisking of the suspect by pat-down type search for
7. The AO will obtain PNP Booking Form 2 - “Arrest any concealed weapon must be done. Strip search shall be
and Booking Sheet” and refer it to the DI so that both of conducted if necessary. On body search of arrested male
them will accomplish the form, diligently providing all the suspect, it is typically not required to same sex pat down
information required in the form. The copy of the Arrest searches, but it is wise. When it comes to women and
and Booking Form shall form part of the Case folder and children, the WCPD officer who is familiar with women and
kept at the Investigation Section at the police station children protection duties will conduct the search. Search
is done to ensure that no prohibited object will be brought
2. Desk Officer (DO): inside the lock-up cell, particularly sharp objects that can
be used to hurt other prisoners and ropes that might be
1. Upon presentation by the AO of the arrested used for entangling;
suspect/s to the DO, the Desk Officer (DO) shall log and 6. All personal valuables of the suspect that are not
record the details of the arrest made and assign a blotter allowed to be brought inside the lock-up cell will be
entry number to the arrest. The entry shall include the collected by the Investigator and shall be turned-over to
name of the arresting officer and information as to the the police station Property Custodian. The Investigator
identity of the suspects and shall contain the five (5) “W”s shall prepare PNP Booking Form 4.
and one (1) “H” (Who, What, Where, When, Why and 7. The DI shall also be responsible for ensuring that
How) of an information as well as the name of the the suspects’ fingerprints or ten prints are taken by the
government hospital where the suspect/s will be referred Fingerprint Technician, using both the ten print card and
for medical examination; the PNPBF-2. Only a trained Fingerprint Technician shall
2. After recording in the police blotter, the DO be allowed by the DI to take the ten prints of the suspects
together with the AO shall conduct a redundancy pat-down using the standard PNP Crime Laboratory Form No 452-
search of the suspect/s. This procedure is necessary to 038 to ensure that this will be readable by the Automated
ensure that the suspect/s do not carry any deadly Fingerprint identification System (AFIS). The ten print card
weapons or contraband when they are referred to a is considered as an integral part of the booking form and
government hospital for medical examination. Any is known as PNP Booking Form-2C
weapons or contraband or any other items confiscated or 8. The DI must always inform the Desk Officer of
taken in custody during the pat down search shall likewise the status of the case and the suspect so that updates will
be recorded in the blotter. (If the suspect is a woman or be entered in the police blotter;
child, the Desk Officer shall call for the duty WCPD officer 9. The Investigator shall be responsible for
who shall conduct the search); and preparing the necessary documents such as: Affidavit-
3. The Desk Officer shall then prepare or accomplish complaint; affidavit of witness; booking and arrest report;
PNP Booking Form (PNPBF)-1 “Request for Medical photo copy of recovered evidence if any; and a letter of
Examination of the Arrested Suspect”. The Desk Officer case referral to the Prosecutor’s Office that should be
shall have the police station Officer on Duty (OD) to sign signed by the Station Commander or police station Officer
the request form, but in the absence of the OD, the Desk on Duty with the former’s unavailability.
Officer may sign the request form himself.
Custodial Investigation
3. Duty Investigator (DI):
1. After medical examination, the Arresting Officer Duties of the Police during Custodial Investigation
shall refer the suspect/s and the case to the Duty 1. The arresting officer, or the investigator, as the
Investigator (DI). The DI and the AO shall accomplish the case may be, shall ensure that a person arrested, detained
PNP Booking Form-2 “Arrest and Booking Form” and or under custodial investigation shall, at all times, be
ensure that a copy of the results of the medical assisted by counsel, preferably of his own choice;
examination are attached to the booking form; 2. The arresting officer, or the investigator, as the
2. The DI shall obtain personal information from case may be, must inform the person arrested, detained
each suspect and accomplish PNPBF-2 with the help of the or under custodial investigation of the following rights
AO. The PNPBD-2 booking sheet should contain among under the Miranda Doctrine in a language or dialect known
others the personal circumstances of the suspect/s. to and understood by him:
Likewise, the initial determination of the nature of the a. That he has the right to remain silent;
offense is included in the booking sheet. The last part of b. That if he waives his right to remain silent,
the booking sheet refers to the medical history or anything he says can be used in evidence against him in
information known of the suspect/s, this part should not c. court;
be confused with the medical certification issued by a d. That he has the right to counsel of his own
doctor upon his arrest which shall be attached to the PNP choice;
Booking Form- 2A

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e. That, if he cannot afford one, he shall be 3. Arrested suspects who are under custodial
provided with an independent and competent counsel; and investigation. However, under no circumstances should
f. That he has the right to be informed of such the arrested suspects under custodial investigation be held
rights. in the detention center beyond the prescribed
reglementary period, unless, while in custody, appropriate
3. If the person arrested, detained, or under charges have been fi led and a Commitment Order has
custodial investigation has opted to give a sworn been issued by the court concerned or he signed the
statement, the arresting officer, or the investigator, as the required waiver of the rights under the provisions of Article
case may be, must reduce it in writing; 125 of the RPC.
4. The arresting officer must ensure that, before the
sworn statement is signed, or thumb-marked if there is b. Requirements for Admission
inability to read and to write, the document shall be read
and adequately explained to the person arrested, detained
or under custodial investigation by his counsel of choice, Prior to the admission of arrested suspect, the following
or by the assisting counsel provided to him, in the mandatory requirements shall be submitted to the Chief,
language or dialect known to him; Detention/Custodial Center:
5. The arresting officer, or the investigator, as the 1. Request for Custody of the arresting unit or the
case may be, must ensure that any extrajudicial confession Commitment Order from the Court;
made by a person arrested, detained or under custodial 2. Proof of medical examination or medical
investigation shall be: certificate of the detainee to be provided by the arresting
a. In writing; unit requesting for custody; and
b. Signed by such person in the presence of his 3. Case folder of the detainee containing the
counsel; or accomplished booking sheet for the arrested suspect and
c. In the latter’s absence, upon a valid waiver, and the Information fi led with the Prosecutor’s Office.
in the presence of any of the parents, elder brothers and
sisters, his spouse, the municipal mayor, the municipal c. Segregation of Detainees
judge, district school supervisor, priest, imam or religious
minister chosen by him. Failure of the arresting officer, or As much as practicable, detainees must be segregated
the investigator, to observe the above mentioned according to gender and to the classification of crimes
procedures shall render the extrajudicial confession committed.
inadmissible as evidence in any proceeding;
6. The arresting officer, or the investigator, as the d. Visitation
case may be, must, under established regulations, allow Any person arrested and detained at the PNP
the person arrested, detained, or under custodial Detention/Custodial Center shall be allowed visits by or
investigation visits by or conferences with any member of conferences with any member of his immediate family, or
his immediate family, any medical doctor, priest, imam or any medical doctor or priest or religious minister chosen
religious minister chosen by him or by any member of his by him or by any member of his immediate family or by
immediate family or by his counsel, or by any local Non- his counsel, or by any local NGO duly accredited by the
Governmental Organization (NGO) duly accredited by the CHR or by any international NGO duly accredited by the
Commission on Human Rights (CHR) or by any Office of the President, subject to the following conditions:
international NGO duly accredited by the Office of the 1. The Chief, Detention/Custodial Center or his duly
President. His “immediate family” shall include his spouse, authorized representative is authorized to apportion the
parent or child, brother or sister, grandparent or number of visitors per detainee at any given time as the
grandchild, uncle or aunt, nephew or niece, guardian or space of the visitor’s area may allow.
ward, and fiancé or fiancée; and 2. With respect to detainee’s family members,
7. After interrogation, the person under custodial public and/or pertinent document must be presented to
investigation shall have the right to be informed of his right prove their relationship with the detainee.
to demand physical examination by an independent and 3. Visitors wearing the color of the detainee’s
competent doctor of his own choice. If he cannot afford uniform shall be advised to wear other colors.
the services of a doctor of his own choice, he shall be 4. The Custodial Center, an informal and temporary
provided by the State with a competent and independent penal facility for arrested suspects, shall not allow conjugal
doctor to conduct physical examination. If the person visits for detention prisoners.
arrested is female, she shall be attended to preferably by 5. The counsel of the accused has the right to visit
a female doctor. The physical examination of the person the latter subject to the existing security rules and
under custodial investigation shall be contained in a regulation of the Center.
medical report, which shall be attached to the custodial 6. No camera, video equipment, cellular phone and
investigation report. similar devices are allowed inside the visiting area.
7. All visitors shall be frisked for deadly weapons, fi
Detention rearms and other prohibited items.

The following are the policies and procedures in the e. Transfer of Custody
admission, visitation, transfer and release of detainees: 1. Upon receipt of the Commitment Order from the
court, the Chief, Detention/Custodial Center shall
a. Admission personally coordinate with the issuing court to ascertain
the validity of the order;
The following can be detained/admitted in the PNP 2. Upon confirmation, the Chief,
Detention/Custodial Center: Detention/Custodial Center must coordinate with the
1. Any person arrested due to the commission of a receiving detention facility for the immediate transfer of
crime/s; custody; and
2. Arrested suspects covered by a Commitment 3. Prior to the transfer of custody, the arrested
Order; and person shall be subjected to medical examination by a PNP
medico-legal officer or any government physician in the

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absence of PNP medico-legal officer. Medical examination The inquest proceedings shall commence upon the
is mandatory before any transfer of custody of arrested presentation of arrested person and witness/es by the
person. police officer before the inquest prosecutor. The
concerned police officer shall also submit the following
f. Release documents:
1. The Chief of Office shall be the sole approving
authority in releasing detention prisoner. 1. Affidavit of Arrest;
2. Upon receipt of the Release Order from the court, 2. Statement(s) of the complainant(s);
the Chief, Detention/Custodial Center shall personally 3. Affidavit(s) of the witness(es) if any; and
coordinate with the issuing court to ascertain the validity 4. Other supporting evidence gathered by law
of the order. enforcement authorities in the course of their investigation
3. Upon confirmation, the Chief, of the criminal incident involving the arrested person.
Detention/Custodial Center must coordinate with the
arresting unit if there are other legal impediments to the Documents to Be Submitted
release.
4. The Chief, Detention/Custodial Center shall The investigator shall ensure that, as far as practicable,
likewise check the Directorate for Investigation and the following documents shall be presented during the
Detective Management (DIDM)’s Arrest and Warrant inquest proceedings:
Registry to determine if the detainee to be released has
other pending warrants of arrest. a. Murder, Homicide and Parricide
5. Granting that all documents are legally in order, 1. Certified true/machine copy of the certificate of
the Chief, Detention/Custodial Center shall prepare the death of the victim; and
memorandum addressed to the Chief of Office for the 2. Necropsy Report and the certificate of Post-
approval of the release. Mortem Examination, if readily available.
6. If there are valid grounds to sustain further
detention, the Chief of Office in coordination with the b. Frustrated or Attempted Homicide, Murder,
arresting unit, will prepare the appropriate manifestation Parricide, and Physical Injuries Cases
to the court containing therein the ground/s for objection. 1. Medical Certificate of the complaining witness
7. Prior to the official release of the detainee, the showing the nature or extent of the injury;
Chief, Detention/Custodial Center must bring the detainee 2. Certification or statement as to the duration of
to the Office of the PNP Health Service or Rural Health Unit the treatment or medical attendance; and
for medical examination, which shall form part of the 3. Certificate or statement as to duration of
records/case folder of the subject detainee. incapacity for work.
8. The Property or Evidence Custodian Officer shall
be responsible for the custody of all the properties seized c. Violations of the Dangerous Drugs Law
from the detainee prior to his detention. The former shall 1. Chemistry Report or Certificate of Laboratory
release the same to the detainee immediately upon his Examination duly signed by the forensic chemist or other
discharge from detention. duly authorized officer;
2. Machine copy or photograph of the buy-bust
Transporting Detention Prisoner money;
1. If transported by a patrol jeep, the subject must 3. Inventory/list of property seized; and
be seated on the right rear seat and a PNP escort shall sit 4. Affidavit of Poseur-Buyer/Arresting Officer.
at the rear on the left side facing the subject. Hands of the
subject should be secured by handcuffs under his knees. d. Theft and Robbery Cases, Violation of the
2. If transported by a patrol car, subject must be Anti- Piracy Law, Anti-Highway Robbery Law, and
seated on the right rear seat and the PNP escort personnel Violation of the Anti-Fencing Law
shall sit on the left rear seat. Hands of the subject should 1. List/Inventory of the articles and items subject of
be secured by handcuffs under his knees. the offense; and
3. In no case shall a Detention Prisoner be 2. Statement of their respective value.
transported using public utility land vehicles that are not
exclusively utilized for the purpose. e. Rape, Seduction, and Forcible Abduction
4. In no case shall a high-risk Detention Prisoner be with Rape Cases
transported without proper escort and handcuffs. 1. Medico-Legal Report (Living Case Report), if the
5. Female detainees shall be transported in victim submitted herself for medical or physical
handcuffs, preferably aided by a police woman. examination;
6. In no case shall a Detention Prisoner be allowed 2. Statement of the victim/complainant;
out of the Detention Cell without proper escort.
7. Transport and escort of Detention Prisoner shall f. Violation of the Anti-Car napping Law
be limited only from the detention cell to the proper office 1. Machine copy of the certificate of motor vehicle
for inquest, or court for hearing, or to the nearest hospital/ registration;
clinic in case of the mandatory medical examination prior 2. Machine copy of the current official receipt of
to detention or during actual medical emergency, or in payment of the registration fees of the subject motor
court-permitted transport. vehicle; and
8. In no case shall a Detention Prisoner be allowed 3. Other evidence of ownership.
travel and escort outside the detention cell to places
devoted for recreation, worship, entertainment, meals and g. Violation of the Anti-Cattle Rustling Law
dining and others of similar and analogous description, 1. Machine copy of the cattle certificate of
unless upon lawful orders of the court. registration; and
9. Detention Prisoners shall as much as possible be 2. Picture of the cattle, if readily available.
transported wearing detention prisoner uniform or proper
attire that may identify them as a detention prisoner h. Violation of Illegal Gambling Law
Inquest Procedures Commencement of Inquest 1. Gambling paraphernalia; and

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2. Cash money, if any. a. That death is imminent and the declarant is
conscious of that fact;
i. Illegal Possession of Firearms and b. That the declaration refers to the cause and
Explosives surrounding circumstances of such death;
1. Chemistry Report duly signed by the forensic c. That the declaration relates to facts which the
chemist; and Photograph of the explosives, if readily victim is competent to testify to; and
available; and d. That the declaration is offered in a case where in
2. Certification from the Firearms and Explosives the declarant’s death is the subject of the inquiry.
Office, Civil Security Group, PNP. 5. The FR shall make the initial assessment on
whether a crime has actually been committed and shall
j. Violation of the Fisheries Law conduct the preliminary interview of witnesses to
1. Photograph of the confiscated fish, if readily determine what and how the crime was committed;
available; 6. If and when there is a suspect present in the
2. Certification of the Bureau of Fisheries and area, the fi rst responder shall arrest, detain and remove
Aquatic Resources; and the suspect from the area;
3. Paraphernalia and equipment used in illegal 7. The FR, upon the arrival of the IOC, shall
fishing. turnover the crime scene to the duty investigator/IOC after
the former has briefed the investigator of the situation.
k. Violation of the Forestry Law The FR shall prepare and submit the CSI Form “1” - First
1. Scale sheets containing the volume and species Responders Report to the IOC and be prepared to assist
of the forest products confiscated, number of pieces and the IOC in the investigation; and
other important details such as estimated value of the 8. The FR shall stay in the crime scene to assist the
products confiscated; IOC in the maintenance of security, crowd control, and
2. Certification of the Department of Environment preservation of evidence and custody of witness/suspect
and Natural Resources/Bureau of Forest Management; until such time the investigation is completed and
and temporarily turned over to the local Chief of Police (COP)
3. Seizure Receipt for the continuance of crime scene security.

Waiver of Rights b. Investigator-on-Case (IOC) /Duty

Investigator
The inquest shall proceed unless the arrested person opts 1. Upon arrival at the crime scene, the IOC shall
for a preliminary investigation by executing the required request for a briefing from the FR and make a quick
waiver of rights under Article 125 of the RPC. assessment of the crime;
2. At this stage, the IOC shall assume full
Monitoring of Cases by the Investigators responsibility over the crime scene and shall conduct a
thorough assessment of the scene and inquiry into the
An investigator’s job does not end upon the fi ling of the incident. If necessary the IOC may conduct crime scene
case with the Prosecutor’s Office. The investigator on case search outside the area where the incident happened,
shall continuously monitor the case up to its final employing any of the various search methods;
resolution. 3. Based on the assessment, if the IOC determines
that a SOCO team is required, he shall report the matter
Conduct of Crime Scene Investigation to his COP and request for a SOCO, otherwise, the IOC
shall proceed with the CSI without the SOCO team and
The Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) starts from the arrival shall utilize CSI Form “4”
of the PNP First Responders (FRs) to the arrival of the Duty 4. The IOC may by himself if the situation so
Investigator/ IOC and the SOCO Team until the lifting of demands, conduct CSI if, there is no Provincial Crime
the security cordon and release of the crime scene. Laboratory Office/Regional Crime Laboratory Office in the
province. The IOC must, however, ensure
The following are the functions and responsibilities of the 5. that the correct procedures in the collection of
investigators during the crime scene investigation, as well evidence are observed to ensure the admissibility of the
as the procedures to be observed: evidence;
6. The Police Station Operation Center, upon
a. First Responder (FR) directive of the COP, shall make the request for the SOCO
1. The first Police Officers to arrive at the crime team through the Provincial/City Operations Center;
scene are the FRs who were dispatched by the local police 7. It shall be the responsibility of the Provincial/City
station/unit concerned after receipt of incident/flash/ Operations Center to facilitate the request for the SOCO
alarm report; Team;
2. Immediately, the FR shall conduct a preliminary 8. Upon the arrival of the SOCO Team, the IOC shall
evaluation of the crime scene. This evaluation should accomplish CSI Form “2” and submit the same to the
include the scope of the incident, emergency services SOCO Team Leader. The SOCO team shall not enter the
required, scene safety concerns, administration of life- crime scene unless the IOC makes the official written
saving measures, and establishment of security and request wherein he assures the SOCO team of his
control of the scene; presence and support
3. The FR is mandated to save and preserve life by 9. The IOC shall brief the SOCO Team upon their
giving the necessary first-aid measures to the injured and arrival at the crime scene and shall jointly conduct the
their medical evacuation as necessary. The FR shall preliminary crime scene survey.
likewise secure and preserve the crime scene by cordoning
off the area to prevent unauthorized entry of persons; c. SOCO Team
4. The FR shall take the dying declaration of 1. The SOCO Team shall not join any operations
severely injured person/s, if any. Requisites of a “Dying conducted by the local police or accompany the FRs or the
Declaration” are: IOC in going to the crime scene. They will only respond
upon request through the Operations Center and after the

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IOC has already made the proper assessment of the crime
scene 4. The SOCO has motu proprio authority to direct all
2. Upon receipt of the Request for Conduct of operating units involved in the police operation to submit
SOCO, the SOCO Team shall then conduct the scene of the their respective personnel for forensic examination; their
crime operations which include among others the narrative service fi rearms for ballistic tests; and other pieces of
description of the crime scene, photography, videography, evidence involved to expedite the investigation of the
crime scene search, crime scene sketch, crime scene case.
location sketch, physical evidence recording and
collection, and other procedures necessary; Duties of the Territorial Police Unit
3. In case the SOCO Team needs to temporarily 1. Provide assistance in the evacuation of the
suspend the processing, the Chief of Police shall be injured persons to the nearest hospital;
primarily responsible and accountable for securing the 2. Provide area security;
crime scene and ensuring its integrity until the return of 3. Control the crowd at the crime scene;
SOCO Team and the conclusion of the CSI; 4. Direct the flow of traffic away from the crime
4. After the termination of the SOCO, the SOCO scene so as not to destroy and contaminate vital evidence;
Team Leader shall brief the IOC on the initial results and and
thereafter conduct the fi nal crime scene survey together 5. Provide security back-up to the SOCO.
with the IOC; and
5. The SOCO Team shall accomplish the CSI Form Policy Guidelines on Processing of Persons Present
“4” - SOCO Report Forms and furnish the IOC of copies of at the Crime Scene
the same before leaving the crime scene
These policy guidelines prescribe the operational
Release of the Crime Scene procedures in processing and handling persons present at
1. The IOC shall decide on the lifting of the security the crime scene; be they the suspects, victims or
cordon and the release of the crime scene upon witnesses. The aim is to clearly define police courses of
consultation with the SOCO Team Leader and he shall be actions in dealing with persons who, for any reason and
responsible in ensuring that all pieces of potential evidence personal circumstance, are at the crime scene during the
have been collected by the SOCO Team as any re-entry conduct of police operation.
into the crime scene after its release to the owner will
require a Search Warrant issued by the Court; a. Crisis Management
2. The IOC shall accomplish the CSI Form “6” before
the cordon shall be lifted As soon as the perpetrators surrender, or when they are
3. The IOC shall ensure that the appropriate captured or neutralized, the On-Scene Commander shall
inventory has been provided by the SOCO Team and shall ensure that the following are accomplished:
only lift the security cordon and release the crime scene 1. Processing and Debriefing:
only after completion of the documentation process; a. Hostages/Victims;
4. The IOC or the COP shall turn-over the crime b. Perpetrators;
scene to the owner of the property or where the crime c. Witnesses; and
scene is a public place, to any local person in authority d. Key participants in the incident.
using CSI Form “5” 2. Documentation: Sworn Statement of the
5. The IOC shall accomplish and submit the following:
Investigator’s Report with all the required attachments to a. Witnesses;
the COP within two (2) working days from the date of b. Hostages;
incidence; and c. Perpetrators; and
6. The CSI Report shall be the first entry in the Case d. Key participants in the incidents.
Folder for the investigation of the incident. (3) Venue of Processing, Debriefing and Documentation.

Considering the instability of the situation; the safety of

Crime Scene Investigation Special SOCO the responders and persons found at the scene of the
Procedures crime; and the preservation of the place of incident, the
In cases where the evidence gathered needs venue of the processing, debriefing and investigation shall
Special processing due to significant or sensational cases, be at a neutral and secured place.
the specialists from the Crime Laboratory shall be
requested. b. Hostage Negotiation
1. In bombing cases, the EOD personnel should first 1. The following procedure shall be followed during
clear the area and declare it “secured” prior to entry of the a Hostage Situation:
SOCO. The former, before entering the crime scene must 2. Crisis Management Task Group shall be activated
submit to the latter for swabbing. All evidence collected immediately;
must be pre- cleared by the EOD prior to documentation. 3. Incident scene shall be secured and isolated;
2. In suspected or reported chemical, biological, 4. Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed entry
radiological or nuclear (CBRN) situations, the SOCO shall and exit to the incident scene; and
directly coordinate with the Special Rescue Team of the 5. Witnesses’ names, addresses, and other
Bureau of Fire and Protection before the conduct of the information shall be recorded. Witnesses shall be directed
crime scene investigation. to a safe location.
3. In mass victim situation, the Regional/District Procedures in the Investigation of Heinous and Sensational
SOCO who has jurisdiction over the area, in addition to Crimes
their function, shall act as the FR to the Interim Disaster
Victim Identification Task Group (IDVI TG) of the PNP The SITGs (Special Investigation Task Group) shall
Crime Laboratory. The IDVI TG shall immediately assess spearhead and coordinate the investigative and
the forensic specialists needed to be deployed at the crime prosecutorial efforts of the PNP to facilitate the speedy
scene and relay the requirements to the PNP Crime resolution and successful prosecution of
Laboratory Headquarters.

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heinous/sensational cases to include the conviction of the the first responders and his assigned investigator on-case.
perpetrators. The creation of a SITG is not necessary for crimes that can
be resolved at the said level. Otherwise, a
Policies District/PPO/CPO level SITG shall be organized that will
1. Institutionalization of Command Responsibility at take cognizance of the investigation of heinous and
all levels of the organization shall be highly observed. As sensational cases initially investigated by the City/
such, the respective Commanders/Supervisors in whose Municipal/District Police Stations.
areas of jurisdiction the heinous/sensational crimes 3. The Regional Director (RD) shall issue orders
transpired are expected to personally and effectively organizing the District/PPO/CPO SITG, indicating the ranks
manage their SITGs by closely monitoring, supervising, and names of its personnel complement. It shall be
directing, coordinating, and controlling the overall headed by the territorial Chief/Commander/Head of Unit
activities of their subordinates. Hence, SITGs shall be such as the District Director/Provincial Director/City
created as follows: Director:
a. The SITG shall be composed of Investigation
Composition and Organization of SITG: Team, Case Record Team, Technical/Legal Support Team,
Admin/Logistics Teams and Evidence Team;
1. Regional Level (To investigate killings and b. The Case Record Team shall be headed by an
violence committed against Senators, Congressmen, Officer from Investigation and Detective Management
Governors, Cabinet Secretaries, Undersecretaries, and SC Division/Branch /Section who shall be at the same time the
and CA Justices): Case Record Officer and the Evidence and Record
a. SITG Supervisor - Regional Director Custodian, responsible for the preservation of evidence;
b. SITG Comdr - DRDO
c. Asst Comdr - DD/PD or CD, CPO 4. The Investigator-on-Case (IOC), who is part of
d. Spokesperson - Regional PIO the Investigation Team, shall gather and prepare relevant
e. Members - RCIDU documents for fi ling of appropriate case(s) in Court and
- Regional Intelligence Div serve as liaison with other law enforcement
- Regional Legal Office agencies/government agencies, NGOs/NGAs, and other
- Regional Crime Laboratory persons or entities which could possibly help the SITG in
- COP, CPS/MPS/Station Comdr the resolution of the case. The IOC shall also be the
- RIDMD Evidence Custodian, except for pieces of evidence which
- Investigator–on-Case need to be submitted to Crime Laboratory, the courts, and
other technical agencies for technical Examination and
2. PPO/District/CPO Level (Killings and violence analysis; and
committed against Vice Governors, Provincial Board 5. In cases where the designated Commander or
Members, Mayors, Vice Mayors, Judges, Prosecutors & IBP members of the SITG cannot effectively comply with the
lawyers, militants, media practitioners, foreign nationals) operational requirements, and/or has “perceived biases”
a. SITG Supervisor - Deputy Regional Director for of any kind, the RD shall immediately reorganize the said
Operations (DRDO) SITG and designate other officers who are more capable
b. SITG Comdr - DD, PD/PF, PPO/CD, CPO of accomplishing the job.
c. Asst Comdr - PO/Field Officer, CIDT 6. Upon the creation of a SITG, a “Case
d. Spokesperson - PIO (District/PPO/CPO) Investigation Plan” must be made to serve as operating
e. Members - Provincial/City Legal Service guidelines in the conduct of investigation of heinous and
- Provincial/City Intelligence Section sensational cases. This will include the journal of the case
- Provincial Crime Lab which pertains to the daily progress on what has been
- RIO done and accomplished in the investigation of the case, to
- PIDMB/CIDMB include the minutes of case conferences and coordination
- Investigator-on-Case with other offices/units. This will also be the basis of
- Chief of Police funding the SITGs activities.
3. Whenever a heinous or sensational crime 7. The CPNP may direct/task any operational
transpires, SITG shall be immediately organized and be support unit of the PNP to assist in the investigation.
headed by the concerned District Director/Provincial Likewise, he may also order the reorganization of the SITG
Director/City Director or the Deputy Regional Director for as he deems it necessary.
Operations depending on the gravity of the incident and/or 8. The SITG shall be deactivated upon the solution
upon order/discretion of the CPNP. of the particular case being investigated.
4. It shall be the responsibility of every established 9. Every SITG shall have six (6) months to resolve
SITG to properly manage the assigned case and ensure its a case from the time it takes cognizance of the said case.
resolution by applying the best investigative techniques/
practices and utilizing all its available resources. Operational Procedures
5. CIDG shall assume the responsibility of pursuing The following are the operational procedures to be
the investigation when the case is not solved within six (6) undertaken by the SITG pertaining to investigations of all
months and already classified as a cold case. heinous/sensational crimes:
1. Investigation starts from the arrival of the First
Organizational Procedures Responder on the ground who shall perform important
1. Whenever a serious crime is committed, the tasks as enumerated;
concerned Chief of Police (COP) or Station Commander 2. Aside from the usual investigative procedures,
shall immediately assess the situation and communicate to the SITG shall immediately validate and confirm the
the DD/PD/CD the attendant circumstances and its affiliations of the victims, issue press releases on a regular
updates which will be the basis of the DD/PD/CD for basis and establish an On-Scene Command Post (OSCP)
recommending to the RD whether or not there is a need by putting up a tent or similar structures or deploying a
to activate the SITG. Mobile Investigation Van (if available) at/or near the crime
2. Concerned COP or Station Commander shall base scene. The SITG Commander or his deputy who is also a
his/her assessment and recommendation on the report of

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member of the SITG must be present/available in the d. Concluding Reviews (provide overview), Case
OSCP at all times; Development Reviews (Cold Case Review);
3. The OSCP shall be maintained for as long as e. Detective Case Review (review of their sample
necessary and shall only be deactivated or transferred with solve cases and learn best practices); and Thematic
the clearance and approval of the Regional Director; Review (focus upon specific issue);
4. The OSCP shall be utilized by the SITG to conduct f. All case folders including pertinent documents
on-scene or on-the-ground investigation. The tent or van must be kept by the case record officers, with copies
of the OSCP shall be marked appropriately as “PNP On- furnished to the evidence custodian of the local police
Scene Command Post” and shall also be posted with the station;
mobile Phone or contact numbers of the SITG g. In case the investigator-on-case is dismissed or
Commander, Assistant Commander and the Investigator- retired or separated from the service, all remaining
On- Case; members of the investigation team shall be responsible for
5. The Police Station which has jurisdiction over the the court presentation of the case; and
area shall be utilized as alternate OSCP of the SITG; h. Conduct case tracking until the final disposition
Follow-up actions and efforts must be undertaken to: of the case.
a. Give special focus to ascertaining/establishing 14. The extension of the SITG can be considered
motive; based on the manifestation of the Regional Director to
b. Effectively conduct profiling of victims, suspects TDIDM (Attn: C, CMD) as a result of his/her evaluation
and witnesses; that the case could be resolved in a certain period of time,
c. Proficiently link/matrix analysis and exploit but in no case shall this exceed a one (1) month period;
evidence information; and 15. If the case has been solved, the SITG shall be
d. Hold paramount the convenience of witnesses deactivated immediately. The SITG Commander shall
when extracting their Statement or affidavit. inform TDIDM (Attn: C, CMD) regarding its deactivation;
6. The SITG Commander supported by the 16. Once the warrant of arrest has been issued, the
Investigation Team, Technical Teams, and Case Record RIDMD concern shall monitor the Unit Commander
Officer shall prepare the CIPLAN and take notice, prepare, concerned to serve the warrant. Further, the RIDMD shall
and observe the following: monitor the Unit Commander handling the case to ensure
a. The Investigation Management System which the attendance of prosecution witnesses when directed by
consists of evidence matrix, resource spreadsheet, the Court or Prosecutor;
standard tactical plan, and major investigation plan; 17. The RIDMD shall make a monthly progress report
b. The CIPLAN must be prepared and shall be in the on all SITG cases fi led in Court or Prosecutor’s office to
following format (Six Point Plan); Situation, Mission, TDIDM (Attn: C, CMD);
Execution, Contingency, Administration and Logistics, 18. If the SITG fails to resolve the case within six (6)
Command, and Communication (SMECAC); months or after the extension, the case will be considered
c. Prepare the Crime Scene Matrix Template which a “cold case”. Hence, the SITG shall be deactivated under
is necessary in the conduct of crime analysis. It can come obligation to ensure that all documents, pieces of evidence
in tandem with the evidence and resource matrix of the and any other related materials are accounted and
investigation plan; secured;
d. Surveillance must also be done to assess and 19. All the records of cold cases and cleared cases
make decisions on competencies needed and allocation of including the pieces of evidence gathered shall be officially
resources; turned over to the Regional Criminal Investigation and
7. Strengthen the coordinative mechanism in order Detection Unit (RCIDU), CIDG in the respective PROs for
to: the continuation of the investigation. Likewise, chain of
a. Strictly observe the chain of custody of evidence custody of evidence must be strictly observed;
and flow of communications; and 20. CIDG must submit to TDIDM (Attn C, RAD), a
b. Develop and resolve the issues under modified CIPLAN or new CIPLAN in the conduct of follow-
investigation through case conference/s with DOJ and up investigations on all cases that were turned over to
other concerned agencies. them. Progress report on all “cold cases” that were turned
8. Initiate build-up and follow-up investigation; over to CIDG shall be submitted to RIDMD (copy furnished
9. Consolidate all the forensic results, testimonial CMD, DIDM). The latter shall monitor and periodically
documents and investigation reports as well as the evaluate the case being investigated by CIDG and make
compliances of the members of SITG; appropriate assessment for its final disposition. Strengthen
10. Initiate the crime matrix analysis in the coordinative mechanism in order to:
coordination with all members of SITG;
11. Initiate the preparation of the case folder with a. Strictly observe the chain of custody of evidence
the assistance of other members of SITG; and flow of communications; and
12. File or refer the case to the Department of Justice b. Develop and resolve the issues under
(DOJ); investigation through case conference with DOJ and other
13. Conduct case reviews (internal/external) to be concerned agencies.
done by senior investigators or detectives. It can be seen 21. Initiate case build-up and follow-up investigation;
as a form of risk management that seeks to apply the 22. All the case folders including pertinent
principle of system audit to reduce recurrence of typical documents must be kept by the case record officers, with
errors. Case reviews shall be in the form of: copies furnished the evidence custodian of the local police
a. Informal “Golden Hour” Review (at the early station;
stage of the investigation); 23. In case the investigator in-charge is dismissed or
b. Self-Inspection (Self-Completion of a short pro retired or separated from the service, all remaining
forma to provide prompt actions and highlight emerging members of the investigation team shall be responsible for
problems); the court presentation of the case;
c. 28-Day Progress Review (assure quality and 24. Conduct case tracking until the final disposition
assist investigators identify investigative opportunities to of the case;
advance the inquiry);

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25. All concerned PNP units are enjoined to exert stationed in such manner that their presence may deter
extra efforts in order to identify, locate or cause the the commission of criminal acts or any untoward incident
identification and arrest of the culprit(s): from either side. The members of the peacekeeping detail
a. They shall immediately organize a dedicated shall stay outside a 50-meter radius from the picket line.
TRACKER TEAM to pursue a particular target In cases where in the 50-meter radius includes a public
personality/suspect; thoroughfare, they may station themselves in such public
b. They shall enhance information gathering and thoroughfare for the purpose of ensuring the free flow of
intelligence build-up for the identification and traffic.
apprehension of the suspects;
c. They shall work in close coordination with the Applicable Legal Parameters
NBI, DOJ and all other law enforcement agencies, as
necessary. The SITG must therefore closely coordinate The pertinent provisions of the Public Assembly Act of
with their respective local prosecutors and ensure that a 1985 (Batas Pambansa Bilang 880), the Labor Code of the
prosecutor is included as a member of the Technical/Legal Philippines, as amended and other applicable laws, shall
Support team; and be observed during rallies, strikes, demonstrations or
d. They shall prepare posters of wanted other public assemblies. Law enforcement agents shall, at
personalities especially those covered with rewards. Rogue all times:
galleries at the city and municipal levels shall also be 1. Exercise maximum tolerance.
prepared for this purpose; 2. In case of unlawful aggression, only reasonable
26. While the tasked units shall operate on existing force may be employed to prevent or repel it.
logistical and financial allocations, Regional Directors shall 3. The employment of tear gas and water cannons
also provide logistical and financial support to SITG. shall be made under the control and supervision of the
Ground Commander.
Special Operation Procedures Rules on Labor 4. No arrest of any leader, organizer, or participant
Dispute shall be made during the public assembly, unless he/she
violates any pertinent law as evidence warrants.
General Policy and Guidelines
1. The involvement of PNP personnel during strikes, Service of Lawful Orders or Writ
lockouts and labor disputes in general shall be limited to
the maintenance of peace and order, enforcement of laws, The service of Department of Labor and Employment
and implementation of legal orders of the duly constituted (DOLE), court, or other lawful orders or writs is the
authorities. primary concern of the DOLE representative, sheriff, and
2. The PNP shall only render assistance to labor representative of the government agency issuing the
disputes upon written request addressed to the Regional order, respectively. The role of the PNP is only supportive.
Director/District Director concerned. In case of actual Only when specifically stated and requested in the order
violence, the police can respond without the written or writ shall the PNP enforce such orders or writs.
request.
3. Insofar as practicable, no PNP personnel shall be Prohibited Labor Activities
allowed to render police assistance in connection with a
strike or lockout if there is question or complaint as No personnel of the PNP shall:
regards his relationship by affinity or consanguinity to any 1. Bring in, introduce or escort in any manner, any
official/leader of the parties in the controversy or if he has individual who seeks to replace strikers in entering or
financial or pecuniary interest therein. leaving the premises or a strike area; or
4. PNP personnel detailed as peace-keeping force in 2. Work in replacement of the strikers.
strike or lockout areas shall be in prescribed uniform at all
times. Rallies and Demonstrations
5. They shall exercise maximum tolerance and
when called for by the situation or when all other peaceful Policies
and non-violent means have been exhausted, police 1. The PNP adheres to the Code of Conduct for Law
officers may employ such means as may be necessary and Enforcement Officials adopted by the General Assembly of
reasonable to prevent or repel an aggression. the United Nations which requires law enforcement
6. The matter of determining whether a strike, officials to respect and protect human dignity, maintain
picket or lockout is legal or not should be left to and uphold the human rights of all persons, and limit the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and its use of force to situations where it is strictly necessary and
appropriate agencies. PNP personnel should not interfere to the extent required for the performance of their duty.
in a strike, picket or lockout, except as herein provided. 2. Public assemblies held in freedom parks or on
7. No personal escort shall be provided to any of the private property do not need a permit for the activity.
parties to the controversy unless upon written request Public assembly with permit or one held in a freedom park
from DOLE. Whenever escorts are to be provided, the or private property shall not be dispersed as long as it
other party shall be informed accordingly. All escorts shall remains peaceful and no incidence of violence occurs.
be in prescribed uniform at all times. 3. The PNP shall provide police assistance only
8. During the pendency of a strike/lockout, the when requested by the leaders or organizers for
police personnel concerned are prohibited from socializing maintenance of peace and order or to ensure the safety of
with any of the parties involved in the controversy. those participating in the public assemblies held in
9. Liaison shall be established and maintained with freedom parks or on private property.
the representatives of DOLE, management and the union 4. A public assembly held in a public place must
in the strike/lockout area for the purpose of maintaining have a permit from the mayor of the city or municipality
peace and order, as well as to maintain a continuing exercising jurisdiction over the place where it will be held.
peaceful dialogue between the parties to the 5. A public assembly held with or without a permit
strike/lockout. may be peacefully dispersed. A public assembly with a
10. The peace-keeping detail shall not be stationed permit may be dispersed if the same is being held in
in the picket line (or confrontation line) but should be violation of the terms and conditions imposed in the

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permit. In both cases, before conducting any dispersal When the public assembly is held without a permit where
operation, the PNP shall notify the concerned organizers a permit is required, the said public assembly may be
and leaders of the public assembly. peacefully dispersed. However, when the leaders or
6. Lightning demonstrations or rallies in areas organizers of public assembly can show an application for
where public assembly is prohibited shall be dispersed permit duly fi led at the Office of the Mayor which has
peacefully. However, should any of the participants refuse jurisdiction over the place where the rally will be held, at
to disperse voluntarily or violate any law or ordinance least five (5) days prior to the intended activity and the
during an unauthorized public assembly; they shall be Mayor did not act on the same, the grant of the permit
taken into police custody and be charged accordingly. being then presumed under the law, and it will be the
7. Ground Commanders are responsible in burden of the authorities to show that there has been a
determining whether there is a permit for the holding of denial of the application, in which case, the rally may be
the public assembly. peacefully dispersed following the procedure of maximum
8. Close coordination with the mayor of the city or tolerance prescribed by law.
municipality, or his representative, where the public
assembly is being held should always be maintained Prohibited Acts
especially when a permit has not been issued but an It shall be prohibited for a police officer to commit the
application has been fi led prior to the holding of the public following acts during peaceful assembly:
assembly. 1. Obstructing, impeding, disrupting or otherwise
9. Maximum tolerance shall be exercised in the denying the exercise of the right to peaceful assembly;
conduct of dispersal operations. Violators of the law shall 2. The unnecessary fi ring of fi rearms to disperse
be apprehended and brought to the nearest Police Station the public assembly;
for proper disposition. 3. Acts in violation of Rule 25.5 hereof;
4. Acts described hereunder if committed within one
Limitations on the Role of the PNP hundred (100) meters from the area of activity of the
public assembly;
The PNP shall not interfere with the holding of a public a. The carrying of a deadly or offensive weapon or
assembly. However, to ensure public safety and to device such as fi rearm, pillbox, bomb, and the like;
maintain peace and order during the assembly, the police b. The carrying of a bladed weapon;
contingent under the command of a PCO preferably with c. The malicious burning of any object in the streets
the rank of Police Senior Inspector may be detailed and or thoroughfares;
stationed in a place at least one hundred (100) meters d. The carrying of fi rearms by CDM contingents;
away from the area of activity. e. The interfering with or intentionally disturbing
the holding of a public assembly by the use of a motor
Guidelines for Civil Disturbance Management vehicle, its horns and loud sound systems;
(CDM) Contingent During Rallies/ Demonstrations f. The drinking of liquor or alcoholic beverages; and
1. CDM contingent shall be in prescribed uniform g. Gambling of any kind
without fi rearm.
2. Tear gas, smoke grenades, water cannons, or Police Responses During Public Assembly
any similar anti-riot device shall be used only when the
public assembly is attended by actual violence or serious The following are the police responses during the planning
threats of violence, or deliberate destruction of property. stage, initial and peaceful stage, confrontational stage,
violent stage and post operation stage:
Dispersal of Public Assembly with Permit a. During Planning Stage
1. Initiate dialogue with the leaders/organizers to
ensure the peaceful holding of a public assembly, including
All public assembly with a permit shall not be dispersed. among others, the detail of police escorts.
However, when an assembly becomes violent, the police 2. Prepare appropriate security and CDM
may disperse such public assembly in the following contingency plans.
manner: b. During Initial and Peaceful Stage
1. At the first sign of impending violence, the 1. With Permit or Held in Freedom Parks/ Private
Ground Commander of the PNP contingent shall call the Properties
attention of the leaders of the public assembly and ask the a. The PNP shall not interfere with the holding of a
latter to prevent any possible disturbance; public assembly. However, to adequately ensure public
2. If actual violence reaches a point where rocks or safety, a CDM contingent, under the control and
other harmful objects from the participants are thrown at supervision of a PCO shall be stationed at least one
the police officers or at the non- participants, or at any hundred (100) meters away from the area where the
property, causing damage to it, the Ground Commander public assembly is being held.
of the PNP contingent shall audibly warn the participants b. Monitor the activities at the public assembly area
that if the disturbance persists, the public assembly will be and respond to any request for police assistance.
dispersed; 2. Without Permit or Permit has been revoked
3. If the violence or disturbance does not stop, the a. As soon as it becomes apparent that an assembly
Ground Commander of the PNP contingent shall audibly is being held in a public place, the Ground Commander
issue a warning to the participants of the public assembly, shall immediately conduct an inquiry whether the
and after allowing a reasonable period of time to lapse, he assembly is covered with a permit or not. If a permit could
shall immediately order it to disperse; and not be shown, verification should immediately be done
4. No arrest of any leader, organizer or participant with the Office of the Mayor having jurisdiction over the
shall be made unless he violates during the assembly a place where the public assembly is being held. Should the
law, statute, or ordinance. Office of the Mayor confirm that a permit has not been
issued, the leaders/organizers shall be informed of the fact
Dispersal of Public Assembly Without Permit that they are violating the law and will be asked to disperse
peacefully.

