MAINS 2025/2026

DATA &
FACTS

BY - SUNYA IAS
**We have tried to keep this file updated and error-free
Corrections, if any will be notified later.
 INDEX
ECONOMY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

GENERAL STATE OF ECONOMY (ECONOMIC SURVEY 2024-25) ............................................................................................................................................... 1

PRIMARY SECTOR................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1
SECONDARY SECTOR ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
TERTIARY SECTOR .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
LAND REFORMS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
INCLUSIVE GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT........................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
BANKING & MONEY MARKET ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
NATIONAL INCOME & ACCOUNTING ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
TAXATION.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
OTHERS.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14

INDIAN SOCIETY & SOCIAL JUSTICE..............................................................................................................................................................16

WOMEN .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
HEALTH .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
EDUCATION .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
HUNGER, POVERTY & INEQUALITY .................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
DIVERSITY..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
POPULATION ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
VULNERABLE SECTIONS........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
URBANIZATION .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
CURRENT AFFAIRS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26

ENVIRONMENT .....................................................................................................................................................................................................29

CLIMATE CHANGE ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29

POLLUTION & WASTE MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................................................................................... 31
WATER & ITS CONSERVATION ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
ENERGY – RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE ............................................................................................................................................................ 34
BIODIVERSITY ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 36

DISASTER MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................................................................................39

CLIMATE RISK INDEX 2025 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39

ECONOMIC COST OF DISASTERS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
DISASTER STATS .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 39

INTERNAL SECURITY ..........................................................................................................................................................................................40

BORDER MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40

MARITIME AND COASTAL SECURITY .............................................................................................................................................................................. 40
DEFENSE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40
TERRORISM .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 40
ORGANISED CRIME ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
CYBER SECURITY ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
INSURGENCY [MHA DATA] ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
INSURGENCY...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41

INDIAN POLITY .....................................................................................................................................................................................................41

GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
DEMOCRACY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
CONSTITUTION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 42
SIGNIFICANT PROVISIONS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
PARLIAMENT..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
FEDERALISM ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
 EMERGENCY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
JUDICIARY .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
ELECTIONS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 46
LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 46

GOVERNANCE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................47

GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
CIVIL SERVICES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
AADHAR ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
SOCIAL AUDIT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
RTI & OSA....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 49
CRIMINAL JUSTICE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
POLICE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
PRISON REFORMS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 49
CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
SOCIAL SECTOR ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 50
MICRO CREDIT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 51
SHGS.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 51
NGOS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 51
SPORTS ECOSYSTEM ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 51

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................................52

SPACE TECHNOLOGY........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 52
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND HEALTH SCIENCES................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
IT AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
SUPERCOMPUTERS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
R&D AND IPR ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 54
NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 54

HISTORY..................................................................................................................................................................................................................55

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS .........................................................................................................................................................................58

INDIA’S NEIGHBOURHOOD................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
INDIA’S NEIGHBOURHOOD................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
INDIA’S MAJOR BILATERAL RELATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 59
INDIA’S MAJOR BILATERAL RELATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 59
INDIA AND WEST ASIA ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 60
INDIA AND WEST ASIA ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 60
INDIA- EUROPE........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
INDIA- EUROPE........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
INDIA - CENTRAL ASIA ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 62
INDIA - CENTRAL ASIA ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 62
INDIA- ASIA PACIFIC ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 62
INDIA- ASIA PACIFIC ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 62
INDIA AFRICA .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 62
INDIA AFRICA .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 62
MULTILATERAL ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
MULTILATERAL ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
MISCELLANEOUS ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
MISCELLANEOUS ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
 DATA & FACTS 2025

ECONOMY
* You can Quote source as Economic Survey OR NITI Aayog at maximum places

Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics

General

Global Growth
● IMF Projections → 3.2 % and 3.3 % for 2024 and 2025, respectively.
○ Over the next 5 years → average 3.2%.
Resilient Domestic Economy
● GDP Growth: India’s GDP (constant 2011–12 prices) grew by 6.7% in Q1
and 5.4% in Q2 of FY25.
General State of
○ GVA Growth: Real Gross Value Added (GVA) is estimated to grow
Economy (Economic
by 6.4% in FY25.
Survey 2024-25)
● Primary Sector: Agricultural growth is projected to rebound to 3.8% in
FY25.
● Secondary Sector: Estimated to grow by 6.2 % in FY25, supported by
construction and utility services.
● Tertiary Sector: Expected to grow 7.2%, driven by financial, real estate,
and public administration.

Agriculture
● Eco Parameters
o Share in GDP: 16% of GDP (Eco Survey)
o Growth Rate (Last Year): Agricultural growth rate has fallen sharply,
to 1.4 per cent in 2023-24, compared to 4.7 per cent growth rate of 2022-
23 (Eco Survey 2023-24)
o Growth Rate (Cumulative): 5% annual growth during FY17 to FY23
(Eco Survey)
o Agri income: ↑ 5.23% annually over the past decade.
o People Employed: supports ~46.1% of the population.
o Agri market: ₹38 lakh crore by 2030.
o India is 1st in: Pulses, Milk
o India is 2nd in: Rice, Wheat, Fruits & Vegetation, arable land.
● Land
Primary Sector o Area under Cultivation
 51% of total land area is under cultivation.
 About 60% of India’s total land area is classified as agricultural
land. [World Bank]
o Small & Marginal farmers
 89.4% (<2 hectares) [Economic Survey]
 Cultivate nearly 45% of net sown area (Agri Census 2015-16).
● Seed
o Saved Seeds ⭢ 85%
o Seed Replacement Rate: 15 – 20%; it’s 100% for hybrid seeds.
o Production: Private firms -> 71% of seed production (ICAR)
o Role of Seeds: Impacts 25% of productivity
● Irrigation:
o Rainfed Agriculture: 50% of total
o Role of Irrigation: 70% of total input cost

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

o Irrigation coverage: ↑ from 49.3% to 55% of gross cropped area b/w

FY16 and FY21 [Eco Survey]
● Credit
o Informal Sector: around 40%
o Debt: More than 50% farmers under debt
o BPL: 22% of farmers are BPL
o Corporate Investment ⭢ < 2%
o Kisan Credit Card scheme: 7.75 crore operational accounts and ₹9.81
lakh crore in loans.
● Pesticides
o 4th largest producer of pesticides
o Importance: 25% crop losses due to pests
o Concern: 0.1% is used of applied reach their intended pest
● Fertilizers [4:2:1]
o Consumption: 655 lakh tonnes fertilizers in FY25
o Use vs Productivity: Fertilizers usage increased 25 times since 1960
but food production increased by only 3 times.
o Fiscal Burden: Fertilizer accounts for large fiscal subsidies
▪ ₹1.75 lakh crore spent on fertilizer subsidies (2023-24).
▪ 2nd highest fiscal expense after food
o Imports: $8.29 billion in 2024-25
o Targeting: Only 35% reach beneficiaries
o Urea
 In India, urea is the most produced, imported, consumed and
physically regulated fertilizer of all.
 Govt spending: Govt spends ₹1,500 per bag of Urea, making it
unsustainably cheap for farmers.
 India is the 2nd largest consumer of urea after China.
o DAP
 Import cost is $636 (₹55,150) per tonne, while production costs
exceed ₹65,000 per tonne.
 Subsidy Burden: Govt caps DAP price at ₹27,000 per tonne, but
the subsidy needed to cover costs is high.
● Storage
o Short of 30-40 lakh tones (Ashok Dalwai)
● Post Harvest Losses
o 12% of total agricultural GDP
o 10% of total food grain production (ICAR)
● Exports
o Just 2.4% of world’s share [8th rank]
● Farmer Suicides
o At least one farmer died by suicide every hour in India [NCRB]
● Expense in R&D
o India spends about 0.7% of its agri-GDP on agri-research and
Education (R&E)
o ₹1 investment in agri R&D can fetch ₹13 return [Economic Survey].
● Machines
o Only 40-45% levels of mechanization
o India ⭢ 1/3rd of global tractors

