Passage 1 Education Philosophy Passage 1 Education Philosophy

SECTION 1 time. People began to purchase toys and books for their children. When the country
depended more upon machines, children in rural and urban areas, were less likely to be
READING PASSAGE 1
required to work at home. Beginning from the Industrial Revolution and rising slowly
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading over the course of the 19th century, this trend increased exponentially after civil war.
Passage 1 below. John Locke, one of the most influential writers of his period, created the first clear and
comprehensive statement of the ‘environmental position’ that family education
Education Philosophy determines a child’s life, and via this, he became the father of modem learning theory.
A During the colonial period, his teachings about child care gained a lot of recognition in
America.
Although we lack accurate statistics about child mortality in the pre-industrial period,
we do have evidence that in the 1660s, the mortality rate for children who died within D
14 days of birth was as much as 30 per cent. Nearly all families suffered some According to Jean Jacques Rousseau, who lived in an era of the American and French
premature death. Since all parents expected to bury some of their children, they found Revolution, people were ‘noble savages’ in the original state of nature, meaning they
it difficult to invest in their newborn children. Moreover, to protect themselves from the are innocent, free and uncorrupted. In 1762, Rousseau wrote a famous novel Emile to
emotional consequences of children’s death, parents avoided making any emotional convey his educational philosophy through a story of a boy’s education from infancy to
commitment to an infant. It is no wonder that we find mothers leave their babies in adult-hood. This work was based on his extensive observation of children and
gutters or refer to the death in the same paragraph with reference to pickles. adolescents, their individuality, his developmental theory and on the memories of his
B own childhood. He contrasts children with adults and describes their age-specific
characteristics in terms of historical perspective and developmental psychology. Johan
The 18th century witnessed the transformation from an agrarian economy to an
Heinrich Pestalozzi, living during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, sought to
industrial one, one of the vital social changes taking place in the Western world. An
develop schools to nurture children’s all-round development. He agreed with Rousseau
increasing number of people moved from their villages and small towns to big cities
that humans are naturally good but were spoiled by a corrupt society. His approach to
where life was quite different. Social supports which had previously existed in smaller
teaching consists of the general and special methods, and his theory was based upon
communities were replaced by ruthless problems such as poverty, crime, substandard
establishing an emotionally healthy homelike learning environment, which had to be in
housing and disease. Due to the need for additional income to support the family, young
place before more specific instructions occurred.
children from the poorest families were forced into early employment and thus their
childhood became painfully short. Children as young as 7 might be required to work full- E
time, subjected to unpleasant and unhealthy circumstances, from factories to One of the best-documented cases of Pestalozzi’s theory concerned a so-called feral
prostitution. Although such a role has disappeared in most wealthy countries, the child named Victor, who was captured in a small town in the south of France in 1800.
practice of childhood employment still remains a staple in underdeveloped countries Prepubescent, mute, naked, and perhaps 11 or 12 years old, Victor had been seen
and rarely disappeared entirely. foraging for food in the gardens of the locals in the area and sometimes accepted
C people’s direct offers of food before his final capture. Eventually, he was brought to
Paris and expected to answer some profound questions about the nature of human, but
The lives of children underwent a drastic change during the 1800s in the United States.
that goal was quashed very soon. A young physician Jean Marc Gaspard Itard was
Previously, children from both rural and urban families were expected to participate in
optimistic about the future of Victor and initiated a five-year education plan to civilise
everyday labour due to the bulk of manual hard working. Nevertheless, thanks to the
him and teach him to speak. With a subsidy from the government, Itard recruited a local
technological advances of the mid-1800s, coupled with the rise of the middle class and
woman Madame Guerin to assist him to provide a semblance of a home for Victor, and
redefinition of roles of family members, work and home became less synonymous over
he spent an enormous amount of time and effort working with Victor. Itard’s goal to
1 2
Passage 1 Education Philosophy Passage 1 Education Philosophy