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b. The PNP shall exhaust all peaceful remedies to
persuade the demonstrators to disperse. This may include
the involvement of Local Chief Executives / community b. Water Cannons
leaders when available to intervene in the situation so that
dispersal operations could be avoided. Water cannons may be utilized when demonstrators
c. Should negotiation fail and the demonstrators become unruly and aggressive forcing troops to fall back
refuse to disperse voluntarily and peacefully, thereby to their secondary positions.
causing public inconvenience, CDM contingents may
commence dispersal operations. c. Tear Gas

During Breach of Peace/Confrontational Stage Tear gas and pepper spray may be utilized to break up
(With or without permit) formations or groupings of demonstrations who continue
to be aggressive and who refuse to disperse despite earlier
No public assembly with a permit shall be dispersed. efforts.
However, when a public assembly becomes violent, the
CDM contingents may disperse such public assembly in the Guidelines in dealing with Assemblies, Rallies,
following manner: Demonstrations and Marches
1. At the first sign of impending violence, the 1. To ensure the protection, safety and welfare of
Ground Commander shall call the attention of the leaders/ the public and demonstrators as well, the following must
organizers of the public assembly and ask the latter to be observed:
prevent any possible disturbance. CDM contingents shall a. Confined Assemblies in Private Property
hold the line to prevent demonstrators from proceeding to (Churches, Schools, etc.)
other areas where the holding of a public assembly is 1. Initiate the conduct of dialogue with the
prohibited. leaders/organizers.
2. If actual violence reaches a point where rocks or 2. Secure and maintain order within the perimeter
other harmful objects from the participants are thrown at b. Confined Assemblies in Freedom Parks
the CDM contingents or the nonparticipants, or at any 1. Initiate the conduct of dialogue with the leaders/
property causing damage to it, the Ground Commander organizers.
shall audibly warn the participants that if the disturbance 2. Request for the permit from the
persists, the public assembly will be dispersed; leaders/organizers if the local ordinance of the area
3. If the violence or disturbance does not stop, the requires one.
Ground Commander shall audibly issue a warning to the 3. Secure and contain the area within the limits of
participants of the public assembly, and after allowing a the permit to ensure the
reasonable period of time to lapse, shall immediately order
it to disperse. With the use of CDM formations, the rank orderly and peaceful conduct of the assembly.
of demonstrators shall be disbanded, contained, and
isolated from each other, and should be prevented from c. Mobile Assemblies in a Private Area
regrouping. 1. Initiate the conduct of dialogue with the
4. Water cannons and riot sticks maybe used to leaders/organizers.
repel aggression and to disperse demonstrators and 2. Secure and maintain order within the perimeter.
reserve CDM contingents may be employed when situation
requires. d. Marches and Motorcades along Public
5. No arrest of any leader, organizer or participant Thoroughfares
shall be made unless he violates a law, statute, or 1. Initiate the conduct of dialogue with the
ordinance during the assembly. leaders/organizers.
2. Request for the permit from the
During Violent Stage leaders/organizers if the local ordinance of the area
1. Non-lethal weapons and equipment may be used requires one.
to suppress violence, to protect lives and prevent further 3. Ensure the orderly and peaceful conduct of the
damage to properties. marches and motorcades to ensure public safety and to
2. PNP security elements shall be tactically deployed prevent compromise of public convenience.
to provide immediate assistance to the CDM contingents. 2. There shall always be a designated Ground
Commander at the rally site;
Post-Operation Stage: 3. Apply slow dispersal technique whenever it is
1. CDM contingents shall be withdrawn after the applicable. Take the ground inch by inch. Ground
area has been cleared of possible danger to public safety. Commander shall refrain from using water cannon and
2. Sufficient police force shall be maintained to tear gas as much as possible; and
ensure peace and order in the area. 4. If necessary, provide a medical team to extend
assistance;
5. All CDM operations shall be properly documented
Guidelines in the Use of Non-Lethal Weapons with video and photo coverage;
6. Respect for human rights and equal treatment
a. Shield and Truncheon and protection for everybody shall be strictly observed;
and
During the confrontational stage, truncheon or baton may 7. PNP personnel shall observe maximum tolerance
be utilized only to push back demonstrators and not as an
instrument to strike individuals. However, when Civil Disturbance Management Operations General
demonstrators become aggressive, truncheon shall be the Guidelines
principal non-lethal weapon for dispersal. In such The PNP units tasked to maintain peace and order shall
situation, CDM contingents shall nonetheless, use the not interfere with the holding of public assembly. To
same with caution and due diligence to avoid unnecessary ensure public safety, a Civil Disturbance Management
injury (CDM) contingent under the command of a Police

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Commissioned Officer (PCO) with the rank of Police Senior baton or truncheon on the head, face, neck, shoulders
Inspector or higher shall be detailed and stationed at least blades, elbows, fingers, groins, knees, and ankles must be
100 meters away from the place where the public avoided since strikes to these part may cause serious to
assembly is being held. In the absence of any permit from permanent injuries, or even death.
the LGU concerned, the PCO in command should exert 6. Protesters that are arrested must be properly
effort in persuading the demonstrators to disperse restrained/handcuffed using scientific control methods;
peacefully and vacate the public place. In lightning rallies and thereafter, brought safely to the police station for
or demonstrations, the Ground Commander shall exhaust processing. Arrested protesters must not be kicked,
efforts through dialogue with the leaders/organizers for punched, or dragged by hair or feet.
voluntary dispersal. In case of failure, orderly dispersal to 7. Whenever appropriate, deploy properly trained
include apprehension of those responsible is resorted to. and equipped female CDM personnel as front- liners.

Specific Guidelines Demolition and Ejectment Orders

When assistance is requested by the leaders/organizers, it Role of the PNP in the Enforcement of a Demolition
shall be imperative for the CDM contingent to perform and/or Ejectment Orders
their duties while observing the rights of demonstrators.
Further, the members of the CDM contingent dealing with Police assistance in the enforcement or implementation of
the demonstrators shall be in prescribed uniform. a demolition or ejectment order shall be granted only upon
1. The CDM contingent shall not carry any kind of fi a written request of the Sheriff or equivalent officer in
rearms but may be equipped with baton or riot sticks, quasi-judicial and administrative bodies accompanied by a
crash helmets with visor, gas masks, boots or ankle-high valid order issued by a competent court, quasi-judicial or
shoes with shin guards. administrative body and, when required, with written
2. Tear gas, smoke grenades, water cannons, or permission from the Local Housing
any similar anti-riot device shall not be used unless the
public assembly is attended by actual Board in accordance with EO 708 amending EO 152 and
DILG Memo Circular No. 2008-143. The proponent shall
violence or serious threats of violence, or deliberate only be provided with police assistance upon compliance
destruction of property. Maximum tolerance shall always with the requirements including the requirements under
be observed. Sections 27, 28, and 30 of RA 7279 (Urban Development
3. The organization and membership of CDM and Housing Act), when applicable. Moreover, said police
contingents, as well as their deployment and employment, assistance shall be coordinated with the concerned local
shall be in accordance with existing PNP rules and Chief Executive before its enforcement. In no case shall a
regulations. demolition involving informal settlers be effected without
a pre-demolition conference being conducted between
CDM Operational Tasks and among the parties involved.
a. Isolate the area;
b. Secure likely targets; 1. The conduct of pre-demolition conference in
c. Control crowds; cases where the affected families are informal settlers
d. Establish area control; and shall be mandatory.
e. Neutralize special threats. 2. The duties of PNP personnel in any demolition or
ejectment activity shall be limited to the maintenance of
CDM Operational Approaches peace and order, protection of life and property, and
1. The commitment of a CDM contingent must be enforcement of laws and legal orders.
viewed as a last resort. Their role, therefore, should never 3. PNP personnel tasked to provide police
be greater than what is necessary under the assistance shall be in prescribed uniform during the actual
circumstances. This does not mean though that the demolition. They shall be limited only to occupying the first
number of troops employed should be minimized. Doubts line of law enforcement and civil disturbance control; shall
concerning the number of troops required should normally not participate in the physical dismantling of any structure
be resolved in favor of deployment of large number since subject of demolition; and shall use only necessary and
the presence of such large number may prevent the reasonable force.
development of situations in which the use of excessive
force would be necessary. A large reserve of troops should Procedures in the Enforcement of a Demolition
be maintained during civil disturbance operations. and/or Ejectment Order
2. In selecting an operational approach to a civil 1. PNP personnel should be informed of the
disturbance situation, the Ground Commander and his prevailing situation, their tasks, and strict observance of
personnel must adhere to the “minimum necessary force” Human Rights.
principle. 2. As much as practicable, the Chief of Police (COP)
3. Efforts should be exerted to create the image of shall lead the PNP contingent detailed to assist the Sheriff
a restrained and well-disciplined force, the sole purpose of or equivalent officer during the demolition/ejectment
which is to assist in the restoration of law and order. activity.
Further, while CDM contingent should be visible, any 3. All PNP personnel involved shall desist from the
activity which might excite rather than calm should be use of any unnecessary force or any act that may harm,
avoided when possible. harass, or terrorize the affected parties.
4. Consistent with the controlling principle “that he 4. The mode of participation shall be limited to the
must use the minimum necessary force to accomplish his maintenance of peace and order during the entire
mission”, the Ground Commander shall equip the CDM demolition/ejectment activity, ensuring the protection of
contingent only with rattan stick/truncheon/baton, shield, all parties from harm and injury.
Kevlar helmet and handcuffs. 5. Tear gas, water cannon, and reasonable force
5. In situations requiring the use of baton/ shall be used only when all other peaceful and non-violent
truncheons should only target fleshy part of the body such means have been exhausted.
as arms, torso, legs, and thighs. Hitting protesters with the

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Police Assistance in the Implementation of Final Decisions no police assistance shall be rendered until the C, PNP or
or Orders or Resolutions of the Courts in Civil Cases, of RD, PRO shall have acted on the request.
Quasi-Judicial Bodies and of Administrative Bodies on
Controversies within their Jurisdiction Extent of Police Assistance

Police Assistance in the Implementation of Final Decisions The head of office or unit tasked to render police
or Orders or Resolutions of the Courts in Civil Cases, of assistance shall have the discretion to employ sufficient
Quasi-Judicial Bodies and of Administrative Bodies, number of PNP uniformed personnel after taking into
(Except Cases with Issued Temporary Restraining Order consideration the importance of the case, the scope of the
or Injunction) resistance to be encountered, if there is any, and the
general peace and order condition in the area. Unless a
The request for police assistance shall be submitted to the higher ranking Officer is necessary and more PNP
Office of the Chief, PNP in case the final decision or order personnel shall be required, the police team that will
to be implemented is rendered by the Supreme Court, the render police assistance shall be led by a Police
Court of Appeals, the Court of Tax Appeals, the Commissioned Officer (PCO) with the rank of Police Senior
Sandiganbayan, quasi-judicial bodies or administrative Inspector. All the team members shall be in prescribed
bodies. If the final decision or order is rendered by the uniform while rendering assistance.
Regional Trial Court or the Municipal Trial Court, the
request shall be submitted to the Office of the Regional Role of PNP Personnel Rendering Police Assistance
Director of the Police Regional Office (RD, PRO) having
territorial jurisdiction over the place of implementation. PNP personnel shall observe maximum tolerance and
The request for police assistance of quasi- judicial or respect for individual rights at all times. Dialogue with
administrative bodies shall be submitted to the Office of those who may be affected by the implementation of the
the Chief, PNP regardless of the place where the police decision/ order/resolution is encouraged to prevent
assistance shall be rendered, but the same maybe violence, and the assistance of local public officials, when
delegated to the Regional Director upon the discretion of warranted, should be requested. However, the Sheriff or
the Chief, PNP in accordance with Section 26, RA 6975. the equivalent officer of quasi-judicial or administrative
bodies shall have the final disposition whether to proceed
Requirements for Police Assistance with the implementation of the decision/order/resolution
or not. The use of reasonable force shall only be resorted
Request for police assistance in the implementation of final to for self-defense and defense of strangers. The role of
decisions/orders/writs shall be acted only, upon the PNP shall be limited to the maintenance of peace and
compliance of the following conditions: order, crowd control, and the security of the Sheriff or
1. The request for police assistance is based on an equivalent officer of quasi-judicial or administrative body.
order of the court, quasi-judicial or administrative bodies; In no case shall PNP personnel participate in the
2. The written request for police assistance shall be implementation of the decision/order/resolution by
signed by the Sheriff or equivalent officer in quasi-judicial performing acts not herein mentioned, such as, but not
or administrative bodies; limited to, dismantling, hauling of personal property and
3. The request is fi led at least five (5) working days other analogous acts.
prior to the actual implementation; and
4. The original document of the final Police Assistance in the Implementation of Final Decisions
decision/order/resolution must be presented. In the or Orders or Resolutions of the COMELEC or DILG or Local
absence of the same, a copy duly authenticated by the Government Unit Exercising Disciplinary Powers in
Clerk of Court or other authorized representative of the Administrative Cases of Elected Officials
court, quasi- judicial or administrative body will suffice.
Requirements for the Request for Police Assistance

Period to Render Police Assistance The police assistance shall only be granted upon the
written request of COMELEC or DILG, accompanied with
If the request for police assistance satisfies all the the original or authenticated copy of the final decision or
requirements, police assistance shall be rendered within order or resolution to be implemented.
three (3) working days from receipt of the directive from
the C, PNP or RD, PRO, unless a specific period is written Period To Render Police Assistance
in the order or due to inherent impossibility of rendering
assistance, a longer period is required. If the request for police assistance satisfies all the
requirements and the clearance to render police assistance
is approved by the C, PNP the police assistance requested
Office or Unit That May Be Tasked to Render Police shall be rendered within three (3) working days from
Assistance receipt of the directive from the C, PNP or for a longer
period when required by the circumstances.
The Chief, PNP, as may be recommended by the Director
for Operations, may task any operational support unit of Extent of Police Assistance
the PNP or the PRO that has jurisdiction in the area where
the decision/order/resolution shall be implemented to The Special Task Group Commander tasked to render
render police assistance. In case of request to the RD, police assistance shall have the discretion to employ
PRO, the latter may task the Public Safety sufficient number of PNP uniformed personnel after taking
Company/Batallion, Police Provincial Office (PPO), City into consideration the scope of the resistance to be
Police Office/Station (CPS) or Municipal Police Station encountered, if there is any, and the general peace and
(MPS) within his jurisdiction to render police assistance. In order condition in the area. Unless a higher ranking Officer
case of direct fi ling or request to local police units or is necessary and more PNP personnel are required, the
operational support units, the request shall be referred to police team that will render police assistance should be led
the OCPNP or RD, PRO, as appropriate. In the meantime, by a Police Commissioned Officer (PCO) with the rank of

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Police Senior Inspector. All members of the Special Task representative from DAR to prevent extending police
Group shall be in prescribed uniform when rendering assistance in cases where same is not necessary
police assistance.
Extent of Police Assistance
Role of PNP Personnel Rendering Police Assistance The
role of the PNP when rendering police assistance shall be The head of office or unit tasked to render police
limited to the maintenance of peace and order, crowd assistance shall have the discretion to employ sufficient
control, and the security of the duly authorized officer of number of PNP uniformed personnel after taking into
the COMELEC, DILG or the Local Government Unit consideration the scope of the resistance to be
implementing the decision/order/resolution. In no case encountered, if there is any, and the general peace and
shall PNP members participate in the implementation of order condition in the area. Unless a higher ranking Officer
the decision/order/resolution which shall be undertaken by is necessary and more PNP personnel are required, the
the duly authorized officer of the COMELEC or DILG or the police team that will render police assistance should be led
Local Government Unit concerned. In performing their by a Police Commissioned Officer (PCO) with the rank of
role, the PNP personnel shall at all times observe Police Senior Inspector. All members of the team shall be
maximum tolerance and respect for human rights. The use in prescribed uniform when rendering police assistance
of reasonable force shall only be resorted to for self-
defense and defense of strangers. Moreover, the PNP Role of PNP Personnel Rendering Police Assistance
personnel shall always exercise utmost impartiality and
neutrality in effecting its role. The duly authorized officer The PNP personnel shall observe maximum tolerance and
of the COMELEC or DILG or the Local Government Unit respect for individual rights at all times. The use of
personally leading the implementation of the said reasonable force shall only be resorted to for self- defense
decision/order/resolution shall have the final disposition and defense of strangers. Moreover, the PNP personnel
whether to proceed or not with the implementation of the shall always exercise utmost impartiality and neutrality in
decision/order/resolution. effecting its role. The role of the PNP when rendering
police assistance shall be limited to the maintenance of
Police Assistance in the Implementation of peace and order, crowd control, and the security of the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) duly authorized officer of the DAR. In no case shall PNP
members participate in the implementation of the
Coverage decision/order/resolution or in the conduct of any of the
a. Final Orders preliminary agrarian activities, which shall be undertaken
(1) Final Orders/Resolutions/Decisions Issued by by the duly authorized officer of the DAR. The duly
DAR authorized officer of the DAR leading the implementation
(2) Order of Installation or Certificate of Land of the decision/order/resolution/CLOA or leading the
Ownership Award (CLOA) conduct of the preliminary agrarian activity shall have the
b. Preliminary Agrarian Activities final disposition whether to proceed or not with the
(1) Land survey implementation of the
(2) Field Investigation decision/order/resolution/CLOA or conduct of the activity.
(3) Ocular Inspection
(4) Meeting between actual and potential Agrarian
Reform Beneficiaries When Entry to the Property is Refused by the
(5) Post Installation landowner
(6) Landholding tagging
(7) Analogous cases When the DAR personnel are refused admittance into the
property, the PNP personnel cannot encroach on the
property without an order from the DAR specifically for the
Requirements in the Granting of Police Assistance purpose. In the implementation of final orders or in the
1. Police assistance in the implementation of final conduct of preliminary agrarian activities, the authority to
orders, decisions, resolutions or CLOAs issued DAR shall break into the property or into a building shall be
be rendered only upon a written request submitted by the specifically provided in the order or resolution or in the
Agrarian Reform Officer or any authorized Officer of DAR, request for police assistance. The authority to break out
accompanied with the original or authenticated copy of the to liberate themselves shall also be specifically provided.
final decision, order or CLOA to be implemented. The
request and its attachments, regardless of the place of Police Assistance in the Implementation of
execution, shall be submitted to the Office of the Chief, Decisions/Orders of the Court, Quasi-judicial or
PNP for his approval. Administrative Bodies that are Immediately Executory
2. Police assistance during the conduct of
preliminary agrarian activities as provided in Rule 30.1b This rule sets forth the procedure in the granting of police
shall be rendered only upon a written request submitted assistance in the implementation of decisions/orders that
by the Agrarian Reform Officer or any authorized Officer are immediately executory like, but not limited to the
of DAR, accompanied with the original or authenticated following:
copy of the Order issued for the activity (if applicable). The 1. Temporary Restraining Order
request shall be submitted to the Office of the Regional 2. Writ of Preliminary Injunction
Director of the Police Regional Office having jurisdiction 3. Replevin
over the area of execution for his approval. 4. Writ of Preliminary Attachment
5. Receivership
When to Render Police Assistance 6. Provisional Remedies under the Human Security
Act
Police assistance in the implementation of CARP shall be 7. Temporary Protection Order under the Anti-
provided only as requested by DAR. In no case shall the Violence Against Women and their Children Act
PNP act on its own without the request and/or 8. Protection Order under the
Anti-Child Pornography Act

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9. Analogous cases 4. Intelligence liason/recorder; and
5. Board Negotiator.
Where to File
Assault Team
Decisions/Orders issued by the court, quasi- judicial or
administrative bodies that are immediately executory shall An assault team shall be alerted for deployment in case
be submitted to the Regional Director (RD) of the Police the negotiation fails. Members of the assault team shall
Regional Office (PRO) having jurisdiction of the place wear authorized and easily recognizable uniform during
where the decision/order shall be implemented. Given the the conduct of the operation.
urgency of the matter, the RD, PRO shall be the approving
authority. The request for police assistance, however, shall Support Personnel
only be acted, upon the submission of the written request
of the Sheriff or equivalent officer in quasi- judicial or An ambulance with medical crew and a fi re truck shall be
administrative bodies, accompanied by the original or detailed at the incident area.
authenticated copy of the decision/order/writ sought to be
implemented. 3. Delivery plan - in case the hostage-takers change
plans in the middle of the execution.
Role of PNP Personnel Rendering Police Assistance 4. Surrender plan- should be drawn up in a way that
the hostages’ lives will not be jeopardized.
PNP personnel shall observe maximum tolerance and 5. Hostage Reception/ Release - for security
respect for individual rights at all times. Dialogue with reasons, released hostages should be contained and
those who may be affected by the implementation of the isolated.
decision/ order/resolution is encouraged to prevent 6. Collection plan - safety of the police personnel
violence, and the assistance of local public officials, when involved is the priority consideration.
warranted, should be requested. However, the Sheriff or
the equivalent officer of quasi-judicial or administrative Coordination
bodies shall have the final disposition whether to proceed
with the implementation of the decision/order/resolution Proper coordination with all participating elements shall be
or not. The use of reasonable force shall only be resorted done to consolidate efforts in solving the crisis.
to for self-defense and defense of strangers.
Safety of Hostage(s)
Hostage Situation/Barricaded Situations
The following steps shall be undertaken: In negotiating for the release of a hostage, the safety of
1. A Critical Incident Management Committee shall the hostage shall always be paramount.
be activated immediately;
2. Incident scene shall be secured and isolated; Guidelines during Negotiations
3. Identify and secure the stronghold; 1. Situation must be stabilized first and contained
4. As much as possible, ensure the control of before the start of the negotiation;
communication lines, and cut-off all other lines as well as 2. All relevant tools and information that can
electricity and water supply to allow for more bargaining; strengthen a negotiator’s position and create a favorable
5. Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed entry climate for a successful negotiation must be prepared e.g.
and exit to the incident scene; facts relevant to the situation, financial and non-financial
6. Witnesses’ names, addresses, and other terms, issues and concerns, etc.;
information shall be recorded; 3. Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement
7. Witnesses shall be directed to a safe location; officers) into the negotiation process, unless their
8. Evacuate all victims/injured persons immediately presence is extremely necessary in the solution of the
when the opportunity permits; crisis. If so introduced, they shall be properly advised on
9. The arrest of the perpetrator shall be the last the do’s and don’ts of hostage negotiations;
paramount concern; and 4. In case the negotiator breaks down or he/she
10. Conduct debriefing immediately after the finds himself/herself in a deadlock, it is recommended to
conclusion of the incident. employ the service of a mediator.
5. Police officers without proper training shall not be
Ground Commander/On-Scene Commander allowed to participate in hostage negotiations.
6. Whatever the scale of an incident and the extent
There shall be only one Ground Commander/On- Scene of resources deployed, it is essential that proper liaison
Commander holding at least a senior rank and/or one (1) exist between Tactical/Assault Team, Technical Support
with experience in hostage/crisis situation or relative Team and the Negotiation Team.
training. Until such time that he officially designates a 7. All activities on the scene, even the delivery of
spokesperson, he may issue appropriate press statements food to the stronghold, must have tactical coordination
and continue to perform the role of the spokesperson. with the NTL/Coordinator.

Negotiators/ Negotiation Team Negotiation through Mediator

1. The mediator will act as a referee, helping the
Negotiators shall be designated by the Ground negotiators resolve their differences.
Commander. No one shall be allowed to talk to the hostage 2. The mediator must be well-versed about the
taker without clearance from the negotiator or Ground issues in order to be able to eventually recommend an
Commander. The Negotiation Team is directly under effective solution.
control and supervision of the On-Scene Commander. 3. The main object is to reconcile the object of the
Negotiation team structure will be as follows: negotiator with that of the other party.
1. Negotiation Team Leader (NTL)/coordinator;
2. Primary Negotiator; Investigation of Violence Against Women and Their
3. Secondary Negotiator; Children (VAWC) and other Cases of Child Abuse

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 examination, to the prosecutor for fi ling of appropriate
Plans criminal action under the Act;
7. If victim-survivor is found to have manifestations
The On-Scene Commander shall, upon the Investigation of the Battered Woman Syndrome which is validated by
of Complaints and Reports Involving All Forms of Violence past police records and testimonies from witnesses in
against Women and Their Children assessment of the interest, the WCPD officer shall inform the Punong
situation, prepare necessary plans to include but not Barangay, the local social worker, or the concerned NGOs,
limited to: local professional or civic groups in the area for
1. Emergency Response Plan - depends on the appropriate psychiatric and psychological evaluation which
threat posed by the hostage-takers and need of the may form part of the evidence to be presented in court;
Negotiation Team and On-Scene Commander. 8. Assist in the application and enforcement of the
2. Breakout Plan - possibility of breakout shall be provisions of the protection order as may be issued by the
considered immediately upon drawing up negotiation barangay or the court;
strategy. This should be considered as one of the priority 9. Respond, with the assistance of other
plans. police personnel, barangay officials, and other parties- in-
interest, to a call for emergency assistance to ensure
The PNP Women and Children Protection Desks (WCPD) in immediate protection of the victim- survivor by entering
coordination with the Local Social Welfare Development the dwelling if necessary, whether or not a protection
Office (LSWDO), shall conduct a timely, thorough and order has been issued;
comprehensive investigation of all cases involving violence 10. In case where the perpetrator is armed or in
against women and their children, committed within their possession of deadly weapon in plain view, cause the
respective area of responsibility, consistent with domestic confiscation thereof with the assistance of other police
laws, rules and regulations, and international human rights personnel;
standards. They shall observe the rules and procedures as 11. Effect the arrest of the perpetrator by virtue of a
provided in section 48 of the Implementing Rules and warrant issued by the court pursuant to existing laws. In
Regulations of RA 9262 (Anti- Violence Against Women the event that any crime under the Act has been
and Their Children Act of 2004). committed, is being committed or about to be committed,
or that any police officer has personal knowledge of the
“Children” refers to those below eighteen (18) years of facts indicating the commission of such time, it shall be his
age or older but are incapable of taking care of themselves or her duty to arrest the perpetrator even without the
as defined under Republic Act No. 7610. As used in this strength of a warrant, provided the offender shall be
rule, it includes the biological children of the victim woman processed in accordance with Section 5, Rule 113 of the
and other children under her care. Rules of Court;
12. Except when the victim-survivor is deemed more
1. Upon the receipt of complaint, the WCPD officer secure to stay in their place of residence, in which case
shall conduct appropriate investigation which includes, but the perpetrator has been removed by virtue of protection
is not limited to, taking the formal statement of the victim order issued by the barangay or the court, the WCPD
survivor and collecting other evidence necessary for the fi officer or any designated police officer shall provide
ling of the case under the Act; assistance to help facilitate the transfer of the victim
2. Immediately after taking the essential elements survivor to a safe place of her own choice, including the
of information during the course of investigation, the removal of some of the victim-survivor’s personal
WCPD officer shall refer the victim-survivor to the nearest belongings;
PNP Crime Laboratory and/or hospital or any medical 13. Monitor and follow up any case in violation of the
facilities for appropriate medico- legal examination. It shall Act that has been fi led in court. In this regard, the WCPD
be the WCPD officer’s duty to ensure that as far as officer must maintain a periodic assessment report of all
possible, the examining physician must be of the same cases reported to the police in violation of the Act; and
gender as the victim-survivor, especially in sexual violence 14. Participate in multi-disciplinary
cases; mechanisms to help address the protection needs of the
3. Except in the case of a child who is a victim- victim- survivor of VAWC.
survivor of the Act, by which other existing laws require
immediate presence of the unoffending parent or guardian Investigation of Complaints and Reports Involving
and social worker, only persons expressly authorized by
the victim- survivor shall be allowed by the WCPD officer Other Forms of Child Abuse Police Officers, in coordination
inside a room where police investigation as well as the with the PNP Women and Children Protection Desks
medical/physical examination are being conducted in (WCPD) and Local Social Welfare Development Office
private; (LSWDO), shall conduct an investigation on all cases of
4. Ensure the confidentiality of identity of the victim child abuse committed within their respective area of
survivor and all other parties directly involved with the responsibility, consistent with domestic laws, rules and
case under investigation. For this purpose, the WCPD regulations, and international human rights
officer must maintain a separate blotter on crimes 1. Police officers shall, upon receipt of a complaint
committed under the Act. Under no circumstances shall or report or information that a child has been or is being
any police officer allow media access to information abused, maltreated, discriminated, exploited, neglected,
concerning VAWC reported to PNP; or abandoned, or is under imminent danger of being
5. After the conduct of police investigation, the abused or exploited, shall take immediate action thereon,
WCPD officer shall refer the victim-survivor to the social but under no circumstance shall be beyond forty-eight
worker of the LGU, any available DSWD shelters, NGOs (48) hours;
and other service providers for psycho-social intervention 2. Police officers shall immediately coordinate with
and other rehabilitation programs; the WCPD and report the matter to the LSWDO.
6. The WCPD officer shall forward the investigation 3. In situations where immediate rescue operations
report, together with the relevant evidence, including the are necessary, the police officers and WCPD in
formal statements of witnesses and result of medico-legal coordination with the LSWDO and other stakeholders shall
prepare the corresponding rescue operations plan;

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4. The police officers, together with the WCPD, 1. All police officers participating in the rescue
LSWDO and other stakeholders/authorities like the operations shall be in prescribed uniform. Should
Barangay or Municipal or City Health Officer, Barangay circumstances require that certain police officer/s be in
Officials in the place where the incident occurred or is civilian clothes during the actual operations, he must have
taking place, the Barangay Human Rights Action Officer or the official identification card which he must show when
any officer of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) in required.
or near the area of operation shall, without delay, proceed 2. Upon arrival at the operation scene, the police
to the place where the child-victim is located and execute officers shall properly introduce themselves and inform the
the rescue operations plan; people in the area where the child- victim is located as to
5. Upon rescue of the child-victim, the law enforcers the purpose of their operation.
shall turn over the child-victim to the LSWDO for protective 3. Police officer shall not use force unless necessary
custody; under the circumstances. In circumstances where
6. The police officer, together with the LSWDO, reasonable force is allowed, the police officers/ rescue
shall ensure that the child-victim shall be immediately team shall ensure and/or avoid collateral damage or
taken to the nearest government medical center or hitting innocent civilians within the vicinity of operations.
hospital or clinic for physical and psychological 4. The child-victim shall be handled preferably by a
examination, treatment and/or confinement; police officer of the same gender as the victim, who has
7. The police officer, in coordination with the appropriate training on child rights, and in the
LSWDO, shall gather the necessary/relevant and material investigation and handling of child-abuse cases.
data and evidence to support the fi ling of appropriate
charges before the Prosecutor’s Office and trial of the Procedure to be Observed in the Handling of
child-abuse case/s before the court; Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL)
8. The police officer shall ensure that the child-
victim shall not be subjected or exposed to multi- From the moment a child is taken into custody, the law
victimization in the course of investigation. Hence, the enforcement officer shall:
police officer shall see to it that the interviews and 1. Properly identify himself as police officer and
statements of the victim shall be recorded and/or video- present the proper identification to the child;
taped; and 2. Explain to the child, in simple language and in the
9. Investigation of child abuse cases shall be dialect that he can understand, the reason why he is being
assigned preferably to members of the Women and taken into custody and the offense he allegedly
Children Protection Desk (WCPD) or in their absence, the committed;
police officer of the same gender who has appropriate 3. Refrain from using vulgar or profane words and
training on child rights, and investigation and handling of from sexually harassing or abusing, or making sexual
child abuse cases. advances to the child in conflict with the law;
4. Avoid displaying or using any fi rearm, weapon,
Right to Privacy of the Child and Confidentiality of handcuffs or instruments of force or restraint, unless
Records absolutely necessary and only after all other methods of
control have been exhausted and have failed;
The police officer shall at all times respect the right to 5. Refrain from subjecting the child in conflict with
privacy of the child and shall observe confidentiality of the law to greater restraint than is necessary for his
information and records pertaining to child rights cases he apprehension;
investigated or is investigating, from the beginning of the 6. Avoid the use of unnecessary force;
investigation and/or initial custody of the child-victim and 7. Search on a child in conflict with the law shall
at all times thereafter, except when the release of any only be done by a police officer of the same gender as the
information about the child’s case is pursuant to an Order child;
issued by a competent court. 8. Determine the age of the child;
9. Take the child immediately to the proper medical
Procedure in the Rescue of Minors and health officer for a thorough physical and mental
examination. The examination results shall be kept
a. Planning confidential, unless otherwise ordered by the Family Court.
Whenever medical treatment is required, steps shall be
All police operations regarding rescue of minors who are immediately undertaken to provide the same;
victims or subject of physical, sexual, psychological abuse, 10. Turn over custody of the child to the LSWDO or
exploitation, discrimination, negligence, and other forms other accredited NGOs immediately but not later than
of abuse, shall be properly planned, in coordination with eight (8) hours after apprehension and notify the child’s
stakeholders concerned. The plan shall be drawn and parents/ guardians and the PAO of the child’s
discussed in a pre-conference with national and/or local apprehension;
authorities such as: the Department of Social Work and 11. When the child is fifteen (15) years or below, he
Development (DSWD) or the LSWDO, female Police shall be immediately released to his parents or guardian
Investigator, preferably from the WCPD or one trained in or nearest relative. However, if the child is above twelve
the handling of investigation of child rights cases, the local (12) years of age up to fifteen
police units, police photographer, Public Attorneys’ Office (15) years of age and commits serious crimes such as
(PAO), barangay officials, City and Municipal Licensing and parricide, murder, infanticide, kidnapping and serious
Permit Division, the Department of Health or the City or illegal detention where the victim is killed or raped,
Municipal Health Office, Barangay Human Rights Action robbery with homicide or rape, destructive arson, rape, or
Officer or officer of the CHR, and/or the DOLE. For this car napping where the driver or occupant is killed or raped
purpose, the PNP shall activate a Rescue Team to be or offenses under RA 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous
headed by officer/s of the WCPD, in coordination with Drugs Act of 2002) punishable by more than twelve (12)
concerned national and/or local authorities mentioned years of imprisonment, shall be deemed a neglected child
above. under PD 603, as amended, and shall be mandatorily
placed in a special facility within the youth care facility or
b. Rescue operations

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“Bahay Pag-asa” called the Intensive Juvenile Intervention police detective must remember the following basic facts
and Support Center (IJISC). (Sec 20-A of RA 10630) on bomb threat:
12. A child who violated local ordinances 1. A threat is considered only a threat until
concerning juvenile status offenses shall be considered as something visible is found;
“child at risk” and not as “child in conflict with the law”. 2. Determined bombers do not frequently give
Hence, no penalty shall be imposed on them for said warnings of a possible explosion/incendiary attack;
violations, and they shall be instead brought to their 3. Threats are an excellent way to disrupt-
residence or to any barangay official at the barangay hall productivity without actually risking life, limb and/or
to be released to the custody of their parents and property; and
appropriate intervention program will be provided. (Sec 4. The consequences of conviction for “threatening”
20- A of RA 10630) are not necessarily as serious as those that could result
13. Ensure that should detention of the child in from actual placement/initiation of a bomb.
conflict with the law be necessary, the child shall be
secured in quarters separate from that of the opposite sex First Responder’s Procedure on Bomb Threat
and adult offenders. The child shall not be locked up in a The following are the guidelines for FRs during a bomb
detention cell; threat:
14. Take the statement of the child in the presence
of: a. Upon receipt of the information:
a. The child’s counsel of choice or in the absence a. Treat all threats as serious until proven
thereof, a lawyer from the PAO; otherwise;
b. The child’s parents, guardian, or nearest relative, b. Determine the exact location of
and the establishment under threat;
c. LSWDO; c. Assess or analyze the threat whether it is a long
15. In the absence of the child’s parents, guardian, term or a short term threat;
or nearest relative, and the LSWDO, the investigation shall d. Consider evacuation options as follows:
be conducted in the presence of an NGO, religious group, 1. Option 1 - Do Nothing
or member of the Barangay Council for the Protection of 2. Option 2 - Search with partial evacuation
Children (BCPC). 3. Option 3 - Search and evacuation
16. Ensure that all statements signed by the child 4. Option 4 - Evacuate immediately
during investigation shall be witnessed by the child’s e. Alert Explosives Ordnance Demolition Team
parents or guardian, social worker, or legal counsel in (EODT) for bomb search mission and emergency readiness
attendance who shall affix his signature to the said before going to the crime scene;
statement; f. Proceed immediately to the scene; and
17. Record the following in the initial investigation: g. Notify Higher Headquarters of any development.
a. Whether handcuffs or other instruments of
restraint were used, and if so, the reason for such; b. Upon arrival at the scene:
b. That the parents or guardians of a child, the 1. Confirm the reported bomb threat and notify
DSWD, and the PAO have been duly informed of the EODT on the need to conduct a bomb sweep;
apprehension and the details thereof; and 2. Conduct or cause a search for suspicious device/s
c. The exhaustion of measures to determine the together with persons familiar with the location; and
age of a child and the precise details of the physical and Unless a bomb is found, personnel may not order an
medical examination or the failure to submit a child to such evacuation of the affected area, but may inform the
examination. person in-charge of the property of the need to evacuate.
The following procedures shall be followed during
Guidelines evacuation:
a. Evacuation and assembly point routes must be
The police officer shall at all times ensure respect for the searched to ensure that personnel are not unnecessarily
rights of the child in conflict with the law as provided in exposed to danger during the evacuation;
the Philippine Constitution, domestic laws, the Convention b. Designate a “safe” assembly area, well away
on the Rights of the Child and other related international from the threatened structure, out of line-of-sight of the
human rights instruments. building and well clear of windows. A minimum distance of
150 meters is recommended;
Bomb, Bomb Threat and Bomb Incident Emergency c. Never assemble personnel in front of or directly
Response Procedures below glassed areas;
d. Advise employees and visitors to take their
Bomb personal belongings to eliminate superfluous “suspicious
objects” and to reduce the number of items to be “checked
A bomb is a container filled with explosive, incendiary out”;
material, smoke, gas, or other destructive substance, e. Select safe and climatically acceptable assembly
designed to explode. It can appear obvious or concealed areas where evacuees may wait for a considerable period;
and can vary in size, shape or sophistication and may not f. Avoid car parks as assembly areas and be mindful
necessarily explode such as in the case of incendiary and of the car bomb potential;
dirty bombs. It may be referred to as Improvised g. Install procedures to ensure that escape routes
Explosives Device (IED) or ordnance. are clear. Evacuation routes and assembly areas must be
searched before evacuation;
Bomb Threat h. Install procedures to ensure windows and doors
are left open and lights left on; and
Bomb threat is either a written or verbal threat i. Include a procedure for machinery
communicated through electronic, oral or other means shutdown. This can include plant and equipment,
that threatens to place or use an IED at a certain time, electronics, computer equipment, securing fi les and
date, or place against any specific person or place. The correspondence.
First Responder (FR), the police investigator, and the

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3. If a suspected device is discovered, cause the Critical Incident Management Committee (CIMC)
evacuation of people in the affected area to a distance of regardless of the nature of the attack.
at least 300 meters away, and maintain security for the b. In the event of a suspected terrorist attack, the
protection of life and property: PROs shall ensure the management and containment of
a. Any discovered device shall be isolated; the incident and shall coordinate with the Task Force (TF)
b. Do not touch, tamper with or disarm any Sanglahi-Alpha Commander during the development of
suspected bomb or IED; the case.
c. Report discovery of suspected device; c. Bombing attacks and explosions perpetrated by
d. Do not permit radio transmission within the the terrorist, the Inter-Agency Protocol on Explosives and
premises/building; Related Incidents investigation among the PNP, AFP, NBI
e. Turn off all electricity and gas units within the and PCG shall be strictly followed.
premises/building; d. The Philippine Bomb Data Center (PBDC) will be
f. Secure the area and prevent people from the fusion center for the reporting of ERIs. As such, PBDC
approaching; will be furnished with all Post-Blast Investigation (PBI) and
g. Establish traffic control; initial reports pertaining to ERI.
h. Summon ambulance and fi re trucks to
the scene; Cybercrime Incident Response Procedure
i. Await the arrival of bomb disposal team; and
j. Notify Higher Headquarters of the situation. Cybercrime Response

First Responder’s Procedure in Case of Actual Bomb Cybercrime Response is the actual police intervention in a
Explosion cybercrime incident where the acquisition
of matters of evidentiary value is traceable within the
The following are guidelines for FRs during cases of actual computer’s hardware, software, and its network.
bomb explosions:
a. Upon receipt of the report: Guidelines for Cybercrime Incident First Responder
1) Identify exact location of the incident; a. When responding to a cybercrime incident, or to
2) Alert EOD teams and direct them to proceed to a scene of the crime where computers (or electronic
the area; device, digital media, and other similar devices) are
3) Notify Higher Headquarters of the situation; present, it is imperative for the First Responder (FR) to be
4) Request assistance of medical personnel; and able to protect, seize, and search the same and to be able
5) Proceed to the scene immediately. to recognize potential evidence, using the following
questions as guidelines to determine its role in the
b. Upon arrival at the scene: commission of the crime:
1) Cause immediate evacuation of the injured; 1. Is it a contraband or fruit of a crime?
2) Direct occupants of the establishment to 2. Is it a tool used for the commission of the crime?
evacuate; 3. Is it only incidental to the crime, i.e. being used
3) Maintain order and control crowd; to store evidence of the crime?
4) Notify Higher Headquarters of the situation; 4. Is it both instrumental to the crime and a storage
5) Seal off location until EOD Team determines if a device for evidence?
secondary device exists; b. After identifying the theories as to the role of the
6) Conduct rescue operations at the scene when computer in the commission of the crime, the following
necessary; questions essential to any further police intervention
7) Initiate immediate investigation if investigators should be considered by the first responder:
have not yet arrived and determine the following: 1. Is there probable cause to seize the hardware?
a) Time of detonation/explosion; 2. Is there probable cause to seize the software?
b) Time when the call for bomb threat was received; 3. Is there probable cause to seize the data?
and 4. Where will the search and seizure be conducted?
c) Type of device. c. Search of computers (or electronic device, digital
8) Submit incident report immediately; and media, and other similar devices) and seizure of data
9) Avoid issuing “speculative” press releases or therefrom require a warrant issued by the court.
statements. d. Appropriate collection techniques shall
be used to preserve the data sought to be seized.
Procedures in Determining and Reporting of e. The evidence seized shall be subjected to
Terrorism Incidents/Cases forensic examination by trained personnel. The result of
the forensic examination, as well as the testimony of the
The Anti-Terrorism Council headed by the Executive forensic expert, shall be made available during the trial.
Secretary as Chairman was mandated by law to assume
the responsibility for the proper and effective Search and Seizure of Computer
implementation of the anti-terrorism policy of the country.
The Philippine National Police, among other law Upon determination of how the computer was utilized in
enforcement agencies, serves as support agency for the the commission of the crime, and once the legal
Council. requirements have been complied with, the following are
the guidelines for the conduct of search and seizure:
Procedures a. Secure the Scene
1. Officer’s safety is always paramount.
a. The On-Scene Commander shall initially 2. Preserve the area for potential fingerprints.
determine if there is a high degree of probability that the 3. Immediately restrict access to the computer.
incident is a terrorist attack. He also establishes the On- 4. Isolate from phone lines.
Scene Command Post and initiates the convening of the
Critical Incident Management Task Group (CIMTG) and the b. Secure the computer as evidence
1. If the computer is “OFF”, do not turn it “ON”.