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

 Crops and Yield

o Total kharif food grain production-> 1647.05 lakh metric tonnes
(LMT) in 2024-25.
o India's rice yield -> 2,191 kg per hectare (global average 3,026 kg per
hectare).
o Wheat yield -> 2,750 kg/hectare (global avg 3,289 kg/hectare).
 Cotton
o Yield: 435kg/hectare; similar to 2024-25’s yield of 447kg/hectare.
o Rainfed crop: 67% of India’s cotton is produced on rain-fed areas and
33% on irrigated lands
o Acreage: India ranks 1st in cotton acreage with around 40% of the
world area under cotton
o Production: India ranks 2nd in cotton production with estimated
production of 343.47 lakh bales (5.84 MMT) in 2022-23 i.e. 23.83% of
world cotton production.
o Productivity: 39th rank in overall cotton yield -> lower than countries
like USA, China, Brazil etc.
o Consumption: 2nd largest consumer of cotton-> 22.24% of world
cotton consumption (2023).
o Exports: 30 lakh bales i.e. 6% of world export in 2022-23.
 Oilseeds
o Contribution: India contributes about 5-6% of world production.
o Area: India accounts for 15-20% of global oilseed area
o Rainfed: 76% of oilseed cultivation is rainfed.
o National Mission on Edible oils- Targets for 2030-31:
▪ Increase primary oilseed production to 69.7 million tonnes (from
39 million tonnes in 2022-23).
▪ Expand oilseed cultivation by an additional 40 lakh hectares by
targeting rice and potato fallow lands, promoting intercropping.
Allied Sector: Fisheries
● Production: India is 2nd largest fish producer
● Global: 8% share in global fish production
o India ranks 2nd in aquaculture production, leads in shrimp production
and 3rd in capture fisheries production.
● Inland fisheries: 75% of total fisheries output.
● Growth Rate: > 10% annually
● Contribution:
o 1.25 % of India GDP
o 5% of Agriculture’s GDP (FAO)
Allied Sector: Livestock
● India has the world’s largest livestock population
● Largest milk producer (23% of global milk production).
● 2nd in egg production, 5th in meat production (FAO)
● Economic contribution:5.50% of India’s Gross Value Added (GVA) in
2022-23.
● Employment: 8.8 % of the population; livelihood for 70% of rural
households
● Insurance: Only 15.47% of animals are under insurance cover.
● Productivity: Average annual productivity of cattle in India is 1777
kg/animal/year (world average of 2699 kg/animal/year (2019-20)).

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

● Methane emissions: Enteric methane emission-> 15.1% total global

enteric methane emission.
Allied Sector: Horticulture
● Contribution: Contributes about 33% to the agriculture GVA
● Production: 355 million tonnes (2022-23); Fruits and vegetables-> 90% of
total horticulture production.
● India is the 2nd largest producer of fruits and vegetables
● Share in Global market Exports: mere 1%
● Exports: India ranked 14th in vegetables and 23rd in fruits
● India is the largest producer of Onions, ginger and okra among vegetables and
ranks 2nd in production of Potatoes, Cauliflowers, Brinjal, Cabbages, etc (FAO)
Organic Farming
● No. of farmers: India ranks 1st in terms of number of farmers -> Home to
30% of total organic producers
● Area under Cultivation: 1.76 million hectares
● Certified area: India ranks at 4th place in terms of certified area globally
[International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements]
● Sikkim: 1st State in the world -> fully organic
● Lakshadweep is the only UT declared 100% organic.
Food Processing
● India’s FPI is 6th largest in the world.
● Contribution:
o 7.7% to manufacturing GVA
o Valued at USD 160 billion
o 22.6% in agri food exports
● Growth Rate: > 10%
● 75% of industry is unorganized
● FDI: 100% FDI in food processing under automatic route and 100% FDI in
trading, including e-commerce.
● Potential: Indian food processing industry to reach $700 billion by 2030.
Public Distribution System
● NFSA 2013: Covers 67% of population
o Rural Area: 75%
o Urban Area: 50%
● Beneficiaries of NFSA
o 80.56 cr people have been identified, out of the targeted 81.35 cr
● Food Subsidy Expense: 50% of India's total subsidy spending in FY 2024-25
● Fair Price Shops: > 5 Lac shops are there with almost 100% automation.
Mining
● Contribution: B/w 2.2% and 2.5% of India’s GDP
● Employment: approximately 1.3 million people
● Mine closure: An average of 100 mine workers per day face potential
unemployment by 2035 due to mine closure (Global Energy Monitor)

Manufacturing
● Current: 17% of GVA
o Potential: 27% by 2047.
Secondary Sector ● Employment: 11% [6.5 cr people]
● Targets as per National Manufacturing Policy (NMP), 2011
o GDP Share of Manufacturing: 25% of GDP by 2025
o Employment in Manufacturing: ~10 crore jobs by 2025

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

● India Vs China: India holds 2.8% of the global manufacturing share,

compared to China's 28.8%.
Industry Sector
● 27 - 29% of GDP
● 25% of workforce is employed (ILO 2023)
MSME
● 2nd Largest employer after Agriculture
● 29% to India's GDP [Potential: 40% to GDP by 2030]
● 40% of Exports
● Employing 7.5 crore people; 62% to employment in India (McKinsey
Global Institute)
● 95% firms → Unorganised
● Registered MSMEs: 1 Crore
● MSMEs on e-Commerce Platforms: Only 6% of MSMEs actively use e-
commerce platforms for sales.
● PM Mudra Yojana: MSMEs
o Accounts: ~35 crore Micro and Small Entrepreneur Accounts
o Credit support: provided credit support of ~ ₹18.39 lakh crore.
o Women entrepreneurs: 71.4 % of total no. of accounts (FY 2022).
o Categories: Majority loan accounts (~80%) are in the Shishu category
(FY 2021), followed by Kishore at 18.70 %.
Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
● India has 280 Operational SEZs (Nov 2024)
● Employment: 2.8 million jobs.
● Exports: $163.69 billion in 2023-24
Electronics Sector
● India’s share in Global Electronics Market: only 4%
● Electronics Production: ₹9.52 lakh crore (FY24).
● Mobile phones: India is 2nd largest mobile phone producer in World.
o 325 million+ mobile phones manufactured in India every year.
o 99% of smartphones sold in India are now made domestically.
● Exports: Expected to reach $120 Bn by FY26.
● CAGR of around 25% through 2028.
● Semiconductor Market: Projected to grow at 13%, reaching Rs 8.9 lakh
crore 2030.
Pharmaceutical
● 3rd Largest by volume, 14th Largest by value
● Generic Medicines: India is the largest manufacturer of generic medicines
globally.
● Economic Contribution: 1.72% to the GDP [Projected to reach USD 130
billion by 2030]
o Market Value: $50 billion.
● Vaccines: India supplies over 50% of global vaccine demand
● Exports: India ranks 12th globally in medical goods exports
● US Imports: US imports USD 9 billion worth of pharma formulations from
India annually.
Toy Industry
● Market value:1.5 Billion USD in 2023
o Projected to increase to $3 billion by 2028
● Exports: USD 326 million to USD 348 million for the last three years.
o India's Share: 0.3% in 2022; China: 80%