teach Victor the basics of speech could never be fully achieved, but Victor had learnt Questions 1-4
some elementary forms of communication.
Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.
F
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-E from the list of headings below.
Although other educators were beginning to recognise the simple truth embedded in
Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
Rousseau’s philosophy, it is not enough to identify the stages of children’s development
alone. There must be certain education which had to be geared towards those stages. List of Headings
One of the early examples was the invention of kindergarten, which was a word and a
i The inheritance and development of educational concepts of different
movement created by a German-born educator, Friedrich Froebel in 1840. Froebel
thinkers
placed a high value on the importance of play in children’s learning. His invention would
spread around the world eventually in a verity of forms. Froebel’s ideas were inspired ii Why children had to work to alleviate the burden on family
through his cooperation with Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Froebel didn’t introduce the iii Why children are not highly valued
notion of kindergarten until 58 years old, and he had been a teacher for four decades.
The notion was a haven and a preparation for children who were about to enter the iv The explanation for children dying in hospital at their early age
regimented educational system. The use of guided or structured play was a cornerstone v The first appearance of modem educational philosophy
of his kindergarten education because he believed that play was the most significant
aspect of development at this time of life. Play served as a mechanism for a child to vi The application of a creative learning method on a wild kid
grow emotionally and to achieve a sense of self-worth. Meanwhile, teachers served to vii The emergence and spread of the notion of kindergarten
organise materials and a structured environment in which each child, as an individual,
could achieve these goals. When Froebel died in 1852, dozens of kindergartens had 1 Paragraph A
been created in Germany. Kindergartens began to increase in Europe, and the Example Answer
movement eventually reached and flourished in the United States in the 20th century.
Paragraph B ii
2 Paragraph C
3 Paragraph D
4 Paragraph E

Questions 5-8
Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of dates below.
Match each event with the correct date, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

3 4
Passage 1 Education Philosophy Passage 1

List of Dates SECTION 1

A the 18th century (1700-1799) READING PASSAGE 1
B the 19th century (1800-1899) You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
C the 20th century (1900-1999)
5 the need for children to work
In 1979 the Chinese government introduced a policy that no other country had ever
6 the rise of the middle class
introduced before. Each couple was restricted by law to having to only one child. This
7 the emergence of a kindergarten one-child policy, although highly controversial, is believed to have helped prevent the
rapidly growing Chinese population from becoming unsustainable.
8 the spread of kindergartens around the U.S.
In 2015 the one-child policy was finally relaxed, allowing couples to now have two
children. According to the Communist Party of China, 400 million births have been
Questions 9-13 prevented since the policy was introduced, and the Chinese population has become
Look at the following opinions or deeds (Questions 9-13) and the list of people below. sustainable. Meanwhile, other developing countries like India and Nigeria, where such a
policy has never been nationally enforced, continue to struggle with population
Match each opinion or deed with the correct person, A, B, C or D. explosions.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet. On a statistical level, it is easy to suggest that the one-child policy has been rather
NB You may use any letter more than once. successful in China. It has lessened the negative environmental impact that rapid
industrialisation and population growth have had on China since being implemented.
List of People However, there are plenty of grounds for criticism, especially from human rights
A Jean Jacques Rousseau activists, as well as advocates for freedom of choice. The main question raised by such a
move is should a government be allowed to control family size, or is that too much
B Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi control over individual liberty?
C Jean Marc Gaspard Itard In the poorer rural areas of China, where life has changed very little for hundreds of
D Friedrich Froebel years, farmers often used to rely on their children to help out on the farm. It was
common for couples to have many children because infant mortality was high and the
burden of work could not be handled by just a few people. It was generally considered
9 was not successful to prove the theory that a girl was bad luck in this case because she would not be able to do as much
manual labour. However backwards this way of thinking may seem to many people, the
10 observed a child’s record
sad reality was that the instances of infanticide of female babies began to rise rapidly in
11 requested a study setting with emotional comfort firstly the 1980s in China, as a result of the one-child policy.
12 proposed that corruption was not a characteristic in people’s nature Despite this raising other important concerns such as gender inequality in China, the
growing problem of infanticide did lead to change; the government relaxed the one-
13 was responsible for an increase in the number of a type of school
child policy so that a couple could have a second child, but only if their first child was a
girl. On the other hand, the government has also faced heavy criticism of its methods of
5 1
Passage 1 Passage 1