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2. If the computer is “ON”, do not turn it “OFF”, nor The FR should remember that search of stored data in an
touch its mouse or its keyboard. electronic paging device can be made only when incidental
to a lawful arrest, when consent has been given, and when
c. For stand-alone connection or single area a warrant has been issued.
connection computers (non-networked)
1. Consult a computer specialist. Search and Seizure of Facsimile or Fax Machines
2. If a specialist is not available:
a. Photograph screen and disconnect all power The FR should remember that, if the fax machine is “ON”,
sources and plugs including those at the back of the powering it down may cause loss of the last number dialed
computer; or other stored fax numbers. The FR should also
b. Place evidence tape over each drive slot; remember that the header line should be the same as the
c. Photograph (or make a diagram) and label parts phone line, and that if possible, all manuals should be
located at the back of the computer including its seized along with the machine.
connections;
d. Label all connectors and cable end to allow Search and Seizure of Caller ID Devices
reassembly as needed (Example: “Socket” marked “A” and
the “cable End” also marked “A”);
e. If transport is required, pack the components as a. The FR should be able to recognize potential
“fragile cargo” prior to transport; evidence contained in caller ID devices such as telephone
f. Keep it away from magnets, radio transmitters, numbers and subscriber’s information from incoming
and from other hostile environment; phone calls.
g. Ensure that only a computer forensic expert b. The FR should remember that interruption of the
conducts the search for any evidence contained in the power supply of the caller ID device may cause loss of data
computer hardware; and if not protected by an internal battery back-up.
h. Ensure that the computer hard disk is duplicated c. The FR must also make sure to document all
i. by the forensic expert and the original is kept by the stored data prior to seizure of the device, otherwise, loss
evidence custodian for future court presentation. Further of data may occur. All seized electronic equipment shall be
search and analysis shall be undertaken using only the turned over to the Anti-Cybercrime Group (ACG), and in
imaged disk. the absence of ACG in the area, to the local
Regional/Provincial Crime Laboratory Office (R/PCLO).
d. For Networked Computers Rules on Anti-Illegal Drugs Operations General Policy and
(or business computers) Guidelines
1. Consult a Computer Specialist for assistance. a. The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)
2. Do not immediately pull the plug to prevent was mandated by law to carry out the provisions of RA
3. Severe damage to the system; 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002),
4. Disrupting the legitimate business; and serve as the implementing arm of the Dangerous Drugs
5. Possible liability of the officers. Board, and be responsible for the efficient and effective
enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous drug
Guidelines in the Treatment of Other Electronic and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical as
Data Storage Devices provided in the Act.
b. The PNP, however, still possesses the
The FR should understand that other electronic devices authority to conduct anti-illegal drug operations, Provided
may contain viable evidence associated with the crime. that the case shall eventually be transferred to the PDEA
The FR must ensure that, unless an emergency exists, the based on the Supreme Court Decisions in People of the
device should not be accessed. Should it be necessary to Philippines vs. Sta Maria (GR No. 171019, February 23,
access the device, the FR should ensure that all actions 2007 and People of the Philippines vs. Rashamia
associated with the manipulation of the device should be Hernandez et al., (GR No. 184804, June 18, 2009). PDEA
noted in order to document the chain of custody and deputation is no longer necessary or required for PNP
ensure its admission as evidence in court. personnel assigned with anti-drug units.
c. The PNP is not prevented from conducting
Search and Seizure of Wireless Telephones warrantless arrest under Section 5, Rule 113 and search
incident to a lawful arrest under Section 13, Rule 126
Upon determination of how the wireless telephone device of the Rules of Court.
was utilized in the commission of the crime, and once the
legal requirements have been complied with, the following Coordination Requirements
are the guidelines for the conduct of search and seizure: a. PNP units, prior to any anti-drug operations shall,
a. If the device is “ON”, do not turn it “OFF”: as far as practicable, coordinate with the PDEA;
1. Turning it “OFF” could activate lockout feature. b. In any case, the PNP anti-drug units shall
2. Write down all information on display and, if coordinate/ inform the PDEA of the anti-drug operation
possible, secure a photograph. within 24-hours from the time of the actual custody of the
3. Power down prior to transport (bring all power suspects or seizure of said drugs and substances as well
supply cords found at the scene). as paraphernalia and transport equipment used in illegal
b. If the device is “OFF”, leave it “OFF”: activities involving such drugs and/or substances and shall
1. Turning it on could alter evidence in the device. regularly update the PDEA on the status of the cases
2. Upon seizure, take it to an expert as soon as involving the said anti-drug operation. (Section 86(a) IRR
possible, or contact local service provider. of RA 9165)
3. Exert an effort to locate any instructions manual c. The word “as far as practicable” means that the
pertaining to the device. prior coordination with the PDEA may be done, practiced
or accomplished as maybe feasible and possible to be
Search and Seizure of Electronic Paging Devices performed. Under the following instances, prior
coordination is validly dispensed:

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1. In remote places where coordination is not evidence during the anti-drug operations. These will later
possible be turned over to the investigation officer or any member
2. When coordination will compromise the lives of of the apprehending team, as the case maybe, or to the
police operatives, informant and witnesses, involved in Crime Laboratory for laboratory examination and proper
anti-drug operation; disposition.
3. When coordination will prejudice the j. Cellphones, computers/laptops or any other
apprehension of drug suspects and confiscation of electronic equipment or gadgets shall be properly
dangerous drugs and CPECs; preserved for evidentiary purposes and technical
4. When prior coordination will exploitation.
compromise the entire police operation (In the above
instances, post coordination shall be made in lieu of prior k. A certification of the forensic laboratory
coordination) examination results, which shall be done under oath by
the forensic laboratory examiner, shall be issued within
Handling, Custody and Disposition of Evidence twenty-four (24) hours after the receipt of the subject
a. In the handling, custody and disposition of item/s: Provided, that when the volume of the dangerous
evidence, the provision of Section 21, RA 9165 and its IRR drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, and controlled
shall be strictly observed. precursors and essential chemicals does not allow the
b. The apprehending officer/team having initial completion of testing within the time frame, a partial
custody and control of the drugs shall, immediately after laboratory examination report shall be provisionally issued
seizure and confiscation, physically inventory and stating therein the quantities of dangerous drugs still to be
photograph the same in the presence of the accused or examined by the forensic laboratory: Provided, however,
the person/s from whom such items were confiscated that a final certification shall be issued on the completed
and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a forensic laboratory examination on the same within the
representative from the media and the Department of next twenty-four (24) hours.
Justice (DOJ), and any elected public official who shall be
required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given Rules on Anti Kidnapping Operations
a copy thereof.
c. The physical inventory and photograph shall be The Anti-Kidnapping Group (AKG) is the PNP’s lead unit in
conducted at the place where the search warrant is the conduct of anti-kidnapping operations which operates
served; or at the nearest police station or at the nearest in close coordination with the local police units, other law
office of the apprehending officer/team, whichever is enforcement agencies and the community.
practicable, in case of warrantless seizures; Provided, that
non- compliance with these requirements under justifiable Types of Kidnapping
grounds, as long as the integrity and the evidentiary value a. Kidnapping by Organized Crime Group/Criminal
of the seized items are properly preserved by the Group (with ransom)
apprehending officer/team, shall not render void and b. Kidnapping by Threat Groups/Terrorists
invalid such seizures of and custody over said items. c. Kidnapping by Other Individuals
d. Photographs of the pieces of evidence must be
taken upon discovery without moving or altering its
position in the place where it was situated, kept or hidden, Concept of Operation
including the process of recording the inventory and the a. Upon receipt of kidnapping incident report, the
weighing of dangerous drugs, and if possible under police officer shall make an incident recording, deploy first
existing conditions, with the registered weight of the responders and alert all concerned authorities/ tasked
evidence on the scale focused by the camera, in the groups like the local territorial units, Criminal Investigation
presence of persons required, as provided under Section and Detection Group and the Anti-Kidnapping Group
21, Art II, RA 9165. (AKG).
e. The seizing officer must mark the evidence with b. Upon initial assessment of the type of kidnapping
his initials indicating therein the date, time and place and upon confirmation that the kidnapping incident is true,
where the evidence was found and seized. The seizing the case shall be referred to the AKG, other territorial units
officer shall secure and preserve the evidence in a suitable or to higher authority
evidence bag or in an appropriate container for further c. If the kidnapping was perpetrated by Organized
laboratory examination Crime Group/Criminal Group (OCG/CG) and with ransom
f. Where the situation requires urgent demand, it shall be referred to the AKG for their initial
action suspected drug evidence acquired may be “field- action/operational response.
tested” using a drug test kit. If the result is positive this d. If the kidnapping was perpetrated by Threat
will be the basis of the seizure and the conduct of further Groups/ Terrorists, it shall be referred to the higher
drug analysis. authorities for the activation of AFP-PNP Joint Task Force,
g. Within twenty-four (24) hours upon Critical Incident Management Committee (CIMC) or Critical
confiscation/seizure of dangerous drugs, plant sources of Incident Management Task Group (CIMTG); local Chief
dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential Executive; and other concerned agencies.
chemicals, as well as instruments/paraphernalia and/or e. If kidnapping was perpetrated by other
laboratory equipment, the same shall be submitted to the individuals, it shall be referred to the concerned PNP
PNP Crime Laboratory for laboratory examination and territorial units for appropriate operational response.
proper disposition.
h. Containers, packaging, equipment, etc., PNP Critical Incident Management Operation
suspected of containing trace amounts of drugs including Procedures
controlled precursors and essential chemicals will be
considered drug evidence and shall be submitted for As a matter of policy, human-induced (man- made) critical
analysis. incidents are the responsibilities of the National and Local
i. In every negotiation operation, a “seizing officer” Peace and Order Council (NPOC) while natural calamities
shall be designated who shall be responsible for the and disasters are the responsibilities of the National and
inventory and initial custody of all drug and non-drug Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

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(NDRRMC). Lower level organizations of the NPOC and identifying weak signals, drivers, inhibitors, wildcards,
NDRRMC take cognizance of the responsibilities ascribed threats, hazards, risks, opportunities and vulnerabilities,
in their national organization. The PNP, being at the among others, develops foresight and conveys strategic
forefront of crisis situations, must play an active role by warnings. Operational and Tactical SA is producing
organizing its own Incident Management Committee (IMC) detailed reports against a specified threat, describing the
in support to the NPOC and NDRRMC. The Secretary of the operating environment where a threat or a crisis could
Interior and Local Government is designated as the emerge; the threat or the crisis itself, its potential of
Cabinet - Officer Primarily Responsible becoming a crisis; and current efforts and capabilities of
agencies/departments addressing the threat or crisis.
(C-OPR) for threats to peace and order such as civil
disturbance, violent labor strikes, riots, anarchy, disorderly b. Prevent - a deliberate action aimed at avoiding
mass demonstrations. The SILG acts also as the Vice future harm by addressing its causes. It is closely related
Chairman on Disaster Preparedness, NDRRMC. to mitigation which accepts that a potentially harmful
incident cannot be prevented, but harmful consequences
Types of Incidents: arising from it can be minimized by precautionary
measures. The two (2) preventive measures are: the first
PNP incident management operations complement the involves a long- term strategy that is expected to yield
Peace and Order Councils (POCs) – CMCs and DRRMCs at effects over years; and, the other is operational in nature
all levels from the national, regional, provincial, city and (e.g. target hardening). Prevention capability is essentially
municipal levels. The procedures under this Rule shall be physical security. It is the responsibility of government
observed by all PNP Units/Offices with respect to their security forces with the support of Barangay Peacekeeping
roles Action Teams (BPATs). For man-made incidents, it
in addressing man-made incidents and police responses to requires vigilance and alertness to signs and
natural/disaster incidents. manifestations of suspicious looking individuals; warning
and alert systems have to be established to alert the
a. Man-Made Incidents - In the event of man- population to minimize the effects of terrorism attacks in
made incidents, the PNP shall respond to two different terms of casualties and damages, active and passive
situations: security measures.
1. To manage an incident that could be resolved by
the responding policemen without the involvement of CMC c. Prepare - essential for effective response. It
(ex: hostage-taking of a father to his son); covers six
2. To manage an incident that needs a CMC– (6) essential activities: Plan, Organize, Train, Equip,
directed operations that requires the implementation of Exercise and Evaluate and Improve. Simulation and
special tasks by one or more of the urgent services of the tabletop exercises evaluate the effectiveness of
Philippine government (ex: raids or attacks by lawless preparations, bring out flaws and weaknesses and enable
elements on a community causing significant impacts on corrections and remedies to be effected, to heighten levels
the social, economic, security, and political situation in the of readiness of systems, procedures, organization,
affected area). Both actions of the PNP in either situation equipment and logistics, to better cope with actual crisis.
follow the ICS operational procedures. Reactive Phase - is the institution of passive and active
b. Natural/Disaster Incidents - In the event of security measures, remedy or solution to destabilizing
natural/ disaster incidents, the PNP shall act as the first factors or security flaws to such crisis, or emergency,
responder in the affected area in order to provide area vigilance and alertness to signs or manifestations of
security and support to the conduct of search and rescue developing crisis, or emergency and establishment of alert
operations to be spearheaded by the area DRRRMCs. All systems.
actions of the PNP in addressing these critical incidents are d. Perform - the actual implementation of
in support to the POC – CMCs and DRRMCs with common contingency plans when a crisis occurs, despite the
objectives of saving lives and properties, resolution of the proactive measures undertaken. Once a crisis occurs,
critical incidents at the earliest possible time, and priorities shift from building or enhancing capabilities to
restoration of normalcy in the affected areas. Based on the employing resources to save lives, protect property and
new National Crisis Management Core Manual series of environment, and preserve the social, economic and
2012, the National Crisis Management Framework political structure of the jurisdiction.
provides a comprehensive approach to understanding the Post Conflict Phase- is the situation when the proactive
components of a crisis or the 5Ps of crisis management: and reactive phases were all done.
Predict, Prevent, Prepare, Perform and Post-Action and
Assessment. e. Post-Action and Assessment - a component
which begins when the crisis has been addressed and the
Five P’s of Crisis Management situation is deemed clear. It is in this phase where the
organization is returning to business as usual. Post –
The 5 Ps are executed in three phases – proactive (predict, Action activities seek ways to evaluate and improve
prevent, prepare); reactive (perform); and post conflict prevention, preparation and the actual execution.
(post action and assessment).
Incident Command System (ICS)
Proactive Phase- is designed to predict or prevent the
probability of occurrence of crises at the same time The PNP’s ICS, patterned under NCMCM’s ICS is structured
prepare to handle them when such occur. on six major functional areas: Command, Operations,
Planning, Logistics, Finance/Administration and
a. Predict - attempts to remove uncertainty from Intelligence/Investigation as an optional sixth functional
the future. The Predict component is undertaken through area that is activated on a case to case basis. Every level
Strategic, Operational and Tactical Situation Awareness of the ICS has the corresponding role to play in Critical
(SA) processes. Strategic SA is producing foresight and Incident Management operations.
conveying strategic warnings through Horizon Scanning or
Strategic Forecasting. It scans the environment,

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a. Incident Command/ Incident Commander 3. Conduct of disaster drills (earthquake, fi re, etc.)
(IC) – the person designated by the Chairman, CMC to simulation exercises and trainings;
provide the overall supervision and management in 4. Holding of regular Task Groups and Sub-Task
handling incident response operations. He manages the Groups meeting together with respective levels of the
human and other resources necessary to address the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
crisis. Councils;
5. Capability enhancement (Manpower, Machines,
b. Command Staff (CS) – Provides technical Materials, Money and Methods);
advice to the IC and they are: 6. Production and distribution of Information
1. The Safety Officer (SO) – monitors safety Education Campaign materials; and
conditions and develops measures for assuring the safety 7. Conduct of community organizational work for
of all assigned personnel. various purposes such as:
2. The Public Information Officer (PIO) – a. Sewerage clean-up;
serves as the conduit for information to internal and b. De-clogging of water ways, canals, esteros;
external stakeholders, including the other organizations c. learing of squatter shanties and
seeking information directly from the incident or event. unauthorized occupants in disaster prone areas; and
d. Other community mobilization activities.
3. Liaison Officer (LO) – serves as the primary
contact for supporting agencies assisting at the incident. b. Disaster Response Stage - Disaster Incident
4. Negotiation Team (NT) – serves as the lead team Management (Level 2 - Red):
in communicating/negotiating with the suspects or
perpetrators of the crisis incident (Negotiation Team will When there is an official forecast of an incoming natural
be included only when the critical incident requires like disaster in the country and when an unexpected natural
during hostage incidents). disaster suddenly occurs in the country:
1. Activation of Disaster Incident Management Task
c. General Staff (GS) – provides planning and Groups in areas expected to be hit by the weather
operations direction and supervision, resources disturbance twenty-four (24) hours prior to the expected
procurement and allocation, and support services. They landfall or occurrence;
are primarily composed of: 2. Employment of alarm and warning systems as
1. Operations/Plans Staff (OPS) – tasked with stipulated under DILG MC 2009-165, such as the use of
directing all actions to meet the incident objectives. police sirens and other portable warning systems capable
2. Intelligence and Investigation Staff (IIS) – of producing loud wailing sound;
tasked with the collection and display of incident 3. Activation of the PNP Disaster incident
information, primarily consisting of the status of all Management Committee;
resources and overall status of the incident. 4. Coordination with NDRRMC to support its disaster
3. Budget and Logistics Staff (BLS) – tasked response;
with tracking incident related costs, personnel records, 5. Activation of PNP SCDM National Disaster
requisitions, and administrating procurement contracts Operations Center (NDOC) to be co-located at the NHQ
required by Logistics. PNP National Operations Center;
4. (Administrative Staff (AS) – tasked with 6. Activation of Command Post by Task Groups
supervising all human resources and other administrative whose area is hit by the disaster;
services and support required by the incident. 7. Forced relocation/pre-emptive evacuation of
residents in flood-prone areas in coordination with
corresponding LDRRC; and
Alert Levels During Human-Induced (Man-Made) 8. Conduct of timely and rapid disaster response
Critical according to the needs in the disaster/calamity area such
Incident as search & rescue operation, evacuation & relief
operation, emergency medical services, and security &
Appropriate man-made critical incident alert level shall be traffic management operation in support and coordination
disseminated by DO to all concerned offices through the with NDRRMC.
PNP National Operations Center (NOC).
a. Level 1 (Low) – There is no information to c. Post-Disaster Stage - Support to Recovery and
suggest a specific man-made Critical Incident may occur. Rehabilitation Efforts (Level 3- White):
b. Level 2 (Moderate) – Man-made Critical 1. Get reports from concerned Disaster Risk
Incident is possible, but not likely. Reduction and Management Council the Damage
c. Level 3 (High) – There is a strong possibility Assessment and Needs Analysis of the affected areas;
that manmade Critical Incident may occur within a short 2. Deployment of relief personnel for relief
period of time. operations;
d. Level 4 (Extreme) – A man-made Critical 3. Provide security and traffic assistance to
Incident has just occurred or has just been pre- empted; returning evacuees;
or incidents are expected 4. Submit After Disaster Response Report to C, PNP
copy furnished DRRMC; and
Stages in Disaster Management 5. De activation of the PNP SCDM by the C, PNP
through the Chairman/Task Coordinator, PNP SCDM when
a. Pre- Disaster Stage - Pro-active Assessment the situation is already manageable in disaster-stricken
(Level 1 - Green): area.

When there are no disasters or calamities: Organization and Structure of

1. Conduct of Risk Mapping and identification of CIMC/CIMTG/DIMTG
disaster-prone areas;
2. Identification of staging areas, evacuation routes In accordance with Executive Order 320, as amended,
and evacuation centers; NPOC has constituted Crisis Management Committees

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(CMCs) at all levels specifically to take decisive action in CL, HS, AvSeGrp, LS, NOC, PIO, RD, PRO, other NSUs and
emergency situations. IOD, DI as the Secretariat.

a. The Peace and Order Council (POC) 4. Sub-Committee on Disaster Management

Crisis Management Committee (CMC) (PNP SCDM) – TDPCR as the Chairman/Task Force
Commander, Dep DPCR as the Deputy, Chairman and the
The Crisis Management Committee (CMC) is primarily following are the members: DPRM, DI,DL, DPL, DC, DIDM,
concerned with the formulation of crisis management DHRDD, DRD, DICTM Other NSUs and Community Affairs
procedures, integration and orchestration of government, Division (CAD), DPCR as the Secretariat. The PNP shall
military/police and public efforts towards the prevention organize Task Groups from the National Has down to the
and control of crisis incidents. All actions and decisions City/Municipal Police Stations following the Incident
taken by the CMC shall be within the policies laid down by Command System ICS Structure: Critical Incident
the corresponding Peace and Order Councils (PCOs). Management Task Group (CIMTG) to address human-
induced (manmade) incidents and Disaster Incident
b. The PNP NHQ Critical Incident Management Task Group (DIMTG) to address disaster
Management Committee (PNP NHQ CIMC) incidents.

In support to the mandates of CMCs, the PNP NHQ shall c. The Critical Incident Management Task
organize its Critical Incident Management Committee (PNP Group (CIMTG)
CIMC) with four (4) sub- committees namely: sub-
committee on criminality, sub- committee on To carry out the mandates of the PNP Critical Incident
destabilization/public disturbances, sub- committee on Management Committee (PNP CIMC) on human- induced
terrorism and sub- committee on disasters. This (man-made) incidents, Critical Incident Management Task
Committee shall take cognizance of all human-induced Groups (CIMTGs) shall be organized and replicated at the
(manmade) critical incidents at the national level and shall PRO/NCRPO (Regional) level down to the PPO/CPO;
supervise/oversee operations of concerned units and CPS/MPS (City/Municipal) level following the PNP’s ICS
agencies to mitigate its effects on the general populace. It structure. The Incident Commander shall be designated by
shall be composed of TDCA as the Chairman, TDCO as the the Chairman, CMC and CIMTG to be complemented by
Vice-Chairman with TDPRM, TDI, TDO, TDL, TDPL, TDC, the Officers of the Office/unit who has functional staff
TDIDM, TDHRDD, TDRD, TDICTM and TDIPOs as functions in the organization. At the
Members of NHQ CIMC and C, NOC,DO as the Head Regional/Provincial/City/Municipal level, the PNPs
Secretariat. response to any crisis will be to activate CIMTG for human-
induced incident and DIMTG for natural disaster. The
1. Sub-Committee on Criminality – shall take Regional Director/Provincial/City Director/ COP shall have
cognizance on act/s or omission/s against public law/s the authority to activate the CIMTG or DIMTG.
which tends to prejudice the community and is punishable
by the courts of justice. TDIDM as The following are considered as human – induced critical
Chairman, Deputy DIDM as Vice-Chairman with the incidents:
following members: DIPO, DPCR, DO, DI, DC, DL, CIDG, 1. Incidents like abduction, involving prominent
CL, IG, LS, HPG, MG, SAF, AvSeGrp, AKG, NOC, PIO, RD, personalities such as national and local government
PRO, Other NSUs, and CMD, DIDM as the Secretariat. officials, foreign nationals (diplomats, ambassadors,
consuls, attachés, foreign tourists), religious leaders from
2. Sub-Committee on Destabilization/Public various religious congregations, and other personalities
Disturbances – shall take cognizance on threats posed whose involvement in incidents may result in
by destabilizers which include military uprisings, controversies;
demonstrations, rallies, sabotage of key installations, etc., 2. Incidents involving national security such as
or a combination thereof, undertaken separately or jointly attacks on vital installations, communities and prominent
by anti-government forces from the left and right of the personalities.
political spectrum. These critical incidents, backed 3. Jailbreaks;
oftentimes by disgruntled uniformed personnel and 4. Heinous crimes like assassination,
politicians with vested interest, are undertaken primarily ambush involving prominent personalities;
to undermine the present leadership, thereby rendering it 5. Robbery hold-up, armored van robbery,
unstable and incapable of effective governance or and bank robbery perpetrated by syndicated groups;
surviving with the end in view of averting the status quo 6. Election –Related Violent Incident (ERVi);
to replace the government. TDO as Chairman, Deputy DO 7. Surrender of enemy personalities and notorious
as Vice- Chairman with the following members: DIPO, criminals wanted by law;
DPCR, DPRM,DC, DL, DIDM, IG, CIDG, MG, CL, HPG, LS, 8. Coup d’etat; and
SAF, AvSeGrp, NOC, PIO, RDs PRO, other NSUs and SOD, 9. Other similar man-made critical incidents that
DO as the Secretariat. may result in human casualties and/or destruction of
properties. As applicable, the following shall be designated
3. Sub-Committee on Terrorism – shall take to handle the functional responsibilities of the CIMTG
cognizance on acts punishable under any of the following depending on the level of its activation:
provisions of the Revised Penal Code: Article 122 (Piracy
in general and Mutiny in the High Seas or in the Philippine Incident Commander :
Waters); Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection); Article DRDO/DDO/DPDO/DCDO/DCOPO
134a (Coup detat) including acts committed by private Deputy Incident Commander : C, ROPD/C,
persons; Article 248 (Murder) thereby sowing and creating DOPD/C, OPB/ C, OPNS
a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic Public Information Officer : Unit C, PIO
among the populace, in order to coerce the government Liaison Officer : PCR Officer
to give in to an unlawful demand. TDIas Chairman, Safety Officer : AC, ROPD/AC, DOPD/AC,
Deputy, DI as Vice-Chairman with the following members: OPB/ AC, OPNS
DIPO, DC, DL, DPCR, DIDM,DO, SAF, HPG, MG, IG, CIDG,

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Operations /Plans Staff : C, ROPD/C,
DOPD/C, OPB/ C, OPNS To attain a smooth transition of command responsibility,
Intel/Invest Staff : C, RID/ C, DID/C, PIIB/CIIB/C, IIS the table below shows the conditions or situations in any
Budget And Logistics Staff : C, RLRDD/C, DLRDD/C, crisis level that will be considered in the handover of
PLRDD/CLRDD/C, C/MLRDD responsibilities from local to national:
Admin Staff : C,
RPHRDD/C,DPHRDD/C, PHRDD/CHRDD/C, C/M HRDD Involve CMC Conditions or Situations
Municipal/City
d. Disaster Incident Management Task Group • Local PNP and CMC are in control of the situation
(DIMTG) • Appropriate resources are available and capable
at Municipal/City level
A Disaster Incident Management Task Group shall also be
established and shall serve as a special operating task Provincial
group of the PNP SCDM and assist the PRO Disaster • Local PNP at the Municipal/City level are unable to
Incident Management Task Groups as the Chairman/Task resolve the crisis within
Coordinator, PNP SCDM may direct. The NHQ PNP shall be their capabilities
composed of the NSUs to be headed by the Director, PNP • Municipal/City CMC recommends elevation of the
Special Action Force (PNP SAF) as Task Group Commander crisis level
with the Deputy Director of PCRG as the Deputy Task • Situation requires employment of security forces
Group Commander. and utilization of resources of the provincial level
organizations and beyond
DIMTGs shall also be activated at the PRO/ • Incident affects two or more municipalities within
PPO/CPO/CPS/MPS level depending on the affected area. the same province
As a matter of rule, a Regional DIMTG shall be activated if
two (2) or more Provinces/Cities are affected by disaster, Regional
a Provincial DIMTG shall be activated if two (2) or more • Situation requires employment of security forces and
municipalities are affected and a Municipal DIMTG shall be utilization of resources of
activated if two (2) or more barangays are affected the Regional level organizations and beyond
• Upon the recommendation
The following are considered natural disaster incidents: of the Provincial CMC
1. Floods; • Incident involves foreign nationals, either
2. Landslides; perpetrators or victims
3. Volcanic Eruption; • Crisis affects peace process, national tourism
4. Earthquake; industry and other major
5. Tidal Wave; industries
6. Tsunami;
7. Typhoons; National
8. Drought; and • Incident affects two or more region
9. Other natural hazards that may lead to colossal • The highest terrorist threat level involving mass
loss of property and lives. casualty attacks
• National issues are at stake such as food, water,
As applicable, the following shall be designated to handle energy, security, critical
the functional responsibilities of the DIMTG: transportation and communication structure, and
Incident Commander : D, environment are threatened
SAF/DRDA/DDA/DPDA/DCDA/DCOPA • Upon recommendation of
Deputy Incident Commander : DEP IC- the Regional CMC
DD, PCRG/DRDO/DPDO/DCDO/DCOPO
Public Information Officer : Unit C, PIO General Rules on Media Relations During Crisis
Liaison Officer : DD, PCRG/C, RPCRD/C,
P/CPCRB/C, C/MPCRS a. It is the responsibility of any Unit Head/Chief or
Safety Officer : C, CAD, PCRG/C, IOB RPCRD/C, IOS Ground Commander to respond to queries raised by the
P/C PCRB/C, press, as well as decide on what media lines or press
Operations/Plans Staff : DD, SAF/ C, releases would be given out to the media unless, he
ROPD/C, DOPD/C, P/C OPB/C, C/M delegates this responsibility to the unit PIO or
Budget And Logistics Staff : DD, LSS/ C, spokesperson.
RLRDD/C, DLRDD/ C, P/CLRDB/C, C/M LRDS b. No information regarding the incident shall be
Admin Staff : DD, released without clearance from the Ground Commander.
DPRM /C, RPHRDD/C, DPHRDD/C, P/C HRDD/C, C/M c. Ground Commander must designate/establish a
HRDD media area for pooled coverage and ensure safety of all
Crisis Escalation Protocol media personnel covering the incident.
d. Media practitioners shall be confined to an area
The responsibility of addressing crisis can be transferred designated by the incident commander and never, in the
during an incident if it grows beyond the capability of the process of hostage-taking incident, be allowed to air live
established CIMTG in handling the growing needs of the coverage of unfolding event.
incident or if there is jurisdictional change, when the e. Suspect/s arrested for any violation of the law
incident moves location or area of responsibility. shall in no case be presented in a ‘fi ring line’ to the media
and must maintain a limit of disclosure.
Whatever the reason, the transfer of responsibility during f. In cases when information must be
crisis must always include transfer of command briefing denied/withheld to the press, the basis for such shall be
which may be oral, written or a combination of both that fully and courteously explained.
should be attended by the key members of the
CIMC/CIMTG.

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g. Ranking officer at crime or incident scenes may by the anti- illegal drug operating units/task
provide factual information to the media subject to the forces, or apprehending officer/team.
limitation by existing policies.
h. In cases of inter-agency operations, the Where the violations of RA No. 9165 require laboratory
department/agency with primary jurisdiction will examination of the seized/confiscated items, the positive
determine the dissemination of appropriate media lines. result of the qualitative examination rendered by the
forensic chemist shall serve to support the criminal
PDEA AND LTO LAW ENFORCEMENT charge/s.
OPERATIONS
Quantitative examination may be done upon request
Enforcement Operation of PDEA by the apprehending team or upon issuance of court order
when the determination of purity of the seized/
According to the Implementing Rules and Regulation (IRR) confiscated dangerous drugs is required by law.
of Section 21 of RA 9165 as Amended by RA 10640, The
PDEA takes charge and have a custody of all dangerous b. A certification or chemistry report of the forensic
drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled laboratory examination results, which shall be done by the
precursors and essential chemicals, as well as instrument, forensic examiner, shall be issued immediately upon the
paraphernalia and laboratory equipment so confiscated, receipt of the subject item/s within the reglementary
seized, or surrendered for proper disposition in the period that would enable the apprehending officer/team
following manner. to file the criminal charge's with the prosecutor's office
against the violator/s as prescribed by law.
1. Chain of Custody: Marking, Inventory and
Photograph The physical evidence c. In any case, the chain of custody of the seized/
confiscated items received from the apprehending
a. The apprehending or seizing officer having initial officer/team, and examined in the forensic or crime
custody and control of the seized or confiscated dangerous laboratory shall be observed, where it shall document the
drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled chain of custody each time a specimen is handled,
precursors and essential chemicals, instruments/ transferred or presented in court until its disposal, and
paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment shall, every individual in the chain of custody shall be
immediately after seizure and confiscation, mark, identified following the laboratory control and
inventory and photograph the same in the chain of custody form.
following
manner (IRR, 2015, Section 1. A.1): 3. Filing of Complaint and Destruction of
Confiscated or
The marking, physical inventory and photograph of Seized Items
the seized/ confiscated items shall be conducted
where the search warrant is served. a. In cases of seizure or confiscation where a criminal case
is filed, the following shall be performed (IRR, 2015,
The marking is the placing by the apprehending officer Section 1. C.1):
or the poseur-buyer of his/her initials and signature
on the item/s seized. Appropriate criminal charges must be filed in the
prosecutor's office against the arrested violator/s within
In warrantless seizures, the marking of the seized the reglementary period provided by law.
items in the presence of the violator shall be done
immediately at the place where the drugs were When the seizure is executed by virtue of search warrant,
seized or at the nearest police station or nearest office of the return must be filed with the Court which issued the
the apprehending officer/team. whichever is practicable.“ search warrant with the request to take custody of the
seized/confiscated items if the criminal case has been filed
In cases when the execution of search warrant is preceded with the prosecutor's office.
by warrantless seizures, the marking, inventory and
photograph of the items recovered from the search b. After filing the criminal charges with the prosecutor's
warrant shall be performed separately from the marking, office, the apprehending officer/team or PDEA shall file
inventory and photograph of the items urgent motion for the immediate destruction of the
seized from warrantless seizures. seized/confiscated or surrendered dangerous
drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled
2. Laboratory Examination, Custody and Report precursors and essential chemicals, instruments/
paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment, with prayer
a. Within twenty-four (24) hours upon for ocular inspection within seventy-two (72)
confiscation/ seizure of dangerous drugs, plant hours, with the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of the
sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and city or province where the confiscation/ seizure
essential chemicals, as well as instruments/paraphernalia and/or surrender took place , with prior written
and/ or laboratory equipment, the same shall be submitted conformity of the Provincial or City Prosecutor of the
to PDEA Forensic Laboratory for a qualitative and province or city, as the case may be, where the
quantitative examination, subject as provided further confiscation/ seizure and/or surrender took place or the
below (IRR, 2015, Section 1. B.1): Prosecutor General or his duly authorized representative
which shall be indicated in the pleading. The urgent
In support of the PDEA, the forensic or crime laboratories motion for destruction shall be heard and resolved within
of the Philippine National Police (PNP) and the National five (5) days upon actual receipt of its filing:
Bureau of Investigation (NBI) shall conduct qualitative
and quantitative examination of the c. Upon receipt of the order of destruction, PDEA shall
seized/confiscated or surrendered items submitted proceed with the destruction or burning of the subject
drug evidence/items within twenty-four (24) hours, or as

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far as practicable, in the presence of the prescribed
witnesses. 2. Preventive-Deployment of traffic enforcers on the road.

d. The apprehending officer/team or PDEA shall 3. Punitive- the actual enforcement of the traffic laws.
preserve all the seized items as evidence in court
until the court terminates the case KINDS OF TRAFFIC LAW
ENFORCEMENT ACTION
e. Dangerous drugs and controlled precursors and
essential chemicals shall be disposed off by means in the Here the different traffic law enforcement actions that may
following methods (IRR, 2015, Section 1. C.3): be performed by the traffic enforcers (PNP, 2014, pp. 97-
98:
Thermal destruction method in accordance with applicable
environmental laws. The PDEA may engage the 1. Traffic Arrest - It is an enforcement action which
professional services of third parties with thermal facilities consists of taking a person into custody for the purpose of
covered by valid and subsisting permits and clearances holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law
issued by appropriate government agencies; or Other violation before a court. Arrest is made when:
lawful appropriate methods may be authorized by the
Board, in consultation with the DENR. a. The offense committed is serious;

Marijuana and plant sources of dangerous drugs shall be b. There is a necessity to avoid continued violation; and
destroyed by burning on the site of eradication activity and
in open fields. Thereafter, the burnt marijuana plants shall c. There is a reasonable doubt that the violator will not
be buried underground. appear in
court.
PARTICIPATION OF THE OFFENDER
IN THE PROCEEDINGS 2. Traffic Citation-It is made of having violators appear
in court without physical arrest. The issuance of a citation
a. The alleged offender or his/her representative or is the most common enforcement action by the police. This
counsel shall be allowed to personally observe all of the is an efficient system since majority of violations with
above proceedings and his/her presence shall not minor offenses are punish promptly by paying their fine at
constitute an admission of guilt (IRR, 2015, Section 1. an administrative body with court appearance or any
D.1). traffic enforcement action contemplates trial adjudication
or disposition to determine the guilt or innocence of a
b. In case the said offender or accused refuses or fails to person charged for a violation when the individual record
appoint a representative after due notice in writing to of which is kept by the police or some other official agency
him/her or his/her counsel within seventy-two (72) hours for future reference.
before the actual burning or destruction of the evidence in
question (IRR, 2015, Section 1. D.2). 3. Traffic Warning - It is an enforcement action which
does not contemplate possible assessment of penalty by
5. Lead Agency over the Custody and Destruction of Drug the court of otherwise as a result of warning alone
Items
a. Visual Warning-It is usually used when you have
a. The PDEA shall proceed with the destruction of drug observed a minor violation but are importantly occupied at
evidence/representative samples presented as evidence in a moment. You indicate by gesture of the hand, and of the
criminal cases before the courts, if the judgment in the head, or a toot of the horn that you are aware of the
criminal case shall include a disposition directing to turn- violation. Such action reminds the violators that violation
over to PDEA the said drug evidence/representatives has been committed and that the police are observant.
samples. The court shall furnish a copy of the judgment to
the PDEA (IRR, 2015, Section b. Verbal Warning - It is a form of safety education. You
1. E.1). tell the violator that a law has been violated and explains
the hazards of such action. They are frequently used when
LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE there is a new enforcement program going into effect and
the preliminary phase calls for a period of public education.
The Land Transportation Office (LTO) is the apex agency
of the Philippine government tasked to ensure road safety c. Written Warning - It is a combination of verbal
through the inspection and registration of roadworthy warning and citation. They gave the spirit of verbal
motor vehicles, issuance of license cards/permits to warning and the form of citation because it is written and
qualified drivers, strict yet fair enforcement of traffic laws, resembles a citation. The written warning has a more
rules and regulations, and just adjudication of traffic cases noticeable deterrent effect than verbal warning.
(FOI, n.d.). It is a sectoral agency of the Department of
Transportation (DOTr) by virtue of Executive Order (E.O) There is no immediate penalty attached and it allows the
No. 125 and 125A dated 13 April 1987 and E.O No. 226 violator an opportunity to profit by the error putting an
dated 25 July 1987 (LTO, emphasis on education rather than on discipline.
n.d.)
CONFISCATION OF DRIVER'S LICENSE
ENFORCEMENT OPERATION OF LTO
Only LTO Deputized Traffic Enforcers are allowed to
There are three types of Law enforcement in the LTO, confiscate driver's license (Joint Memorandum Circular no.
namely (LTO,n.d.) 1, 2008, Section 3.4A). Temporary Operator's Permit
(TOP), is issued by LTO Deputized Traffic Enforcers for
1. Persuasive. It involves information and education traffic and administrative (non-moving) violations
campaigns, (Memorandum Circular No. 515-2004) It is strictly required

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to be issued to the apprehended driver/operator at the site Here are the guidelines in conducting an arrest in a coastal
and time of apprehension. This will serve as: law enforcement operations

Receipt for Driver's license confiscated; 1. Conducting a Warrantless Arrest Determine if the
conditions
Notice and summon; allowing warrantless arrest are present; they are as
follows:
Temporary driver's license for 72 hours only; 5 days to
contest, 15 days to settle, otherwise, 30 days • If the crime is committed in flagrante delicto or
suspension of driver's license will be met. the person/s has/have committed, is/are in the
act of committing, or is attempting to commit an
COASTAL LAWS ENFORCEMENT
offense.
The responsibility for coastal resource management (CRM) • If an offense has just been committed and
has been largely developed to local government units probable cause exists that the person about to be
LGU‘s, in particular, coastal cities, municipalities, and arrested has committed such offense based on
provinces. CRM cannot succeed without effective coastal personal knowledge.
law enforcement. Coastal law enforcement is divided into • Make sure that the person being arrested is
two approaches: Soft and Hard approaches (DENR, BEAR, informed of the
10, 2001, p. 6).
• Miranda Warning. Make sure that the person
National Government Agencies with significant coastal law being arrested is informed of his or her rights
enforcement roles include the Bureau of Fisheries and under the Anti-Torture Act.
Aquatic Resources (BFAR), the Philippine National Police • Ensure that the person being arrested signs a
(PNP). Philippine National Police Maritime Group (PNP waiver of detention in the presence of his/her
MG), and the Philippine Coast Gard (PC). chosen counsel if he waives his right under Article
125 of the Revised Penal Code and opts for a
These agencies are authorized to enforce fisheries laws,
preliminary investigation.
the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (DENR, BFAR, and
DILG, • Ensure that the waiver is made in writing and
1,05). signed by the person being arrested in the
presence of the chosen or independent
TWO APPROACHES IN COASTAL LAW government counsel.
ENFORCEMENT • Check the surrounding area for any prohibited
article that can be seen in plain view.
According to the Philippine Coastal Management
Guidebook Series No 8: Coastal Law Enforcement (2001), • If any prohibited article is spotted, conduct a
the two approaches in Crestal Law Enforcement are: warrantless search immediately.
• Ensure that the detailed receipt of items being
SOFT (POSITIVE) ENFORCEMENT APPROACH seized is given to the lawful occupant of the
premises searched after the search.
• It promotes voluntary compliance with the
requirements of the law without going to the
court. CONDUCTING AN ARREST WITH A WARRANT
• It focuses on the social and cultural dynamics of
compliance that can be used to • Secure a warrant of arrest from a judge who has
• Sustain widespread compliances, jurisdiction over the case.
• Encourage voluntary compliance, and • Conduct the arrest at any time of the day
• General deterrence provided that the enforcer has a warrant of
arrest.
The target sectors have an adequate level of knowledge • Ensure that the warrant of arrest is executed
and attitude on the issues and behave within the within. 10 days from receipt from the issuing
sounds of socially accepted practices and legal court. If the warrant of arrest is not served within
requirements. the 10 days timeframe, then report to the judge
within 10 days the failure, and the reason for it.
HARD (NEGATIVE) ENFORCEMENT APPROACH
• When conducting the arrest, inform the person
• Uses legal sanctions imposed by a court being arrested of the identity and authority of the
regulatory authority for deterrence. arresting officer, the cause of the arrest, and the
• Its objective is to identify, locate and suppress issuance of a warrant of arrest.
the violator using all possible instruments of • Ensure that the person being arrested is informed
law of the Miranda Warning.
• It involves the process of developing • Ensure that the person being arrested is informed
sophisticated strategies to apprehend of the Anti-Torture Warning.
repeat violators and negate all economic • If any prohibited article is spotted in plain view,
profits and benefits from illegal activities. conduct a warrantless search while bearing in
mind that the discovery of the prohibited items
CONDUCTING ARREST AND BOARDING must not be intentional.