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

Textile Industry
● GDP: 2.3% to India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [Projected to reach
5% by 2030].
● Employs 4.5 crore workers [After agriculture, textiles and apparel form the
second-largest employer in India]
● Exports: 8.21% of India’s total merchandise exports
o India is the 6th largest exporter of textiles and apparel globally (Eco
Survey 2024-25)
o India’s global trade share: 4% in textiles and apparel
● Capacity: 2nd largest textile manufacturing capacity globally
● FDI: 100% FDI allowed in textiles under the automatic route.
● Fabric Production [India]
o Silk → 2nd largest producer
o Cotton → 2nd largest producer
o Jute → largest producer
o Man-Made fibres (MMF) → largest producer
Sugar Industry
● India as Consumer: Largest in World
● India as Producer: 2nd Largest in World
● India as Exporter: 3nd largest in World
● India’s Share in Global Sugar Production: 19%
● Employment: Livelihood for 5 crore farmers and their families.
Steel Industry
● India as Consumer: 3rd Largest in World after China and USA.
● India as Producer: 2nd Largest in World of crude steel
● FDI: 100% FDI allowed under the automatic route.
● Finished steel consumption (Per capita): 97.7 kgs (2023-24)
● Capital-Intensive Sector: INR 7,000 crore is required to set up 1 tonne of steel-
making capacity through the greenfield route.
Make in India Progress
● Toy: India produces 400 million Toys annually
● Mobiles: India is the second-largest mobile manufacturer in the world
● Ease of Doing Business
○ India climbed from 142nd in 2014 to 63rd in the World Bank's Doing
Business Report (DBR), 2020 before its discontinuation.
○ Over 40000 compliances have been reduced and 3,800 provisions
decriminalized.

Service Sector
● Economic contribution: 55% of GDP
o Potential: By 2047, the services sector is expected to contribute 60 per
cent of India’s GDP.
● 30% of the Workforce (Eco survey 24-25)
● Growth Rate: 6% in each year in the last decade.
● Exports: India ranked 7th worldwide in global services exports
Tertiary Sector
o India’s share in Global Exports: 4.3% (Eco survey 24-25)
o IT, Computer services and Business Services Exports: ~70% of
India's services exports.
IT Sector
● India is 2rd largest Exporter of Software, after USA
● Contribution: 7.5% of India's GDP (as of FY23)
o Projected to hit 10% by FY25

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

● Outsourcing market: India is a leading exporter of IT and BPM services,

holding about 56% of the global outsourcing market.
● Market potential: Domestic software market is projected to hit $100 billion
by 2035 [SaaS Boomi report]
Tourism
● 5% of GDP
● Employment: 7.6 crore jobs in FY23 | 7% of Employment
● Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI) 2024: 39/119
● Inbound visitor markets for India in 2023: Bangladesh (9%), the United
States (9%), and the United Kingdom (6%).
E-Commerce
● Share: Around 8% of total Retail market [2023-24]
o up from 4–5% in 2018–19
● Growth Rate: More than 20% [That is a CAGR of 27%]
● Potential: India’s E-commerce market is expected to grow to $325 billion
by 2030 [Invest India]
FinTech
● India ranks as 3rd largest and fastest-growing fintech market globally.
● India’s fintech adoption rate: 87%
● Account for 70% of digital payment transactions.
● Growth Rate: More than 30% [That is a CAGR of 30.26%]
Telecommunication
● India is the world’s 2nd largest telecommunications market.
● Telephone Subscriber Base: 120 Crore [May 2025]
● Overall Tele-Density: 85.76%
o Urban tele-density: 133.42 %
o Rural tele-density: 59.44%
o Delhi Service area has maximum tele-density of 274.59%
o Bihar service area has minimum tele-density of 56.90%
● FDI: 4th largest sector in terms of FDI inflows, contributing 6% of total FDI
inflow.

Total Land Area of world with India: 2.4%

Farmers & Land Reforms
● Uneven Distribution: 5% farmer control 30% agricultural land
● No Land: More than 50% rural household has no agricultural land (SECC)
● Computerization of Land Records (Record of rights): 95% of land
records computerized, covering over 6.26 lakh villages.
Land Waste
Land Reforms ● Desertification: Over 25% of India's land is undergoing desertification
● Degradation: Almost 30% of India's geographical area is under
degradation.
Land Dispute:
● Cases: 25% of Supreme Court cases are land disputes.
● Resolution time: disputes on land or real estate take an average time of 20
years in the courts to be resolved (NITI Aayog)
● Area: Conflicts involve 2.5 million hectares of land.

Inclusive Growth
Inclusive Growth &
● India ranks 62nd out of 74 emerging countries [Inclusive Development
Development
Index, WEF].

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

Employment & Unemployment

● Total Workforce: 56.5 Cr
● Need of Jobs: Indian Economy needs to generate nearly 78.5 lakh jobs
annually(non-farm sector) until 2030 to cater need of rising workforce.
● Unemployment Rate: 5.1% [April 2025; MoSPI monthly PLFS]
● Self-Employed Workers: It has grown from 52.2% in 2017-18 to 58.4% in
2023-24.
● Govt Jobs: 7% of Total employment
● Informal Sector: 90%
● Net EPFO Subscriptions: more than doubling from 61 lakh in FY19 to 131
lakhs in FY24.
Gig Economy
● Total: Employ over 12 million workers [1.5% of total Workforce]
o Projected to reach 23.5 million by 2029–30 [NITI Aayog]
● Job creation: Out of 100 New Jobs, 56 are being created in Gig sector.
Skill
● Formally Skilled Workforce: < 5%
o South Korea: 95%
o Japan: 80%
o Germany: 75%
o USA: 50%
● Employability of Graduates: Only 51% graduates employable [Economic
Survey 2024-25]
● Vocational Training to Workforce: 65.3% has received no form of
vocational training [Economic Survey 2024-25]
Start-Up
● Registered: more than 1.5 Lac (DPIIT)
● Unicorns: > 119
● World Status: India has become the 3rd largest start-up ecosystem in the
world after the US and China.
● Challenge: 90% fail within 5 yrs.
● Women Entrepreneurs: Around 7% of all start-ups are women-led.
● Deeptech Startup ecosystem
o Global Standing: Despite having the 3rd largest pool of DeepTech
startups, India ranked 6th among the top 9 DeepTech ecosystems in the
world in 2023 (Nasscom).
Insurance
● Insurance Penetration: 3.7% of GDP in FY24 [Global average: 7%]
o Life Insurance penetration: 2.8%
o Non-Life insurance remained at 1%.
● India ranks 10th in the global life insurance market.
Pension Sector
● Participation: Only about 12% of the Indian workforce participates in any
formal pension scheme.
● NPS & APY Coverage: Combined National Pension System (NPS) and
Atal Pension Yojana (APY) subscribers cover approximately 5.3% of
India’s population as of early 2025.
Inequality (Oxfam)
India
● Richest 1% control more than 40% of total wealth
● Bottom 50% own merely 3%