trying to enforce the one-child policy in the past. In rural areas, it was very difficult for Questions 1-7
the government to enforce the policy, and so only really applied in urban areas of the
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
country.
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
In extreme cases, the government in China would force pregnant women who already
had one child to have an abortion. However, they were also forced to introduce laws in TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
2005 outlawing sex-selective abortions, which were increasingly common choices being
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
made by couples who knew the sex of their baby to be female before birth.
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
Whilst true statistics are difficult to obtain from China, it is thought that there are now
60 million more men than women in China. This gender imbalance is almost certainly an
indirect result of the one-child policy. Another theory suggests that there are unofficially 1 China's one-child policy is believed to have kept population growth in the country at
millions of more women in China who were never registered with local authorities by sustainable levels.
their parents through fear of being fined or losing their child.
2 The negative environmental impact of population growth in China is less because of
The necessity of having children in some parts of China is something many in the West the one-child policy.
have trouble understanding. After all, increasing numbers of adults in the West now
choose not to have children purely for environmental reasons. 3 The number of cases of infanticide of female babies decreased in China during the
1980s.
Research by statisticians at Oregon State University in America fund that because of the
average American's huge carbon footprint, having a child in America increased a 4 In India effective population control is becoming an increasingly important concern
person's long-term carbon output by up to 20 times. T put this into greater context, the for the government.
long-term pollution output of a child born in the U.S. can be up to 160 times higher than 5 Estimates suggest that there are 60 million more men than women living in China.
that of a child born in Bangladesh.
6 Long-term pollution output of a child born in the U.S. is roughly the same as for a
One of the reasons in China for changing the one-child policy to a two-child policy in child born in Bangladesh.
2015 was that the original policy was almost redundant anyway. The original legislation
was only aimed at a single generation. Under the ruling, any couple in China who were 7 The original one-child legislation in China was designed to apply to one generation
both sole children to their respective parents were allowed to have two children. only.
Therefore the two-child policy was already in effect for most couples already by 2015.
China has a rapidly developing economy, and with such development comes a higher
average carbon output per person. This leads some authorities to worry that the
already-strained environment in China will suffer even more in decades to come. Having
said that, as China continues to experience such rapid economic development, Chinese
people are enjoying increased personal wealth and financial stability. With that may also
come the philosophy of choice, such as having the luxury to choose not to have children
purely for environmental reasons, just like in the U.S.

2 3
Passage 1 The “Extinct” Grass in Britain Passage 1 The “Extinct” Grass in Britain

SECTION 1 For now, the bromes future is guaranteed. The seeds front Smith's plants have beet,
securely stored in the cutting edge facilities of Millennium Seed Bank at Wakehurst
READING PASSAGE 1
Place in Sussex. And living plants thrive at the botanic gardens at Kew, Edinburgh and
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Cambridge. This year, seeds are also saved at sites all across the country and the grass
Passage 1 below. now nourishes at several public gardens too.

The “Extinct” Grass in Britain F

A The grass will now be reintroduced to the British countryside. As a part of the Species
Recovery Project, the organisation English Nature will re-introduce interrupted brome
The British grass interrupted brome was said to be extinct, just like the Dodo. Called into the agricultural landscape, provided willing farmers are found. Alas, the grass is
interrupted brome because of its gappy seed-head, this unprepossessing grass was neither beautiful not practical. it is undoubtedly a weed, a weed that nobody cares for
found nowhere else in the world, Gardening experts from the Victorian lira were first to these days. The brome wax probably never widespread enough to annoy farmers and
record it. In the early 20th century, it grew far and wide across southern England. But it today, no one would appreciate its productivity or nutritious qualities. As a grass, it
quickly vanished and by 1972 was nowhere to be found. Even the seeds stored at the leaves a lot to be desited by agriculturalists.
Cambridge University Botanic Garden as an insurance policy were dead, having been
mistakenly kept at room temperature. Fans of the glass were devastated. G

B Smith’s research has attempted to answer the question of where the grass came from.
His research points to mutations from other weedy grasses as the most likely source. So
However, reports of its decline were not entirely correct. Interrupted brome has close is the relationship that interrupted brome was originally deemed to he a mere
enjoyed a revival, one that's not due to science. Because of the work of one gardening variety of soil brome by the great Victorian taxonomist Professor Hackel. A botanist
enthusiast, interrupted brome is thriving as a pot plant. The relaunching into the wild of from the 19th century, Druce. had taken notes on the grass and convinced his peers that
Britain's almost extinct plant has excited conservationists everywhere the grass deserved its own status as a species. Despite Druce growing up in poverty and
C his self-taught profession, he became the leading botanist of his time.