Bring the person being arrested to the police station

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immediately for documentation, and return the warrant of (e.g., linking census information, school information, and
arrest to the issuing court. crime data for a common area).
3. It provides maps that help to communicate analysis
results.

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF CRIME MAPPING?

WHAT IS CRIME MAPPING? - Crime mapping is very important tool in managing and
controlling crime in an area.
Crime mapping - Investigators are able to understand
- is a term used in policing to refer to the process of • The crime patterns and trend it also help in
conducting spatial analysis within crime analysis. resource allocation and in geographic profiling of
- process of using geographic information system to criminals and suspicious locations.
conduct spatial analysis of crime problems and other
police-related issues. HISTORY OF CRIME MAPPING
- Mapping criminal incidents and other types of police data 1829 in France – Adriano Balbi and Andre-Michel Guerry
through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) program created the first maps of crime.
has proven to be an effective tool in analyzing and
preventing crime and allocating law enforcement Lambert-Adolphe Quetelet (1831 and 1832) – Belgian
resources more efficiently. astronomer and statistician, he independently published
three maps dealing with the same themes but spreading
Types of Crime Mapping across larger areas.
- He stated “The greater the number of individuals
Crime mapping are generally classified into four; one, observed the more do individual peculiarities, whether
single symbol crime mapping; two, graduated crime physical or moral, become.
mapping; three, density mapping; and, four, interactive Robert Park (1920s and 1930s) – looked to characteristics
crime mapping. The discussion below will be anchored on of the urban environment to explain the crime problem in
the four mentioned types. American cities.
Frederic Thrasher (1927) – He found that gangs were
• Single-Symbol = is the simplest type of concentrated in areas of the city where social control was
mapping. In here, the police officer or the crime analysts weak and social disorganization pervasive.
used a uniform symbol to represent features such as
location of schools, markets, stores, roads, and many CRIME MAPPING & PUBLIC SAFETY SOFTWARE
more. Maptitude
-essential tool for all types of crime and law enforcement
• Graduated Mapping = type of mapping mapping applications.
wherein the analyst uses different symbols, colors, or - it gives a low-cost way to visualize crime data,
shapes to feature a particular representation (Santos, - make informed decisions and
2005). Like single symbol maps, the sizes of the symbols - evaluate law enforcement programs
used for point and line features of graduated size map
reflect their value. As noted above, single-symbol maps GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
are not appropriate for displaying data about crimes that - Is a system that creates, manages, analyzes, and maps
occur at the same locations repeatedly. all types of data connects data to a map, integrating
location data with all types of descriptive information helps
• Density Mapping = is the third type of users understand the patterns, relationships and
mapping. Like graduated crime mapping, density crime geographic context.
mapping uses point data to shade surfaces that are not
limited to area boundaries (Santos, 2005). The difference TYPES OF MAPPING
between density mapping from other types, is that density 1. MANUAL PIN MAPPING
mapping gets use of different locations. Furthermore, in -wall maps
their most basic form, density maps are shaded according -represented by pins
to the concentration of incidents in particular areas -offer limited because they are difficult to keep updated
(Santos, 2005) -display limited amount of data
-uses different colored pins to represent different types of
• Interactive Crime Map = the last type of crime
mapping and rather than a type of mapping the term -however, date and time of incidents, nature of incidents
interactive crime mapping refers to simplified geographic cannot be displayed
information systems made available to novice users over -to keep updated, must be replaced every month
the Internet (Santos, 2005). Of the four types of mapping, -uses photo to record the previous month’s map
this is the only type which is accompanied by technology. -becomes unreadable when they display too large amount
Crime mapping in this type is simply computer based. of data because of numerous pins
Many police departments have interactive web sites where
citizens and police officers can conduct basic crime 2. COMPUTER MAPPING
mapping themselves without looking, scrutinizing, or Computer map is similar to a wall map, in that the
holding actual physical maps. computer is used to place a point at a specific location just
as a person would put a pin on a wall map.
CRIME MAPPING SERVES THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS
WITHIN CRIME ANALYSIS 3. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
1. It facilitates visual and statistical analyses of the spatial
A GIS is a powerful software tool that allows the
nature of crime and other types of events.
2. It allows analysts to link unlike data sources together user to create anything from a simple point
based on common geographic variables map to a three-dimensional visualization of
spatial or temporal data. A GIS is different

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 from manual pin maps and computer maps in Line (or arc) data (feature)
that it allows the analyst to features, manipulate It is used to represent linear features. Common examples
the data and maps, and perform statistical would be rivers, trails and streets.
functions.
Polygon data (feature)
4. CRIME ANALYSIS MAPPING It used to represent areas such as the boundary of a city
It is the process of using a geographic (on a large scale map), lake or forest
information system in combination with
crime analysis techniques to focus on the 2. Raster Data – it is also known as grid data, it
spatial context of criminal and other law represents the fourth type of feature: surfaces (Dempsey,
enforcement activity. In this report, the term 2021). It is cell-based and this data category also includes
aerial and satellite imagery. It provides a representation of
crime analysis mapping is used to describe this
the world as a surface divided up into a regular grid array,
process because using a GIS to analyze crime is or cells, where each of these cells has an associated value.
not just the act of placing incidents on a map but There are two types of raster data:
also of analysis
Continuous Raster Data
DATA QUALITY It has no clearly defined boundaries. Every point on a map
Is the degree of data excellency that satisfies the given made with continuous GIS data will contain a value.
objective. In other words, completeness of attributes in Elevation, slope, temperature, and precipitation are
order to achieve the given task can be termed as Data examples of datasets that are continuous (Dempsey,
Quality/Data quality is a pillar in any GIS implementation 2020).
and application as reliable and are indispensable to allow
the user obtaining meaningful results. Discrete Raster Data
It is a geographic data that only occurs in specific
TYPES OF GIS DATA locations. For polygon data, discrete data has well defined
A geodatabase boundaries. Point and line GIS data such as tree locations,
- Is a database composed of spatial data and attribute rivers, and streets all fall into the category of discrete
data (Dempsey, 2021). datasets. Maps made with discrete GIS data will have
areas on the map that contain values from that dataset
Spatial Data and areas on the map where that dataset is absent
- is any type of data that directly or indirectly references (Dempsey, 2020)
a specific geographical area or location.
LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIME MAPPING
Attribute data - Computerized crime mapping technology enables law
-Is information appended in tabular format to enforcement agencies to analyze and correlate data
spatial features. The spatial data is the where and sources to create a detailed snapshot of crime incidents
attribute data can contain information about the what, and related factors within a community or other
where and why. Attribute data provides geographical area. It allows law enforcement agencies to
characteristics about spatial data (Dempsey 2013). plot crime-related data against a digitized map of a
community, city, or region. Crime-related data then can be
The main difference between attribute data and spatial compared and analyzed with other external data sources
data is that the attribute data describes the (Mamalian and LaVigne, 1999)
characteristics of a geographical feature.
While spatial data describes the absolute and CRIME ANALYSIS
relative location of geographic features. Crime analysis is defined as a set of systematic analytical
processes providing timely and useful information on
Spatial Data quality can be categorized into: crime patterns and trends. Effective crime analysis affects
Data Completeness. It is basically the measure of all areas and operations pf a police department by refining
totality of features. A data set with minimal amount of and distributing useful information. (Stiles, 1981). It is
missing features can be termed as complete-data. used to improve the operations and administration of
Data Precision. It is the degree of details that are police departments, to improve the job satisfaction of
displayed on a uniform space. police officers, to permit the patrol deployment system to
Data Accuracy. It is the discrepancy between the actual correspond with service demand, and to augment patrol
attributes value and coded attribute value. activities in crime prevention (Karpilo, 2019)
Data Consistency. It is the absence of conflicts in a
particular database. TYPES OF CRIME ANALYSIS

TYPES OF SPATIAL DATA 1. Tactical Crime Analysis- This type of crime analysis
In GIS spatial referenced data group can be further that looks at the short-term in order to stop what is
classified into different types (Dempsey, 2021) currently taking place, it deals with immediate
1. Vector data- it is composed of individual points stored criminal offenses for example, a crime spree.
as coordinate pairs that indicate a physical location in the
world. It is extremely useful for storing and representing - It is used to identify and perpetrator with many targets
data that has discrete boundaries, such as borders or or one target with many perpetrators and provide an
building footprints, streets and other transport links, and immediate response. It provides information to assist
location points. operational personnel in the identification of crime trends
There are three types of vector Data, namely: and in the arrest of criminal offenders.
Point Data (feature)
It is commonly used to represent non-adjacent features 2. Strategic Crime Analysis: crime mapping is utilized
and to represent discrete data points. in long-term applications to analyze the relationship
between criminal activity and indicators of disorder, such

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as a high volume of vacant property or disorder calls for
service;
• To assist in geographic and temporal
allocation of resources: such as patrol officer
scheduling and determination of patrol areas;
• To examine patterns of crime at or around
specific locations, such as schools, bars or
drug treatment centers;
• To calculate crime rate information, such as
numbers of residential burglaries per household;
• To incorporate crime data with qualitative
geographic information, such as information
on teenage hangouts, student pathways to
school, or drug and prostitution markets.

ADMINISTRATIVE CRIME ANALYSIS

• A valuable tool used by police, researchers and
media organizations
• To convey criminal activity information to the
public
• Web sites operated by police departments and
news organization routinely post maps that
depict areas of crime, along with corresponding
tables and definitions.

For example
A police agency can reduce citizen requests for
neighborhood crime information by placing monthly
or weekly crime maps on a Web site that members of
the public can access using computers in their homes
or at the local library.

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 LEA5: CFLM LEADERSHIP, DECISION = Also called the authoritarian style of
MAKING, MANAGEMENT AND leadership, this type of leader is someone who is focused
ADMINISTRATION almost entirely on results and efficiency. They often
make decisions alone or with a small, trusted group and
What is LEADERSHIP? expect employees to do exactly what they’re asked.

✓ Leadership is the ability of an individual or a group of 5. Laissez-faire or hands-off Leadership

individuals to influence and guide followers or other This leadership style is the opposite of the
members of an organization. autocratic leadership type, focusing mostly on delegating
✓ Leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to many tasks to team members and providing little to no
act towards achieving a common goal. supervision
✓ Leadership involves showing workers how to effectively
perform their responsibilities and regularly supervising
the completion of their tasks. What is Decision Making?

• Decision Making = is precisely the study of

What are the synonyms of Leadership? how real individuals at home or work actually
take decisions, that is, what models they use to
structure and interpret their world.
Administration Oversight • Decision Making = is at the center of several
intellectual discipline; economics, politics,
Control Headship systems analysis and psychology to cite the
main ones
Direction Guidance
Generalship Management What is Decision Making in Modern Management?
Governance Lead
• Integral part of modern management. Making
the correct decision at the correct time.
• While making a decision, positives and
What does an effective leader do? negatives of each option must be weighed, and
all the alternatives are to be considered.
✓ Effective leaders inspire and motivate, and those who
know how to bring out the best in themselves and others
help their organizations to thrive and grow.
What is Decision Making in Simple Words?
✓ Effective leader has an easy level of honest
communication with their teams and their peers, and a • Making choices from among two or more
thorough understanding of how they are perceived. alternatives.
• The process of identifying and selecting a
Testing others’ perception of you can be as simple as
course of action to solve a specific problem
observing their behavior.
✓ Effective leader really wants to know what people think, • Leads to motivated and dedicated employees
the leader asks his or her employees.
✓ Effective leadership is based upon ideas, but won't What is Decision Making Process?
happen unless those ideas can be communicated to
others in a way that engages them enough to act as the • As a set of actions and dynamics factors that
leader wants them to act. begins with the identification of a stimulus for action
and ends with the specific commitment to action.
• Formulating a question to be answered
What are the different styles of leadership? • Gathering information in order to identify
and/or create alternative answers to the questions
1. Coaching Leadership • Predicting the consequences of acting on each
= A coaching leader is someone who can of the alternative answers.
quickly recognize their team members’ strengths, • Making a judgment/decision by selecting what
weaknesses and motivations to help each individual appears to be the best alternative answer of the
improve. This type of leader often assists team members question.
in setting smart goals and then provides regular
feedback with challenging projects to promote growth. What are the 7 steps of Decision-Making
Process?
2. Visionary Leadership
= Visionary leaders have a powerful ability to Step 1: Identify the decision
drive progress and usher in periods of change by You realize that you need to make a decision. Try to
inspiring employees and earning trust for new ideas. A clearly define the nature of the decision you must
visionary leader is also able to establish a strong make. This first step is very important.
organizational bond
Step 2: Gather relevant information
3. Servant Leadership Collect some pertinent information before you make
= Servant leaders live by a people-first mindset your decision: what information is needed, the best
and believe that when team members feel personally sources of information, and how to get it. This step
and professionally fulfilled, they’re more effective and involves both internal and external “work.” Some
more likely to produce great work regularly. information is internal: you’ll seek it through a process
of self-assessment. Other information is external: you’ll
4. Autocratic Leadership find it online, in books, from other people, and from
other sources.

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 • Programmed decisions - Programmed
Step 3: Identify the alternatives decisions are those which are normally repetitive in
= As you collect information, you will probably identify nature and are taken as a routine job and
several possible paths of action, or alternatives. You responsibilities.
can also use your imagination and additional
information to construct new alternatives. In this step, • Non programmed decisions - Is not a
you will list all possible and desirable alternatives. routine or repetitive nature. These are unique and new
and they have a long-lasting effect on the organization.
Step 4: Weigh the evidence
= Draw on your information and emotions to imagine • Major and minor decisions - Among
what it would be like if you carried out each of the different decisions some decisions are considerably
alternatives to the end. Evaluate whether the need more important than others and are prioritized.
identified in Step 1 would be met or resolved through
the use of each alternative. As you go through this • Routine and strategic decisions - Routine
difficult internal process, you’ll begin to favor certain decision making means such decisions, which are
alternatives: those that seem to have a higher potential taken in respect of the day to day activities of the
for reaching your goal. Finally, place the alternatives in organization and which require less thinking and
a priority order, based upon your own value system. advise. These are of a repetitive nature. Basic decision
making means such decisions which are essential for
Step 5: Choose among alternatives the existence of the organization and for which
= Once you have weighed all the evidence, you are complete study, analysis, power, and critical thinking
ready to select the alternative that seems to be best are essential.
one for you. You may even choose a combination of
alternatives. Your choice in Step 5 may very likely be • Organizational and personal decision –
the same or similar to the alternative you placed at the = Organizational decisions are those which an
top of your list at the end of Step 4. executive takes in his official capacity and which can
be delegated to others.
Step 6: Take action
= You’re now ready to take some positive
action by beginning to implement the alternative you = On the other hand, personal decisions are those
chose in Step 5. which an executive takes in his individual capacity but
not as a member of organization.
Step 7: Review your decision & its consequences
= In this final step, consider the results of your • Individual and group decisions - When the
decision and evaluate whether or not it has resolved the size of the business unit is small and the decisions to
need you identified in Step 1. If the decision has not met be taken do not require high, specific and technical
the identified need, you may want to repeat certain steps knowledge, then the decisions for various problems are
of the process to make a new decision. For example, you normally taken by the managers himself. Such
might want to gather more detailed or somewhat decisions are known as individual decision-making
different information or explore additional alternatives. technique.

What is Effective Decision-Making Skills? - Group decision making techniques mean such
decisions which are not taken by a single individual,
o Assess the situation but by a group. This is known as participating decisions
By defining the problem, you can be selective about the are known as individual decision making.
information you are going to use to make your decision.
• Policy and operating decisions - Policy
o Make a decision decisions are those which are taken by top
The ‘fast’ method is a gut feeling, unconscious and management and which are of a fundamental
automatic. The ‘slow’ method is rational, conscious and character affecting the entire business. Operating
requires mental effort. These two processes can be used decisions are those which are taken by lower
by a leader to make any number of decisions. Your management for the purpose of executing policy
decision-making will also be influenced by your decisions. Operating decisions relate mostly to the
leadership style. If it is democratic then your decisions decision marker's own work and behavior while policy
will have to reflect the opinions of others. If it is decisions influence work or behavior pattern of
autocratic this will be less of an issue subordinates.

o Review your decision • Tactical and Strategic Decision Making -

Reviewing our decisions allows us to mitigate the effects Tactical decisions are those which a manager makes
of the poor decision as quickly as possible, and to reduce over and over again adhering to certain established
the number of future poor decisions by learning from our rules, policies and procedures. They are of repetitive
mistakes. nature and related to general functioning. Strategic
decisions on the other hand are relatively more
o An on-going process difficult. They influence the future of the business and
Good leader makes good decisions. However, this is an involve the entire organization. Decisions pertaining to
acquired skill, and as with all skills it requires deliberate objective of the business, capital expenditure, plant
practice with coached feedback to ensure that your layout, production etc.
expertise develops. Using decisional aids and being open • Policy, Administrative and Executive
to feedback on your performance. Decisions - Policy decisions are taken by top
management or administration of an organization.
Types of Decision Making Administrative decisions are made by middle
management and are less important than policy

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 decisions. Executive decisions are those which are and through other people to achieve its
made at the point where the work is carried out. objectives.

Example of Decision Making ➢ Management is a set of principles relating to

the functions of planning, organizing, directing
Even if you do not yet have management experience, and controlling, and the application of these
you probably have made decisions in a professional principles in harnessing physical, financial,
setting. human and informational resources efficiently
and effectively to achieve organizational goals.
• Facilitating a brainstorming session to
generate possible names for a new product. ➢ Management is distinct process consisting of
• Brainstorming possible themes for a planning, organizing, activating and controlling
fundraising campaign. to determine and accomplish the objectives by
• Comparing the strengths and the use of people and resources.
weaknesses of three potential vendors for
processing payroll. What are the important characteristics or
• Comparing the leadership potential of features of management?
different team members and choosing a project
manager. 1. Management is goal oriented process:

What is Decision Making in Business? Management always aims at achieving the

organizational objectives. The functions and activities
• Decision making is central to an understanding of manager lead to the achievement of organizational
of organizations and of business. Decision objectives. It motivates all the employees and organize
making raises questions about our all the resources keeping in mind the main target of
understanding of how organization works. selling 1000 computers.
• It I part of the broader field of organization
studies and organization theory. It has 2. Management is pervasive:
therefore fallowed a similar pattern of
evolution, drawing on a variety of paradigms Management is a universal phenomenon. The use of
and perspectives and being characterized by a management is not restricted to business firms only; it
multiplicity of theories, models and is applicable in profit making, non-profit making,
methodologies. business or non-business organizations; even a
• Every day a number of decisions must be made hospital, school, club and house has to be managed
that determine the direction and efficiency of properly.
the organization we work for. Decisions are
made concerning production, marketing and 3. Management is Multidimensional
personnel. Decisions are made affecting costs,
sales and margins. Management does not mean one single activity but it
includes three main activities.
What is Decision Making Skills?
4. Management is a continuous process:
Making good decisions is a life skill that can be
learned. The skills and abilities to make right and Management is a continuous or never-ending function.
effective decisions are some of the most difficult to learn. All the functions of management are performed
It is a lifelong learning process defined by our personal continuously, for example planning, organizing, staffing,
traits, errors, and experience. We have to make directing and controlling are performed by all the
decisions and choices everywhere and almost all the time managers all the time. Sometimes, they are doing
in our personal and business life. Some of them are easy planning, the staffing or organizing, etc. Managers
to make and requires a short decision-making process perform on-going series of functions continuously in the
while others are the hardest choices in our life. organization.

What is MANAGEMENT? 5. Management is a dynamic function:

➢ Management includes all those people who Management has to make changes in goal, objectives
are concerned with managing an organization. and other activities according to changes taking place in
It is sum of organized activities by a group of the environment. The external environment such as
people. Management involves decision making social, economic, technical and political environment has
at various levels of organization for getting great influence over the management.
things done by others. It is both science as well
as an art, because the fundamentals of 6. Intangible:
management are same everywhere but the
practices differ. Management function cannot be physically seen but its
presence can be felt. The presence of management can
➢ Management is essential for an organized life be felt by seeing the orderliness and coordination in the
and necessary to run all types of management. working environment. It is easier to feel the presence of
Good management is the backbone of mismanagement as It leads to chaos and confusion in
successful organizations. Managing an the organization.
organization means getting things done to
achieve life’s objectives and managing an 7. Composite process:
organization means getting things done with

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 Management consists of series of functions which must Different kinds of organization require different
be performed in a proper sequence. These functions are amount of coordination.
not independent of each other.
➢ Controlling
8. Balancing effectiveness and efficiency:
- By verifying whether everything is going
Effectiveness means achieving targets and objectives on according to plan, the organization knows exactly
time. Efficiency refers to optimum or best utilization of whether the activities are carried out in conformity
resources. Managements always try to balance both and with the plan.
get the work done successfully. Only effectiveness and
only efficiency is not enough for an organization: a Control takes place in a four-step process:
balance must be created in both.
1. Establish performance standards based on
What are the various management functions? organizational objectives.
2. Measure and report on actual performance.
➢ Planning 3. Compare results with performance and
standards
- Planning means to decide in advance what is to be 4. Take corrective or preventive measures as
done. It charts a course of actions for the future. needed.
- It is an intellectual process and it aims to achieve a
coordinated and consistent set of operations aimed ➢ Reporting
at desired objectives.
- Reports are oral or written exchanges of
➢ Organizing information shared between caregivers or workers in
a number of ways.
- Once the objectives have been established - A report summarizes the services of the person,
through planning, management concern must turn to personnel and of the agency. Reports are written
developing an organization that is capable of carrying usually daily, weekly, monthly or yearly.
them out. The management function of organizing
can be defined as, relating people and things to each ➢ Budgeting
other in such a way that they are all combined and
interrelated into a unit capable of being directed - Budgeting through primarily recognized as a
toward the organizational objectives. device for controlling, becomes a major part of the
planning process in any organization. It is expressed
➢ Staffing in financial terms and based on expected income and
expenditure. Budget is the heart of administrative
- Staffing is the selection, training, motivating management.
and retaining of personnel in the organization. Before - It served as a powerful tool of coordination and
selection, we have to make analysis of the particular negatively an effective device of eliminating
job, which is required in the organization, then comes duplicating and wastage.
the selection of the personnel. It involves manpower
planning to have the right place and avoid square What is scientific management?
peg in the round hole.
- Scientific Management is a scientific selection
➢ Directing and training of employees leads to better workforce
which ensures increase in efficiency. Its main objective
- Directing means the issue of orders, was improving economic efficiency, especially labor
assignments and instructions that permit the productivity by analyzing and establishing workflow
subordinate to understand what is expected of him, processes. Scientific Management’s themes include
and the guidance and overseeing of the subordinate analysis, synthesis, logic, rationality, empiricism, work
so that he can contribute effectively and efficiently to ethic, efficiency and elimination of waste,
the attainment of organizational objectives. standardization of best practices and others.
- Scientific management refers to that kind of
➢ Commanding management which conducts a business or affairs by
standards established by facts or truths gained through
- When given orders and clear working systematic observation, experiment, or reasoning.
instructions, employees will know exactly what is
required of them. Return from all employees will be There are four principles in scientific
optimized if they are given concrete instructions with management:
respect to the activities that must be carried out by
them. Successful managers have integrity, 1. Adopt scientific measurements break jobs into
communicate clearly and base their decisions on series of small, related tasks and develop a
regular audits. They are capable of motivating a team standard time for each task.
and encouraging employees to take initiative. 2. Use systematic methods for selecting workers
and training them for specific jobs.
➢ Coordinating 3. Establish clear division of responsibility
between management and workers, where
- It is the act of synchronizing people and management sets goals, plans and supervises
activities so that they function smoothly in the and the workers execute the required tasks.
attainment of organization objectives. Coordination is 4. Established a discipline where management
more important in the health services organization, sets the objectives and the workers cooperate
because functionally they are departmentalized. in achieving them.

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 individual or group activity, both public and
Describe a good manager or manager strong private.
character
What word is similar to administration?
➢ Fair treatment
➢ Agency – an organization, company, or bureau
- Managers who value fair treatment will allocate that provides some service for another.
tasks and set schedules keeping in mind people’s ➢ Organization – the state or manner of being
capacity and development goals. They acknowledge organized.
good work. They build a diverse and inclusive team ➢ Government – control exercised over the actions
and encourage diversity of thought. of the members, citizens, or inhabitants of
communities, societies and states; direction of
➢ Vision and Goal Setting the affairs of a state, community, etc.
➢ Management – the act or manner of managing;
- A manager ensures the vision and strategy of handling, direction or control.
the organization is translated into an actionable ➢ Department – a distinct of anything arranged in
vision and strategy for the team. They help people divisions; a division of complex whole or
understand how their role contributes the organized system.
organization’s success.
What does it mean to go into administration?
➢ Fosters Innovation
➢ Going into administration is when a company
- Managers who foster innovation empower their becomes insolvent and is put under the
teams to make decisions and learn from failures and management of Licensed Insolvency
achievements. They don’t micromanage people. Practitioners. The directors and the secured
They encourage innovative ideas and approaches lenders can appoint administrators through a
and help people to implement them. court process in order to protect the company
and their position as much as possible.
➢ Communicating ➢ Going into administration effectively means
your company is being taken under the
- Managers who are great communicators are management of a court appointed
good listeners. They allow time for others to speak. administrator.
They have a clear understanding of the ➢ Going into administration can be an
organization’s vision and share it with the people in intimidating process, especially if you’re not
their team in a way that motivates them. They keep familiar with the terminology and procedures
their team up-to-date on what’s happening in the involved. Although an administration could end
organization. up providing a positive outcome in the long
term, it could also mark the beginning of the
➢ Caring end of your business, depending on the actions
taken by the appointed administrator.
- Managers who are caring take time to get to
know the individuals in their team. They’re genuinely
interested in people’s success and personal well- What is an administration job?
being and show this by regularly checking in with
people on how they’re going both at work and ➢ It provides both clerical and administrative
outside work. support to professionals, either as part of a team
or individually. They are involved with the
What is ADMINISTRATION? coordination and implementation of office
procedures and frequently have responsibility for
✓ Administer originated from Latin word specific projects and tasks.
– “ministiare” meaning to serve. ➢ In some cases, they may oversee and supervise
✓ Administer means to look after or the work of junior staff.
manage the affairs of people. ➢ Management of office equipment.
✓ The organization and direction of ➢ Maintaining a clean and enjoyable working
human and material resources to achieved environment.
desire ends. ➢ Handling external or internal communication or
✓ Administration generally refers to the management systems.
day-to-day management of activities to achieve ➢ Managing clerical or other administrative staff.
a goal.
✓ Administration is to care for or look What is administration in simple words?
after people, to manage affairs.
✓ Administration is a type of cooperative ✓ Managing Duties
if it has effects that would be absent if the ✓ Managing Responsibilities
cooperation did not take place. ✓ Managing Rules
✓ The significance of high degree of
rationality lies in the fact that human The definition of administration refers to the group
cooperation varies in effectiveness of goal of individuals who are in charge of creating and
attainment whether we think in attainment, enforcing rules and regulations, or those in
terms of formal goals, the goals of leaders, leadership positions who complete important tasks.
leaders or of all who cooperate.
✓ Administration is a planned approach to the What is Public Administration?
solving of all kinds of problems in almost every

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 ➢ Public Administration is decision making,
planning the work to be done, formulating What is the function of administration?
objectives and goals, working with the legislature
and citizen organizations to gain public support and • Planning
funds for governmental programs, establishing and - Means to decide in advance what is to be done.
revising organization, directing and supervising It charts a course of actions for the future.
employees, providing leadership, communicating - It is an intellectual process and it aims to
and receiving communications, determining work achieve a coordinated and consistent set of
methods and procedures, appraising performance, operations aimed at desired objectives.
exercising controls and other functions performed
by government executives and supervisors. • Organizing
➢ Public administrators perform a wide range of - Once the objectives have been established
functions, including managing city budgets, through planning, management concern must
developing policy and legislation policies and turn to developing an organization that is
analysing data to determine public needs. capable of relating people and things to each
➢ Public administration is “the art and science of other in such a way that they are all combined
management applied to the affairs of the State. and interrelated into unit capable of being
directed toward the organizational objectives.
What is the concept of administration?
• Staffing
➢ The theory and practice of administration is - Is the selection, training, motivating and retaining
analysed and major concepts of formal of personnel in the organization. Before selection we have
organization, motivation, authority, leadership, to make analysis of the particular job, which is required in
decision making, conflict in organization, and the organization, then comes the selection of the personnel.
organizational change are analysed. It involves manpower planning to have the right person in
➢ Administration refers to the process of running the right place and avoid square in the round hole.
an organization, office or business. This includes
creating rules & regulations, making decisions, • Directing
management of operations, creating organization - Means the issue of orders, assignments and
of staff/employees/people to direct activities instructions that permit the subordinate to understand
towards achieving a common goal or objective. what is expected of him, and the guidance and
Some of the basic concept of administration overseeing of the subordinate so that he can contribute
includes: effectively and efficiently to the attainment of
organizational objectives.
a. Planning -
b. Organizing
c. Directing • Coordinating
d. Controlling - Is the act of synchronizing people and activities
so that they function smoothly in the attainment of
What is the difference between administration organization objectives. Coordination is more
and governance? important in the health services organization, because
functionally they are departmentalized. Different kinds
Administration Governance of organization require different amount of
The act of administering The process, or the coordination.
government of public power, of governing;
affairs; the service government or • Reporting
rendered or duties administration. - Reports are oral and written exchanges of
assumed, in conducting information shared between caregivers or workers in a
affairs, the conducting number of ways.
of any office or - A report summarizes the services of the person,
employment, direction. personnel, and of the agency. Reports are written
A body that administers; The specific system by usually daily, weekly, monthly or yearly.
the executive part of which a political system
government; the is ruled. The group of • Budgeting
persons collectively who people who make up an - Through primarily recognized as a device for
are entrusted with the administrative body. The controlling, becomes a major part of the planning
execution of laws and state of being governed. process in any organization. It is expressed in financial
the superintendence of terms and based on expected income and expenditure.
public affairs; the chief Budget is the heart of administrative management.
magistrate and his
cabinet or council; or the What are the basic principles of administration?
council, or ministry,
alone It served as a powerful tool of coordination and
The administration of a Accountability for negatively an effective device of eliminating duplicating
medicine, of an oath, of consistent, cohesive and wastage.
justice, or of the policies, processes and
sacrament. An decision rights. 1. Unity of command
arrangement whereby 2. Hierarchical transmission of orders (chain-of-
an insolvent company command)
can continue trading 3. Separation of powers – authority,
under supervision subordination, responsibility and control
4. Centralization

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 5. Order record keeping and so on. In essence, office assistants
6. Discipline perform the most fundamental tasks to help an office
7. Planning run as smooth as possible.
8. Organization Chart
9. Meetings and reports
10. Accounting ➢ Data Entry Clerk
- Data clerks specialize in organizing and storing
What are the different types of administration? data for the company. They are often seen working on
computers to perform an assortment of data entry
➢ Centralized Administration tasks. They are also in charge of the company’s paper
- These administrators have permission to access the documentation.
replica servers at all sites.
➢ Medical Receptionist
➢ Individual Administration - Medical Receptionists work in clinical and health
- These administrators are responsible for creating and care settings to provide administrative support.
maintaining replicas, synchronization patterns and Common tasks include greeting guests and patients,
synchronization schedules at their sites. handling phone calls and messages, getting patients
registered and scheduled, organizing patient records,
➢ Semi-centralized Administration storing medical files, communicating with clinical
- Sites with major development efforts have local MultiSite personnel, etc.
administrators, and responsibility for administering
smaller sites is distributed among the MultiSite ➢ Office Manager
administrators. - Office managers usually oversee a particular
department of a company. They work with department
➢ Account Administrators staff to implement strategies and objectives
- The top-level, fully authorized email administrator. designated to them by upper management. They are
in charge of day-to-day operations, including
➢ Monitor Administrators budgeting and purchasing. The office manager post is
- Observe the activity and status of the hierarchy. a middle management position that’s above staff
employees but under executives such as directors and
➢ Compliance Officers and Security Administrators C-level officers.
- Prevent illegal and unethical conduct across the account
hierarchy. ➢ Executive Assistant
- Executive assistants provide administrative and
➢ Archive Administrators office support to high ranking officials such as
- This includes the Archive Security Administrator, Archive executives, directors, and C-level offers. They perform
Search, Audit, Retention and investigator Security a variety of administrative tasks depending on the
administrators for the account. needs of the position supported, but general functions
include running errands, handling phone calls and
➢ Email Config Administrators messages, organizing schedules and travel itineraries,
- Maintain mail flow and server connections. writing letters, etc.

➢ Organization Policy Administrators ➢ Clerk

- Manage common settings and services - The terms clerk and administrative assistant are
often used interchangeably as both positions perform
What kind of administrative job are there? similar functions. Clerks provide various support in an
office environment which may include drafting
➢ User Administrators correspondence, handling calls and messages, running
- Manage the day-to-day user help desk needs errands, organizing and storing data, encoding etc.

➢ Administrative Assistant ➢ Receptionist/Administrative Assistant

- Administrative assistants are commonly seen - While large companies must have separate roles
working in office settings providing various types of for admin assistant and receptionist due to high volume
administrative support. They are usually assigned to assist a of daily workload, some small companies hire one person
specific department within the company but they may also be to perform both functions. The receptionist/administrative
asked to perform cross-departmental tasks if the need arises. assistant roles handles most, if not all, of the tasks
Common duties of administrative assistants include but are mentioned above for both roles, including screening
not limited to scheduling meetings, email/letter writing, filing, phone calls, running errands, drafting letters. Welcoming
record keeping, call handling, errand running, etc. guests, answering queries in person or over the phone,
organizing schedules and so on.
➢ Receptionist
- Receptionists are usually seen at the entrance ➢ Office Administrator
of a company building or office, welcoming guests and - Office administrators usually supervise
clients. They answer queries, screen phone calls, confirm administrative staff and delegate tasks to appropriate
appointments, relay instructions and escort visitors to personnel. They are in charge of coordinating activities
their destination. across departments and offices in accordance with
company policy to ensure efficiency. In addition, office
➢ Office Assistant administrators are responsible for handling the agenda of
- The office assistant and administrative assistant upper management.
job titles can be often used interchangeably. Both
terms involve the same functions such as writing ➢ Coordinator
emails, handling incoming calls and messages, filing,

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 - Project coordinators support project managers personal traits, errors, and experience. We have to
and are responsible for scheduling, ordering, and tracking make decisions and choices everywhere and almost all
a project’s progress. This role is prevalent in the the time in our personal and business life. Some of
construction industry. Account coordinators are responsible them are easy to make and requires a short decision-
for scheduling meetings and making travel arrangements, making process while others are the hardest choices in
mailings and print projects. They often manage schedules our life.
and calendars of upper management. Logistics coordinators
manage processing of orders, shipping, billing and Give example of decision-making process
inventory, and must have experience in purchasing and Zoe is a junior executive in her twenties working in a
warehousing. prominent sportswear company. She has decided to
purchase a new mobile phone. Let’s look at a potential
➢ Management decision making process for her.
- Administrative professionals may hold ▪ Problem Recognition - Zoe feels her mobile
management roles. Office and facilities managers are phone is outdated to match her needs and wants to
responsible for reviewing and purchasing office equipment, buy a new one.
and senior managers select vendors and negotiate services. ▪ Information Research - Zoe talks to some of
Office and facilities managers must be familiar with her friends about buying a new phone and types of
accounting. Office managers may be responsible for phones.
training new employees, particularly on software. ▪ Information Evaluation - Zoe goes online
and compares several models in terms of price,
What is effective decision-making skills? features and user ratings.
▪ Assess the situation ▪ Decision - Zoe makes her choice based on
= By defining the problem, you can be features that she was looking for.
selective about the information you are ▪ Post Purchase Evaluation - Zoe makes the purchase
going to use to make your decision. and enjoys her new mobile phone

▪ Make a decision Manager

= The ‘fast’ method is a gut feeling, unconscious and • A person responsible for controlling or
automatic. The ‘slow’ method is rational, ttyconscious and administering all or part of a company or similar
requires mental effort. These two processes can be used by organization.
a leader to make any number of decisions. Your decision- • An individual who is in charge of a certain group
making will also be influenced by your leadership style. If it of tasks, or a certain subset of a company. A
is democratic then your decisions will have to reflect the manager often has a staff of people who report
opinions of others. If it is autocratic this will be less of an to him or her.
issue. As an example, a restaurant will often have a
front-of-house manager who helps the patrons,
▪ Review your decision and supervises the hosts; or a specific office
= Reviewing our decisions allows us to mitigate the project can have a manager, known simply as
effects of the poor decision as quickly as possible, and the project manager. Certain departments
to reduce the number of future poor decisions by within a company designate their managers to
learning from our mistakes. be line managers, while others are known as
staff managers, depending upon the function of
▪ An ongoing process the department.
= Good leader makes good decisions. However, this is Leadership
an acquired skill, and as with all skills it requires • The action of leading a group of people or an
deliberate practice with coached feedback to ensure organization.
that your expertise develops. Using decisional aids and • The state or position of being a leader.
being open to feedback on your performance may help • Is the art of motivating a group of people to act
you make the transition from good to great leadership. towards achieving a common goal. In a
business setting, this can mean directing
▪ Policy and operating decisions workers and colleagues with a strategy to meet
= Policy decisions are those which are taken by top the company's needs.
management and which are of a fundamental • Sharing that vision with others so that they will
character affecting the entire business. follow willingly.
• Providing the information, knowledge and
= Operating decisions are those which are taken by methods to realize that vision
lower management for the purpose of executing policy
decisions. Productivity
• the effectiveness of productive effort, especially
= Operating decisions relate mostly to the decision in industry, as measured in terms of the rate of
marker's own work and behavior while policy decisions output per unit of input.
influence work or behavior pattern of subordinates. • A measure of the efficiency of a person,
machine, factory, system, etc., in converting
▪ Decisions are made concerning production, inputs into useful outputs. Productivity is
marketing and personnel. Decisions are made affecting computed by dividing average output per period
costs, sales and margins. by the total costs incurred or resources (capital,
energy, material, personnel) consumed in that
What is decision making skills? period. Productivity is a critical determinant of
▪ Making good decisions is a life skill that can be cost efficiency
learned. The skills and abilities to make right and Process
effective decisions are some of the most difficult to ❖ A method of visually documenting the stages
learn. It is a lifelong learning process defined by our involved in performing a certain business procedure.

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 A type of process flow popular among business each of the steps required to create deliverable
managers might take the form of flow charts that outputs such as products or services from the
show inputs or information requests, followed by inputs.

Administration reference to costs and, whereas efficiency means "doing

❖ The interpretation and implementation of the policy the thing right," effectiveness means "doing the right
set by an organization's board of directors. thing.”

Defined Objects Organizational goals

❖ Being the object or goal of one's efforts or actions. ❖ The overall objectives, purpose and mission of a
❖ A specific result that a person or system aims to business that have been established by its management
achieve within a time frame and with available resources. and communicated to its employees. The organizational
❖ In general, objectives are more specific and easier goals of a company typically focus on its long range
to measure than goals. Objectives are basic tools that intentions for operating and its overall business philosophy
underlie all planning and strategic activities. They serve that can provide useful guidance for employees seeking to
as the basis for creating policy and evaluating please their managers
performance. Some examples of business objectives
include minimizing expenses, expanding internationally, Planning
or making a profit. ❖ A basic management function involving
formulation of one or more detailed plans to achieve
Corporate Policy optimum balance of needs or demands with the available
❖ Usually, a documented set of broad guidelines, resources. The planning process (1) identifies the goals or
formulated after an analysis of all internal and external objectives to be achieved, (2) formulates strategies to
factors that can affect a firm's objectives, operations, and achieve them, (3) arranges or creates the means required,
plans. Formulated by the firm's board of directors, and (4) implements, directs, and monitors all steps in their
corporate policy lays down the firm's response to known proper sequence.
and knowable situations and circumstances. It also ❖ The control of development by a local authority,
determines the formulation and implementation of through regulation and licensing for land use changes and
strategy, and directs and restricts the plans, decisions, building.
and actions of the firm's officers in achievement of its
objectives. Also called company policy Organizing
❖ Arranging several elements into a purposeful
Organization sequential or spatial (or both) order or
❖ Social unit of people that is structured and structure.
managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals. ❖ Assembling required resources to attain
All organizations have a management structure that organizational objective
determines relationships between the different activities
and the members, and subdivides and assigns roles, Staffing
responsibilities, and authority to carry out different tasks. ❖ The selection and training of individuals for
Organizations are open systems--they affect and are specific job functions, and charging them with
affected by their environment, the associated responsibilities.