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

Global
● The richest 1% control 45% of global wealth.
● 44% of the world's population lives below the World Bank's poverty line of
$6.85 (PPP).
Regional Disparity
● Delhi’s per capita Income = 2.5 times of national average [EAC-PM]
● Monthly per Capita Expenditure [Rural- Urban Inequality [Household
Consumption Expenditure Survey 2023-24]
○ Rural Area: ₹4,122
○ Urban Area: ₹6,996 [Higher by around 70%]

Banking – NPA
● Gross NPAs: 12-year low of 2.6% in September 2024 [RBI]
● Bad Loans: Banks have written off NPAs worth about Rs 16.35 trillion in
last 10 financial years
● Credit card NPAs spiked 500% in past four years [RBI data]
Banks
● Bank Accounts: tripled from 14 Cr in 2015 to 50 Cr in 2023 in which
women own 55 % of these accounts .
● Credit-Deposit Ratio (RBI’s Financial Stability Report)
○ CD ratio has been rising since September 2021 and peaked at 78.8% in
December 2023.
○ Over 75% of banks with CD ratios - 75% are private sector banks.
Banking & Money
● Capital-to-risk-weighted assets ratio (CRAR) for SCBs stands at 16.7 %
Market
as of September 2024, well above the norm (Eco Survey)
● Profits:
o Public sector banks record cumulative net profit of Rs 1.78 lakh crore
for FY25.
o All 12 PSBs reported profits, marking a significant turnaround from
losses in FY18.
o HDFC Bank remains the most profitable private bank in India, with a
net profit of Rs 73,440 crore in FY25.
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)
● 92% branches in Rural/Semi-Urban areas
● Around 90% of loans goes to Priority sector lending, with around 70% of
loans to the Agriculture Sector.

GDP
● Provisional GDP Estimates FY 2024–25
o Real GDP grew by 6.5% in FY25, reaching ₹187.97 lakh crore
o Nominal GDP rose by 9.8% to ₹330.68 lakh crore.
Inflation
● India's Retail Inflation: Reduced from 5.4% in FY24 to 4.9% in FY25
National Income & (April-December 2024).
Accounting ● Projections: IMF has projected an inflation rate of 4.4% in FY25 and 4.1%
in FY26 for India.
● Food inflation increased from 7.5 % in FY24 to 8.4 % in FY25 (April-
December).
● Headline Inflation: RBI expects headline inflation to be 4.2% in FY26, if
there is normal monsoon and no further external or policy shocks.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

Savings Rate
● India Gross Savings Rate: 30.7% in Mar 2024
● Household Financial Savings to reach 6.5% of Gross national disposable
income (GNDI) in FY25 [SBI report]

Fiscal Policy & Government Budget

● Debt Profile
o Government Debt to GDP (Centre and states) - around 83.1% (by
2024 end)
o Central Government [Debt to GDP] – 57.1% in 2024-25
▪ Government aims to bring it down to 50 ± 1% by 2030–31
o State Government [Debt to GDP] – 26%
o Debt of the Central Government:
▪ Internal debt: 94%
▪ Public Debt: 89.9%
▪ External Debt: 6%
o External Debt to GDP Ratio: In India, external debt constituted 19.4%
of the total GDP at the end of September 2024.
▪ Across currencies, the external debt remained primarily
denominated in the US Dollar (53.4 %), followed by the INR (31.2
%), SDR (5 %), and the Euro (3 %).
Foreign Trade
● India’s Exports: $824.9 Billion in 2024–25
o Exports in 2016: It was around USD 435 billion in FY 2016.
o India’s target for export is USD 2 Trillion by 2030.
● Trade
o Deficit: Overall trade deficit -> USD 78.1 billion in FY24 (Eco Survey
Fiscal Policy & External 2023-24).
Sector o Largest Trade Deficit: China [$99.2 billion in 2024-25]
o Largest Trading Partner: USA [Bilateral trade of $131.84 billion]
o India’s Top Export Destinations: USA (17.90%) > UAE (8.23%) >
Netherlands (5.16%) > China (3.85%) > Singapore (3.33%).
o India’s Top Import Source Nations: China > UAE > USA > Russia.
● Remittances:
o India is the largest recipient of remittances globally
o Remittances Received: $129.4 billion in 2024 (by Overseas Indians)
o The U.S. accounts for 27.7% of India's inward remittances
Current Account Deficit (CAD)
● ~ 1.2 % of GDP in Q2 FY25
● Forex Reserves
○ US $698.95 billion as on June 2025.
○ Import Cover: It is sufficient to provide an import cover of more than
11 months.
Investment
● FDI
o Total FDI inflows → $81.04 billion in FY 2024-25.
o India's FDI inflows have increased ~20 times from 2000-01 to 2023-24.
o Highest FDI Inflow: Computer software and hardware.
o FDI Source: Mauritius(25%) > Singapore (23%) > USA (9%)
o FDI Top Destinations [FY 2024–25]: Maharashtra (39%) > Karnataka
(13%) > Delhi (12%)

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

● FPI
o FPI Outflows: FPIs have pulled out a massive ₹1.16 lakh crore from
Indian equities so far in 2025.

Tax Collection
● For 2025-26, Projected Expenditure for every 1 Rs, would come from:
o Taxes: 66 paise
▪ Direct Tax: 39 paise
▪ Indirect Tax: 18 paise
o Borrowings: 24 paise
● For 2025-26, Projected Expenditure for every 1 Rs, would be upon:
o Interest Payments: 20 paise
o States share of Taxes: 22 paise
o Central Sector Schemes: 16 paise
● Tax-GDP Ratio: 11.7% (FY24)
o China: 20%
o Brazil: 34%
● Direct Tax to GDP Ratio: 6.64% in FY24 [24-year High]
● Direct Tax Buoyancy: 1.57 during the 2024-25
Direct Tax Collection
● Net Direct Tax Collections: Rs 25.86 lakh crore in FY 2024-25
Taxation
o Growth Rate: around 14% since last year
● Contribution of Direct taxes to Total Tax revenue = 56.72% (FY24)
● Income Tax Payers: > 9.19 crore income tax filers during FY 2024-25 upto
March 31, 2025 from 5.26 Crore in FY14
● Income Tax Returns [ITRs]
o Only 6.68% of the population filed IT returns (FY 2023-24).
o Over 43,000 taxpayers filed tax returns for more than ₹10 crore (FY
2024-25).
● State Wise Collection: Maharashtra (1st) > Karnataka (2nd)
● Corporate Income Tax: Effective corporate tax rate in India just 22% after
surcharge and cess to be 25.17 percent.
Indirect Tax Collection
● GST collections: Rs 21.36 lakh crore in FY 24-25 (highest since 2017 and
8.86% increase over FY 23-24)
● Projection: GST collection set to grow by 8.3% in FY26.
● State Wise Collection [Rank] (FY 2024-25): Maharashtra > Gujarat >
Karnataka