Originally, Philip Smith didn’t know that he had the very unusual grass at his own home. H
When he heard about the grass becoming extinct, he wanted to do something Where the grass came from may be clear, but the timing of its birth may be tougher to
surprising. He attended a meeting of the British Botanical Society in Manchester in find out. A clue lies in its penchant for growing as a weed in fields shared with a fodder
1979, and seized His opporlunity. He said that it was so disappointing to hear about the crop, in particular nitrogen-fixing legumes such as sainfoin, lucerne or clover. According
demise of the interrupted brome. "What a pity we didn’t research it further!” he added. to agricultural historian Joan Thirsk. the humble sainfoin and its company were first
Then. all of a sudden he displayed his pots with so called "extinct grass" lot all to see. noticed in Britain in the early 17th century. Seeds brought in from the Continent were
D sown in pastures to feed horses and other livestock. However, back then, only a few
enthusiastic gentlemen were willing to use the new crops for their prized horses.
Smith had kept the seeds from the last stronghold of the grass, Pamisford in 1963. It was
then when the grass stalled to disappear from the wild. Smith cultivated the grass, year I
after year. Ultimately, it was his curiosity in the plant that saved it. not scientific or Not before too long though, the need to feed the parliamentary armies in Scotland,
technological projects that England and behind was more pressing than ever. farmers were forced to produce more
E bread, cheese and beer. And by 1650 the legumes were increasingly introduced into
arable rotations, to serve as green nature to boost grain yields. A bestseller of its day,
1 2
Passage 1 The “Extinct” Grass in Britain Passage 1 The “Extinct” Grass in Britain

Nathaniel Fiennes's Sainfoin Improved, published in 1671, helped to spread the word. Questions 1-8
With the advent of sainfoin, clover and lucerne. Britain's very own rogue grass had
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
suddenly at rivet.
In boxes 1-8 on you answer sheet, write
J
TRUE if the statement is true
Although the credit for the discovery of interrupted brome goes to a Miss A. M. Barnard,
who collected the first specimens at Odsey, Bedfordshire, in 1849, the grass had FALSE if the statement is false
probably lurked undetected in the English countryside for at least a hundred years.
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
Smith thinks the plant- the world’s version of the Dodo probably evolved in the late 17th
or early 18th century, once sainfoin became established. Due mainly to the
development of the motor car and subsequent decline of fodder crops for horses, the 1 The name of interrupted brome came from the unprepossessing grass disappeared
brome declined rapidly over the 20th century. Today, sainfoin has almost disappeared from places in the world for a period.
from the countryside, though occasionally its colourful flowers are spotted in lowland
nature reserves. More recently artificial fertilizers have made legume rotations 2 Interrupted brome seeds cannot sprout because they were kept accidentally at
unnecessary unsuitable temperature.

K 3 Philip Smith works at University of Manchester.

The close relationship with out-of-fashion crops spells trouble for those seeking to re- 4 Kew Botanic Gardens will operate English Nature.
establish interrupted brome in today’s countryside. Much like the once common arable 5 Interrupted brome grew unwantedly at the sides of sainfoin.
weeds, such as the corncockle, its seeds cannot survive long in the soil. Each spring, the
brome relied on farmers to resow its seeds; in the days before weed killers and 6 Legumes were used for feeding livestock and enriching the soil.
advanced seed sieves, an ample supply would have contaminated supplies of crop seed. 7 The spread of seeds of interrupted brome depends on the harvesting of the farmers.
However fragile seeds are not the brome’s only problem: this species is also unwilling to
release its seeds as they ripen. According to Smith. The grass will struggle to survive 8 Only the weed killers can stop interrupted brome from becoming an invasive pest.
even in optimal conditions. It would be very difficult to thrive amongst its more resilient
competitors found in today’s improved agricultural landscape
L
Nonetheless, interrupted brome’s reluctance to thrive independently may have some
benefits. Any farmer willing to foster this unique contribution to the world's flora can
rest assured that the grass will never become an invasive pest. Restoring interrupted
brome to its rightful home could bring other benefits too, particularly if this strange
species is granted recognition as a national treasure. Thanks to British farmers,
interrupted brome was given the chance to evolve in the first place. Conservationists
would like to see the grass grow once again in its natural habitat and perhaps, one day,
seeing the grass become a badge of honour for a new generation of environmentally
conscious farmers.

3 4
Passage 1 The “Extinct” Grass in Britain

Questions 9-13
Look at the following opinions or deeds (Questions 9-13) and the list of people below.
Match each opinion or deed with the correct person, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
A A. M. Barnard
B Philip Smith
C George Claridge Druce
D Joan Thirsk
E Professor Hackel
F Nathaniel Fiennes

9 identified interrupted brome as another species of brome.

10 convinced others about the status of interrupted brome in the botanic world.
11 said that sainfoin was first found more than 300 years ago.
12 helped farmers know that sainfoin is useful for enriching the soil.
13 collected the first sample of interrupted brome.