Resources Leading or directing

❖ An economic or productive factor required to ❖ A basic management function that includes
accomplish an activity, or as means to undertake an building an effective work climate and creating
enterprise and achieve desired outcome. Three most opportunity for motivation, supervising,
basic resources are land, labor, and capital; other scheduling, and disciplining.
resources include energy, entrepreneurship, information, Collecting an Organization
expertise, management, and time. ❖ Is a body created by copyright law or private
Function agreement which engages in collective rights
❖ Action performed by a device, department, or management
person that produces a result. Function remains more Autocratic
or less fixed whereas the purpose (which indicates ❖ The self-appointed leader of the form of government
intention or objective) generally changes. For example, known as an autocracy. An autocrat is sometimes
the function of a hammer is to strike something nearby referred to as a despot or dictator, and has a
whereas its purpose (what to strike and why) could be leadership style that does not necessarily reflect the
anything the hammer-wielder has in mind. prevailing values of the general population. The style
Efficiently of some managers might be referred to as autocratic
❖ The comparison of what is actually produced or or dictatorial.
performed with what can be achieved with the same Democratic
consumption of resources (money, time, labor, etc.). It is ❖ Involves a team guided by a leader where all
an important factor in determination of productivity. individuals are involved in the decision-making
Effectively process to determine what needs to be done and how
❖ The degree to which objectives are achieved and it should be done. The group's leader has the
the extent to which targeted problems are solved. In authority to make the final decision of the group.
contrast to efficiency, effectiveness is determined without Laizzes- Faire

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❖ A non-authoritarian leadership style. Laissez faire dignity. One who treats people respectfully and is
leaders try to give the least possible guidance to empathetic to their needs. Make sure that you know
subordinates, and try to achieve control through less what type of leader you want to become. Personal
obvious means. They believe that people excel when beliefs in leadership, core values, and the
they are left alone to respond to their responsibilities implementation of those values help leaders become
successful.
and obligations in their own ways.
2. Move Towards Purpose
UNDERSTANDING SELF-LEADERSHIP You can't be a leader unless you have a clear
SIGNIFICANCE OF SELF-LEADERSHIP intention to help you through the dark times. The aim
Self-leadership is the first stage, or at the end of a tunnel is like a light; a hope that keeps
leadership level. Self-leadership is of great us going. One has to spend time questioning the real
importance to the staff, whether managers or intent or inspiration behind being a leader. As a
ordinary subordinates. leader, you can inspire, guide, and encourage your
• Self-leadership allows leaders or senior officers, subordinates to achieve larger objectives. If you have
who undergo very little or no supervision, to prepare a clear purpose, then you can make sure the team is
and set targets on their own, as well as to control aligned with a common purpose.
3. Keep Improving Yourself
their own self to execute such plans.
Great leaders are working hard to improve,
• For lower-level employees or subordinates, who
expand and evolve into better versions of them.
cannot always be sure of the kind of governance or Whether you've just started leading or you've been a
leaders they may face in their careers, self- veteran in your place, make it a point to learn
management enables them to become effective and something new by going back home.
efficient workers under any leadership they may 4. Make Mistakes but Never Make the Same
encounter, be it laissez faire, free-rule, democratic or Mistake Twice
autocratic. The only thing that sets a leader different
• Self-leadership helps make individual decision- from a great leader is that he never makes the same
makers proactive, focused, and autonomous. People mistake twice. Note also that on the back of
who do not have a strong sense of self leadership disappointment always comes the greatest
tend to feel that they are not in control of themselves, successes. Trying new stuff, and doing things that
challenge your comfort zone, is important. You might
frequently lose concentration and easily get
end up making mistakes whilst doing so. Everyone
frustrated.
does. So over them there's no need to be ashamed.
Thus, the effectiveness of organizational objectives 5. Lead by Example
accomplishment depends on the self-leadership of None is easier than leading from the front.
both superiors and subordinates. Not only is it a brave thing to do but it is a very
DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-LEADERSHIP leading thing. Perhaps that's why they all find it
The following are the ways of developing self - toughest. The e only thing that can turn you into a
leadership: leader is when you begin to act like one.
1. Clarity of Purpose ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP
This means that each entity must have a vision CONCEPTOF LEADERSHIP
and be able to set it up. Being your own leader, your Leadership is the practice of driving people
purpose or vision will be the foundation upon which you achieve goals. This plays an important role in success
will build self-leadership. Without clearly planned and efficiency of subordinates. Leaders do this by
expectations or intent for your life, you will be at risk, providing many means of shaping the actions of
attempting to fulfill the wishes or ideas of people for your subordinates.
life and you will end up lost in the middle of nowhere. = It’s a process whereby an individual
2. Aim at Success and Take Reasonable Risks influences other sand guides the organization in a
Risk-taking is a necessary part of life. Challenge manner that makes it more cohesive and coherent.
yourself to take on challenging assignments. Do not deter FOUR PRIMARY FACTORS OF LEADERSHIP
yourself or others from past failures rather concentrate on 1. Leader
success. However, risks which are applicable to your intent An individual appointed as a leader must
should be fairly measured. understand himself honestly, what he knows and
3. Spend Time to Reflect on Your Life what he can do. Take note that it is the followers that
Reflections can also mean letting others make an decide whether the leader is successful, not the
objective evaluation of you. Although you remain the leader or anyone else. If they don't trust their leader,
active doer of the things that you are doing, you may only or lack confidence, they'll be uninspired. To be
see things from your viewpoint. Taking some time off to successful you have to persuade your followers that
think about life. Compare experience of current and you are worthy of being followed, not yourself or your
present to hopes of the future. You can never notice those superiors.
small defects until you pause to examine yourself. 2. Followers
4. Don't Tolerate Just Anything Different people expect different leadership
You should not risk your dream. You should styles. A newly-employed deserves more than
learn to be intolerant to any suggestions or ideas that supervision than an accomplished subordinate does.
don't suit your vision. This intolerance is not just An individual without motivation needs a different
toward others but also toward you. It involves not approach than one with a high motivation. The basic
tolerating negative factors such as laziness, anxiety starting point is to have a clear understanding of
and many others in your nature. human nature such as needs, feelings and motivation.
SIMPLE WAYS TO LEAD YOURSELF You have to come to learn the be, know and do
1. Know your Values and Stick to Them qualities of your people.
The ones with real values and ethics are the 3. Communication
most trustworthy leaders. Find ideals that reverberate Being a leader, you lead by bidirectional
with your philosophy, temperament, and creeds to communication. A great deal of that is nonverbal. For
become an effective leader. People tend to be drawn example, when you "set an example," that shows your
instinctively to somebody who has a dream, intent and people you wouldn't ask them to do something you
wouldn't want to do. What and how you interact either

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strengthens or destroys your relationship with your d. By knowing their selves, and their
followers. experience and knowledge of group
4. Situation behavior, they can determine the best way
Every situation is different. Everything you do to deal with any given situation.
in one situation isn't automatically going to work in
another. You have to use your discretion to determine 2. Be Technically and Tactically Proficient
the best course of action and the style of leadership We can't give that which we don't have. We
needed for each situation. You may need to face a make the things we don't know right. Respect is the
subordinate for inappropriate behavior, for example, leader's reward showing competence. Thus, leaders
but if the confrontation is too late or too early, too must:
harsh or too mild, then the outcomes may prove a. Know their job and have a solid familiarity
ineffective. their subordinates' tasks.
Take note also that the disorder typically b. Demonstrate their ability to accomplish
affects a leader's actions more than its characteristics. mission.
This is because while traits can be impressively stable Tactical and technical skills can be learned
over a period of time, they have little consistency in from on - the-job training, seminar and self-directed
situations (Mischel, 1968). learning efforts, as mentioned above.
THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP 3. Seek Responsibility and Take Responsibility
The theories below explain how people turn for your Actions
themselves into leaders. The first two demonstrate to Leaders must:
a small number of people the nature of leadership, a. look for ways to drive the organization to new
while the third is the dominant theory today. heights.
1. Trait Theory b. look aggressively for demanding tasks.
Some personality traits may lead people c. must use initiative and sound judgment when
naturally into leadership roles. w attempting to perform jobs which are not needed by
2. Great Events Theory
grade.
A crisis or important event can cause a person to rise
d. not blame someone as they often prefer to do
to the occasion, putting forth extraordinary qualities
of leadership in an ordinary person. sooner or later when things go wrong. They will look
3. Transformational or Process Leadership at the situation; take corrective measures and move on
Theory to the next challenge.
Today, it is the widely accepted theory. People can
Seeking responsibilities also means that leaders:
opt for leadership. People can learn the ability to take
a. should be held responsible for their actions.
leadership.
BOSS OR LEADER? b. are responsible for the results of the acts of their
subordinates. Regardless of their subordinates'
Although your role as a manager or supervisor gives
actions, they are held responsible for the decisions
you the authority to accomplish certain tasks and
and their execution.
objectives within the organization (Assigned
c. must issue all directions in their own name.
Leadership), this power does not make you a leader,
d. must stick to their beliefs and do what they believe
it simply makes you a BOSS.
to be right, but accept justified and constructive
LEADERSHIP differs in that it makes the followers
want to achieve high goals (Emerging Leadership), criticism. e. must now withdraw or demote for a
failure that is the result of their own mistake.
rather than simply ordering people around (Rowe,
4. Make Sound and Timely Decisions
2007). Thus, by your position, you get Assigned
Leadership and you display Emergent Leader ship by This principle suggests that leaders must:
influencing people to do great things. a. Use good problem solving, decision making,
MOST IMPORTANT KEYS TO EFFECTIVE and planning tools.
LEADERSHIP b. Estimate a situation quickly, and make a
1. Trust and Confidence sound decision based on that estimate.
2. Effective Communication c. Hesitation or a reluctance to take a decision
• Helping employees understand the overall leads subordinates to lose confidence in their
business strategy of the organization. leadership skills in effect, loss of trust creates
• Helping workers understand how they help confusion and reluctance within the organization.
achieve the organizational goals. d. They do not hesitate to reconsider their
• Sharing information with workers on how the decision until they make a decision and find it is the
organization is doing and how its own group of wrong one Subordinates respect the leader who
employees is doing. immediately corrects errors, rather than attempting
to direct through a poor decision.
So, leaders need to be trustworthy and be able to e. Establish a rational and organized thinking
convey a vision of where the organization needs to go. process through the practice of realistic situational
LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES
estimates.
1. Know Yourself and Seek Self-Improvement
f. Plan for any incident reasonably foreseeable
To seek self-improvement means to continually
reinforce your attributes. This can be done by self. when time and circumstance allow.
study, formal classes, reflection, and interaction with g. Seeks their subordinates ' advice and
others. suggestions wherever possible before making the
In should knowing self and seeking self-improvement, decisions.
leaders should: h. Announce decisions in time to allow the
a. Evaluate their selves by using the leadership required plans to be made by subordinates.
traits and determine their strengths and weaknesses. i. Encourage subordinates to actively predict
b. They have to understand their "be," and make plans.
"know," and "do " attributes. j. Make sure their policies and plans are familiar
c. They must work to improve their with them.
weaknesses and utilize their strengths.

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 k. Consider the effects of their actions on all n. Provide ample time for leisure, and focus on
organization's leaders. participation.
o. Share their subordinates' struggles so that
5. Set the Example they can understand their reactions better.
Leaders of the organization must:
a. Be a good role model for their employees. 7. Keep Your Subordinates Informed
They must not only hear what they are expected to To promote efficiency and morale, a
do, but also see. leader should:
b. Show their subordinates a desire to do the a. Inform the subordinates of all happenings in
same things that they expect them to do. his organization and give reasons why things should
c. Be physically fit, well groomed, and dressed be done. This is done when time and well-being
appropriately. Hold positive outlook. permit, of course. Informing the colleagues about the
d. Establish a desire to compete by capitalizing situation makes them feel a part of the team. Smart
on the strengths of its subordinates. subordinates perform better, and can carry on
e. The more complicated the situation, the without your personal oversight if they are aware of
better the chance to show a calm and confident the situation. Know how to communicate with
attitude. superiors and other key people as well as with
f. Behave themselves so that their personal them.The key to providing information is to ensure
habits are not open to criticism. that subordinates have enough information to
g. Exercise initiative in their subordinates and intelligently do their job and encourage their
foster the spirit of initiative. commitment, passion, loyalty and convictions.
h. Avoid showing favoritism to any subordinate. b. Explain whenever possible why they have to
i. Share risk and suffering with their do the activities and how they plan to do them.
subordinates to demonstrate their ability to bear their c. Assure their self, through regular inspections,
share of the hardship. that immediate subordinates pass on the information
j. Develop the thought among their necessary. Be alert to detect the spread of rumors.
subordinates that they are the best officer for their Stop rumors by replacing them with the truth.
position. d. Create morale and esprit de corpse by
k. Delegate authority and avoid over-supervision publishing knowledge about the unit's achievements.
to create leadership among its subordinates. e. Keep their subordinates aware of existing
legislations and regulations concerning their salaries,
6. Know Your People and Look Out for their promotions, rights and other than confidential
Welfare matters.
Leaders should:
a. Know human nature, and the importance of 8. Develop a Sense of Responsibility in Your
caring genuinely for its subordinates. It is one of the Subordinates
concepts, which is most important. a. Leader should help develop good character
b. Know their subordinates and their responses qualities that will assist them in carrying out their
to different situations. The knowledge could save professional duties. Another way to show your
lives. A subordinate who is anxious and lacks self- colleagues that you are involved in their well-being is
confidence should never be put in a position where to provide them with the opportunity to develop their
an important, immediate decision is needed. careers.
Knowledge of the personalities of subordinates will b. Assigning tasks and delegating the authority
allow the leader to decide how each subordinate is to carry out tasks fosters mutual trust and respect
best handled and when close supervision is required. between give the full the subordinates cooperation
c. Put the interests of their subordinates before leaders and to in exercise the subordinates execution
theirs. responsibility of It tasks also. You show confidence in
d. Correct complaints and do away with your subordinates when you properly delegate
discontent. authority, and increase their desire for greater
e. See the company or organization leaders and responsibilities. If you fail to delegate authority, you
let them see him / her, so that every subordinate point to a lack of leadership, and your subordinates
knows them and thinks they know them. may take it as a lack of confidence in their abilities.
f. Be accommodating. c. Operate through the Chain of command.
g. Get to know the subordinates under their Provide clear thought-provoking directions. Speak
control, and understand them. what to do to your superiors, not how to. Hold them
h. Let them see that they are ready to be accountable for the outcomes, even if ultimate
completely prepared to perform any role that they responsibility remains yours. Delegate sufficient
can be assigned. authority to enable them to carry out the task.
i. Be concern their selves with organization's d. Provide regular opportunities for your
leaders' living conditions. subordinates to perform duties usually performed by
j. Help their workers get the appropriate help the next higher ranks.
from the personal resources that are available. e. Be quick to acknowledge the achievements of
k. Protect the well-being of their subordinates by your subordinates when they show initiative and
strong hygiene and sanitation supervision. creativity. Improve mistakes in judgment and action
l. Determine what the mental disposition of in a way that will make the subordinates try harder.
their subordinate is; maintain communication with f. Avoid public criticism or condemnation. Give
their thoughts. free advice and assistance when the subordinates
m. Ensure bonuses are allocated equally and need it. Let your subordinates know that you will
equitably. Encourage customized development. tolerate honest errors in return, without punishment;
teach them through critical and positive guidance.

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 g. Assign the subordinates to roles according to depends on how wellyou the strengths of your
demonstrated or potential capability. organization.
h. Be prompt in helping subordinates, and be a. If the assigned role is one that they were not
fair. Have confidence in each subordinate, until you are prepared to do, it is very likely to in failure. Failures lower
convinced otherwise. Willingly accept accountability, the morale and esteem of your organization.
and ensure that your subordinates abide by the same b. Seek challenging tasks for your subordinates be
standard. sure the team is equipped for them and is to complete the
task successfully.
9. Ensure that Tasks Are Understood, c. Do not volunteer the team for activities that they
Supervised, and Accomplished are not able to complete. The organization will not only fail
The secret to the obligation is communication. This but your subordinates will think you're out for personal
idea is in the exercise of command necessary. Before
glory.
you can expect the success of your subordinates they
d. Keep yourself updated as to the operational
must first know what is expected of them. You have to
convey the directions clearly, in a concise way. effectiveness of the team. Make sure subordinates are
Speak at a level the colleagues are sure to understand given duties that are fair.
but not at such a low level that their intellect would be b. In an emergency, do not hesitate to demand the
offended. utmost.
a. Before your subordinates begin a job, let c. Analyze all assigned tasks. If the means available
them have the opportunity to ask questions or seek to you are insufficient, notify the immediate supervisor and
advice. Supervision is paramount. You cannot know if request the appropriate support.
the assigned task is being done correctly without d. Assign duties to your subordinates equally.
supervision. Subordinates view over supervision as e. Use your unit's full capabilities before you ask for
abuse, and effectively halt their initiative. help.
b. Let subordinates use their own strategies, and
SUPERVISION FOR LEADERS
then test their progress regularly.
Supervision maintains an understanding of
c. Ensure that an order is required before the
the situation, and ensures proper implementation of
order is issued. Use the chain of command established. plans and policies (U.S. Army Handbook, 1973). This
Give clear, concise, and constructive orders through involves giving guidance and reviewing the
research and practice. performance of a job.
d. Encourage subordinates to ask questions There is a small supervisory unit. There is
about anything that they do not understand in your over supervision (micro-management) on one
instructions or directives. side of the band; and under supervision on the other
e. Ask your subordinates if there is any question side.
or confusion about the mission or task/s to be done. Over-supervision = stifles initiative creates
f. Monitor the execution of your orders and resentment and decreases morale and motivation. Under-
ensure that your subordinates have the resources supervision leads to miscommunication, lack of
coordination and the subordinates' impression that the
necessary to carry out the tasks or assignment.
leader is not concerned with. Nonetheless, all workers will
g. Vary the monitoring schedule and the points
benefit from proper monitoring by seniors with more
you emphasize during inspections. Exercise care and
knowledge and experience, who usually appear to more
glen supervisory thinking. critically view the situation.
EVALUATION
10. Train as a Team
Evaluating = is part of supervising, it is defined
Although a lot of so-called leaders call their
as evaluating the value, quality, or significance of people
organization department, section, a team; they're not
ideas, or things. This involves looking at the ways people
teams. They are just a group of people who do their
accomplish a task.
job.
Use the checklists to list the activities to be
a. With perfection and teamwork as an aim, each
completed. When it comes to recalling a list of items,
waking hour subordinates should be trained and
almost every one of us has bad memory. List tasks by
developed, challenged and checked, corrected and priorities.
encouraged. Example:
b. Subordinates are measured in appearance "A" - priorities must be done today.
bearing and attitude, self-improvement and most "B" - priorities must be done by tomorrow, and
importantly, performance. "C" - priorities need to be followed up within a week.
c. There can be no reason for leaders failing to train INSPIRING SUBORDINATES
their subordinates to the highest state of physical condition It is much easier to get people to do something if
and instructing them to be the very best in the arms they have the drive to do so. Inspire means to “breathe life
profession. in’’. And to do that, we have to have a life of our own.
d. Train with a reason and emphasize the core Three main actions will aid you in accomplishing
this:
element of teamwork.
1. Be Passionate
Cooperation is the secret to efficient operations. A trickle-down impact can arise in the
Teamwork is important to the entire order, from the organizations where there is a leader with great
smallest unit. enthusiasm about a project. You have to devote yourself
Teamwork = is a bidirectional road." Individual to the job that you do. Do not expect your people to be
subordinates give their best and the team provides worked up about it if you don't express the excitement.
security, appreciation and a sense of accomplishment to 2. Involve subordinates in the decision making
the subordinates in exchange. process
11. Employ Your Command in Accordance With Its People involved in the decision-making process
Capabilities are much more deeply involved than those who simply
You'll be able to employ the organization to its fullest ability carry out the order of a manager. Help them contribute,
by creating a team spirit. Successful execution of a mission and inform them that you value their opinions. When it

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makes sense to do so, listen to them and integrate their it themselves. If this is a large, complicated task, break
suggestions. it down into short steps of learning.
3. Know what your organization is about THE SIX POINTS OF LEADERSHIP POWER
The same is the organization. It may be making Power = refers to the ability a person has to control
a product or providing a service, but they are still men. another's actions such that he or she behaves according to
The primary responsibility of a leader is to grow people his or her wishes. Such power is a capacity or potential as
and encourage them to attain their full potential. Your it means a potential that does not need to be realized in
people may come from various of backgrounds, but they order to be effective. That is, there may be a power but it
all have goals they want to achieve. Create a "people doesn't need to be used to be successful.
setting" in which they can really be everything they can Below are French, Raven's (1959), Six Points of Leader
be. Power. These power points will help you to assess the
TRAINING AND COACHING impact you and other shave on achieving full negotiating
Training and coaching are two different things skills.
although some use them interchangeably: 1. Coercive Power - Power that is based on fear.
Training knowledge - Is a structured lesson designed A person with coercive power can make things hard for
to give people the knowledge and skills to perform a task. humans. These are the people you wish to avoid being
Coaching – Is a process designed to help the employee angry with. Employees who work under a coercive boss
develop more expertise and resolve obstacles to are unlikely to commit themselves, and are more likely
improving job performance. to resist the manager.
COMMON POINTS OF BOTH COACHING AND 2. Reward Power - Compliance achieved on the basis
TRAINING of the ability to distribute rewards which others find
a. Testing to assess levels of knowledge, capacity important.
and trust. Might give people special benefits or incentives. Trading
b. Defines targets that can be routinely calculated. favors with him or her might seem beneficial.
This helps differentiate these into step-by-step actions. 3. Legitimate Power - The power a person receives in
c. Clarify course, goals and responsibility. To an organization's formal hierarchy as a consequence of
promote accountability, include the individual or team his or her role.
The person has the right to expect you to comply with
in the decision-making process.
valid demands, given his or her status and your job
d. Encourage peer coaching by reminding them
responsibilities.
that everyone has a stake in each other's success. 4. Expert Power - Influence based on special skills or
b. Coaching is more than telling people how to do knowledge.
something, it involves giving guidance, building skills, Experience and knowledge give the person respect.
generating obstacles, removing barriers to success, Expert influence is the most firmly and regularly
building better systems, learning through discovery. connected to productive output of subordinates.
c. Cope with emotional challenges by helping 5. Referent Power - Influence based on individual or
them improve, analyzing and pointing out ways they desirable possession of wealth or personal traits.
hold back, encouraging them when they become Sometimes this is seen as beauty, elegance, or
frustrated, and so on. appreciation. You like the individual and you want to do
d. Give feedback by pointing and suggesting things for him or her.
6. Informational Power - Providing information to
solutions, rather than actively criticizing errors.
others which leads to thinking or acting in a new way.
As a leader you must view coaching from SIGNIFICANCE OF SELF-
two different viewpoints: CONTROLINLEADERSHIP
1. Coaching to lead others, and For leadership the same principle holds true.
2. Being coached to achieve self-improvement. Leaders being influential individuals within the
LEARNING organization and having the greatest impact on the
Conditions of Learning lives of their people, must learn and exercise self-
To be successful in guiding subordinates, the control.
leader must familiarize himself with these learning Leaders are gaining people's trust, power and
conditions and strictly follow them while training his respect when they exemplify self-control. The more
people: power a leader has, the greater the confidence,
a. The Person Must Be Motivated to Learn. influence and respect people will have for him. Will you
You cannot teach certain people who are not inspired to have a calm area like the cyclone? Have you been self-
learn knowledge or skills. They've got to feel the need to disciplined? Can one define your life as one of self-
learn what you say. Many workers are inspired to do control?
good work. They want to be able to carry out their duties LEADERSHIP TRAITS
properly. Their motivation is to be able to carry out their If you describe a leader, he or she can prove to
work in return for a salary, rewards, challenges, job be a creator of difference between success and failure.
satisfaction etc. A good leader has a futuristic vision and knowns how
b. Involve Your Subordinates in The to turn his vision into success stories in the real world,
Process. Let us take a close look at some of the
Keep their attention in the learning process by important qualities of leadership, which separate
deliberately engaging their minds and emotions. good leaders from bad ones. You must have all these
Participate in them through active capability practice, or qualities to become a good leader, but if you lack
through conversation. With a lengthy lecture you can't some of these qualities, then you might struggle to
keep their attention. make the mark in the leadership world.
People normally pay attention for a short period of time 1. HONESTY AND INTEGRITY QUE VOY
(less than 30 minutes). We need to use what they're told Honesty and integrity are two key ingredients
or their minds wander. If you're recall. lecturing for an that make for a good leader. How can you expect
hour, there's very little to recall. honesty from followers when you yourself lack these
Alternatively, give a brief lecture, explain (15 minutes or qualities? flourish when they hold to their core values
less), and then practice them Provide feedback and this won't be possible without ethics.
throughout the practice session until they are able to do 2. CONFIDENCE

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 You should be comfortable enough to be an out from the crowd, is creative thinking and relentless
effective and ensure people obey your orders. If your creativity. Think about coming up with unique ideas out
own and values are uncertain, otherwise your will of the box and transforming those ideas and goals into
never obey you. You must be oozing confidence as a reality.
leader, display some assertiveness order to gain the 10. EMPATHY
respect of your subordinates. This mean you should be As Leaders, empathy with your followers will grow.
overconfident, but at least you should show the degree Don't adopt a dictatorial style, and utterly lack
of confidence needed make sure your followers trust empathy. You'll fail to connect more directly with your
you as a leader. followers. Knowing the followers' issues, and
3.INSPIRE OTHER experiencing their pain, is the first step towards
Probably the hardest thing a leader has to do becoming effective leaders. Even that is not enough
is persuade others to comply. It can only be so if by until you work hard and provide the appropriate
setting a good example you inspire your followers. solution for your followers.
They look up to you when the going gets tough, and LEADERSHIP STYLES AND THEIR PROS AND CONS
see how you react to the situation. They’ll follow, when Below are the leadership styles Lewin, K. has
you handle it well. As a leader, you should think defined. et al. Read each style carefully and discuss their
positive and your actions will make this positive advantages and disadvantages over the lines given
approach clear. When you succeed in empowering your below.
subordinates, you can easily resolve every obstacle 1. TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP
now and in the future. This strategy is strongly disciplinary, and is
4. COMMITMENT AND PASSION often called a leadership style of "telling." The leader
The team looks up to you and you'll have to gives instructions to the members of his team and then
be enthusiastic about that too if you want them to give uses various incentives and punishments to either
their all. If your team sees you're getting your hands appreciate or punish what they do in response. Leaders
dirty, they'll give their best too. It will also help you give praise for a job well done or for a group member to
gain your subordinates ' confidence and instill new perform a department-wide mission hated because they
energy in your team members, which will make them missed deadline.
perform better. When they believe you are not fully 2. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP
committed or lack motivation, then inspiring your With this style of leadership, by empowering
followers to achieve the goal would be an uphill task their workers to change, leaders are trying to enhance or
for you as a leader. transform the individual or group into which they lead.
5. GOOD COMMUNICATOR Such leaders are working at making changes and finding
As a leader you have to communicate your new ways to get things done. And as a result, by their
vision clearly to your team and tell them the plan for ideas or insights into how something should be improved
achieving the goal, it will be very difficult for you to get or adjusted for their own work, they encourage and
the results you want if you don’t. You can never be a motivate others. Under transformational leaders, people
good leader because you can’t effectively express your have plenty of flexibility, as well as plenty of breathing
message to your team. Words have the potential to get space to innovate and think outside the box.
people motivated and make them do the unthinkable. When you look at every single existing process
If you are making effective use of them, you can also with a discerning eye and a strong sense that it might be
achieve better results. better, you could be a transformational leader. You also
6. DECISION-MAKING CAPABILITIES encourage other people to get out of their comfort zones
A leader should have the ability to take the right and reach their own boundaries. You will burst with pride
decision at the right time, in addition to having a whenever you see a member of a team achieve
futuristic vision. Leaders take actions that have a something previously thought impossible.
profound impact on the people. A leader should think 3. SERVANT LEADERSHIP
long and hard before taking a decision but stand by it Servant leaders work with this traditional motto
once the decision is made. Although most leaders make "Serve first and lead." Instead of thinking about how
their own decisions, it is highly recommended that you to inspire their energies people into to follow seeking
consult key stakeholders before you make a decision. their ways lead, to they help channel others.
After all, they will benefit from your decisions or suffer They make other people's needs leaders, a priority over
from them. their own. Besides being natural follow the paradigm of
7. ACCOUNTABILITY servant leadership don't try to hold a white-knuckle grip
Make sure each of the subordinate is responsible for of their own rank or strength. Instead, they focus on
what they do. Give them a pat on the back if they do the advancement and growth of the people who follow
well but when they fail make them realize their them.
mistakes and work together to improve. Holding them 4. DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP
to account for their actions will create a sense of duty You could also hear this style of leadership
among your subordinates and they will be more serious referred to as “participatory leadership.’’ Members
about the organization. manage organization and programs as well, a
8. DELEGATION AND EMPOWERMENT democracy.
You just can't do it all, right. Focusing on key Even though these leaders on the organizational
responsibilities is vital to a leader, while leaving the rest hierarchy are statistically higher, they prioritize working
to others. Empower and delegate the duties to your together and actively engaging their colleagues in the
followers. When you try to micromanage your decision-making process. Democratic leaders respect
subordinates, a lack of trust will grow and, more other people’s ideas and feedback, and encourage
importantly, you won't be able to focus on important discussion of those inputs. We don’t carry on orders from
things, as you should. Delegate the subordinate's above, but take a much more inclusive approach to doing
duties and see how they do. Provide them with all the things.
resources and support they need to attain the target 5. AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP
and give them an opportunity to bear responsibility. On the contrary to democratic leadership there is
9. CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION autocratic leadership. You might think of that as an
In order to get ahead to today's fast-paced alternative to "my way or the highway." Autocratic
environment, a leader must be creative and innovative leaders see themselves as having absolute power and
at the same time. That helps you and your team stand making decisions on their subordinates' behalf. They

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 decide not just what needs to be done, but how to b. Champion the Importance of Ethics
accomplish certain tasks too. An ethical leader's job is to focus on the overall
Example: You may be an autocratic leader if you think significance of ethics, including ethical standards and
that group meetings and brainstorming just slow things other ethical issues, and how those factors that
down, so it's easier if you make important decisions on influence society. As an ethical leader, educating peers
your own and if you hate them when workers challenge about ethics is crucial, particularly in cases where they
your decisions. That's final when you've said something. face an ethical issue at work.
6. BUREAUCRATIC LEADERSHIP c. Hire People with Similar Values
To put it another way, bureaucratic leadership goes "by Although your views need not be identical to those of
the book." With this style of leadership, there is a your workers, you should be able to establish common
specified collection of boxes to check to be a true leader. ground with them. This often starts with the hiring
Bureaucratic officials, for example, possess hierarchical process and is sustained through a declaration of
authority. A power comes from a formal position or title vision.
rather than from the unique characteristics or d. Promote Open Communication
characteristics they hold. They also have a set list of Each subordinate is different although they share
duties, as well as clear rules and procedures for how they similarities. Be open with every decision you make, and
will handle and make decisions for others. They just have seek input from your team. It makes you become a
to follow the path set out for them. better leader and helps you feel more comfortable in
Example: You may be a bureaucratic leader if you often expressing your thoughts or concern with your
find yourself questioning how your predecessor has subordinates. Collecting input from your team will help
treated follow the those agreed situations protocol. You you improve as a leader and will push the organization
also seek assurance whenever you are charged with forward.
something different, you are doing things right. Communicating with each member of the team is an
7. LAISSEZ-FAIRE LEADERSHIP ethical leader’s task but also allowing for open
This is a French word that translates to "leave conversation, as some people may have question and
it be" which sums up this hands-off leadership concerns that need to be answered. Creating
approach accurately. Micromanagement is just the camaraderie with your team is vital to be leaders.
opposite. Laissez-faire leaders have the tools and Relationships of quality appear to be founded upon
services required to do so. But then they step back and honesty, justice dignity, transparency, compassion,
let their team members make decisions, solve problems and respect.
and get their work done without having to worry about e. Beware of Bias cancer
their every move being obsessively watched by the As people, many of us have antiquated or mistaken
leader. convictions, subconscious or otherwise. Every leader
Example: You could be a laissez-faire leader if in project wants to admit to their shortcomings but failure to
status update meetings, you hardly do any of the practice self-awareness will lead to detrimental effects.
conversations. Alternatively, members of your team are Everyone has prejudice, but you haven't been called on
the ones who fill you in where things are. You're really for the longest time, because you've never really been
only focused on two key points in most events and tested. Leaders need to look at themselves and honest
projects: the beginning and the end. in fact having prejudices that can impinge on the
8. CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP feeling of ease at work of another person. For you to
Charismatic leaders personalities, and a great build and maintain better relationships with your
deal of determination to achieve their goals. Such leaders subordinates, be an open-minded leader.
use eloquent communication and persuasion to unite a f. Lead by Example
team around a cause, instead of promoting actions by Leading by example is a noble attribute of a leader.
strict instructions. You will spell out their dream clearly The best way to ensure and ethical organization is to
and get other people excited about the same target. lead by example. It is important to remember as an
Example: You could be a charismatic leader if you're ethical leader, that action always speak louder than
known to give outstanding styles of presentations of words. People are more likely to judge others, rather
"rally the troops." what they say, based on how they behave, Ethical
ETHICS IN LEADERSHIP leaders may begin to earn the respect of their peers by
Ethics is about the types of values and morals practicing and demonstrating the use of ethical,
that a person or a community finds acceptable or truthful and unselfish conduct to subordinates.
necessary. In addition, ethics is concerned with the g. Find Your Role Models
morality and actions of individuals. They look to leaders In history, there are many leaders, doing a little
when it comes to ethics to lead on ethics and take study of strong, powerful leaders and trying to identify
responsibility for both good and bad results what they are doing well. Then incorporate it into their
Ethical leadership = is leadership motivated own style of leadership.
by respect for ethical beliefs and values, and other h. Care for Yourself so you are able to Care for
people's integrity and rights (Watts, 2008). It is there for Others
related to values such as honesty, sincerity, care, beauty As the saying goes, "You can't pour from an
and fairness (Brown, M. et al, 2005). empty cup." The cornerstone for strong leadership is to
HOW TO BECOME AN ETHICAL LEADER? have a calm and competent disposition. This can be done
a. Define and Align Your Values by ensuring that you, as a person, are focused on
Consider the morals you were raised with: fulfilling your own needs such as sleep, nutrition and a
• "Treat others how you want to be treated" true relationship with loved ones.
• "Always say "thank you," It may seem easy to devote time to self-care,
• "Help those who are struggling," etc. but ultimately it's crucial to improving your leadership
abilities. The leader who is happy and satisfied with life
But as you evolve, and as society progresses, seeks peace and fulfillment for those they lead.
traditions alter, often causing changing values. Ask IMPACTS OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP
yourself what matters to you as a person, and then Ethical leaders will help to build a healthy
align that with your leadership goals. It not only reflects atmosphere through constructive partnerships at three
your honesty in describing your beliefs, it also inspires levels: the individual, the team, and the organization at
the colleagues to do the same, building a shared vision large. Nurturing connections at each of these levels will
for all staff. result in the following outcomes and benefits:

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1. The Well-Being of the Individual departure all the other clarification advantages will
A strong ethical leader has an important follow.
responsibility for maintaining a positive working 4. Values Reduce Stress
environment. Ethical leaders leading by example should The majority of the people I know want less
persuade others to do likewise. People are generally tension in their lives. It’s doubly important as a leader
influenced by the things occurring around them. Good because your tension is infectious-it infects those
contact between colleagues can help to influence around you. It’s easier to communicate when the
efficiency and attitude in the workplace. choices are smoother, and you’re clearer about issues
2. The Energy of the Team that you’ll have less tension. In the past you may not
Ethical leadership can also include behavior have been talking about values in this way; but, it is
control and co-operation within a team. In the workplace, absolutely true that about frim your values is a great
morale usually is stronger when people get along with each way to reduce stress.
other. When colleagues work as a team, this can help build 5. Values Guide Your Actions
relationship in the workplace and improve the group’s Knowing and understanding your beliefs, is
overall performance. Strong leaders usually lead by one thing. Behave according to them is another matter.
example. This reality has an effect on all the ideas that have been
3. The Health of the Organization shared so far, because all the advantages are achieved
The value of maintaining a positive mindset in the when you recognize and then act upon your beliefs. Of
workplace has much to do with improving the those advantages, this is the most practical. Your
organization’s overall health. When people are able to beliefs are what drive your actions.
show respect for each other and value the views of While it helps to define who you are, having
others, this can help to create a productive work climate. clear beliefs can be so much more useful on a daily
There can be an ethical organization when people’s basis. It allows you to be a more successful, efficient
groups work together in an atmosphere of mutual and confident leader by being clear on your values.
respect, where they can develop individually build UNDERSTANDING MANAGEMENT
friendships and contribute to the overall objective. MANAGEMENT
THE 4-V MODEL OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP Management is a set a principles relating to the
The 4-V model aims to reconcile internal beliefs roles of planning, coordinating, directing and regulating
and values for the common good with external behaviors and the implementation of those principles in the
and actions. efficient use of physical, financial human and information
The four V'S stand for: capital to achieve organizational objectives.
1. Values Definitions of Management
2. Vision, Management thinkers have defined management in
3. Voice, and their own ways:
4. Virtue = According to Van Fleet and Peterson,
These characteristics help to build a strong Management is a set of activities directed at the
ethical leader. In the end, and ethical leader’s main goal efficient and effective utilization of resources in the
is to create a world in which the future is positive, pursuit of one or more goals.
inclusive and allows all individuals to pursue and fulfill = According to Megginson, Mosley and Pietri,
their needs and fulfill their maximum potential. Management is working with human, financial and
VALUES FORMATION IN LEADERSHIP physical resources to achieve organizational objectives
Values is not a subject that has been talked by performing the planning, organizing, leading and
about so often but one that plays an important role in controlling functions.
acts and performance. Because values re personal and = According to Kreitner, Management is a problem
not always clearly defined, they remain an essential but solving process of effectively achieving organizational
under-discussed and undervalued part of who you are as objectives through the efficient use of scarce resources
an individual and as a leader. ina changing environment.
Everyone has values, and when clearly = According to F.W. Taylor, Management is an art
understood and established, they become much more of knowing what to do, when to do and see that it is
important. To get the most out of what happens, the best done in the best and cheapest way.
initial step would be to identify your values and write = According to Harold Koontz, Management is an
down those that are most important to you. art of getting things done through and with the people
REASONS WHY VALUES MATTER TO LEADERS in formally organize groups. It is an art of creating an
1.Values Guide Your Decisions environment which people can perform and can
You have a lot of decisions to make as a cooperate towards attainment of group goals.
dictator, those that only affect you and those that Other Views on the Definition and Scope of
impact many others. Once you start with your Management
principles, choices, big or small, can be taken faster, • "Managing” = is forecasting and preparing,
simpler and with greater confidence. Go your choices arranging, directing, managing and regulating," says
against your merit scheme. It's the best place to Henri Fayol.
start. • Fredmund Malik describes management as
2. Values Strengthen Your Ability to Influence "transforming capital into value."
If you associate with your beliefs, you are
• It is described by Ghislain Deslandes as "a
communicating with your passions. People are drawn
weak force, under pressure to achieve results and
to you when you speak with passion, they are more
likely to hear your message and you will be more endowed with the threefold power of constraint,
successful in persuading and influencing. As a leader it imitation and imagination, operating at subjective,
should be self-evident why this is vital to your values. interpersonal, institutional and environmental level."
3. Values Create Clarity
Management as a Process
When you're happier your life is simpler in so
Management as a process began with the sole
many ways. Clarity helps you concentrate, make
purpose of attaining an objective. Further, it is
yourself more successful and much more. One of the
specifically done in order to:
fastest ways in your life to achieve clarity is to be clear
The purpose are:
about your beliefs first. If you work from this point of

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 1. Rise clients' satisfaction with the services the of management that are presented in the study
company provides. material.
2. Develop personnel experience, abilities and Management as a Group
capacity, or In any way, the concept of management suggests
3. Accomplish a particular goal or goal. that itis a group. In general, administrative functions
Management: The Never Ending Process are not performed by one person alone. For most
It simply means that management is phases cases, as companies expand, many specific
that will never stop, because the company remains. managerial roles are generated so that the
Managers would always force themselves to tackle organization can meet its desired objectives.
tasks, goals, amd problems at a certain point in time. Management as an operation carried out by a group
ACTIVITY MANAGEMENT of people saddled with the responsibility of keeping
Task management = is the practice of the company going and achieving a specific goal. In
recording personnel's day-to-day accomplishments in other words, a community composed of people with
an order in which they are done. It is a key to an specific knowledge of the organization or managerial
organization's success, as it helps to monitor the roles will work together to manage a business.
organization's course and maximize its work efficiency. Management as a Science
It relies on the philosophy that knowledge Management is also a science, because
from higher levels of management influences any everything used to classify a field as science is
activity that takes place in the company in a personal involved. Science, for example, establishes the
or group workers organization, therefore it is essential relation of cause and effect between variables. It also
to proper recording process and cannot take place takes into consideration, the values that bind the
without controlling the activities. variables concerned. Scientific concepts are thus
Elements of the Ideal Activity Management formulated using the standard scientific methods that
Label involves testing. And the method involves testing and
Monitoring this recorded information on a checking via series of test.
regular basis is essential to assure the completion and One of the features which indicates that
accuracy of the record. science and management are the same is the universal
1. The Activity (which is a brief description of acceptance of scientific laws are the same in every case
what you do) and in every part of the world. On the other hand,
2. Type of activity (whether it is meeting, an management has its fundamental principles that are
email, phone or others) universally accepted and implemented in every
3. Name of the task situation or enterprise.
4. Title of project An example of that is the Unity of Command
5. Name or category of the project Principle.
6. The time length of the activity Management as a Profession
7. Date of the task Management is also an occupation as it has
Importance of Activity Management characteristics that allow it to be so. A profession is
1. It gives both the employer and the called a career in which one acquires knowledge and
employees, information on the performance undergoes training series to fit perfectly into that role.
of the personnel involved. A career has limited entry which is also true
2. It helps to organize and emphasize the in management. Although anyone can assume a
importance or relevance of the task at hand. managerial role in a corporation and there is no law
3. It also helps to avoid miscommunications prohibiting that, many companies now prefer for such
and mistakes of task repetition in the positions individuals with Master's degree.
workplace. The Manager
Management as a Discipline A manager is a person in the organization who
Management is also a discipline because it includes the activities of others. They perform their work at
learning the procedures and values required to different levels and they are called by different names:
perform official administrative duties, as well as 1. The First Line Managers - They are usually called
demonstrating the code of conduct that managers supervisors or in a manufacturing they may be called
must obey when performing their duties. foremen.
Management is also being taught, as with other 2. The Middle Level Mangers - These comprise all
research or discipline courses, at numerous institutes management levels between the organization's
and universities around the world. supervisory level and top level. Such managers may be
Individuals may secure jobs as managers after they called functional managers, heads of plants, and
have earned a diploma certificate or higher degree. managers of projects.
Managers also have opportunities to increase their 3. The Top Managers - They are the ones
expertise and competence by obtaining a higher responsible for making organizational decisions and
degree or management certification. setting policies and strategies which affect all aspects
Management as an Art of the organization. Such individuals may be named
Management is also known to be an art, because vice-president managing director, chief executive
both share similar characteristics. Art is a structured officer or board chairman etc.
body of knowledge that requires imagination and MANAGERIAL FUNCTIONS
expertise. An artist often needs constant practice in Planning - This is necessary to set goals and to
order to become faultless or achieve a degree of develop strategies for organizing activities.
perfection which is considered acceptable. Organization - It assists in deciding the tasks to be
Art is taught and put to use. The apprenticeship cycle performed, how to do them, how to organize the
comes before application. There are vast amounts of tasks and where to make decisions.
resources available to learn and develop knowledge Staffing - This is important for employing different
about art in the industry, which includes study types of people and performing different activities
materials and books to help artists gain a better such as training, growth, evaluation, compensation,
understanding and deliver quality production. The welfare etc.
same holds true for management. By learning, Directing - This requires that subordinates be given
theoretical knowledge is gained. In other word, instructions and motivated to achieve their goals.
manager will learn about the operations and concept