Logistics Sector
● Logistics Performance Index (LPI 2023): 38/139
● GDP Contribution: 13-14% to the GDP (NCAER, 2021-22).
● Impact on Trade: Improved logistics can boost trade by 15% in developing
economies.
● Impact on Exports: 10% decrease in logistics cost can increase 5-8% of
Infrastructure exports.
● Carbon Emissions: India's logistics sector emits 13.5% of nation's GH
gases, with road transport—mainly trucks—driving 88% of emissions.
● Modes of Logistic Movement [Both Freight & Passengers]
Mode Share
Roads 65% share

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

Rail 31% share

Waterways 3% share
Air 1% share
Pain Points in Logistics
● India's Logistics Cost: 14–18% of GDP (Global: 8%)
o Logistics Cost Reduction: Declined by 0.8-0.9 percentage points of
GDP between FY14-FY22
● Unorganized: Only 5.5–6% of logistics market was held by organised,
tech-driven players (EY).
● Freight Cost Comparison (NITI Aayog):
o Jamshedpur to Mumbai -> USD 50/tonne
o Rotterdam to Mumbai-> USD 34/tonne
Infrastructure - General
● Current Investment: ↑ by 12% to Rs.11.2 lakh crore (3.1% of GDP)
(Union Budget 2025-26)
● Investment Required: India will need to spend around ₹143 trillion by
2030 on infrastructure.
● National Infrastructure Pipeline: The projected infrastructure investment
is ₹111 trillion for 2021-25 (over 5 yrs).
● Status of NIP [As of March 2025]:
o Planned investments rose from ₹111 trillion to ₹168.93 trillion.
o Completed investments are ₹31.1 trillion, achieving 28% of original
target.
Transport Sector
● Contribution to GDP: ≈ 5%
● Share by Different Mode
SHARE of Transport Types Cost per tonne/km
Road 66% (WB) Rs 2.5
Rail 31% Rs 1.3
Waterways 10% Rs 1
Inland waterways 0.15%
Coastal Shipping 7%

Road
● 2nd largest road network in the world (after the USA).
● 87% of passengers and 60% of freight traffic annually.
● Road density: 1,926.02 (2018-19)
● Length of various categories of roads:
o National Highways: 1,46, 145 kms
o State Highways: 1,86,908 km;
o Other Roads: 59,02,539 km
● National Highway: 2% of total road network, 40% of total traffic; 5853 km
of NH was constructed in FY25..
o Expansion: 65, 569 km in 2004 to 1,46,145 kms in 2024.
● Road Accidents: 172000 lives in 2023 - averaging 474 deaths daily, or one
every three minutes.
o India loses 3% of GDP in road accidents annually (UN Report)
● FDI: 100% FDI in roads and highways is allowed under automatic route.
● Bharatmala Pariyojana -> aims to develop 34,800 km of National
Highways.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

● National High-Speed Corridors (HSCs): Length of HSCs expanded from

93 km in 2014 to 2,474 km in 2024.
● Multi-Modal Logistics Parks (MMLP): Till December 2024, Six MMLPs
in Chennai, Indore, Nagpur, Jalna, Jogighopa and Bangalore have been
awarded.
Railway
● 4th largest network in the world - 65,554 kilometres (After US, Russia and
China)
● Freight
o In Freight traffic: 12 times more efficient than roadways
o Target freight share: From current 35% to 45% by 2030 (India’s
NDCs).
o Average Freight Speed: 23.6km/h (*USA: 50 km/h)
● Over Utilisation: 150% above capacity
● Railway Penetration: 0.057 km per 1000 persons (USA 0.752 per 1000
persons)
● Railway Safety
o 200 major railway accidents in the past five years, 351 people killed.
o 75% of derailments due to `railway staff failure'
o 10 % derailments are caused by `equipment failures'.
● Passengers: 715 crore passengers travelled by the Indian Railways between
April 1, 2024 and March 31, 2025.
● Net zero targets: Indian Railways targets net zero emissions with 30 GW
of renewable energy by 2029-30.
● Vandebharat trains: 136 Vande Bharat trains are operational.
● Kavach: Automated Train Protection system has seen ₹1,547 crore invested
(till November 2024).
Airways
● Market size: 3rd largest in the world, behind the US and China. (Trade
Promotion Council of India)
● Domestic Passenger traffic: 165.7 million; 8th biggest passenger traffic.
● Airport's cargo handling capacity: 8.0 million MT in FY24 (Eco survey)
● Airline capacity: doubled from 7.9 million seats in April 2014 to 15.5
million in April 2024.
● Operational Airports: 148 operational airports (Target: 220 by 2025).
● CAGR: 14.5% in no. of domestic passengers during FY14 and FY20
● Profit making Airports: Only 22 out of 148 operational airports making
profit (Parliamentary committee). The Kolkata airport was the most
profitable, followed by the Chennai airport.
● UDAN scheme: 619 routes connecting 88 airports, including two water
aerodromes and 13 heliports, have been operationalised so far.
● Women pilots: 15% women pilots (almost 3 times the global average)
Waterway
● Coastline: 7516.6 km; Navigable Inland Waterways - 14,500 kms
o In December 2024, the Union Home Ministry revised India’s coastline
length from 7,516.6 km to 11,098.8 km, citing ongoing review due to
the coastline paradox. [Read about coastline paradox]
● Major ports: 13, Non-major ports: 200+
● Trade through marine transport: By Volume: 95%; by Value: 70%
● Ships (ownership):
o 90% are Foreign owned ships

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

o 10(departure)
o 2.73 days (behind Global average)
● Average Fleet age: > 19 years
● Inland Waterways: 2% (China 10%, Bangladesh 32%); Coastal Shipping:
6%
● Average turnaround time for Indian ports declined from 4.3 days (2012-
13) to 2.1 days (2022-23) (Global median ship turnaround time was 1.04
days in 2022).
Power
● 3rd largest producer and consumer of electricity worldwide.
● Installed power capacity: 466.24 GW as of January 31, 2025
● Installed Capacity:
o Fossil Fuel Based Thermal Power: 248.62 GW
o Non Fossil Fuel Based Renewable Energy Sources: 217.62 GW
● Power T&D Losses: >20% (highest in the world; World average 8%).