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 Controlling - This is monitoring practices to ensure 4. Training
that the workers perform the tasks as scheduled, and A manager must develop organizational
to correct any major deviations. competencies. As described in the preceding issue,
MANAGERIAL SKILLS these skills consist of technical skills, human skills and
Managing position requires proper skills to logical abilities. These competencies must be gained
perform various jobs. He cannot be an efficient by schooling, training, practice etc. Such skills are
manager if he lacks the knowledge and skills to do important for all executive levels.
the job because it will be the foundation for his 5. Technical knowledge and skills
workers to be corrected and driven. A manager should have technical knowledge
THREE ESSENTIAL SKILLS OR COMPETENCIES of the organization's job and other tasks. He will be
OF THE MANAGER. better placed to assess and direct if he has
(by: Robert Katz) knowledge of those things himself.
1. Technical 6. Mental Maturity
2. Human To deal with different circumstances a
3. Conceptual manager should have mental maturity. He is
Technical Skills supposed to be polite, good listener and quick to
Managers must be able to work with the respond to situations. He has to take several
resources, equipment, strategies, procedures or the uncomfortable decisions that could have an adverse
technical skills. First line executives as well as many effect on the job if not taken properly. When dealing
middle managers have been active in the activities of with subordinates he will remain calm. All these
the organization's technical aspects. Even when a attributes come with maturity of mind.
manager moves higher in hierarchy, the need for 7. Positive Attitude
technical skills is less, but still technical skill helps in Positive attitude is to a manager's asset.
making decisions. manager has to deal with a lot of people from both
Human Skills and outside the company. He should be sensitive
Managers must have the ability to work well optimistic to different suggestions and make choices.
with other people both individually and in a group. He should not prejudge issues, and should take sides.
Managers need these skills at all levels but top He will try and develop good with different people
managers need them the most. The manager has dealing with him. He would consider their issues and
interpersonal skills because he gets the best out of the attempt to reach out a helping hand.
people that work with him. We are able to 8. Self-confidence
communicate, empower, lead and inspire confidence Every manager should have faith in himself.
and enthusiasm. He has to take a lot of decision every day; he should
Conceptual Skills thoroughly evaluate things before making decision. If
Managers need to be able to integrate and he makes decisions, then he should stick to them and
organize the different activities. Managers must be to think try to put them into practice. A manager lacking
of abstract ideas and to contextualize them. need to be confidence in himself will always be uncertain about
able to see the organization as a whole the relationships his decisions. This kind of mentality creates more
between its different sub-units, and to see how the problems than just solving them.
organization fits into its wider context. Conceptual 9. Foresight
competencies are important in decision-making. Since all A manager has to make a decision not just
managers have to make decisions, these skills are for the present but also for the future. The
necessary for all managers but they become more technology, marketing, consumer behavior, financial
important as they form the hierarchy of the organization. set-up etc. are rapidly changing. The economic
QUALITIES OF A MANAGER policy shifts would repercussion in the future. A
Since the manager makes decisions for each type manager should foresee what will happen in the
of activity and his decisions affect an organization's work, future and plan the organization for the
he should have the following attributes to do his job circumstances to face. The level of foresight will help
properly: you make the right choices and face the challenges
1. Educational competence to come in the right perspective. If the problems
A manager has to have adequate and outstanding aren't properly evaluated, then the organization can
preparation. Besides other educational qualifications they face adverse situations.
are required to have management education and training. ROLE OF MANAGER IN AN ORGANIZATION
Education not only widens the intellectual scope of The role of a manager is very critical within
executives but also helps to understand and interpret an organization. An organization's success will depend
things properly. Business environment awareness is also on the manager's ability in using the resources to
essential to tackle the various problems that the company achieve organizational objectives. He is an integral
can encounter. leader in the organization's role of achieving goals and
2.Intellectual quality targets. Technology and working methods are rapidly
Managers should have a higher level of changing therefore the manager should be
intelligence relative to others, because they have more professional enough to deal with these changes.
roles in the organization than other men. Intelligence can The word management positions apply to
assist a manager in evaluating the organization's present different managerial activity categories. In his
and future organizational possibilities. He must be able to research, Henry Mintzberg discovered that the
predict the things in advance and take the necessary prevalent view was that managers were critical
decisions in due course. thinkers who evaluated information carefully and
3. Leadership ability systematically before making decisions. Mintzberg
A manager has to be able to direct and motivate people found that a large number of diverse, unpatterned,
working within the business. He shall subordinate himself and short-duration tasks were engaged in by
to leadership. The subordinates’ skills, abilities and managers. Reflective was given little time because
potentials should be retained and properly used to achieve managers faced constant interruptions. He offered a
organizational goals. If manager has the leadership categorization scheme to describe what managers are
qualities, then for the good of the organization he will doing on the job, based on actual managers.
inspire workers to improve their performance and function DIFFERENT HIGHLY INTERRELATED ROLES OF
their full to capacity. THE MANAGERS

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 1. Interpersonal Roles b. Tries to get the best out of the workers, and are made
A manager has to perform the following duties: to boost the organization's efficiency.
a. Receive visitors from outside, or preside over c. Encourage employees to engage in making processes.
employees' social function. As a Spokesman of the Organization
b. Sign as organization's manager some legal a. Acts as the organization's spokesman.
documents. b. He works with outsiders and provides them the
c. Function as a chief when he is needed to carry out required information that they need.
subordinate activities. c. Maintains good relationships with all including
d. Not only to inspire the workforce but also to recruit, fire shareholders, employees, vendors, government,
and discipline employees. etc.
e. Pay outside organizations for the collection of d. Helps to create a strong organization's reputation
information relating to companies. not only among clients but also among outsiders.
2. Informational Roles A manager should have an understanding
All managers are required to perform informational roles. of the principles of public understanding and the
a. To collect information outside of one's own organizations advantages of keeping the public informed while
and institutions. performing the role of a spokesman.
b. Perform the disseminators position as they deliver MODERN CHALLENGES FOR MANAGERS
information to the organization's subordinates. At different times every company has to cope with the
c. Acts as a spokesman when he represents outsiders external environment that prevails. This world poses
to the organization a series of external obstacles which are hard to
3. Decisional Roles control. These factors will impact significantly on how
According to Mintzberg, a manager performs four well a manager performs.
decisional roles. Organizations need to respond to environmental
a. He initiates and supervises new projects to improve changes with speed and efficiency to ensure survival.
the performance of the organization. Below are some of the key challenges which have
b. As a conflict controller, administrators take an impact on the job of managing:
corrective actions to fix previously unknown issues. 1. Challenges on Information Technology
c. Acts as resource allocation when allocating and (IT)
controlling human, physical, and monetary resource
allocations. Information technology is undergoing a transition.
d. When debating and bargaining with other Computers, the internet, intranets,
parties, he works as a negotiator. telecommunications and an endless number of
IMPORTANT ROLES OF A MANAGER software applications are available to get things
As Leader done better.
a. Defining various people's activities and goals within a. Managers are expected to use technology to carry
the organization. it out their work and produce desired results. The IT
b. Helps at the work-group to create the right type of selection must be made by having the end user in
atmosphere and homogeneity. mind and the work to be done.
c. The group's actions and performance led by him are b. Managers need to know how to communicate with
influenced. IT experts to evaluate the most appropriate
As Coordinator solutions for the job to be done, and then consider
a. Bring together various resources, both physical and the best way to implement them.
human, for the achievement of organizational c. Managers need to determine the best way to
objectives. network the infrastructure of an entity, and also
b. Mobilizes different resources, brings intelligent decide which network information will be accessible
understanding and goodwill among employers to to whom and what kinds of protection are needed
complete work at the organization. to protect the network.
c. With the aid of effective communication, a. Challenges on Globalization
better plan events and programs. The digital revolution took the whole world back
As Delegator of Authority together. Use of satellites to communicate
a. Assign duties to the subordinates that he trusted, information has rapidly improved things. The main
and delegate the authority necessary. If they do any component of industry, culture and economic
work independently, the subordinates may gain globalization is the opportunity and freedom to
confidence and be prepared for higher responsibilities. communicate with practically anyone, anywhere,
b. Encourage employees to take up appropriate work anywhere. The digital revolution has facilitated the
according to their skills and knowledge and train for the growth of global trade and international trade
next line of executives. agreements.
c. Create proper communication system so that subordinates A manager must formulate his plans by keeping the
are able to get regular guidance and response for the world economy in perspective. He has to get the
activities taken up by them. company ready to face the new competition. As
As Decision-Maker consumer choices broaden, managers need to find
After addressing various aspects of the problem, ways to beat foreign competition for price and
taking decisions for different activities, evaluating them, quality. The movement towards globalization is
designing possible alternatives and choosing the correct one. unlikely to change in the future; the best thing is to
Take note: face it. New executives should be prepared
A decision which is made at the right time will yield professionally to meet future global competition.
good results. In its decisions a manager must create DEVELOPING MISSION AND VISION
consistency, firmness and conviction. A manager who STATEMENTS
constantly changes his decisions will leave his subordinates Creating the vision and mission statements of an of
in doubt. The subordinates will be directed by a decision- organization action. are the first two steps in the
making capacity and the ability to take correct decisions at process and planning action. Developing a
the appropriate time. statement of vision and mission is crucial for
As a Human Relations Practitioner community initiatives to be successful. Such
a. Address workplace issues with staff. statements clarify the goals of your community in a
concise way, help the organization concentrate on

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 what is really important and provide a framework for the public opt into the change by emphasizing the
further advancement of other elements of your advantages of the transition and reducing the gaps.
strategic plan. Role of the Vision Statement
Roles Played by Mission and Vision Like statement of mission, statement of vision
Mission and vision statements play three helps to define the intent of the organization.
critical roles: Statements of vision provide guidance for
1. Communicate the organization's intent to organizational action and help inspire. Strategic
stakeholders plans may include a promotional campaign that may
2. Inform the development of Strategy, and include the statement of vision to encourage
3. Establish the tangible priorities and goals by stakeholders to partner with the organization as
which to measure the success of the strategy of well.
the company. A vision statement is a vision of the future with
WHAT IS A VISION STATEMENT? hope and a positive outlook. It describes the
Their vision is their dream. It's what your company's inspirational, long-term plan for what they
company considers to be the ideal conditions for will be able to do, who they will help, and how the
your community; that is, how things would look if company will then be perceived. For now, it's often
you absolutely, beautifully addressed the issue out of reach, but not so far out of reach as to be
that is important to you. It could be a world without unattainable. The vision statement gives everyone a
war, or a society where all men, regardless of gender or description of what they're working on.
racial background, are treated as equals. Purposes of Strategic Planning
Whatever the dream of your company is, one or Strategic planning is likely to have
more vision statements, which are short phrases or successes and failures. Leaders should celebrate the
sentences that express the aspirations of your society for little successes in achieving objectives that are part of
the future, may well communicate it. In creating a the statement of mission and vision. The mission
manifesto or statement of purpose, your organization statement will help to measure whether the strategic
clarifies the values and guiding principles, first for plan is aligned with the Agency's overall objectives.
yourself and then for the greater community. The vision statement helps inspire workers. Workers
Characteristics of vision statements should be: who feel invested in organizational change are more
a. Understood and shared by members of the likely to stay motivated and have higher levels of
organization. productivity.
b. Broad enough to include a diverse variety of
local perspectives. IMPORTANCE OF CREATING VISION AND
c. Inspiring and uplifting to everyone involved MISSION STATEMENTS
in group's effort. 1. These statements can help your organization focus
d. Easy to communicate - they are generally on what’s really important. Although tour organization
short enough. knows that you’re trying to do to improve your
WHAT IS A MISSION STATEMENT? community, it’s easy to lose sight of this when dealing
The next step in the action planning process is with day-to-day organizational difficulties. Your vision
in practical terms to the dream of the ground and mission statements remind the members of what
organization. It is here that a mission statement comes is important.
in to grow. The mission statement of an 2. Vision and mission statements offer a snapshot of
organization explains what the organization will what the group is and what it aims to do to whom
do, and why it will do that. other people and organizations. If statement of vision
Mission statements are similar to claims about vision, and purpose is readily accessible, people know about
in that they also look at the big picture. They are the organization without having to dig hard for the
more practical however, and they are certainly more details. Instead, those with common interests should
"action-oriented" than statements of dream. The take the time to learn more. This flexibility is very
statement of vision of an organization will inspire useful when hiring other individuals and organizations
people to dream; your statement of purpose should to support the initiative.
motivate them to take action. 3. Statements of vision and mission concentrate the
General Guidelines in Creating Mission members on their shared goal. Not only can the
Statements statements themselves act as a daily reminder of
a. Concise. While not as brief as statements of nopiv the organization's value, the method of creating
vision, mission statements in one sentence also them encourages people to see the organization as
usually get their point across. "theirs." Creating these statements builds trust as
b. Outcome-oriented. Statements on task describe participants can more fully believe in something if they
the basic results to which the organization is have a hand in creating it.
operating. ADVANTAGES OF HAVING A CLEAR VISION
c. Inclusive. Although declarations of mission make STATEMENT
statements about the key goals of your community, • Bringing people into work together.
it is very important that they do so very broadly. • To offer hope for a better future.
Good mission statements are not restrictive in the • Empowering members of the group to
community's policies or industries that may get achieve their goals through constructive and
involved in the project. successful action;
Example:
• Turn your broad sight visions into more
"Promoting care and caring at the end of life through
practical,
coalitions and advocacy."
Role of the Mission Statement
• Describe your priorities clearly and concisely
Leaders should emphasize the current statement of to the stakeholders.
mission to employees which clarifies the • Improving the image of your organization as
organization's objective and key, measurable goals. being skilled and knowledgeable.
A mission statement is meant for the organization's
staff and members. Strategic plans can involve
changing the organization's mission statement to HOW TO CREATE VISION AND MISSION
represent a new direction. It will help workers and STATEMENTS

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 The organization now has the tools to create 3. Decide On the General Focus of Your
the specific messages, providing a clear Organization
understanding of the vision and mission messages. After the organization's leaders have learned
Unless your community has already formed what the group has to say, it's time to determine the
statements of vision and mission, consider them in the organization or initiative's overall emphasis.
light of the criteria. a. What subject matters most to your
If you feel that your current statements could organization me and to your community?
be changed, you can easily change them using the b. Where is your company going to operate?
following method. c. Does your organization only start in one
1. Learn What is Important to People in Your school, in one neighborhood, or in your town?
Organization and the Community d. Should the emphasis of your initiative be
As the first step in the development of your wider, at local, regional, or even international
action plan is to establish your vision and mission level?
statements, it is especially important that these first Those are questions with no simple answers.
steps are well in community principles and values. Your organization will need to understand group
Being aware of the important issues within your lessons learned, and determine the best course for
community is vital to the creation of a large, successful your organization through thoughtful discussion.
and lasting group of action. And one of the first steps However, if your organization receives grant money or
that you will take when creating your organization's big funding from a given entity, the grant maker can
vision and purpose is to identify the problems that determine what your group's overall objective should
matter most to people in your group. be.
Different Ways in Gathering this Information DEVELOP YOUR VISION AND MISSION
a. Conducting public forums with members of STATEMENTS
the community Developing clear vision and mission
It is to collect suggestions, feelings, and views statements are two of the most critical activities that
on the way they want the culture to be changed. The your organization can tackle, as such statements
discussions and complaints are registered during public influence almost everything else you do.
forums. The transcripts of what’s said will provide the When you and the team understand more
basis for the preparation subsequently. clearly what the community is trying to do and why,
b. Holding focus group discussions with the you are in a prime position to create proposals that will
people catch the ideas. When you look at possible claims, try
This would be done for those involved in to keep them broad and enduring.
solving the problems, including, civic members, those Wide-ranging vision and mission statements
most impacted by the problems, corporations, religious allow for a sense of continuity with the past, values and
leaders, teachers, etc. Discussions in focus groups are specific aims of a community. In addition, statements
similar to public hearing but are smaller and more of vision and mission built up to last should drive efforts
personal. They are usually made up of small groups of today and tomorrow.
people of similar backgrounds, so that they can feel WRITING MISSION STATEMENTS
confident communicating freely about what concerns The method of writing the statement of
them. purpose for your organization is close to creating your
Obtaining interviews with people in leadership statement of vision. The same method of
and service positions brainstorming will help you to build the possibilities for
This involves individuals as local officials, your mission statement, You'll want to establish a
school leaders, workers at hospitals and social service common mission statement for your work as opposed
providers, on what issues or needs they expect to occur to vision statements.
in the neighborhood. Many individuals will also have GUIDE QUESTIONS IN CREATING MISSION
both facts and memories to back up their viewpoints. STATEMENT
2. Decide What to Ask 1. Could this explain what your company is
No matter if you are talking to one person or going to do, and why is it going to?
a crowd, your purpose is the same - to learn what 2. Is it concise (one sentence)?
matters in your community. 3. Was it outcome oriented?
List of Questions You Might Use to Focus Your 4. Is it reflective of the organization's
Discussions with Community Members priorities and people who might get involved?
These questions may be used for individual After the organization's leaders have formed
interviews, focus groups, public forums, or in any other a vision and mission statements, the next step will be
way you choose to gather information. to know what other group members think of them
a. What is your vision / dream for our community? before you actually use the statements. You may talk
b. Why do you want to see change? to same community leaders or the members of the
c. What kind of group or organization will we be group you initially talked to.
creating? WAYS ORGANIZATION MAY CHOOSE TO
d. What do you see as the big issues or SPREAD ITS VISION AND MISSION
problems in the society or organization? STATEMENTS
e. How do you see as the main strengths and assets of 1. Attach it to your letterhead or to your
the group or organization? stationary
f. How do you think this company or project will be 2. Use them on Site
striving for? 3. Giving away with them T-shirts, or
g. Why will they fix these issues? bookmarks, or other little gifts
h. How would you like to see success? 4. Use these while giving interviews.
While collecting feedback from the group, the 5. Show it on your reports cover
facilitator should encourage everyone to express their BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT
most idealistic, optimistic, and constructive ideas. Behavioral management = is a behavioral
Encourage others to be interested, and note that you intervention approach that is oriented towards keeping
are attempting to articulate a vision of a better society order. This is a class of therapeutic strategies for
or organization, altering behavior by modifying one or more aspects of
the environment of and person.

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 Behavioral management derived from Lead by example not only holds managers to
Albert Bandura's theory of social learning, which strict expectations, but also requires many
affirms that observable behavior emerges from an interpersonal communication skills. Those who lead by
interaction between the person and the environment. example must be capable of establishing good human
The factors that are modified are those that relationships with those they need. This can be a
are thought to contribute most significantly to the challenge for any boss, particularly those who are not
development or continuation of habits that are exactly born leaders of natural origin.
troublesome in the atmosphere for the person EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES OF MANAGING BY
him/herself or for other people. Environmental EXAMPLE
improvements are also being made to improve healthy Avoid Criticizing
habits deemed beneficial or adaptive. Complaining or judging others can not only
Past experiences precede behavior in time, discourage team members from receiving the
and can result in actions or decrease the likelihood of inspiration they need, but it can also sow these team
behavior occurring. Behavioral events that accompany members that criticism and complaining is appropriate
behavior in time (i.e. consequent events) that also on the job. Those who lead by example must do their
increase or decrease the probability that the behavior utmost to eliminate negativity from their lives and their
will continue once it occurs, or that it will occur again approach to leadership altogether. Negativity can only
in the future. generate more negativity, so it is imperative that it be
BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES eliminated early. The more optimistic a person will be,
1. Antecedent strategies - Which are used in an the optimistic their work environment can be each and
attempt to discourage or provoke a behavior before every day.
a behavior occurs. Give Honest Praise
2. Consequent strategies - Which are used when It is necessary to truly improve positive
a behavior happens in an attempt to discourage a behavior, so that others can continue to behave
behavior from continuing and repeating, or to positively. Criticism avoidance is just half the fight
reinforce a behavior. when it to promoting positivity when leading by
UNDERSTANDING EMPLOYEE BEHAVIOR & Dedicated managers who want to lead by example
MOTIVATION when to laud and how necessary it is to offer praise.
Behavioral Management Theory Giving false or coerced compliments to only for the
The theory of behavioral management was sake of spreading attention does not it off. People can
developed in response to the need to account for sense and hear honesty so if leaders want it to really
actions and motivation of the employees. The moved work, praise needs to be sincere and truthful.
management from an emphasis of productive Individuals usually want to do the right thing,
(classical leadership theory) to a style of leadership and positive motivation keeps them on track to do good
based on the human need of the workers for work things rather than threats or punishments.
related fulfillment and good working conditions. It Develop Real Relationships
based on the premise that managers can better the It's so important for managers to take the time to
human dimension for workers and view worker’s develop genuine relationships with their workers so
valuable tools for achieving objectives. Management they can gain that respect. It involves getting to
who takes a special interest in workers makes them know them and becoming interested in other people
feel part of a specific group. and what they have to say and focusing on
Shift in Theories maintaining and developing the relationship so the
Long before theorists started writing about two parties have a sense of confidence. When
employee happiness and good working conditions, managers do not take the time to build meaningful
management found classical leadership to be most relationships with their workers then the idea of
important to the success of an organization, with its example management will never work. So get
primary interest in high productivity and workers so imitate their bosses, they need to admire
performance. Later concern for job satisfaction and them and take care of them.
fair working conditions established the basis for the Good listening skills and good communication skills
theory of behavioral management. are important to establishing the basic trust between
To establish a relation, theorists such as all parties. When a core partnership exists, workers
Elton Mayo and others analyzed efficiency of are much more likely to look at their boss as someone
workers under various conditions. Mayo's work with to respect, and would be much more inclined to
Hawthorne offers a clear example of this. A group of imitate the actions of their boss.
telephone line workers were divided in the Not only does this involve listening to the words that
Hawthorne experiment, and observed working in a workers need to use, but it also means picking up on
private room. their thoughts and paying attention to what they are
Different privileges were granted to the trying to communicate.
community members during their working day, such Get in on the Action
as the right to leave their workstations, It's much easier for an employee to follow the lead
improvements in pay levels and even company- of a superior who sits in their office all day and
sponsored lunch. What they found was that the doesn't know how everyday operations work. Getting
management group had generated more than the involved and being very interested in how the
other workers. The reason for this increased output company works will only benefit managers who are
was that the community believed that their well- trying to appeal to their workers and who are trying
being was of concern to management. to set a precedent on how their workers want to
MANAGEMENT BY EXAMPLE work.
The concept of leading others by direction or To any manager, so to speak, getting their hands
order may seem like a fairly daunting task to many dirty is one of the best ways to start cultivating a
managers. Most managers don’t want to feel like better relationship with their employees and really
they’re babysitting or bossing their staff members start managing by example. Once team members see
around, but they also find it best to show their workers their supervisors more do likely the job to look and
how they want to behave and how they’d prefer their get into action they are much more likely to look for
daily tasks to be done. That all comes down to the direction at these supervisions and emulate their
often-challenging task of leading by example. behavior.

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 Humility is Key organizations to campaign for ethical and right
Taking leadership approach needs a great sense of values. Values offer the best encouragement to
modesty. Not only does this mean trying to relate to remain motivated all the time, irrespective of how de-
workers and to foster a sense of harmony between motivating and overwhelming things are.
team members, but it also means treating all team 3. Underlie Managerial Behavior
members with a positive attitude. The study of values is central to the interpretation of
Managers ought to treat others the way they would management and organizational behavior, which
like to be treated, never take anything for granted underlies managerial behavior's value orientations.
and give the benefit of the doubt to individuals. Even 4. Determine behavior
if a member of a team does not perform to the Values are fundamental, and define actions within
expectations of the manager, this does not mean the organization to a large extent. Therefore, through
they have not tried. Most people don't go into employee behavior, the manager will introduce
preparing their workday to do a terrible job. Having improvement in the way desired.
insight and modesty will also help managers see the 5. Helps in bringing change
broader picture and see where their workers come Organizations bind through principles. Values are
from as they lead others by their own example. enabled cultural improvement when re-evaluated
ENGAGEMENT AND EMPOWERMENT and matched with the goals of the organizational
If you want engagement and empowerment, consider structure. This practice has already transformed
the following behaviors: several individuals and organizations.
• Act like an owner-make choices that are 6. Determine attitudes
based on the highest company and priorities Values form the foundation for understanding
nice. behaviors, motivations and beliefs.
• Be constructive in asking what you can do to 7.Promote leadership
improve or make a situation easier. Managers are people who exercise their leadership
by values'. They can be effective leaders by practicing
• Be responsible by recognizing that there is still
the spiritual values in their managing jobs.
an aspect of the project or a consequence
8. Bring creativity
that will have a positive effect.
Managers will remain innovative by examination of
• Seek items that match the ultimate purpose. many ethical principles in unpredictable and ever-
So if you make a mistake, then you will own changing times. Some traditional ideals tend to
it and learn from it. improve the cognitive capacity resulting in a different
way of understanding those challenges and
People are influenced by our actions. Our life as a circumstances.
leader would be easier if we could say all the right 9. Managing in Borderless
things and know that those words would significantly Management is no longer limited to a national entity,
influence our team. While that would be easier, it is but is completely without boundaries. Specific
also unrealistic. Although our words matter, what we international governments do not oversee the
do matters far more. management activities and decisions. For many
If we want our influence to be positive and "lawless territories" administrators have a greater
productive, we must be clear on what we want from responsibility than ever before. Consequently, value-
others, and then make sure our actions (as well as our based management has become a key requirement.
words) support that. When we do this, we are leading Owing to the need for social and ethical standards,
by example in an intentional and productive way. administrators must follow not just rules.
10. Involve in managerial goals
VALUES FORMATION IN MANAGEMENT Values are universal since they include task, goal, and
Formation of values is the confluence of our adjective selection. The role of planning, coordinating
personal experiences and the particular society in and managing people's actions should also be
which we are entwined. In the childhood, values are consistent with the principles of the managers.
placed by our families and reinforced by community 11. Guide to life, profession, and
and life experiences. For example, my parents placed character
on me the importance of kindness, and reinforced it Moral, ethical and professional values determine the
during early childhood. character of employees and managers. They guide
The value system is first considered for their profession and life. They should guide the real
understanding every society. The value system implies character of our lives as we serve our nations. Value
the culture's purposes and goals, which their wisest can become the basis for the behavior of its members.
people have identified and treated as absolute and 12. Personality development
primary. In the context of its value system, therefore, Managers tend to be involved in cultivating their staff
the values and knowledge of every society happen to and fellow leader’s personalities. Personality is the total
be preserved. amount of a number of factors. However, the selection
A value and system procedures is a collection of moral and fundamental values is an essential
used for coherent ethical principles and procedures consideration as values include the right way of
used for ethical or moral honesty purposes. As well- thinking, the right motivation and the passion for
defined set of values is code of morale. improvement.
POINTS THAT HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF VALUES 14. Work ethic
IN MANAGEMENT Knowledge, effort, behaviors, attitude, manners of
1. Development of Employees work, interpersonal vision, a commitment to change
Managers should use the value system to grow their and the standard of work generated are important
workers in an all-round way. Values help with vision. elements of every worker's mentality today. Ethical and
Those help in the creation of employee or worker’s eternal importance places fano a major role in doing
awareness and moral growth. good work. Values may establish a perception that
2. Motivation work has its own intrinsic worth.
Values will work inside you to awaken your secret The Importance of Workplace Values
talents. With bravery and confidence, you have it in The ideals in the workplace are the guiding principles
you to go ahead and realize your full potential. that are most important to you about the way you
Inspiring one's self and inspiring others in work. You use these deeply held values to distinguish

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 between right and wrong ways of working and they • Decisive action is taken and further action is
help you make crucial career choices and decisions. taken to avoid any negative effects from
Some examples of workplace values include: being issues and to continue all processes all
• Being accountable. over again.
• Making a difference. • There are usually followed could be steps
• Focusing on detail. used leading to assess to ana decision model
• Delivering quality. that optimal production schedule.
• Being completely honest.
• Keeping promises. THE NINE (9) CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
• Being reliable. DECISION
• Being positive. If you don't know how to handle tension or if
• Meeting deadlines. the results are less than optimal, decision-making can
be the single-greatest weight on your shoulders. So,
• Helping others.
how do you know what makes a strong decision? Here
• Being a great team member.
are the nine attributes of a positive decision:
• Respecting company policy and rules, and 1. Decisions positively impact others.
respecting others. 2. Decisions are replicable.
• Showing tolerance. 3. Decisions foster opportunity. (Empowers others to
act)
4. Decisions include others.
DECISION MAKING 5. Decisions are executable.
DECISION - MAKING CONCEPTS 6. Decision is systematic.
Decision-making can a solution be seen as problem- 7. Decisions are accountable.
solving process that generates a solution that is 8. Decisions are pragmatic.
considered to be ideal, or at least acceptable. 9. Decisions involve self-awareness.
Consequently, it is a mechanism that can be more or DECISION-MAKING TECHNIQUES
less logical or irrational and based on overt or implicit Decision-making techniques can be separated into
knowledge and beliefs. In dynamic decision-making two broad categories:
processes, implicit information is often used to fill 1. Group Decision-Making Techniques
holes (Brockmann,2016). Typically, all, implicit and 2. Individual Decision-Making Techniques
explicit, of these forms of information are used Individual decision-making techniques can also often
together in the decision-making process. be applied by a group.
The Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) GROUP DECISION-MAKING
= focuses on solving these problems. While very old, Also known as “Collaborative Decision-
this field of decision-making has drawn attention Making’’ = is a situation faced when individuals
from many researchers and practitioners, and is still collectively make a choice from the alternatives
widely debated as there are many MCDA approaches before them. The decision is the no longer attribute
that can produce very different results when applied to any single individual who is member of the group.
to exactly the same data (Triantaphyllou, 2000). This is because the result applies to certain system of
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE IN DECISION individuals and social classes such as social power.
MAKING Community decisions often vary from those taken by
The environment of decision makers will play a role individuals.
in the decision-making process. A factor affecting Collaborative decision taking in workplace
cognitive performance, for example, is environmental environments is one of the most effective
uncertainty (Davidson, 2006). models for creating buy-in from other
A complex environment = is an stakeholders, building trust and promoting
environment with a great number of potentially innovation.
different states that come and go over time (Godfrey- INDIVIDUAL DECISION-MAKING
Smith, 2001). Studies conducted complex at the In general, an person takes prompt decisions. When
University of Colorado have that more complex in a group, keeping any one person responsible for a
environments associate with higher cognitive wrong decision is not easy. Human decision taking
performance, suggesting the setting the can affect a usually saves time, resources, and energy as
decision. One experiment assessed complexity in a individuals make timely and rational choices.
space by the amount of small objects and devices Although taking group decision takes a lot of time,
present; less of those items were in a simple money and energy.
environment. The higher measure of environmental DECISION MAKING APPROACHES
uncertainly has positively improved executive We make the majority of the decisions, as
performance, making it harder to think about the individuals. It is important to look at the approaches
situation and make a rational decision. that we follow in our individual decision-making in the
effort to take more successful decisions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DECISION-MAKING As the outcomes of the decisions are not
(Monahan, 2000). clear, it is necessary to concentrate on how a decision
• Objectives have to be set first. is made to increase the consistency of the decision. By
• Requirements must be graded and placed in looking at the approaches to decision-making, we aim
order of importance. to highlight certain potential for change that can be
• We need to build alternate acts. accomplished regardless of a particular decision
• The alternatives must be measured against all strategy.
targets. There are a variety of ways to describe
• Tentative decision is the option which can decision-making methods but we will find three broad
accomplish all the objectives. groupings for our purposes. For certain cases, we all
• The tentative decision is evaluated for more prefer to take actions at one time or another using all
possible consequences. of the methods. Think about which approach will better
describe how you make most of your choices, or prefer
• The preliminary decision is reviewed for more
making your choices.
potential implications.

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 1.RATIONAL OR ANALYTICAL APPROACH b. Apply know-how. It will increase the basis
• Exemplified by systematic decision-making. for understanding good opportunities versus
• Defines upfront success factors bad ones.
• Looks for details and objectively explores how c. Know the risks and the uncertainties.
each solution meets each success factor. Choosing where the chances are in your
• Decision-making is organized and decisions favor, is a smart way to maximize positive
results.
can be taken under the assumption of the
SIMILAR DECISION-MAKING
desired solutions except for major
1.GOFER (Mann, L., 1980)
unforeseeable of unpredictable incidents. FIVEDECISION-MAKING Steps:
• Consideration of the implications of the final 1.Goals clarification: Survey values and
decision. objectives.
2.Options generation: Consider a wide range
2. INTUITIVE DECISION MAKING APPROACH
of alternative actions.
• Relying on emotions and feelings.
3. Facts-finding: Search for information.
• Careful planning is not possible or not desired. 4. Consideration of Effects: Weigh the positive and
• People will point to a "gut feeling" or "hunch" negative consequences of the options.
as the cause for a choice, reflecting that 5. Review and implementation: Plan how to review
explanation is not accessible through the options and implement them.
conscious thought. 2. DECIDE (Guo, K., 2008)
1. Define the problem
3.RANDOM OR CHANCE APPROACH 2. Establish or Enumerate all the criteria
• In this approach a decision is made on (constraints)
impulse, without thought. 3. Consider or Collect all the alternatives
• Flipping a coin or using a "decision wheel" 4. Identify the best alternative
would be representative of employing this 5. Develop and implement a plan of action
approach. 6. Evaluate and monitor the solution and
• It is sometimes considered a dependent style examine feedback when necessary.
because this approach can promote denial of 3. OTHER
responsibility. 1. SEVEN DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES (Brown,
P., 2001)
a. Outline the goal and outcome.
DECISION MAKING APPROACHES A b. Gather data.
CONSEQUENCE OF PERSONALITY c. Develop alternatives (i.e.., brainstorming).
Any of our emotional and thought processes d. List pros and cons of each alternative.
can be defined by personality, so it's natural to e. Make the decision.
assume that our preferred approach to decision f. Immediately take action to implement it.
making is a feature of our personality. There’s ample g. Learn from and reflect on the decision.
proof that our personality develops over time and 2. EIGHT STAGES OF MORAL DECISION-
evolves. This may also imply changes in personality MAKING (Pijanowski, J ., 2009)
result from our approach to decision taking that a. Create and nurture the relationships, norms,
contribute to improvements in our thought and procedures that will influence how problems are
processes. understood and communicated. This stage takes
SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT place prior to and during a moral dilemma.
Rational o Analytic Decision Makers b. Recognize that a problem exists.
a. Have ready a decision-making process that you know c. Identify competing explanations for the
works. This helps you to jump directly through a problem, and evaluate the drivers behind those
decision-making phase without having to postpone interpretations.
deciding the steps you will be taking. d. Sift through various possible actions or
b. Gain knowledge of pitfalls and prejudices in decision responses and determine which is more justifiable.
taking so they can be avoided when making a e. Examine the competing commitments which
decision. may distract from a more moral course of action and
then prioritize and commit to moral values over other
Intuitive Decision Maker
a. Ask or accept broad questions well in advance of a personal, institutional or social values.
decision. It helps the unconscious mind to work f. Follow through with action that supports the
behind the scenes to provide ideas and suggestions more justified decision.
for a decision. g. Reflection in action.
b. Know where and where your intuition is working, h. Reflection on action.
and not. Intuition works best in places we have a
great deal of expertise in. DECISION MAKING MODELS IN CRIMINAL
c. Increasing reflection. This makes insight more JUSTICE
credible, as experiences are interpreted and applied For criminal justice, decision-making requires more
with thought to the subconscious that helps to than studying the rules and applying them to
categorize the experience more accurately. individual cases. Decisions are based on discretion,
d. Play games which involve decision-making. Games that is, the exercise of human judgment in order to
that simulate life choices provide a low risk make decisions about alternative courses of action.
environment where patterns can be formed to Professionals in criminal justice have little time to
improve intuition. make important decisions which may be the
Random or Chance Decision Maker difference between life and death. While there is no
a. Improve awareness and appreciation. Recognizing decision-making process that is fool proof, training,
positive results as they arise increases the probability conditioning, and practice among criminal justice
of successful outcomes. leadership can help these professionals react more
rationally and strategically in the heat of the moment.

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 DECISION MAKING CHALLENGESFOR
CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROFESSIONALS DECISION MAKING STYLES IN MANAGEMENT
Events of over-exposure, which are characterized as AND ADMINISTRATION
unpredictable, erratic, volatile and under conditions Many people believe that decision-making is not a
of high stress, impair the capacity of a criminal justice rational option but a product of personality. With
professional to make a reasonable, rational decision. that, leaders must understand that personality
Criminal justice practitioners will experience a lag cannot stand in the way of critical decision making.
period in their decision-making skills during these Good leaders will adapt their decision-making
events. Many obstacles called psychological prisons strategy to match the demands of various
may also have an negative impact on the willingness circumstances.
of a police officer to take decisions. The most influential leaders learn how to tailor their
The Consequences of Making the Wrong decision-making style to suit specific circumstances.
Decision. Different contexts and situations call for individual
• Loss of life. management responses, and sometimes multiple
• Departmental or jurisdictional administrative decision-making approaches. Leaders can learn how
costs. to make informed choices in a variety of diverse
• Negative media attention and public opinion. situations by understanding the different ways of
• Demotion in position and / or loss of job. decision-making and being mindful of warning signs.
FOUR STYLES OF DECISION-MAKING
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), family
1. DIRECTIVE DECISION-MAKING
problems and other psychological concerns.
Usually a Policy decision-maker sorts out the pros and
Due to the aforementioned consequences, it is cons of a situation based on what they already know.
important that criminal justice provide the training Decision-makers in the directive are very rational and
needed to make reliable, ethical decisions in all have little tolerance for uncertainty. Instead of going
circumstances. to others for more detail, their decisions are rooted
RECOMMENDTIONS FOR AN EFFECTIVE in their own intelligence, experience and reasoning.
DECISION MAKING ON THE JOB The upside to this style is that decision-making is
Scenario-based conditioning and preparation fast, ownership is transparent, and no extra
are required to prepare criminal justice personnel to communication be Is needed. Often, however,
take critical duty-focused decisions. Simulators for directive decisions can take impulsively, without all
police training are constantly dependent on criminal the necessary details.
justice experts to refine the decision making • When to use Directive Decision-Making
capabilities of officers as finely as possible. In a built
In situations characterized by continuity, repeated
use-of-force scenario, some simulators also require
patterns, and predictable events, this style of
trainees to experience near-misses or an impact. This
decision-making is fine. For situations where there is
will bring a truly comprehensive experience.
a straightforward and unchallenged cause-and-effect
In addition to simulator training, there are
relationship, reserve guideline decisions; in other
other tips that criminal justice practitioners may apply
words, a correct response exists and is collectively
to their decision-making processes, which can save a
understood.
life like:
• A leader's role in Directive Decision-
• To increase the number of options, look at a
Making
problem from multiple viewpoints and angles.
• Assess the situation with a view to recognizing A leader has to sense the situation, categorize it as a
threats and non-threats; seek to make scenario that calls for a clear decision and an
rational decisions about how to respond appropriate response. Ensure best practices are in
accordingly. place for ongoing procedures. Remember to ask
• Visualize the way situations play out before yourself when classifying the situation: Is this my
they act. Challenge assumptions about a decision to make, and do I have all the details
situation. necessary to make this decision? Where appropriate,
• Seek support and advice from colleagues in delegate but remember to communicate in a simple,
direct language. It's the role of a leader to realize
circumstances that require it.
when there's no need for intensive interpersonal
• Make choices about the most important
contact and to make clear decisions based on the
information, and seek to commit it to knowledge they already have.
memory. • Signs you need to use a different
• Be mindful of and accept the feelings before approach
making a conscious move to make rational
decisions. Once operations run smoothly it is easy for leaders
• Practice verbal and non-verbal to become victims of complacency. Leaders must be
communication skills which colleagues to mindful of the changing complexity of specific
communication information about how to situations. When you start making complicated jobs
respond to a situation. simply by using simple decisions, you need to change
your approach. Understand that changing
circumstances demand changing styles of decision
making.
Criminal justice professionals = are
2. ANALYTIC DECISION-MAKING
responsible for their own mental, emotional and
Before taking action, strategic decision-
physical health which all affect their decision making
makers analyze a lot of details. Analytic leaders, for
capacity.
example, rely on direct observation, data, and facts to
Criminal justice leaders will also respect their
back their decisions. Like decision-makers in the
team’s ongoing mental and physical decision making
guideline, however, an analytic decision maker may
preparation. This rigorous preparation makes a huge
seek information and advice from others to affirm or
difference in the willingness of criminal justice
refute their own expertise. These decision-makers
practitioners to take action in both operational and
have a high degree of uncertainty tolerance and are
strategic situations.