Digital Economy
● Household Digital Literacy: < 38% [NASSCOM]
o Urban Areas: 61%
o Rural Areas: 25%
● Individual Digital Literacy: Only 26.8% of Indian youth in the academic
age group have internet browsing skills (NSO survey)
● Digital consumers: 3rd largest in world after China and USA
● Internet Users: ~ 90 Crore in 2024 [Internet in India Report 2024].
o Rural Internet Penetration: ~53% of rural population
o Urban Internet Penetration: ~77% of urban population
● Digital Payment: GDP = 86% (100 billion $)
Circular Economy
● India
o Market value: $45 billion by 2030.
o Employment:10 million jobs by 2050.
● Global: Its transition could add $4.5 trillion to global output by 2030.
Creative Economy [Orange Economy]
Others ● Size: $30 bn industry and 8% of India’s working population
● Eco contribution: 20% contribution by creative occupation to nation
overall GVA.
● Employment: Young people (15–29) make up 23% of creative industry
jobs—highest across sectors; women hold 45% of creative roles globally.
● Exports: 1.5 times increase in export of creative goods from 2010 to 2019.
● Urban areas: A sizeable 67.07% of all creative workers in India are in the
urban areas.
Gas Based Economy
● Aim: PM aims to raise India's natural gas share from 6.2% to 15% by 2030
(World Avg: 24.42%)
● Import dependence: around 50% of our requirement of Natural gas.
● Import bill: $15.2 billion in FY25.
● Importance: A 10% replacement of liquid fuel into gas will reduce import
bill by nearly $3 billion every year.
● CNG stations and PNG Connections on Dec 2024, India has 7,395 CNG
stations and around ~1.47 crore PNG domestic connections.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

SDGs
● SDG Report 2024: 109 out of 166 countries [India’s Rank]
● SDG India Index (2023-24)
o Composite score improved from 57 in 2018 to 66 in 2020-21 to further
to 71 in 2023-24
o Advancements in Goals 1 (No Poverty), 8 (Decent Work and Economic
Growth), 13 (Climate Action).
Critical Minerals
● Global
o Top Producers: China > Congo > Chile > Indonesia > South Africa
o China Dominance: China controls 60% of rare earth production, 60%
of critical minerals production & 80% of processing worldwide.
● India
o List: Released list of 30 critical minerals including Bismuth, Cobalt,
Copper, Phosphorous, Potash, Rare Earth Elements (REE) etc.
o Vulnerability: 54% of critical materials lie near indigenous people’s
land. (International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA))
o Current update: Presence of 5.9 million tonnes of lithium in J&K.
Stock Market
● Position: 4th largest equity market
● Market Value: $4.33 trillion (India in 2024 surpassed Hong Kong's market
capitalization of $4.29 trillion)
● Expectation: Likely to hit $10 trillion by 2030 (‘Recap 2024. Crystal Gaze
2025’ Report)
● Indian households invest in Capital Markets: 20% of households —
through direct stocks or mutual funds [Economic Survey 2023–24].
Bond Market
● Size of the Indian Bond Market: US$2.69 trillion [Dec 2024]
● Government Securities Market: $1.3 trillion

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

SOCIETY & SOCIAL JUSTICE

WOMEN
* You can Quote source as Economic Survey OR NITI Aayog at maximum places
Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics

Women

● Wage Gap
o Indian women earn Rs 40 for every Rs 100 men earn (WEF)
o India rank: 131/148 Nations (Global Gender Gap Index)
● Labor Force Participation
o India: The female LFPR has risen from 23.3 %(2017- 18) to 41.7%(2023-24).
(Eco survey 2024-25).
o Global: Women's global labour force participation rate stood at 48.7 per cent in
2023 (ILO).
● Women in Informal Sector
Economic o More than 95% women working in Informal sector (ILO)
Empowerment ● Finance Availability to Women
o 80% of women run enterprises are self-financed
o < 5% borrowed money from some financial institutions.
● Global Gender Gap Report 2025 (WEF)
o Gender Parity Score: For all 148 countries stands at 64.1%
o India rank: 131/148
o South Asia: Bhutan (119), Nepal (125), and Sri Lanka (130) ranked better than
India.
o Gender Parity: At the current pace, it will take another 134 years to achieve
full gender parity.

● Education
o Literary Rate: 65.46% (2011 Census)
o Worldwide: 12.2 crore girls remain out of school globally [UNICEF]
o Gender Parity in Secondary Education: India showed the best gender parity
in terms of enrolment in secondary education [Global Gender Gap report, 2024]
● Health (NFHS-5)
o TFR: 2 (Replacement rate = 2.1)
o Anaemia: 1 in every 3 women
● CRIMES
o India records 51 cases of crime against women every hour (NCRB)
Social Issues o 1/3rd crimes by husband/relative (MoSPI)
o Cybercrime: reporting surged by 25%
o Suicides: 4.2% Increase (NCRB, 2022)
o Rape
▪ 4th most common crime against women
▪ India lodged average 86 rapes daily: NCRB data
● Others (Demographic)
o Median age: 28.2 years (China ⭢ 38 yrs)
o Sex Ratio: 1020 (NFHS -5)
o CSR: 929 (from 919) (NFHS - 5)

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

Political Representation
● 18th L.S ⭢ 13.6% (17th LS -> 14.4%)
o World Average (25%); Rwanda: 61%; SA: 43%; UK: 32%; USA: 24%
● Women as MLAs: 9%
● Women in Local Bodies: 33% reservation but more than 40% representation
● Women in legislative bodies [Since Independence]
Political
o Lok Sabha: 22 (5%) in 1951 -> 74 (13.6%) in 2024.
o Rajya Sabha: 7% in 1952 -> 13% in 2023.
Political Participation
● Women voters ⭢ 50%
● Female Voter turnout
o 65.8% during the 18th Lok Sabha Elections.

● India: 43% of STEM graduates are women but only 14% stem jobs are with women.
o Women currently represent only 26% of the workforce in data science and
Women & STEM
artificial intelligence (AI).
● Global: Women make for 35% STEM graduates globally [UNESCO]

● Women & Unpaid work: 2/3rd {Men : 1/4th)

● Women & GDP
o Indian women: contribute only 18% to GDP [National Family Health Survey]
vs Global Avg. = 45%
o Advancing women's equality ->
 Boost global GDP by $28 trillion and
 add $770 billion to India’s GDP by 2025.
● Women @ Board Level: 28.7% share in board of directors in FY25.
Others ● Women & Assets: Own 2% of total assets
● Women led Startup: > 7,000 active women-led startups, making up 7.5% of all
active startups in the country [Tracxn report].
● Women & SHGs: 10.05 crore Women households have been mobilized into 90.90
lakh Self Help Groups (SHGs) [January 2025]
● Women and Financial Inclusion[MoSPI].
o Bank accounts: Women own 39.2% of all bank accounts in India, with rural
areas seeing an even higher participation rate at 42.2%.
o Bank deposits: Women contribute 39.7% to total bank deposits.

HEALTH
Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics
Health
● Government Spending:
o 1.84% of the GDP
o World Average = 6%
o Target = 2.5% [National Health Policy, 2017]
GDP % ● Economic Survey (2024-25)
o Share of government health spending in total health expenditure increased to
48 per cent in 2022 from 29 per cent in 2015.
o In FY 2022, India spent ₹9.04 lakh crore on health—3.8% of GDP-> ₹6,602 per
person.
Out of Pocket Expenditure (OoPE) :
● Decrease in OoPE: OOPE as a percentage of total health expenditure (THE) declined
Health of Poverty from 62.6% in 2014-15 to 39.4% in 2021-22 [National Health Accounts (NHA) Estimates]
● People Pushed into Poverty: 6 crore people pushed into poverty every year, due
to OoPE [NITI Aayog]

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
Availability of Doctors and Nurse:
● Public Sector: Only 10% of doctors are in the Public Sector.
● Doctor/Population: 1: 834 v/s 1 : 1000 (WHO recommended)
Human Resource
o 112% increase in MBBS seats (since 2014)
o Allopathic doctors to population — 1 doctor/1,194 people.
● Nurse/Population Ratio: 1.96 per 1,000 [WHO recommended 3 per 1,000]
● Bed: Patient: 1.3/1000 v/s 3: 1000
o Delhi: 2.7/1000
● Increase in Colleges: 82% increase in Medical Colleges (since 2014)
● Institutional deliveries [MoHFW]
o ↑ from 79% (2015-16) to 89% (2019-21) at the national level.
o 100% in Kerala, Goa, Lakshadweep, Puducherry and Tamil Nadu and more
Infra/Inputs
than 90% in eighteen other States/UTs.
Import Dependency:
● Active Pharma Ingredients (API)
o 70-80% imported from China
o Indian API market projected to reach $21.2 billion by 2033.
● Medical Equipments: ~ 75% are imported
Insurance Penetration
● Low Insurance Penetration: 3.7% in FY24 [Global average: 7%]
o Life Insurance penetration: dropped marginally from 3 % in FY23 to 2.8
% in FY24[Economic Survey 2024–25]
o Non-life insurance remained at 1%.
● India ranks 10th in the global life insurance market.
Health Insurance Coverage
Insurance ● Health Insurance: 37% covered under Health Insurance Schemes.
● Without Health Insurance: 90 crore Indians lack access to health Insurance
[IRDAI data]
Insurance Sector
● Market size: 6th largest insurance market by 2032 (Swiss Re report)
● Density: $91 insurance density (global avg $874)
● Insurance Premium: Total insurance premium grew by 7.7 % in FY24,
reaching ₹11.2 lakh crore (Eco survey)
● Rural Areas : ≈ 20% of Total Hospital
● Shortage of Manpower in Rural Areas [Union Ministry of Health data]
o Doctors: 70% shortage of specialist doctors
o Primary Health Centres: Shortfall of 3.1% of allopathic doctors (Rural
Variations
Health Statistics 2021-2022)
o Rural Community Health Centres: maximum for surgeons (73 per cent)
followed by physicians (69 per cent), paediatricians (68 per cent) and Obs &
Gyn specialists (61 per cent)
● Non communicable disease: 2/3rd of total deaths
o 5.8 million Indians die from NCDs each year
o 1 in 4 Indians faces the risk of dying from NCD before reaching age of 70.
● TB: 26.07 lakh TB cases in 2024, marking highest notified cases ever.
● India among 10 countries that make up 60 % of global maternal deaths, still births,
Disease Burden
new born deaths (UN)
● Mortality Rate [Sample Registration System (SRS) Report 2021]
o MMR: 93 per lakh live births
o NMR: 19 per 1000 live births
o IMR: 27 per 1000 live births

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
o U5MR: 31 per 1000 live births
● Anaemia (NFHS 5):
o 2/3 or 67% of children
o 1/2 or 57% of women
o 1/4 or 25% of Men
o 3 in 4 Indian women have low dietary iron intake.
● India: 3rd most obese country
o Urban – 70% of Obese people
● 1/4 Indian is Obese (NFHS 5)
o 22.9% of men and 24% of women are obese.
o % of overweight children under five increased to 3.4% from 2.1% in NFHS-4
(2015-16) at the all-India level.
● Definition: WHO defines it as abnormal fat accumulation with:
Obesity
o BMI > 30 → Obese
o BMI 25-30 → Overweight
● Economic cost: USD 28.95 billion (Rs 1,800 per capita)
o By 2030 ↑ to Rs 4,700 per capita or 1.57% of GDP.
● Global
o One-third of children worldwide will be obese by 2050 [Lancet Study]
o 211 crore obese individuals in 2021 (45% of the world’s population).
● Lack of Toilet Access: 20% do not have access to toilet {1 in 5 household practice
Open Defecation open deficiency} – NFHS 5
● World Bank – 11 % of India’s Population practice open defecation.

EDUCATION
Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics
Education
At School Level
● Children in Schools: 24.80 crore children {> 98% {6-14 yrs.}
o Private Schools Enrollment: 36% (9 crore) of total school enrolment
[UDISE+ 2023-24 data]
● Schools
o Government Schools: 38.11% (27.8 lakh)
o Unaided Schools: 60.75% (44.31 lakh)
o School Enrolment:↓ 37 lakh in 2023-24 compared to previous year
[UDISE data].
Higher Education Level
● Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) → 0.4 in 1950-51 to 28.4 in 2021-22.
Enrollment
o Student Enrolment: Over 4 crore students, making India the second-
largest after China.
o Target for GER: National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 aims for 50% by
2035
● World 2nd Largest Higher Education system
● Girls with Higher Education: Enrolment of women in Indian universities grew
26% in 2024.
● Vulnerable Sections: Enrollment among OBCs increased by 80.9%, SC
enrollment grew by 76.3%.
● Stream wise Ratio:
o Humanities (33%)

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
o Science (15%)
o Commerce (14%)
o English (12%)
● Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR): Steady at 23:1 for the last five years.
● University Density (per 1 lakh eligible students): Highest in Sikkim (10.3),
Arunachal Pradesh (5.6), Ladakh (5.2), etc. In Bihar (0.2), UP (0.3), West
Bengal & Maharashtra (0.6) the density is below national average.
Government Spending:
● Expenditure: 2.9% of GDP
Expenditure o Target under NEP 2020: 6% of GDP
● Budgetary allocation (2025-26): Rs 1.28 trillion to the education sector, a 6.5%
hike compared to previous year and the lowest in the past four years.
Inefficient Infrastructure [UDISE+ 2023-24 Report]
● Computers: The percentage of schools having computers ↑ from 38.5 % in
2019-20 to 57.2 % in 2023-2024.
● Internet: Percentage of schools having internet facility increased from 22.3 %
in 2019-20 to 53.9 % in 2023-2024.
● Electricity: Of the over 14.71 lakh schools in India, up to 1.52 lakh schools have
no functional electricity.
Infrastructure ● Drinking Water: While 14.47 lakh schools claim to have drinking water
facilities, only 14.11 lakh have them functional.
● Toilets: Government schools constitute the majority of the 67,000 schools
operating without functional toilets.
● Differently-Abled Students: Only 33.2% of government schools have
disabled-friendly toilets.
● Digital Education: 46 % schools have functional computers (Ministry of
Education)
Universities and Colleges:
● Institutions: 1,168 universities, 45,473 colleges and 12,002 stand-alone institutions
in the country (AISHE Report)
● Accreditation: Only 37% of universities are accredited
● Growth: In last 10 years, number of universities has increased by 60%, colleges up
21% [Ministry of Education]
Institutions ● Increased Penetration in Rural Areas: 43% Universities and 61.4% colleges are
located in Rural Areas.
● Institutes of National Importance (INIs): 171 [June 2024]
● Medical Colleges: 102% increase-> rising from 387 before 2014 to 780 in 2024
o Increase in MBBS seats: 130% rise in MBBS seats
● IIMs: 21
● IITs: 23
● Definition: An entity, HQ in India, opened less than 10 years ago, and annual turnover
< ₹100 crore.
● Recognized startups: DPIIT- recognized startups increased from 500 (2016) to 1.59
lakh (2025).
● Positive Ecosystem: 3rd largest startup ecosystem in India
Startup
● High Failure Rate: 90% fail within 5 years.
● Employment Generation: Startups across various sectors have created over 16.6 lakh
direct jobs (As of October 31, 2024)
● Women Entrepreneurship: 73,151 startups have at least one-woman director
(representing over 48% of DPIIT-recognised startups).
Higher Education:
Pain Points ● Only 42.6% of Indian graduates are employable [India's Graduate Skill Index 2025]
● QS World Rankings 2025: Top Indian Institutes
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 DATA & FACTS 2025
o No Institute in TOP 100
o IIT Bombay: Leading in India, IIT Bombay climbed from 149th in 2024
to 118th in 2025.
o IIT Delhi: Achieved the second position in India, moving up 47 ranks from
197th to 150th.
Schools:
● ASER 2024
o Reading skill: 76.6% of Class 3 students still cannot read Class 2 text.
o Foundational Numeracy Skills
▪ Over 50% of students (14-18 age) face difficulties with elementary
division problems.
o Arithmetic
▪ 66.3% of Class 3 students and 70% of Class 5 students cannot perform
simple arithmetic calculations.
▪ Class 3 students able to do subtraction is just 33.7% in 2024.
● Vocational Training
o Only about 2% have received formal vocational training [Ministry of Skill
Development]
● Problem in Basic Skills:
o NCERT Report 2022
▪ 11% of Class 3 students in India lack basic skills in Mathematics.
● Level of Skill Training: <5% of people are formally skilled (> 20% is china, >
50% in USA, 95% is South Korea)
Skilling
● Low Formal Training: only 2.7% of India’s workforce has received formal skill
training, compared to 52% in US, 80% in Japan, and 96% in South Korea.