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extremely adaptable but they prefer to monitor certain Behavioral decision-seek to make sure that everyone
aspects of the decision process. This style is a well- is working together well. Like the conceptual method,
rounded decision making strategy that can be time behavioral decision-is group-oriented; however, the
consuming. community is given the choices available to them,
• When to use Analytic Decision-Making rather than brainstorming alternative solutions. From
there the community will discuss each choice's pros
In situations where there may be more than one and cons. This decision-making method takes into
right answer, analytical decisions are helpful. Use this account several different viewpoints and views in the
decision making style to solve issues where the process.
relationship between cause and effect is discoverable When to use behavioral decision-making
but not immediately apparent. You use this approach The behavioral style requires proactive
mainly to evaluate multiple options or approaches, and communication, as with conceptual decision-making.
to use fact-based management to direct effective This style takes a more introspective approach by
action. discussing solutions that have worked in the past,
rather than attempting to disclose new patterns.
• A leader's role in Analytic Decision- A leader's role in behavioral decision-making
Making Leaders in this style of decision-making need
to open lines of communication. Again, build groups of
Unlike decision-making directives, before agreeing people who can contribute their opinions and promote
on a course of action, leaders must evaluate all the democratic debate. Don't only impose a course of
details they have available. Assembling a team of action when using the behavioral decision-making
experts to assist with analytical decisions is method. Consider what decision generates the most
advantageous; Leaders must therefore freely consider unity within the company, instead.
contradictory advice and ideas. At the same time, to Signs you need to use a different approach
make the most of the analytic decision-making process, If group discussion sessions cannot reach a
leaders need to consider non-expert perspectives. resolution, a new strategy will need to be considered.
• Signs you need to use a different Conversely, if new ideas never come up or no one
approach questions views, then behavioral decision-making
might not be the best choice. Although this style of
Decision paralysis is the most important warning sign decision works for the good of the community as a
of overuse of the logical decision form. When you find whole, a clear and definitive leader is required to get
yourself living in a state of over-analysis or things done. Look for ways and experiments where
overthinking without taking action or making a possible to push people to think outside of what's
decision, this strategy must be removed. familiar.
3.CONCEPTUAL DECISION-MAKING TRAITS AND VALUES IN DECISION-MAKING
Compared with the guideline or empirical Decision-Making and Personality Traits
approaches, the relational decision-making process Personality characteristics have a much
takes a more collaborative approach. Conceptual greater role to play in decision taking than you would
decision makers promote innovative thinking and expect. Some people are indecisive, because of their
teamwork and take a wide variety of viewpoints into existence. They find most decision quite difficult to
consideration. These decision makers are based on make. These people I also find very committed to the
success and want to look well into the future when it decision when they do. I am sure you know this kind
comes to making critical decisions. of people. Others make others make choices way too
• When to use Conceptual Decision- easily without taking into account all the
Making consequences. Those are more impulsive people.
A successful decision is made with the
Apply logical decision taking to issues involving alignment of the three eyes, heart and gut or, as
several conflicting ideas. This decision style i ideally defined in the holistic decision-making strategy, when
suited to circumstances that are marked by the three are finally in harmony.
unpredictability and tailored to creative and inventive It's all tough decisions. There is no way this gets out.
approaches. You see no immediate solution in these However, by getting an approach and knowing how
situations but trends emerge over time. The use of a our attitude influences our decision we can make
conceptual decision-making style accounts for long- them a little easier.
term planning and the unknown variables. HOW TO FACTOR YOUR PERSONALITY INTO
• A leader's role in Conceptual Decision- YOUR DECISION MAKING.
Making As much logic as you bring in your choices, the way
you make a choice will always affect your personality.
To be successful in analytical decision taking, leaders
Individual personality is an unavoidable consideration
need to create an atmosphere that fosters
combined with maturity and experience but
experiments designed to uncover instructive trends
constructive self-awareness can help you weigh how
over time. Leaders will need to make a point of
much your intuition impacts your decision-making
growing coordination and interaction. Build groups of
process.
people who can share new ideas and assist with
What is interesting about the choices is that they are
difficult decision taking and execution. Patience is the
the all yours. No other being on earth will make
key and leaders need to take the time to reflect.
precisely the same choices that you do, using the
Signs you need to use a different approach
same exact procedure. It's because personality keeps
If the decision you need to make includes a situation
every decision you make updated. In conjunction
that needs structure and established outcomes, a
with your degree of maturity, experience and ego
conceptual approach should not be employed. Often,
qualities (the way you cope with stress and retain
decisions that need to determine immediate
stability), temperament plays a major role in the
consequences and situations in which there is no
choices you make and the process you make them
space for error are not subject to logical decision
by.
taking.
How Your Brain Makes Decisions
4. BEHAVIORAL DECISION-MAKING
Decision-making is multiply-determined, that there
are multiple forces at work simultaneously. meaning

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 Your personality characteristics and influences blend THE EFFECT OF CULTURE ON DECISION
with your beliefs, your desires and your inspiration as MAKING
you navigate the decision-making process every day. Cross Cultural Variances
Your "style" informs whether you rationally or Western theories are known for the
emotionally, impulsively or cautiously, spontaneously systematic use of logical analysis, a methodical
or deliberately approach decisions. If you have bold approach to solving complex problems by splitting
and adventurous components to your personality, them into their constituent parts and defining the
you will find that you make decisions easily, even patterns of cause and effect of the constituent parts;
impulsively, unlike your rational equivalent, who may While oriental philosophies are well known for their
need to consider every angle before weighing in. focus on holism-the notion that the properties of a
Any of us make decisions about following a certain given system cannot be defined or clarified solely by
internal norm, ethics or meaning. Others make the parts of its components, but the system as a
choices to minimize anxiety or increase self-esteem whole decides how the components behave.
and/or the likelihood of closeness or distance from The individuals from high-and low-context
others. For those strongly motivated by pleasure- cultures also differ in their communication styles. The
seeking and immediate gratification, decision-making former prefers the less direct style, and thereby they
is frequently deficient in logical thought, and is are less explicit in stating their feelings, desires, and
instead impulsive instead. intentions when communicating verbally. The latter,
Personality tests provide a self-discovery process on the contrary, are less likely to camouflage their
involving very useful applications. The more you are message and conceal their intentions.
conscious of yourself, the more consistently your The culturally normative communication
opportunities, preference and perceptions increase. style also enhances people's responsiveness to the
Not only does self-awareness unblock us, but it also transmitted message and influences the perception
opens up possibilities that would otherwise remain of the communicator. It influences hiring
unconscious or unknown. Let us look at the of decisions.HR agents are more likely to recruit direct,
productivity, for instance. Many people to under- assertive, and even aggressive applicants in cultures
function themselves as their innovative is motivated by of low background. whereas the reverse trend is
working on an engaging team. found in cultures of high background.
Being aware of what we need as individuals THE CONDITIONS ACCELERATING OR
takes us out of marking ourselves as good or poor, and HINDERING THE SALIENCE OF CROSS-
helps us to consider what we need for our highest CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN DECISION
functioning level. It may be direction, structure, space, MAKING
flexibility, relation, humor --- all depending on 1. Priming
personality understanding. Knowing what's important, The automatic cognition literature indicates
how we learn best, what and how are most aligned behavior is influenced by exposure to elements of the
with our personalities makes informed choices that can social environment in a manner that occurs below
improve our quality of life. consciousness or purpose. We know from the
CULTURAL INFLUENCES IN DECISION MAKING common schematic representations of a certain
Decision-making is a mental process that is an society, the stereotyped behaviors that later affect
important part of preparing and taking action in a our decisions. When a person is prepared with a
variety of ways and at a wide range of levels, including, definition, often through an implied order to think
though not limited to, budget preparation, educational about it, it stimulates all forms of relevant knowledge
preparing, policy making, and career building. Such and affects decision taking.
events include people all over the world. The 2.Time pressure
underlying cross-cultural disparities in decision-making Cultural and personal information is
can be a major contributing factor in cross-cultural accessible to all through cultures. Cultural knowledge
communication, negotiation, and conflict resolution appears to represent a broad sampling of the events
performance. in life, whereas personal knowledge is more based on
DECISION-MAKING MODELS individual or atypical experiences. The other
Based on the perspective the researcher takes difference between their accessibility is the cultural
on the role that culture plays in decision-making, one and personal awareness. Cultural community
of the following models is used to think about and participants are prepared day after day with a
forecast behavioral trends in decision-making in a collection of values, behaviors, and behavioral habits
given community: that contribute to building up and storing cultural
1. The Universal Model. Typically, the scientists who awareness. Cultural awareness is therefore very
use this model believe there is only a small difference available even under a heavy cognitive load of work.
in how people from different cultures make their Personal awareness is a record of a
choices. The findings obtained from one party are particular event and is not replicated in too many ways.
usually related to humans. That is why a concerted attempt is required to access
2. The Dispositional Model. The adherents of the it, which takes more time and effort.
dispositional view recognize that decision-making Independent individuals are expected to react
differences are cross-cultural and support the cause of better to information based on promotion, whereas
cross-cultural study. They assume that the variations individuals with interdependent self-construction are
found in the studies reflect the omnipresence of assumed to respond better to information based on
cultural inclinations in individuals ' minds, and are prevention.
expected to appear in all situations and situational 3. Peer Pressure
contexts. Individuals in collectivist societies are less
3. The Dynamic Model. Adherents of this view often likely to behave when they do not encounter social
consider cross-cultural variations. They view cultural pressure according to their cultural values. According
knowledge not as a monolithic construct that is to what collectivist culture dictates, Japanese and
continuously present, but as a collection of discrete Chinese students are more likely to decide, compared
knowledge that is operational as a function of the to American and Italian students, whether they will eat
situation. We also promote the development and in fast subject to the norms adopted in there and less
testing of complex models reflecting the processes by likely to make choices dependent on their personal
which culture influences decision-makers. attitudes. This peculiarity, however, is much more

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salient when they make plans for eating with their It is the link between the managers and the workers.
friends, and less salient when they decide to eat alone This provides the workforce with inspiration and helps
in a fast food restaurant. The probability that they will them understand the organization's goals.
behave based on their attitudes increases dramatically The Basic Functions of Administration
according to the above situation. a. Planning
The Pressure to Provide Reasons for The b. Organizing
Decision c. Directing
When individuals need to offer reasons for d. Controlling
their decision, cultural awareness is recruited. The Principles of Administration (Henri Fayol)
need to include explanations evokes an information- 1. Planning
processing approach focused on top-down application 2. Organizing
of rules and standard, rather than bottom-up 3. Unity of Command
processing based on personal experience. This can be 4. Hierarchical transmission of orders
clarified with the aid of the supposition that when 5. Separation of powers, authority,
asked to offer reasons, individuals feel the need to subordination, responsibility and control
adapt because they do not want to be the outsiders. 6. Centralization
They feel abler to rely on their own experience when 7. Discipline and Order
they are not asked to justify their choices. 8. Meetings and reports
Chinese have been shown to have a slightly lower 9. Accounting
propensity to compromise, which was previously Difference between Administration and
considered to be one of their signature characteristics Management
when they were not asked to give reasons for their ADMINISTRATION MANAGEMENT
purchase decisions. On the contrary, Americans are Is an act of administering Is a systematic way
more likely to compromise when it is not their duty the whole organization by of managing people
to provide reasons for their decision. a group of people. and things within the
The Individual Tolerance for Cognitive organization.
Ambiguity Administration is a high- Is an activity of
Widespread common cultural awareness offers a level activity. business and
validated context for individuals to view potentially functional level.
ambiguous interactions, providing their followers Policy formulation is Focuses on policy
with a sense of epistemic protection and protecting performed by the implementation.
against ambiguity and unpredictability. The degree to administration.
which persons of all cultures need firm answers Function include Functions of
varies. It is found that the people with high tolerance legislation and management are
for ambiguity are less likely to act with the consent determination. executive and
of their society. governing.
The universal effects of situational demands Administration takes all Management makes
on decision mode selection across cultures the important decisions of decisions under the
Culture shapes the prevalence of cultural factors the organization. boundaries set by the
nature of decisions, motivations for decisions, and administration.
situational demands and affordances-and shapes Administration role is Management is all
how functional factors are converted into decision- decisive in nature. about plans and
making modes-modes of measurement, actions.
acknowledgement, law, position, and impact-based Administration is The manager looks
decision making. Nevertheless, societies do have a concerned with farming after the
variety of common tendencies. policies and settings management of the
For example, when action is called for, members of objectives. organization.
both independent and interdependent social
Administration is Management plays
orientations prefer to employ position -, rule-or case responsible for the an executive role in
based decision-making, as they are far more open administration of the the organization.
and require less cognitive load, whereas calculation-
organization.
based mode would be less frequent in both
Administration focuses on Management focuses
orientations for relationship decisions.
making the best possible on managing people
UNDERSTANDING ADMINISTRATION
utilization of the and their work.
What is Administration?
organization’s resources.
Administration = refers to actions which are
concerned with coordinating and managing an
WHAT IS AN ADMINISTRATOR?
organization or organization's work. There is also an
An administrator is a person who makes
administration of government, charities, and many
sure an organization is running at full capacity. Their
other forms of organizations.
particular roles depend on the form of company,
"Administration" = is the performance of tasks
organization, or agency they operate in. An
needed to operate an agency for general purposes.
administration may be someone assigned to oversee
It can have a function of course, or of policy. For
an organization for its affair.
example, as companies change their plan, it is the
An Administrator as an Organizer
duty of administrative personnel to make the
Administrators formulate short-and long-term
appropriate communication adjustments to end the
strategies that set specific priorities and objectives. To
previous policy and begin enforcing the new
put it another way, they strive to get the organization
direction.
where it needs to go. To ensure that these plans work,
Typically, the administration is defined by the
the planner must above all understand how, where,
person representing the organization appointed or
and who of the program as a whole. The functions of
elected to an position and is responsible for the
the administrators are essential to the organization
administrative functions and policy decisions of the
they operate. Their roles usually involve a wide variety
organization they are appointed or elected to manage.
of duties including filing and administration.
Administration is essential to ensure that all
Clerical Level Administrator
departments within the organization work effectively.

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 An administrator may be someone in charge Human Skill
of the smooth and effective operation of a single office. The person with highly developed human ability is
Their responsibilities include handling all the aware of his own emotions, opinions and perceptions
paperwork and will typically report inside the office to about other individuals and groups; he can see the
all individuals. Their role is likely to depend upon what importance and weaknesses of those feelings.
the duties of the other colleagues are. Through acknowledging the presence of various
It is the responsibility of most office perspectives, opinions, and values than his own, he
administrators to manage or distribute all posts within is able to consider what other people actually mean
an office. Mail duties can include opening all letters that through their language and actions. He is similarly
come in, and ensuring that they meet the people skillful at expressing what he means by his actions to
concerned. In addition, they are responsible for all of others in their own ways.
the outgoing post. They are also requires going to plan Human skill = is the ability of the executive
and arrange filing for the court. Filing requires not only to function efficiently as a member of the community
fetching the correct documents but also returning them and create cooperative effort within the team which
after they have been used by citizens. he leads.
For some organizations the Technical ability = is primarily about working with
administrator is the first port-of-call for office things, processes or physical objects, human ability
communications. They then send the emails with to the is primarily about working with people. This ability is
appropriate people in the same way they do with the reflected in the manner in which the person perceives
message. and understand the views of his superior, equals and
WHAT MAKES A GOOD ADMINISTRATOR? subordinates, and the manner in which he
To be a good administrator, a person must be: subsequently acts.
a. deadline-driven and possess a high level of 1. Conceptual skill
organization. This competence is the unifying, organizing
b. capable of balancing multiple tasks simultaneously component of the administrative process, and of
and delegate when appropriate. overwhelming ultimate significance because the overall
c. capable of planning and have the ability to think performance of an organization depends on the
strategically. strategic capacity of its executives to formulate and
d. an excellent communicator, both in person and in execute policy decisions.
writing. Conceptual competence requires the ability to
e. always looking for opportunities to improve see the organizational as a whole; it includes
productivity in the organization. understanding how the organization’s different
SKILLS OF AN EFFECTIVE ADMINISTRATOR functions depend on one another, and how all the
Ability implies a capacity that can be created, others are influenced by changes in any component.
not inherently inborn, and that is expressed in output, The administrator will then be able to behave in a way
not mere potential. Therefore, the main ability that promotes the general interest of the entire
requirement must be successful action under various organization, understanding these relationships and
circumstances. perceiving the significant elements of each case.
Although good administrators are widely Consequently, the effectiveness of any decision
recognized for their selection and training, there is depends on the analytical ability of the decision-makers
surprisingly little agreement among executives or and those who bring it into effect.
educators on what makes a good administrator. This Not only does the successful coordination of
subject indicates what could be a more useful approach the various parts of the operation depend on the
to manager selection and growth. This is not based on analytical abilities of the concerned managers, but the
what good executives are but on what they do. entire future course and tone of the organization also
Three Basic Developable Skills of Administrators depends. The attitudes of a top executive color the
It is assumed here that an administrator is one who: entire character of the response of the organization,
a. directs the activities of other persons and and decide the "personality" that distinguishes the
b. undertakes the responsibility for achieving ways one organization does its services from the ways
certain objectives through these efforts. of another. Those attitudes reflect the analytical
Within this definition, successful capacity of the administrator.
administration appears to rest on three basic RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF TECHNICAL,
skills, which we will call: HUMAN AND CONCEPTUAL SKILLS
1. Technical We may recognize that analytical ability
2. Human and represents understanding of the organization's
3. Conceptual technological as well as human aspects in a very real
Asserting that these skills are not interrelated may sense. However, the definition of skill as the ability to
evaluating be impractical, but there may be real value turn information into practice will allow one to
in evaluating each person separately and improving differentiate between the three skills of conducting the
them independently. technical tasks (technical skills), knowing and
Technical Skill motivating individuals and groups (human skills), and
Technical skills require an understanding and organizing and combining all of the organization's tasks
expertise of a particular form of operation, and objectives towards a common purpose (conceptual
particularly one involving methods, processes, skills).
procedures, or techniques. It requires advanced The separation of effective administration into three
expertise, analytical skill within that field, and facility core competencies is mainly useful for theoretical
in the use of the particular discipline's methods and purposes. Both skills are so closely interrelated in
techniques. practice that it is hard to decide where one ends and
Technical skills are perhaps the most common of the where another starts. Nevertheless, just because the
three skills mentioned in this topic because they are skills are interrelated does not mean that looking at
the most practical and because they are the skills them separately or varying their importance does not
needed by the largest number of people in our age give us any benefit.
of specialization. Most of our on - the-job and At Lower Levels
vocational training programs focus largely on Technical expertise is responsible for many of
developing this specialized technical skill. modern organizations and enterprise's great

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 advances. Effective activity is indispensable. Even at It would seem, then, that the greatest need
the lower levels of government it is of utmost for technological and human skills is at the lower levels
importance. When the administrator ventures farther of administrative responsibility. Technical skills at
away from the actual physical activity, this need for higher levels are becoming increasingly less important
technological expertise is less important, given that as the need for analytical skills is rapidly growing.
he has professional subordinates and can help them Conceptual skills are the most essential skill for
solve their own problems. effective management at the highest level of an
At the top, technological abilities may be almost non- organization. A chief executive can lack technological
existent, and if his interpersonal and analytical or human skills, and be successful if he has
abilities are highly established the executive will still subordinates with strong skills in those areas. But if its
be able to work effectively. conceptual skill is poor, it may jeopardize the
Example: performance of the entire organization. This three-skill
The subordinate officer was called on in one large approach makes it possible to test trait gun and
police organization to replace the Chief of Police, who replaces it with procedures that evaluate the capacity
had been unexpectedly struck with a serious illness. of a man to deal with the real problems and
The subordinate officer did not have any prior circumstances that he will face on his job. These
managerial experience but he had been with the procedures are the same for selection and for
department for more than 20 years and had intimate measuring growth, indicating what a man can do in
knowledge of many of the main police personnel. He specific situations.
was able to devote himself to managing the various Developing the Skills
functions by setting up an advisory committee, and This approach indicates that executives
by delegating an unprecedented amount of authority should not be recruited on the basis of their apparent
to his department heads. Through this he built a possession of a variety of habits, attributes or
highly productive team. The result was greater personalities, but on the basis of possessing the
efficiency, and morale higher than the organization necessary skills for the particular degree of
had ever experienced before. Management had responsibility involved.
worked out that the willingness of this man to deal Many people have argued for years that the
with people was more important than of experience capacity to lead is innate in those individuals chosen.
in management, and the risk paid off. We're thinking about "born leaders," and "born
At Every Level administrators." It's definitely true that certain men,
Human skill, the skill to collaborate with inherently or innately, have greater aptitude or ability
others, it is important for successful management at in certain skills. But studies in psychology and
all levels. A current research study has shown that physiology will also suggest, first, that those with
human capacity at the supervisory level is of greatest good skills and abilities can enhance their ability
importance, finding out that the supervisor’s chief through practice preparation, and second, that even
role as an administrator is to attain the cooperation those without natural talent can boost their
of people in the working group. performance and overall quality.
Another study supports this finding and applies it to Administrative competence conception
the middle-management community, adding that the suggests we will expect to boost our administrative
main concern of the administrator is to promote efficiency and build better administrators for the
cooperation within the organization. And yet another future. This definition of ability means learning by
report, specifically dealing with top management, doing. Different people learn in various ways, but
highlights the need for executives at that stage to be skills are built by practice and through linked learning
self-aware and sensitive to human relationships. to the personal experience and context of their own.
These results may appear to suggest that human If done well, training in these basic administrative
ability at any stage is of great importance, but note skills will improve executive skills more safely and
the difference in focus. faster than through unorganized practice.
Human ability appears to be the most Technical Skill
important at lower levels, where there is the largest Creation of technical skills has been
number of direct communications between attracting tremendous attention from industry and
administrators and subordinates. When we go higher educational institutions for many years, and much
and higher in the administrative echelons, the number progress has been made. Strong grounding in the
and duration of such personal encounters decreases, individual specialty's values, systems, and
and the need for human skills decreases in comparison, procedures, combined with real practice and
but not necessarily absolute. Around the same time, experience through which an person is supervised
conceptual skill becomes even more relevant with the and encouraged by a superior, appears to be most
need for strategic decisions and wide-ranging action. successful.
The human capacity to interact with individuals then is Human Skill
inferior to the mental ability to incorporate group Nevertheless, human ability was much less
desires and behaviors into an overall perspective. known and systematic progress has only recently
At the Top Level been made in improving it. Today through
As demonstrated in the preceding article, organizations and experts are following several
analytical capacity is increasingly important in more different approaches to the development of human
accountable executive roles where its effects are skills.
maximized and easiest to observe. Nevertheless, Many of these methods find their application in
recent research results lead to the conclusion that this "applied psychology," "human engineering," and a
analytical capacity is the most essential attribute of all host of other forms that involve professional
at the highest level of administration. As the president technicians to support the businessman with his
of Bridgeport Brass Company Herman W. Steinkraus human problems. However, as a practical matter, the
said: “One of the most important lessons which I executive must develop his own interpersonal skills,
learned on this job (the presidency) is the importance instead of relying on others' advice. To be effective,
of coordinating the various departments into an he must develop his own personal point of view
effective team, and, secondly, to recognize the shifting toward human activity, so that he will:
emphasis from time to time of the relative importance a. recognizes the feelings and sentiments which he
of various departments to the business.’’ brings to a situation;

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 b. has an attitude about his own experiences comprehensive explanations of real, complex
which will enable him to re-evaluate and learn situations. In these, is ask to formulate a course of
from them; action that reacts to the fundamental forces
c. develop ability in understanding what operating in each situation and that considers the
others by their actions and words are trying effect of this action on the various roles and parts of
to communicate to him; and the company and its overall environment.
d. develop ability in successfully communicating his On the job, the alert supervisor should consider
ideas and attitudes to others. regular opportunities to observe the degree to which
Some individuals may build the human capacity the employee is able to respond to the other
without formalized training. Others can be supported organization or organization's roles and operations.
individually by their immediate supervisors as an Unlike physical intelligence, intellectual
integral part of the later mentioned "coaching" method. capacity must also become a normal part of executive
This assist obviously depends on the degree to which make-up. Different approaches for cultivating various
the superior possesses human capacity for individuals can be suggested by reason of their
performance. experiences, behaviors, and experience. For each case,
The use of case issues combined with impromptu role- however, the approach should be chosen which will
playing can be very useful for larger groups. This allow the executive to develop his own personal ability
training can be formally or informally defined, but to envision the organization as a whole and to organize
requires a professional instructor and a sequence of and incorporate its various parts.
activities coordinated. It provides an approximation to ADMINISTRATIVE CHALLENGES
fact as well as can be given on an ongoing basis in the Administrative professionals are the
classroom and creates an opportunity for critical organization leaders who keep operations running
reflection not always encountered in actual practice. An smoothly. Therefore, losing a member of the
significant part of the process is self-examining the administrative staff or witnessing unexpected changes
trainee's own principles and values which that enable in workload will pose tough administrative challenges.
him to develop more useful attitudes about himself and HOW TO HANDLE TYPICAL ADMINISTRATIVE
others. Hopefully with the shift in mindset, some CHALLENGES
successful abilities can also come in solving human 1. Vacations
problems. Once people get a chance to relax and
A series of analyzes of detained accounts of refresh, productivity and work satisfaction increase.
real scenarios requiring administrative action were also Yet worker absences may create vacancies that can
evaluated in the classroom, within acceptable limits, spread out too far to cover other workers. Bringing
along with a variety of role-playing opportunities where temporary workers to bridge those gaps helps maintain
the participant is expected to execute the specifics of smooth running of things. While the idea of getting a
the action he has suggested. In this way an offender temporary professional up to speed might seem like an
can be tested for understanding the overall situation additional administrative challenge alongside the
and his own personal capacity to do something about vacancy staffing. Many experienced workers want to
it. make a career out temporary work because they might
On the job a superior should be given regular not be able to take time off when they need a full-time
opportunities to evaluate the ability of an individual job.
to work efficiently with others. They can seem 2. Leaves of Absence
extremely subjective judgement and rely on the
rate’s human skills for validity. As Chief Executive, when an individual need
Conceptual Skill to take time off for maternity or paternity leave,
Conceptual ability was not generally understood, as extended illness or other personal matters, you are
was human abilities. A variety of methods have been compassionate and supportive. Even, it can leave you
attempted, with varying results, to help improve this scratching without a star player in your line-up.
skill. Some of the best outcomes were often obtained Covering an absence leave can seem
by superior "coaching" of subordinates. One way a overwhelming, but specialized staffing agencies may
superior can support his subordinate "coach" is by help you solve those administrative challenges.
assigning a specific task, and then by asking for Organizations should pre-evaluate applicants who are
feedback or thoughts instead of providing answers if willing to fill in before the full-time employee returns
the subordinate needs assistance. for a few weeks or several months. In fact, working
Benjamin F. Fairless, chairman of the board of the with a temporary long-term candidate provides you
United States Steel Corporation, described his with a fantastic opportunity to evaluate his or her on -
coaching activities: the-job success in the event that the incumbent will not
"When one of my vice presidents or the head of one return, or you choose to fill a similar role in the future.
of our operating companies comes to me for 3. Busy Seasons and Special Projects
instructions, I generally counter by asking him
questions. First thing I know; he has told me how to When you encounter seasonal peaks or land a special
solve the problem himself." project at your company or organization, bringing in
It is, of course, an ideal and completely normal part-time employees will help alleviate core working
administrative training technique and relates to the people at these instances. Specialized recruiting firms
growth of technological and human skills as well as will recommend applicants who completed similar
analytical skills. His success, however, will ultimately tasks and have the skill set you need to fill out the
be dependent on the superior's skill and willingness team on a project-based basis.
to support the subordinate. 4. The Unexpected Loss of an Employee or
Another excellent way of improving analytical ability Personnel
is through swapping jobs, i.e. through shifting
promising young men through different work If an employee quits suddenly, you will be
functions but at the same level of responsibility. It saddled to get a handle on in-progress work
practically gives the man the ability to "be in the concurrently and find a replacement-perhaps with as
other fellow's shoes." little as two weeks’ notice. In addition to recruiting
Conceptual skills were also tested with reasonable skilled applicants looking for temporary-to-full-time
effectiveness in the classroom by providing a set of

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 jobs, a professional staffing agency will even have Mahatma Gandhi = "We must become the change
applicants ready to meet you the very next day. The we want to see."
quick turnover can also give your outgoing employee General Creighton W. Abrams ="The Army is not
time to help with your new hire onboard. A company made up of people. The Army is people. Every
or organization may decide to revamp the job, decision we make is a people issue."
restructure the department or merge positions upon Anonymous = A cyclone has the power to cause
the leave of an employee or staff. heavily damage to crops, houses and even cities. It
Administrative Theory (Henri Fayol) should pack a wind of 125-280 km/h enough to
Henri Fayol's developed the administrative create a widespread destruction. It is said that the
philosophy is also known as 14 management cyclone derives its power from its calm center.
principles. Henri Fayol was born into a French family Proverbs 16:32 = "He who is slow to anger is
in the year 1841. He was a prolific writer on better than the mighty and he who rules his spirit,
technological, science, and management matters. than he who captures a city."
The' Financial and General Management' was his John C. Maxwell = "A leader is one who knows the
most excellent writing. He named to a Mining firm as way, goes the way, and shows the way."
an engineer. By 1888 he had risen to the company's Dwight D. Eisenhower (34th President of United)
position of Managing Director. He retired from the = "The supreme quality of leadership is
Executive position in 1918. He was the company's unquestionably integrity. Without it, no real success
managing director until his death. Henri Fayol was an is possible, no matter whether it is on a section gang,
accomplished management practitioner. a football field, in an army, or in an office."
The Fourteen Managerial Concepts are: John Quincy Adams = “If tour action inspires
1. Division of Work: This principle the same others to dream more, learn more, do more and
as Adam Smith's 'Division of labor'. become more, you are a leader.’’
2. Authority: Manager must be able to give Arnold H. Glasow = "A good leader takes little
the order. Authority gives this right. more than his share of the blame and little less than
3. Discipline: Employees must obey and respect the his share of the credit."
rules and regulations which governs the organization. Steve Jobs = "Innovation distinguishes between a
4. Unity of Command: Every employee should leader and a follower."
receive order or direction from only one immediate Simon Sinek = “Leaders are the ones who are
superior. willing to give up something of their own for us. Their
5. Unity of Direction: Each group of the time, their energy, their, money, maybe even the
organization should be direction by one manager food of their plate. When it matters leader choose to
using one plan. eat last.’’
6. Subordination of Individual Interests to the Heather R. Younger (Founder of Customer
General Interest: The management must see that Fanatix) = "An ethical leader is someone who lives
the aims of the business are always supreme. and dies for integrity. Doing the right thing, even
7. Remuneration of Personnel: The labours must when it hurts, is the ethical leader's mantra."
more be paid a reasonable salary for their work.
8. Centralization: The process of transforming
assigning decision making authority to a higher level
of an organizational hierarchy, it is centralization that
should follow this.
9. Scalar Chain: Line of authority from top
management to the lower ranks represents the
hierarchy or scalar chain.
10. Order: people and materials should be in the
right place at the right time.
11. Equity: In running a business, a combination of
kindness and justice is need.
12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel: Staffs work
is well if job safety and career improvement are
guarantees to the team.
13. Initiative: Allowing all personnel to show their
initiative in some way is a source of stretch for the
organization.
14. Esprit de Corps: Promoting team spirit will build
unity and harmony within the organization.
QUOTES TO REMEMBER IN CFLM 2
Stephen Covey = "Personal leadership is not a
singular experience. It is, rather, the ongoing process
of keeping your vision and values before you and
aligning your life to be congruent with those most
important things."
Mahatma Gandhi = "Good government is no
substitute for self-government."
Charles Noble = "First we make our habits then our
habits make us."
John C. Maxwell = "All leaders make mistakes.
They are a part of life. Successful leaders recognize
their errors, learn from them, and correct their
faults."
Irwin Federman = "Your job gives you authority.
Your behavior earns you respect'
Harold S. Geneen = "Leadership is practiced not so
much in words as in attitude and in actions."

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 LEA 6: CHARACTER FORMATION: 2. Dishonesty - concealment or distortion of
NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM truth in a manner of a fact relevant to one’s office or
connected with the performance of his duties
FOUNDATIONS OF ETHICS 3. Disloyalty to the Government -
Understanding Ethics abandonment or renunciation of one’s loyalty to the
Ethic - philosophy of morals or the standard Government of the Philippines, or advocating the
character set up by any race or nation Ethics - study overthrow of the government.
and philosophy of human conduct, emphasizing the 4. Ethical Standard – set of conducts and
determination of behavior governing a group, a class, or organization
right and wrong or to the basic principles of right 5. Gift - thing or right disposed gratuitously, or
action - the study and analysis of what constitutes any act of liberality in favor of another who accepts it,
good or bad conduct and shall include a simulated sale or ostensibly
onerous disposition thereof.
Etymology 6. Incompetency - manifest lack of adequate
• Latin ethicus or Greek ethikos and ethos which ability and fitness for the satisfactory performance of
mean character police duties, physical and intellectual quality
7. Malfeasance - performance of some act
Character which ought not to be done either through ignorance,
inattention or malice, of that which the officer had no
• French caractère, Latin character, and Greek
legal right to do at all, as when he acts without any
charaktêr – all referring to a stamp or mark.
authority whatsoever, or exceeds, ignores, or abuses
his powers.
Etymology
8. Misconduct – premeditated, obstinate or
• Moral from Latin moralis or moris: custom or
intentional purpose transgression of some established
manners.
and definite rule of action, where no discretion is left
o Today, it is synonymous to; dutiful,
except what necessity may demand
ethical, excellent, faithful, good, honest,
9. Misfeasance or Irregularities in the
honorable, incorruptible, just, pious, religious, right,
Performance of a Duty - improper performance of
righteous, true, upright, virtuous, and worthy.
some act which might lawfully be done or
performance of lawful act in an unlawful or culpably
• Ethical - condition in accordance with right
negligent manner
principles, as defined by a given system of ethics or
10. Morals and morality - judged as good
professional conduct.
conduct; also describes someone who has the
capacity to make value judgments and discern from
Origin of Ethics
wrong
• Ethics emphasizes holy, upright, righteous, 11. Moonlighting - pursuing any occupation, or
and moral living engaging in any business, which is inconsistent or
• God has all these attributes is the origin and incompatible with the PNP duties or functions.
author of all good deeds – that is God who is 12. Nonfeasance or Neglect of Duty - omission of
mentioned in the Holy Bible. some act, which out to be performed; refusal
• God is the only one perfect, righteous, holy, without sufficient excuse, to perform an act or
and moral. duty, which as a peace officer’s legal obligation to
Biblical proofs: perform.
• Psa 99:9 - Exalt the LORD our God, and 13. Oppression - Imports an act of cruelty,
worship at his holy hill; for the LORD our God is holy. severity, unlawful execution, or excessive use
• 1Pe 1:16 - Because it is written, Be ye holy; of authority.
for I am holy. 14. Police Customs and Social Decorum - set
• Psa 145:17 - The LORD is righteous in all his of norms and standards practiced by members
ways, and holy in all his works. Biblical proofs during social and other functions.
• Hos 10:12 - Sow to yourselves in 15. Police Ethics - the practical science that
righteousness, reap in mercy; break up your fallow treats the principle of human morality and duty
ground: for it is time to seek the LORD, till he come as applied to law enforcement.
and rain righteousness upon you. 16. 16.Professional Conduct – set behavioral
• Deu 32:4 - He is the Rock, his work is perfect: standard governing a particular profession o
for all his ways are judgment: a God of truth and 17. Public official - elective and appointive
without iniquity, just and right is he. officials and employees, permanent or
• Mat 5:48 - Be ye therefore perfect, even as temporary, whether career or non-career
your Father which is in heaven is perfect. service, including military and police
personnel, whether receiving compensation or
Biblical Truths not, regardless of amount
• Human beings are creations of God are 18. Public Officer - any person holding any
inherently good. public employment by virtue of an
• Genesis Chapter 1, the phrase “and God saw it appointment, election or contract, and any
was good” was mentioned at least six times every person holding any office, by appointment or
after creation by God. contract in any state owned or controlled
• God specially created man in his own likeness corporation
(Genesis 1:27). 19. Violation of Law - Presupposes conviction in
court of any crime or offence penalized under
DEFINITION OF TERMS RPC or any special law or ordinances.
1. Crime- act committed or omitted in violation PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC SERVICE ETHICS
of law forbidding or commanding it

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 1. Public Service - treat their office as a public 5. Impartial Enforcement of Laws - without regard
trust, using power and resources for public interest, not to the justice and injustice of the substance
to attain personal benefit or private interest particular laws.
incompatible with the public good. 6. The Community Are The Police - affirms historic
2. Objective Judgment - independent tradition that the police are the community and the
objective judgment in performing their duties, deciding community is the police.
all matters on the merits. 7. Police Should Not Usurp Judicial Powers -
3. Accountability - government is conducted never averaging individuals of the state of
openly, efficiently, equitable and honorably that permits authoritative judging guilt of punishing the guilt.
the citizenry to make judgment and hold government 8. Reduction of Crime and Disorder - test of police
officials accountable. efficiency
4. Democratic Leadership - respect the 9. Rule of Enforcement Impartially Observed -
principles of representative democracy and set a consider the safety and security of who might be
positive example of good citizenship by scrupulously caught in the crossfire or arm encounters.
observing the letter and spirit of laws and rules.
10. Police Discretion - principle of reasonableness
5. Respectability - safeguard public confidence guides the officers considering all surrounding
and integrity of government by being honest, fair, circumstances whether any legal action shall be
caring and respectful and by avoiding conduct creating taken.
the appearance of impropriety or which is otherwise
unbefitting a public official.
THE LAW ENFORCEMENT CODE OF ETHICS
RELATED LAWS
As a law enforcement officer, my
• R.A. 6713 - An act establishing a Code of fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard
Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public lives and property; to protect the innocent against
Officials and Employees. deception, the weak against oppression or
• R.A. 3019 as amended- Anti Graft and Corrupt intimidation and the peaceful against violence or
Practices Act disorder: and to respect the Constitutional rights of all
• R.A. 7080 - An Act Defining and Penalizing the men to liberty, equality and justice.
Crime of Plunder I will keep any private life unsullied as an
• P.D. 46 - Making it punishable for public example to all; maintain courageous calm in the face
officials and employees to receive, and for of danger; scorn, or ridicule; develop selfrestraint; and
private persons to give gifts on any occasions, be constantly mindful of the welfare of the others.
including Christmas. Honest in thought and deed in both my personal and
official life, I will be exemplary in obeying the laws of
ETHICS IN THE POLICE (PNP) the land and regulations of my organization. Whatever
I see or hear of a confidential nature or that is
• Ethics – most important to the police
confided to me in my official capacity will be kept ever
• Reason - nature of job of police officers which is law secret unless revelation is necessary in the
enforcement performance of my duty.
• Enforcement of the law makes one susceptible to I will never act officiously or permit personal
corruption, bribery, etc. feelings, prejudices, animosities or friendship to
influence my decision. With no compromise for crime
CANONS OF POLICE ETHICS and with relentless prosecution of criminals, I will
enforce the law courteously and appropriately without
1. Primordial Police Responsibility
fear or favor, malice or ill will, never employing
2. Limitation of Police Authority unnecessary force or violence and never accepting
3. Knowledge of the Law and other Responsibility gratuities in return.
4. Use of proper Means to Obtain Proper Ends I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol
of public faith, and I accept it as a public trust to be
5. Cooperation with Public Officials
held so long as I am true to the ethics of police
6. Proper Conduct and Behavior service. I will never engage in acts of corruption
7. Conduct towards the Community bribery, nor will I condone such acts by other police
8. Conduct in Arresting Law Violator officers. I will cooperate with all legally authorized
9. Firmness in Refusing Gifts or Favors agencies and their representatives in the pursuit of
Justice.
10. Impartial Presentation of Evidence I know that I alone am responsible for my own
standard or professional performance and will take
PROFESSIONAL POLICE PRINCIPLES every reasonable opportunity to enhance and improve
1. Prevention of Crime and Disorder - basic mission my level of knowledge and competence. I will
police existence as an alternative to the repression constantly strive to achieve these objectives and
of crime and disorder by police force and severity of ideals, dedicating myself before God to my chosen
legal punishment. profession….Law Enforcement.
2. Cooperation of the Community - secure the
willing cooperation and the voluntary observance of Who is a Filipino Policeman?
the law. A Filipino policeman is a protector and a friend
of the people. His badge is the symbol of the citizens’
3. Unreasonable Force Reduce Community
faith and trust, his uniform a mirror of decorum and
Cooperation - use only force in the discharge of
integrity and his whole human person an oblation of
duty as in reasonable in all circumstances. enduring love for homeland, fellowmen and god.
4. Use of Reasonable Force When Persuasion Is A Filipino policeman emulates the valor of Lapu
Not Sufficient Lapu, serenity of Rizal, the leadership of Aguinaldo,
the courage of Bonifacio, the idealism of Del Pilar, the

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 wisdom of Mabini and the fortitude of Gomez, Burgos, I believe in God, the Supreme Being, a great
Zamora. provider, and the creator of all men and all dear to
A Filipino policeman has an oath for his republic me. In return, I can do no less than love Him above
to uphold: to defend the constitution, honor the flag, all, seek his guidance in the performance of my
obey the laws and duly constituted authorities. He has sworn duties and honor Him at all times.
covenant with his people to comply: to safeguard and I believe that respect for authority is duty. I
protect them even beyond the call of duty. And he has respect and uphold the constitution and the laws of
a legacy for his family to fulfill: to bequeath unto them the land and the applicable rules and regulations. I
the one and only treasure of his life - an embellished recognize the legitimacy and authority of the
name. leadership, and follow and obey legal orders of my
superior officers.
The Policeman and his Badge I believe in selfless love and service to people.
Toward this end, I commit myself to the service of
• Symbolizes of the citizen’s faith and trust in the
my fellowmen over and above my personal
policeman or the harbinger of their contempt and
convenience.
derision for him, all depending upon efficiency or
I believe in the sanctity of marriage and respect
inefficiency in the execution of the policeman’s task or
for women. I shall set the example of decency and
mission. morality and shall have high regard for family life
• Stands out as the embodiment of his entire and chastity.
personality, both as a citizen and a public servant. I believe in the responsible dominion and
• Flashes incessantly to the mind and heart of the stewardship over material things. I shall inhibit
policeman his inescapable concern, commitment and myself from ostentatious display of my property. I
obligation to uphold at all times the Constitution and shall protect the environment and conserve nature to
be loyal to his country, people and organization over maintain ecological balance. I shall protect the
and above loyalty to any other person or organization. environment and conserve nature to maintain
ecological balance. I shall protect private and public
properties and prevent others from destroying it.
The Policeman and his Uniform
I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness. I must
• What a policeman has internalized or ingested in be trustworthy and shall speak the truth at all times
terms of discipline, conduct, insight and decorum is as required by my profession.
externalized or unfolded by his uniform.
• It bespeaks not only of the authority and prerogatives PNP Stand on Basic Issues
of the peace keeper and law enforcer but, equally 1. PNP Image
worthwhile, the intellectual, moral and spiritual cast 2. Career Management the key to
and mold of the person inside that uniform. 3. Professionalism
• If a policeman is neglectful or remiss in his interior 4. Police Management Leadership
breeding, upbringing, and posturing, it could be 5. Equality in the Service
manifested in his untidy, sloppy and repulsive uniform. 6. Delicadeza
• The citizenry looks upon and discerns the policeman 7. Police Lifestyle
as distinctively a man among gentlemen and a 8. Political Patronage
gentleman among men. 9. Human Rights

The Policeman and his Oath Standard of Police

• Their oath goes with it their collateral concern and
commitment to socio-economic development and Professionalism
nation-building. All members of the PNP shall perform their duties
• Beatific irony: under oath to love his country and with excellence, competence, integrity, intelligence and
endear his family; in response to the same oath, the expertise in the application of specialized skill and
supreme cause of his official duty exacts upon him to technical knowledge.
offer his very life, he cannot help but leave behind him
forever his endeared family and his beloved country. Police Professional Conduct
• Finds its august limits only in death. 1. Commitment to Democracy
• There is a reminder of their comrades who died in line 2. Commitment to Public Interest
of duty or met untimely demise in the hands of the 3. Non-Partisanship
enemies of societies.
4. Physical Fitness and Health
CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND
5. Secrecy Discipline
ETHICAL STANDARD 6. Social Awareness
• This code shall be known as Philippine National Police 7. Non- Solicitation of Patronage
Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical Standard 8. Proper Care and Use of Public Property
(PNP Code of Conduct) 9. Respect for Human Rights
10. Devotion to Duty
PNP Core Values
11. Conservation of Natural Resources
-Love of God
-Respect for authority 12. Discipline
-Selfless love and service for people 13. Loyalty
-Respect for women and the sanctity of marriage 14. Obedience to Superior
-Responsible dominion and stewardship 15. Command Responsibility
over material things -Truthfulness
Ethical Standard
The Police Officer’s Creed
• Morality

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• Judicious Use of • Deceased members
• Authority • Visiting the religious Leaders
• Integrity • Athletics
• Justice • Happy Hours
• Humility
• Orderliness Traditions
• Perseverance • Spiritual beliefs
• Valor
• Patriotism
CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS • Discipline
• Gentlemanliness
Customs - Established usage or social practices • Word of Honor
carried by tradition that has obtained the force of law. • Duty
Traditions - Bodies of belief, stories, customs and • Loyalty
usage handed down from generation to generation • Camaraderie
with the effect of an unwritten law.
Courtesy - A manifestation or expression of POLICE OFFICERS’ PLEDGE
consideration and respect for others. Ceremony - A
• I will love and serve God, my country and
formal act or set of formal acts established by
people.
customs or authority as proper to special occasion.
• I will uphold the constitution and obey legal
Social Decorum - A set of norms and standards
orders of the duly constitute authority.
practiced by members during socials and other
functions. • I will oblige myself to maintain a high standard
of morality and professionalism.
• I will respect the custom and tradition of the
Police Customs on Courtesy
police service.
• I will live a decent and virtues life to serve as
Salute
an example to others.

Salute to National Color and Standard

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Address/ Title – Using “Sir”

Foundation – all PNP members in the performance
Courtesy Calls of their duties shall abide by this code. This code is
• Courtesy Call on Newly Assigned/ Promoted/ anchored n the divine and moral precepts, existing
Appointed member Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines and
• Christmas Call relevant provisions of the revised penal code, RA
• New Year’s Call 6713 (Ethical Standards of Public Officials and
Employees), RA 3019 (Anti-graft Practices Act), RA
• Promotion Call
6975 (DILG/PNP Law of 1991) and other related
• Exit Call special laws.

Courtesy of the host Commitment

Rank has its own Privilege (RHIP) All PNP members shall take upon themselves that the
intent and spirit of this code are honored and upheld
Police Customs on Ceremonies at all times.
• Flag Raising Ceremony Directors, Chief and Heads of Offices/Stations shall
• Flag Retreat Ceremony set example and be responsible in the observance of
• Half-Mast this code.
• Funeral Service and Honors The Priest/Ministers/Imams of the PNP Chaplain
• Ceremony Tendered to Retiree Services, while setting the example, shall actively
• Honor Ceremony participate in the internalizing of this code.
• Turn-Over Ceremony All members of the PNP shall take an oath that they
• Wedding Ceremony shall commit themselves to this code. The oath of
• Anniversary commitment shall be done upon entry into the PNP,
upon promotion to the next higher rank and upon
Police Customs on Social Decorum assumption of office/position
Proper Attire - appropriate and proper
in conformity with the occasion. Propaganda and development of this code
Table Manners – observance of table • All PNP members - upon entry into the
etiquette service shall be given a copy of this code.
Social Graces – conduct properly during social • It shall be internalized by all members and
functions. institutionalized in the PNP. It will be part of the
Uniform/ Appearance curricula of all PNP academic courses and will be
• Wearing of prescribed uniform. interpreted in moral value programs.
• Wearing as part of the uniform, awards and • There shall be continuous appraisal and study
decorations earned. on the effectiveness of this code.
• Adherence to prescribed haircut. -Walk with • This code shall be subject to review initially 3
pride and dignity. years after its affectivity and every 5 years thereafter,
or sooner if the need arises.
Other Police Customs • The PNP office of Ethical Standards and Public
• Visiting the Sick Accountability (PNPOESPA) shall oversee the
• Survivor Assistance to Heirs of internalization and institutionalizations strategy.

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 Appropriation We are committed to the vision of professional
The fund allocation necessary for the effective dynamic and highly motivated PNP supported by a
propagation and development of this code shall be responsive community, regarded as one of the most
provided. credible national institution and rank safety and
internal security with the active support of the
Miscellaneous community.
Strengthen and reinvigorate activities on historical
recordings and interpretations of contemporary POLICE OFFICER PLEDGE OF LOYALTY
events. If you work for a man in Heaven’s name, work for
The PNP organization shall be so structured to him. If he pays your wages which supply you bread
reinforce values and standards of this code. and butter, work for him: speak well of him and by
In case of conflict in the practice of customs and the institution he represents. If put to a pinch, an
traditions on one hand and in the performance of ounce of loyalty is worth a pound of cleverness. If
duties on the other, the latter shall prevail. you must vilify, condemn and eternally disparage,
PNP members shall be morally and duly bound to resign your position, and even when thing you are
advise fellow members to refrain from violating this outside, damn to your hearts content. But as long as
code. you are part of the institution do not condemn it.
In case where erring PNP members are found to be
incorrigible, proper report shall be made to the If you do that you are loosening the tendrils that are
appropriate authority. holding you to the organization and, at the first high
wind that comes along, you will be uprooted and
Penalties and Administrative sanctions blown away and probably you will never know the
The penalties of the commission of acts/practices in reason why.
violation of this code shall be in accordance with the
revised Penal Code, RA 6713, RA 3019 and other POLICEMAN’S PRAYER
special laws. For acts or omissions which merely Lord God Almighty, grant us that we may this day and
require administrative sanctions, the applicable everyday over all temptation specially to injustice and
promulgated by the PNP, NAPOLCOM, Civil Service disloyalty and with our minds inflamed by your Holy
Commission and DILG shall be Applied Spirit
perform all our duties in such a manner that as
Amendments maybe pleasing to your divine will so that when call
Any amendments to or revisions of this code may to report for the last time, we may not be found
be proposed in a convenient or committee formed for wanting. Amen.
the purpose. No amendment shall be valid or unless it
is ratified by a simple majority of the members of the POLICE 2000
PNP. For this purpose the PNPOESPA is designated as P - Prevention and control of crime primarily through
the office of primary responsibility (OPR). the COPS.
O - Order and maintenance and internal security.
Separability Clauses& Effectivity L - Law enforcement with out fear and favor
If any provision of this code or the application of I - Image credibility and image support
such provision to any person or circumstances is C = Coordination with order government
declared invalid, the remainder of the code or the agencies, and NGOs.
application of such provision to other person or E - Efficiency and effectiveness in the performance
circumstances shall not be affected by such of duty.
declaration. DREAMS
This code shall take effect after validation by a
simple majority of the members of the PNP and
D - Disposal of policemen from the headquarters
confirmed by competent authority.
to the street and enhancement of crime prevention.
R - Restoration of the trust and confidence of the
POLICE CODE COVENANT people on their police and gain community support.
After reading and understanding the PNP Code, E - Elimination of street and neighborhood crimes
each police officer is asked to read and sign the and improvement of public safety.
following code covenant as proof of his/her adherence. A - Arrest of all criminal elements common or
• I shall recognize and will always be conscious of the organized in coordination with the pillars of the CJS
fact that the Police Service is an honorable calling, and other Law Enforcement Agencies.
thus compelling me to set the example by strictly
adhering to the provisions of the Code of Professional M - Mopping out and removal of scalawags from the
Conduct and Ethical Standards. police ranks.
• I bind myself to promote and enhance the noble ideas
and aspiration of code of my personal and professional S - Strengthening of the management and capability of
life and ensure that its tenets shall be honored at all the PNP to undertake/ support the DREAMS operations
times. and activities.
• This is my personal covenant.
3 - POINT AGENDA
OTHER ETHICAL CREEDS I – inept → A – aptitude
PNP MISSION C – corrupt → I – integrity
The PNP shall enforce the law, prevent and U - undisciplined → D - discipline
control crimes, maintain peace and order ensure public
safety and internal security with active support of the KAISA
community. Keep the readiness of police units and personnel to
PNP VISION serve and protect the people.
Administrative Efficiency and integrity of personnel.

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 Internal security operations support to the Armed 1. Public support must be maintained
Forces of the Philippines.
2. Public resentment must be avoided
Support to the development of community gender
awareness. 3. Public goodwill must be developed
Advocacy of crime prevention and suppression through 4. The public must be kept informed on regulations and
the development and practice of COPS policies

GLORIA CURRENT PNP PCR THRUSTS AND

G = raft free organization OBJECTIVES PNP PCR Thrust
L = eadership by example 1. To restore public trust and confidence in the PNP.
O = ne stop shop mechanism for a faster police
2. To improve community participation and inter-agency
response to complaint and reports
coordination in support of police activities.
R = esult oriented culture in anti-crime effort.
I = nvestment climate which is business friendly as a
result of peace and order. PNP PCR Objectives
A =ccountability of the peace and order campaign. 1. Improve public perception, opinion and attitude
POLICE COMMUNITY RELATION towards the PNP, through publicity of the PNP
organizational and individual accomplishment
BASIC CONCEPT OF PCR 2. Enhance public awareness and support on law
enforcement, public safety and internal security.
Community relation is like a three-legged stool. 3. Strengthen linkages with the pillars of CJS, other
• One leg is public relations. government agencies and NGO’s
• Another leg is community service.
4. Organize and mobilize sectoral organization in support
• The third leg is community
of police programs.
participation.
Additional Objectives of PCR
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Barangay - the basic political unit of the 1. To maintain and develop the goodwill and confidence
Filipino nation that implements the policies of the of the community for the police.
national and local governments. 2. To obtain cooperation and assistance.
2. Community - Refers to the civilian populace 3. To develop public understanding, and support and
in cities, municipalities or Public in general, and shall appreciation for the service of the police.
use interchangeably with public, citizenry, society, or 4. To create broader understanding and sympathy with
private sector. the problems and needs of the public.
3. Human Relations - Consists of those 5. To facilitate law enforcement and compliance.
fundamental precepts, both moral and legal, which
govern the relationships of men in all aspects of life.
6. To build public opinion in favor of the Police
4. Mass Media - implies the use of radio, 7. To achieve the Police purpose or preserving the
television and emotion pictures in transmitting peace, protection of life and property, and the
information to the public. prevention of crime.
5. Police - a group of persons established,
maintained and organized for keeping order, safety, 1. STRUCTURE OF THE PNP PCR
protection of lives and properties and for prevention 2. Directorate for PCR at the Directorial Staff
and detection of crimes. Level.
6. Police Community Relation (PCR) - the 3. Police Community Relations Command – a
sum total of dealings between the police and the national service support unit. 3. Offices of
people it serve and whose goodwill and cooperation it the Assistant Regional Director for PCR
craves for the greatest possible efficiency in the 4. Police Community Relations Offices.
service. 5. Public Information Office
7. Police Ideal - the expected essence of
perfection, sympathetic, courteous intelligent, honest, THE MAJOR STRUCTURE COMPONENTS OF
and in control of his emotions and temper, at all times. P.C.R
8. Personal Media - implies the use of rallies, 1. Police Information and Education
meetings, speeches and house to house visits to the a. Community Information – about law enforcement
community. b. Institutional Information – about the PNP
9. Police Public Relations - The continuing 2. Police Community Affairs
process by which endeavors are made to obtain the 3. Community Assistance and Development
goodwill and cooperation of the public for the effective 4. Community Inter-Relations
enforcement of the law and accomplishment of police 5. Community Organization and Mobilization
purpose.
10. Propaganda - the planned use of Public or TYPES OF PCR
mass communication for public purpose. 1. Public Information Program - bridge any
communication gap
THE CONCEPT OF PCR
2. Public Relation Program - maintain harmony and
• “Doing good” - delivery of the necessary police mutual support
service to the community.
3. Civic Action Program – maintain and encourage
• “Telling the people about it” - proper projection of
community development.
the command before the public
4. Psychological Program – condition both friendly
and hostile public
PRINCIPLES OF POLICE COMMUNITY
RELATIONS

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 5. Community/Non-Government Organization (NGO)
TEACH-IN VS LIVE-IN
PUBLIC INFORMATION AND PROPAGANDA
OPERATIONS:
The conductor: The conductor:
is looking 1. On Internal Security – on evils of terrorism
- looking for
2. On Crime Prevention
gravest personal for the urgent
3. How the public can reach public assistance.
problems of Individual problem of the
4. Strengthen public, and the utilization of the trimedia
or family
especially on modus operandi safety and the like.
group - will stay in
5. On Public Safety
- will not stay in the house of the
6. on pre disaster preparedness
the House of subject
7. on how to get government assistance
the subject - must
8. generate awareness and sympathy for the
- is not a long have a long victims of calamities and disasters
time resident of the time
community resident in the PUBLIC RELATION
- will take community It is a program designed to make the public aware of
several hours and as - will take what the agency is doing, why is it doing, and how it
mush as possible at least two days contributes to the welfare of the community.
extend up to depending upon
nighttime. the Foundation of Public Relations –
Evaluation.
GOLDENRULE: “Do not do onto others what you
do not want others unto you.”
COMPREHENSIVE PCR AND PUBLIC RELATIONS
Obstacles or Irritants in Human Relations &
Public Realtions:

Situation Perception • Police brutality

• Abuses in search and seizures
• Political interference
• Graft and corruption
• Police use of foul, or abusive languages
Police
• Harassing police tactics like indiscriminate
Institutional Community
Support
Internal searches
Relations Reform
Programs • Filipino negative values
• Lack of police professionalism

TYPES OF PUBLIC RELATION:

• Public Awareness Programs
Resultant • Informational Programs
• Image Building Programs

Public Awareness Programs

Enhance
• Mobile Vans
image of
the PNP • Displays and Exhibits
• Informative Materials
• Open House
CAMPAIGN FEEDBACK AND EVALUATION • Public Speakers
SYSTEM (CFES) • Ride Along
• Unit Visitation
• Surveys. Informational Programs New Arrivals - making
• Records some members of the community feel at home in their
• Interviews news surroundings.
• Media Analysis
Traffic Advisory Reports - Coordinate with the
NET WORKING OPERATIONS: media in announcing important traffic matters such as
“THE CONCEPT OF EXECUTION” road accidents, highway construction and traffic
congestion.
1. Congress
a. Organization Level Liaisoning
b. Top Hierarchy Level Liaisoning Informational Bureaus - Information about such
things as renewal of drivers’ license, payment of utility
c. Special Individual Liaisoning
bills, availability of legal services and other items.
d. Monitoring and assessment activities
e. Special Activities
Informational Brochures - Provide the public
f. General Liaisoning
with booklets, pamphlets, and other types of
2. The media
publications, which contain information of the
3. The Church
community interest.
4. The Students/School

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 Image Building Programs POLICE STATION/HEADQUARTERS AND THE
-Citizens awards COMMUNITY
-Police Color Guard 1. Appearance of Police Station/Headquarters
-Police Citizens Luncheons 2. Policemen at Station/Headquarters
-Operational Handshake 3. Police Telephone and the Citizen
-Recruit Visitation Programs 4. Attitude in Receiving Complaints
-Community Events 5. Attitude of Complaint Desk Officer
-Gift Packages 6. Must Be Attentive to the Complainant
PEACE OFFICER’S INDIVIDUAL PUBLIC
RELATIONS Nationalism and Patriotism in the Philippine
1. Domestic Relations Context
2. Neighborhood Relations FILIPINO NATIONALISM
3. Community Relations
4. Church Relation
5. Government Relations •BARANGAYS- principalities before the 11th datus, rajahs
of sultans governed this political units.
PEACE OFFICER’S PROFESSIONAL PUBLIC •In 1565 Miguel Lopez de Legaspi arrived from
RELATION Mexico and established the first European colonies in
1. Intra-Departmental Relations Cebu.
2. Inter-Departmental Relations o They occupied kingdoms of Maynila and Tondo
3. Citizen’s Relations in 1571and founded Manila as capital of Spanish East
4. Complainants’ Relations Indies
5. Relations with Accused Persons
•The Spanish colonization united the archipelago of the
6. Relation with State Prosecutors and/or Fiscals
Philippines into one political unit.
7. Judicial Relations
•1800- Upsurge of patriotic feelings and nationalistic
THE MANY COMMUNITIES IN COMMUNITY ideals resulting from more than 2 decades of Spanish rule
RELATIONS became the backbone of the first national revolution in
1. External Communities Asia, the Philippine Revolution in 1896.
a. The Justice Community
b. The Human Services Community BEGINNING OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
c. Citizens and the Police •1761- British revolt o England set an expedition to the
2. Internal Communities Philippines to occupy and seize it from Spain during the
3. The Personal Support Community seven Years War in Europe.
4. The Police Community
o The Spaniards surrendered Manila and revealed
the colonizing country’s vulnerability which gave courage
REGAINING AND MAINTAINING PUBLIC TRUST
to Filipinos to fight back.
AND CONFIDENCE
• -Be people oriented • 1762- the Silang and Palaris Revolt o
• -Increase the personnel assigned to patrol division Diego Silang- revolted in Ilocos region demanding that
• -Requesting the community to assist -Coordinate with Spaniards and Spanish mestizos get out of his province.
the business community -Conduct in-depth study. He succeded and was then made governor by the British,
but was later assassinated.
POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY o Gabriela Silang 1834- continued the fight his
Police Characteristics husband started, but was captured and hanged
1. Morale and Esprit de Corps o Juan Dela Cruz Palaris- led a revolt in
2. Must Have Exacting and Exemplary Conduct Pangasinan. After the Spaniards captured and
3. Police Must be Understanding executed Gabriela Silang, they sent 3,000 Ilocano
4. Police Influence Over the Community soldiers to fight the rebellion and Palari. He died in
5. Practice of Courtesy battle.
6. Courteous Treatment of Law Violator
• Laissez-Faire and the Opening of Ports –
7. Leadership
in 1834, the King opened Manila and other
8. Personal Dignity
ports ( Zamboanga and Sual ( Pampanga ) to
9. Physical and Moral Courage
10. Moral Ascendancy foreign traders.
11. Dependability and Punctuality This led to the economic improvements of the
12. Attitude in Trial Court provinces and the rise of the Filipino Middle
13. Appearing as a Witness Class.
• Rise of the Filipino Middle Class
POLICE PERSONAL APPEARANCE Inquillinos- tenants in haciendas who began
AND THE COMMUNITY to accumulate wealth o Illustradors – wealthy
1. Police Personal Appearance and well-educated Filipinos
2. Police Satisfactory Uniform Insulares/creoles- Spaniards born in the
3. Police Personal Cleanliness Phillipine archipelago
4. Must Have Periodic Inspection Espanoles/peninsulares- Spaniards born in
5. Policemen Mental Attitude Spain but working or residing in the Philippines.
6. Policemen Habits and Conversation
7. Policemen Personal Habits
• However, the term “Filipino” is still subjected to
8. Policemen Must Avoid the Appearance of Evil discrimination during these time.

RISE OF THE PILIPINO MIDDLE CLASS

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 • The group below the aristocratic/religious o We must be aware and updated on the
families yet higher than the indios are the significant issues happening in the country.
Middle Class Whether it’s political, or events in our
• They were able to send their children to community, we should always be concerned
colleges or universities in Manila or Europe and extend help to people in need whenever
we can.
• However, discrimination was still very prevalent
upon the middle class’ rise
• The Suez Canal opened in 1869, which paved
• Stand proud for every Filipinos
achievement
the way for many Spaniards with progressive
ideas migrated to the Philippines. o Filipinos are globally competitive in
many aspects. They are proud to be a Filipino
NATIONAL IDENTITY OF THE and for honors they bring to our country. They
FILIPINOS unit every Filipino for their achievement.
•
Patronize and support our own
I am a Filipino- inheritor of a glorious products.
past, hostage to the uncertain future. As o The Philippines has rich resources to create
such I must prove equal to a two-fold task- quality goods and products. The manpower services
the task of meeting my responsibility to the we provide are also globally competitive. Our economy
past, and the task of performing my will improve more if we ourselves patronize our own
obligation to the future. products which characterize out creativity,
resourcefulness, and industry.
I am a Filipino by Carlos P. Romulo • Preserve the Filipino culture.
• It’s been over 70 years since Carlos P. o Philippines is rich in various colourful cultural
Romulo wrote “I am a Filipino,”­ a work elements. They are our identity. Be proud and
of literature about national identity. preserve the culture we have for they are our
• The Philippines has been conquered by so treasure. We have to keep them for the future
many foreign countries that our way of generation.
living has been greatly influenced, and • Respect everyone and value out
thus the question “what is the true traditions.
identity of Filipinos?” often comes up. O Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. Even
• Being a Filipino and identifying as one is in modern times, many Filipinos show and value
expressed in our “little traditions” o This their noble norms and traditions. So we Filipinos
can be found in the home or Local must continue to exercise these good traditions like
community o The Filipino character can be respecting our elders and others, by using “po at
opo”, being hospitable, and being religious.
often seen on the little things.
• Speak out own language
For example: o Using our own language is manifesting
• Graduation pictures hanging in the wall and preserving out national identity. It is our
• Celebration of fiestas The Rizal statue in unique means of communicating and
the Plaza interacting with our fellowmen. Our language
• National Identity based from indigenous is an important tool to achive further unity
Values and national development.
• Pagsasarili (self-reliance) • Remember and commemorate our
• Pakikisama (equitable sharing and heroes’ sacrifices for our country
partnership) Pagkabayani (patriotism) o There were many Filipinos who died for
• Pagkakaisa (National unity, consensus our democracy, freedom, and independence.
and discipline Some fought is using their pens and tongues,
• Pakikitungo (consideration) while some used the power of their arms and
weapons. Each had their own way of showing
10 Modern ways to Express Filipino their love and respect to our country.
Nationalism
• Respect the Philippine Flag and value the • Love our family, our neighbours
Filipino identity and our compatriots.
o The history and value of our flag are o Love and help one another. That way we are
connected to the freedom we have today. showing the worl that we are proud to be Filipinos,
Stand united! Do something to help each other and
o We should always be proud that we are for the greater good for mother country. Love
Filipinos and should always uphold our everyone and love our country as we love ourselves.
country
PHILIPPINE SYMBOLS THAT
• Be productive citizen PROMOTES A SENSE OF NATIONALISM
Be industrious and make ourselves productive, ▪ THE PHILIPPINE FLAG
not only for ourselves but for our country as well. = The red, white and blue colors and a
Serve the people, serve our nation. yellow sun representing the province of the
• Be aware of the issues in our country.
country

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 • Coat of arms of the o Father Pedro Pelaez- exposes discrimination of
Philippines = The yellow sun with 8 Filipino Clergies and the racial national conflict
rays depicting the original provinces in o Gov. Gen. Carlos Maria Dela Torre- boost and
the Philippines inspired the Secularization movement
• 1865
o Religious orders tool control of the parishes
▪ Lupang Hinirang (chosen land)
o Council of Trent- secular priest should control
= The Philippine National Anthem
the parishes
• 1870- RAFAEL DE LAQUIERDO o Replaced
• Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac) Gov. Dela Torre
• National Flower of the Philippines o Rules with crucifix in one hand and a sword on
symbolizing purity and simplicity. the other
Narra (pterocarpus) o Repealed the exemption of Filipinos from Polo
• National tree, also known as rosewood, a rainforest y servicio
tree GREAT FILIPINOS WHO SHOWED
• Philippine Eagle (pithecophaga Jefferyi ) SENSE OF NATIONALISM
o Philippine national bird; protected by law GOMBURZA
• Jose Rizal o National hero of the Philippines • FATHER MARIANO GOMEZ- archbishop
Vicar in Cavite. Accepted the death penalty calmly
• Carinosa or Tinikling o The Philippine
as though it were his penance for being pro-filipino.
National Dance.
Gracefulness is symbolized by this dance. • FATHER JOSE BURGOS- parish priest of
Manila Cathedral, advocate in the Filipinization of
• Carabao (water Buffalo) the clergy.
o Philippine national animal. Symbolizes
• FATHER JACINTO ZAMORA- parish priest in
industriousness and hard work.
Marikina; was unfriendly to arrogant and
• Bangus (milk fish) authoritative behaviour of Spaniards
▪ o Philippine national fish, symbolizes versatility ISSUES ON THE THREE PRIEST
FATHER GOMEZ- participated in the seculariation
• Mango
but no longer active in 1872 and he was already more
o National fruit of the Philippines sonsidered as the than 82 years old.
sweetest fruit in the world
FATHER BURGOS- involved in the issue of
• Barong secularization
o Philippines national costume on clothing style for
FATHER ZAMORA- victim of mistaken identity since
men
the warrant of arrest is for Jose Zamora, a critic of
o Baro’t saya (skirt and blouse with no collar Spanish government at that time.
• “Bayan Ko” and“Pilipinas kong Mahal” = GOMBURZA EXECUTION
Philippine national song
o Were executed in February 17, 1872 by Garrote after
• Arnis being implicated as master minds in the Cavite
o Philippine National Sport ( stick Fighting ) Mutiny. o GARROTE- execution technique
• Anahaw (livistona rotundifolia ) o previously practiced where a tightened iron collar is
Philippine national plant. Used as hat, umbrella used to strangle or break a person’s neck.
or fan symbolizing Filipino resourcefulness. o FRANCISCO ZALDUA- soldier who testified
• Nipa Hut against GOMBURZA.
o Philippine national house; a small bamboo o Importance of the 1872 Gomburza
house with thatched roof. Execution
Nationalism and Patriotism in the - It marked the
Philippine Context beginning of Filipino Nationalism.
PROPAGANDA OR REFORM MOVEMENT
Important dates and events o 1834 PROPAGANDA- a systematic effort to spread
• Manila was officially part of the world commerce opinon or beliefs by means of pen and tongue
Development of agriculture. PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT- also known as
• Means of transportation and communication improved Junta de Propaganda, cuerpo de
• Illustrados- middle class Filipinos that were Compromisarios and La Solidaridad Fornded by
educated illustrados in the 19th century to improve the
lives of low indios thru reform or law.
• Inquilinos- Filipino families who leased
property to the friars. PROPAGANDIST OR REFORMIST- Filipino
• Establishment of the Spanish Republic due to reformers who fled the county to escape
the opening of Suez Canal. persecution in 1872.
• More Spaniards came to the Philippines; more Major causes of the propaganda
friars movement
SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT Emergence of the middle class
Transfer of parishes to Filipino priest Liberal administration of Gov. de la Torre
• TYPES OF PRIEST Execution of Gomburza
• 1862 GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT

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 Make Philippines a province of Spain • His work “Pag­ibig sa Tinubang Luoa”
Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes discusses the importance of loving the
motherland.
Equality between Filipinos and Spaniards
• His pseudonym was Agapito Bagumbayan
Secularization or granting Filipino priest the
He prepared the Decalogue“katungkulang
right to hold parishes
Gawain ng mga Anak ng Bayan” but later
Gaining Freedom of speech, expression and adoptewd the “kartilla ng Katipunan” of Emilio
assembly Jacinto.

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL Emilio Jacinto

• Regarded as the conscience of the • Regarded as “brain of the Katipunan”
movement. • Joined the katipunan under the name
• Pen names are Dimasalang and Laong Laan Pingkian
• Acclaimed as father of the Philippine • Wrote the Kartilla ng Katipunan” that
Nationalism for his intellectual and idealistic served as the moral and ethical guide
support for Philippine independence for Katipuneros
• Wrote Noli Me tangere (touch me not), a • Chief editor of the Kalayann, the official
novel about social reality in the newspaper of the Katipunan.
• Philippines in the 19th century
FOUNDING AND RELEVANCE OF
• Was imprisoned at Fort Santiago for section,
KATIPUNAN
rebellion and illegal association.
KKK (Kataas-taasan, kagalang-galangan, na
• His last poem Mi Ultimos Adios, was given to
katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan)
his sister which was secretly hidden inside the cocinills
de alcohol (cooking lamp) • Was founded July 07, 1892
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR • Deodato Arellano- first President,
o Greatest journalist of the reform movement o followed by Roman Basa and Andres
Mastered the use of satire (the use of humor, Bonifacio
irony, exaggeration or ridicule to expose and • Were divided to 3 segment (katipon,
criticize people’s stupidity or vices. kawal, bayani); each has its known
o Co­founder of a bilingual newspaper “diariong password and members undergo blood
Tagalog” compact.
o Organized the first political group in the Katipuneros- refers to the son of the people
Philippines known as jumta de Propaganda” used a triangle method to recruit members,
o His pseudonyms are: Dolores Manapat, piping where every member should recruit 2 new
Dilat, v. Garcia and Palridel members who would only know each other
GRACIANO LOPEZ DE JAENA after passing the initiation rites.
o He started a campaign for freedom in
1874 by writing “fray Botod (La hija NATIONALISTIC AND PATRIOTIC DUTIES
de fraile) means Big-Bellied-Friar. OF EVERY FILIPINOS
o In his work, he revealed the gluttony, • DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENS
indolence and greediness of friers as - It shall be the duty of the citizen to be
represented by Fray Botod. o His pen loyal to the republic and to Honour the Philippine flag,
name was DIEGO LAURA o Founded to defend the state and contribute to its development
la Solidaridad (solidarity which and welfare, to uphold the Constitution and obey the
became the mouthpiece of the Laws, and to.
Propaganda.
• BAYANIHAN
= Mutual assistance, group liability, or social group
OTHER FLIPINO REFORMIST
work
- Sense of belongingness, teamwork, social
THE GREAT FILIPINO PATRIOT o Dr. responsibility and unity of purpose among the people
Pedro Paterno in the community.
- Wrote the novel entitled “ninay”, the forst - Would translate to doing a selfless heroic act
Filipino novel; that shows Filipino’s without expecting something in return.
developed culture. • MODERNIZED BAYANIHAN CAN BE
o Antonio Luna SEEN ON THE TIMES OF:
• His work “Noche Buena” depicsts the • Emergencies
actual life in the Philippines “la Maestra
• Earthquakes
de mi publo” describe defects of the
educational system for women. • Typhoons

•His pen name was taga-ilog. • Fire

Andres Bonifacio • Other calamities
• Known as “supermo of Katipunan”’ was one • Sickness
of its founders • Death of a community member.

NATIONALISM

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 Nationalist loves his country and is proud of his On November 9, 1774, a royal decree ordering
country NO MATTER WHAT IT DOES. the secularization of parishes became the basis for the
Based on the premise that an individual's appointment of native secular clergy.
loyalty and devotion to one's country should come above This was suspended in 1776 due to opposition
the interests and opinions of other citizens or the of the friars and the unpreparedness of the native
interests of a certain group of citizens. priests.
PATRIOTISM THE RETURN OF THE JESUITS IN 1859
A patriot loves his country and is proud of it for desecularization policy affected the native
what it does Attachment to a homeland. seculars; it transformed into Filipinization issue since
the secular priests were mostly Filipinos.
The love and adoration for the place where an
In 1870, Archbishop Gregorio Meliton Martinez
individual is born, brought up, and the nation that place
wrote to the Spanish Regent advocating secularization
belongs to.
and mentioned that discrimination against Filipino
Proud of a country's virtues but with an
priests would encourage anti- Spanish sentiments.
eagerness and readiness to correct its deficiencies to be
Other proponents of the secularization
better.
movement included Fathers Pedro Pelaez, Jose Burgos,
RISE OF THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS:
Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora, etc. CAVITE
In 1830, Spain open the ports of Manila to the
MUTINY OF 1872
world followed by opening of other ports in other areas
Gov.-Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo replaced Gov. de
of the Philippines
la Torre in 1871, and he discarded the liberal
Chinese and Spanish mestizos who owned
measures.
lands that were used to plant and harvest products for
He abolished the privileges of arsenal workers
export and those who engaged in import and export
and engineer corps regarding exemption from tribute
businesses became the middle class (bourgeoisie).
and force labor.
They stood in between the principalia and the
January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino soldiers
masses.
and dock workers of Cavite, under the leadership of
RISE OF THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS:
Sergeant La Madrid, mutinied and killed their Spanish
The Spaniards considered them as “bestias
officers.
cargada de oro.”
It was suppressed and La Madrid and 41 others
The ideas of masonry (freethinking, anticlerical,
were executed in Bagumbayan.
and humanitarian) also made the new middle class
Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto
aware of the repressive policy of the Spanish authorities
Zamora were accused of treason to Spain and tried in
in the colony, thus making themselves more outspoken
an unfair trial. They were sentenced to death by
about these things.
garrote on February 17, 1872 in Bagumbayan.
RACIAL PREJUDICE
Some were thrown into jail while others were
The Spaniards regarded the Filipinos as “indios”
exiled to Marianas Islands on March 14, 1872.
(belonging to inferior race)
Between 1872 and 1892, national
The preconceived notion of the Spanish
consciousness was growing among Filipinos who had
colonizers that the natives could not rise beyond their
settled in Europe.
“limited intelligence” instigated the enlightened Filipinos
THE NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF
to struggle for equality. PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM
• Contributory Factors that gave Birth to
Philippine Nationalism
CULTURAL CHANGES
• The Impact of Customs and Traditions, and
The ilustrados got the chance to manifest their
Religion on Nationalism THE INFLUX OF LIBERAL
political will when Carlos de la Torre became governor
IDEAS FROM ABROAD
general in 1869.
• Philippines was opened by Spain to World Trade
He invoked reforms in the government like the
revocation of press censorship and the abolition of • Liberal ideas , contained books and
flogging as a form of punishment newspapers, were ideologies of the American and
French Revolutions and the thoughts of different
He lived simply within his means; he inspired
philosophers such as:
the Filipino middle class to sustain their campaign for
MONTESQUIEU
reforms.
SECULARIZATION OF THE CHURCH • Separation of power
The Council of Trent (1545-63) affirmed that • Was a French social commentator and political
secular priest be appointed to administer the parishes thinker who lived during the Age of Enlightenment.
in the colony. • Born: January 18, 1689
In 1567, Pope Pius V issued the Exponi Nobis, • Place of Birth: La Brède, France
which allowed the regular clergy to serve as parish • Died: February 10, 1755
priest without diocesan authorization and be exempted • Spouse: Jane de Lartigue ROUSSEAU
from bishop’s authority. • He believed that people in the state of nature
Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa accepted the were innocent and at their best and that they were
resignation of regular priests and appointed native corrupted by the unnaturalness of civilization.
secular priests to the parishes.

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• Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Genevan inspiration on the people’s activities and dedicate their
philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century. His achievements to the people.
political philosophy influenced the French Revolution
• Born: June 28, 1712, FILIPINO CHARACTER TRAITS AND
CULTURE THAT AFFECTS THE
• Place of Birth: Geneva, Switzerland
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM
• Died: July 2, 1778,
• Partner: Thérèse Levasseur VOLTAIRE PROPENSITY FOR GAMBLING
• Belief in separation of church and state and o Most scandalous of their character defects is
religious freedom their propensity for gambling.
• François-Marie Arouet, known by his name o Their favorite forms of gambling are
Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian cockfighting, horse races, jueteng, black jack,
and philosopher poker, mahjong and etc.
• Born: November 21, 1694, Paris, France
• Died: May 30, 1778, LOCKE
INVETERATELY EXTRAVAGANT
• He expressed his view that government is
o No day ever passes in the Philippines without a costly
obligated to serve the people, by protecting life, liberty,
fiesta, for every barangay, town and city the
and propert.
archipelago has a patron saint, whose annual feast
• John Locke is widely known as the Father of day is celebrated with great extravaganzas.
Classical Liberalism.
• was an English philosopher and physician FATALISTIC IN THEIR OUTLOOK IN LIFE
regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment o They tend to believe that whatever happens, good or
thinkers. bad, is due to fate (tadhana).
• Born: August 29, 1632, o So they accept with uncomplaining resignation
• Place of Birth: Wrington, United Kingdom whatever happens to them, and face the future with
• Died: October 28, 1704, JEFFERSON the expression: “BAHALA NA,” the equivalent of the
• Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Spanish “QUE SERA, SERA” (What will be, will be).
Father, the principal author of the Declaration of LACK OF DISCIPLINE AND PERSEVERANCE
Independence and the third President of the United o Normally they begin their work with great
States. enthusiasm, but like a cogon fire which burns brightly
for a brief time and then soon disappears.
• Born: April 13, 1743
HOSPITABLE
• Place of Birth: Virginia, United States
o They receive all foreigners, including their former
• Died: July 4, 1826 foes in wars, in their country and home with warm
• Presidential Term: March 4, 1801 – March 4, hospitality and friendship
1809 THE SPANISH REVOLUTION OF 1868 CLOSE FAMILY TIES AND EXTENDED FAMILY
• The triumph of liberalism in Spain against the STRUCTURES
autocratic rule of Isabela II (1833-1869) resounded o Filipinos adapt new kinds (kumpadre and kumare)
across the seas to the shores of her overseas through having male and female sponsors (ninong
colonies. and ninang) during baptisms and weddings
• The Filipinos came to enjoy for the first time the GRATITUDE (UTANG NA LOOB)
sweet taste of a liberal regime including the ff: o Their high sense of gratitude is expressed in the
1. Freedom of Speech phrase ―UTANG NA LOOB or (debt of ‖ honor).
2. Freedom of the Press COOPERATIVENESS
3. Freedom of Assembly and other Human Rights o They cherish ancestral trait of bayanihan
THE SUEZ CANAL AND THE FILIPINOS (cooperation) , which can mean helping a rural family
move their small hut to another place.
• The opening of Suez Canal to world shipping in
1869 stimulated Philippine progress.
BRAVERY
• This canal is 103 miles long, and connects the
o Filipino rank among the bravest people on earth.
Mediterranean with the Gulf of Suez and hence with
They bravely resisted the Spanish, American, and
the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean.
Japanese invaders of their native land.
THE MARTYRDOM OF GOMBURZA
o Another example is the courage to stand up for
• The Filipino people deeply resented the people power revolution
execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora. PASSIONATELY ROMANTIC AND ARTISTIC
• They were acclaimed as the executed priests as INTELLIGENT
true martyrs of their fatherland. THE IMPACT OF o According to David P. Barrows an American
CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS AND RELIGION ON educator, Filipinos have quick perception, retentive
NATIONALISM memory, aptitude and extraordinary docility making
• According to Renato Constantino, the them most teachable person.
principal exponent of nationalism holds the view that
the Philippines did not sufficiently developed pre- ADAPTABILITY, ENDURANCE AND
colonial civilization because of scattered and RESILIENCY
fragmented Filipino communities.
• National Literature, art, music and all other DEEP SPIRITUAL YEARNING AND GIFT OF
forms of culture must therefore find their source and FAITH

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 According to Jesuit historian Horacio de la • DISCRETION = recognizing and avoiding
Costa, ―God gave the Filipinos o 2 gifts: words, actions, and attitudes that could bring
undesirable consequences.
―THE GIFT OF FAITH, and THE GIFT OF
• ENDURANCE = the inward strength the
MUSIC withstand stress and do the best.
RACIAL AND CULTURE DIVERSITIES
FILIPINO NATIONALISM and its BARRIERS • FAITH = the inward strength the
• Spanish misrule and exploitation withstand stress and do the best.
• hastened by the political
• economic developments
• FLEXIBILITY = willingness to change plans
or ideas according to the direction of the authorities.
• insular mountainous character
• The dismal state of transportation and • FORGIVENESS = Clearing the
communication facilities record of those who have wronged and not holding a
QUEST FOR NATIONALISM grudge
• The Filipino quest for independence continued until • GENEROSITY = Carefully managing
1935 when the United States promised to withdraw resources to be capable of freely giving to those in
on a definite date. need.
CHARACTER FORMATION TRAITS TERMS • GENTLENESS = showing consideration and
TO REMEMBER personal concern and others
• ALERTNESS = being aware of what is • ENTHUSIASM Expressing joy in doing and
taking place around accomplishing each tasks
• ATTENTIVENESS = showing the worth of a • GRATEFULNESS = letting others now
person or task by giving undivided concentration by one’s words and actions how they have benefited
• AVAILABILITY = making own schedule and one’s life
priorities secondary to the wishes of those being
served. • HONOR = respecting those in leadership
because of the higher authorities they represent
• BENEVOLENCE = giving to others basic needs • HOSPITALITY = cheerfully
without the motivation for acquiring personal sharing food, shelter, or conversation to
rewards. benefit others.

• BOLDNESS = confidence that what I • HUMILITY = acknowledging that

say or do is TRUE, RIGHT, and JUST. achievement results from the investment results from
the investment of others in one’s life.
• CAUTIOUSNESS = knowing how important
right timing is in accomplishing right actions • INITIATIVE = recognizing and doing what
• COMPASION = investing whatever is needs to be done before being asked to do it.
necessary to heal the hurts of others.
• CONTENTMENT = realizing that true • JOYFULNESS = Maintaining a good
happiness does not depend on material attitude, even when faced with unpleasant
conditions. conditions.

• CREATIVITY = approaching a need, a • JUSTICE = taking personal

task, or an idea from new perspective responsibility to uphold what is pure, right, and true

• DECISIVENESS = the ability to • LOYALTY = using difficult times to

recognize key factors and finalize difficult demonstrate commitment of those being served.
decisions
• MEEKNESS = yielding personal rights and
• DEFERENCE = Limiting freedom so not expectations with a desire to serve.
to offend the tastes of others.
• OBEDIENCE = quickly and carefully
• DEPENDABILITY = fulfilling what is carrying out the direction of the superior.
consented to do, even if it means unexpected • ORDERLINESS = arranging self and
sacrifice surrounding to achieve greater efficiency.

• DETERMINATION = purposing to • PATIENCE = accepting a difficult

accomplish right goals at the right time, regardless of situation without giving deadline or remove it.
the opposition.
• DILIGENCE = investing time and energy • PERSUASIVENESS = guiding around
to complete each task assigned. another’s mental roadblocks

• DISCERNMENT =understanding the deeper • PUNCTUALITY = showing esteem

reasons why things happen. for others by doing the right thing at the right time.

• RESOURSEFULNESS = finding practical

uses for that which others would overlook or discard.

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 • RESPONSIBILITY = knowing and
doing what is expected.
• SECURITY = structuring one’s life
around that which cannot be destroyed or taken
away

• SELF CONTROL = rejecting wrong

desires and doing what is right

• SENSITIVITY = perceiving the true

attitudes and emotions of others.

• SINCERITY = eagerness to do what is

right with transparent motives.
• THOROUGHNESS = knowing what
factors will diminish the effectiveness of
one’s work or words if neglected.

• THRIFTINESS =allowing oneself and

others to spend only what is necessary

• TOLERANCE = Realizing that everyone

is at varying levels of character
development

• TRUTHFULNESS - earning future

trust by accurately reporting past facts.

• VIRTUE = the moral excellence evident in

one’s life as consistently doing what is right.

• WISDOM = seeing and responding to

life situations from a perspective that
transcends current circumstances

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