HUNGER, POVERTY & INEQUALITY

Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics

Social Justice

India – Poverty
● Percentage: 21.9% {2011, Tendulkar Report}
● Extreme poverty: Almost 13 crore Indians are living in extreme poverty in
2024, on less than $2.15 (about Rs 181) a day [World Bank]
● Decrease in Poverty [World Bank]
o Extreme Poverty Lift: 171 Million lifted from Extreme Poverty in last decade.
o India’s Poverty Rate (at the 3.65 dollars per day line)-> Fell from 61.8
percent in 2011-12 to 28.1 percent in 2022-23.
▪ Rural poverty declined from 69 percent to 32.5 percent
Poverty
▪ Urban poverty dropped from 43.5 percent to 17.2 percent.
o Non-monetary poverty (as measured by the Multidimensional Poverty
Index (MPI))-> declined from 53.8% in 2005-06 to 16.4% by 2019-21.
Global – Poverty
● Incidence: 8.5% of total population i.e. 75 cr live in extreme poverty - on less
than $2.15 per day [World Bank]
● Deprived Regions: 5 out of 6 poor are in Sub-Saharan or South Asia
● Rural > Urban – over 75% of all poor live in rural areas.
● High Prevalence among Children (< 18): 50% of total poor

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

Oxfam Report - Global

● The richest 1% control 45% of global wealth.
Oxfam Report - India
● Richest 1% control more than 40% of total wealth
● Bottom 50% own merely 3% 3. Gini Index
Inequality Gini Coefficient
● The Gini coefficient improved for rural areas (declined to 0.237 in 2023-24 from
0.266 in 2022-23) and urban areas (declined to 0.284 in 2023-24 from 0.314 in 2022-
23).
Rural-Urban Divide: Average Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) -> Rs. 4, 122
(Rural) and Rs. 6,996 (Urban) (Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2023-24).

Status of Hunger [Global Hunger Index 2024]

● Global
o 2.8 billion people cannot afford a healthy diet.
● India Specific
o India’s Rank: 105 out of 127 countries. [It remains in the "serious" category,
alongside 41 other nations such as Pakistan and Afghanistan.]
o Child Wasting Rate: 18.7% [Highest in World]
Hunger o Stunted Children: More than 35%
o Under-5 mortality: 2.9%
Status of Food Security [State of Food Security and Nutrition Report (2024)]
● India Specific
o Undernourished: 13% from Chronic Undernourishment
o Anemic: 53% of Women
UN-FAO Report
● Hunger in India came down to 13.7% during 2021-23 period

DIVERSITY

Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics

INDIAN SOCIETY

● Jatis: More than 30000 Jatis

● Inter-faith and Intercaste marriages: around 6%
o 61% of respondents opposed interfaith marriages; 56% were against inter-caste
unions [India Today's Gross Domestic Behaviour survey]
Caste System
o Rural Vs Urban: Inter-caste marriages are more frequent in Rural areas (5.2%)
than Urban areas (4.9%) [Indian Statistical Institute study]
o Rich and poor: Inter-caste marriages are more common among poor people (5.9%)
than rich people (4.0%).

● Tribes: 705
● Languages: 121 (> 10 K) | 1500 spoken
Diversity
● Dialects: 20,000 languages or dialects.
● Hindi Speakers: only 26% speak Hindi as mother tongue

● No. of Communal Riots: India witnessed 84% rise in communal violence in 2024
[Centre for Study of Society and Secularism (CSSS) report]
Communalism ● States
o Maharashtra emerged-> 12 riots.
o Uttar Pradesh and Bihar-> 7 riots

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
POPULATION

Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics

Population

● World – 8 billion
● India - 146.39 crores (UNFPA) {Census 2011 – 121 cr}
o World Bank: projected increase of 18% to 1.67 billion by 2050
o Annual growth rate – 0.8 %
● Census 2011
Population Stats o Rural - 68.84%
o Urban - 31.16%
● Diaspora: 3.5 Crore [Ministry of External Affairs]
o Remittances = $129.1 billion in 2024 (3.3 % of India GDP)
o US (5.4 million), UAE (3.6 million), and Malaysia (2.9 million).
● Land %: 2.4% of the world's land area and 18 % of the world's population.

● Demographic Advantage: ≈ 65% of Population ≈ is below 35 yrs.

● Medium Age : 28 yrs (China - 39 yrs.)
● Large Share in World’s Working Population: By 2030, 1/3rd of world working
population could be from India
● Elderly: 8.6% of population (Census 2011) 🢥 ≈ 20% by 2050
o 10.1% or 13.8 cr (Male : Female :: 8% :: 9%) {UN}
Demography
● World Bank: 76.2% Population belong to 15-64 age group.
● NFHS – 5
o Younger Population: More than 60% of Population is below 35
o Over-60 population: increased from 10% to 12%
o Avg. household size: decreased between 2015-16 and 2019-21 (from 4.6 persons to 4.4)
o Female Heads: 18% of households (18%)

● Census 2011
o 74.04 per cent
o 82.14 for males and 65.46 for females.
● Full Literacy (to be considered equivalent to 100% literacy): Achieving 95%
literacy in a State/UT that may be considered as equivalent to fully literate.
Literacy Rate
● Ministry of Education, 2023
o Total ~ 75%
o Male (82.14%) v/s Female (65.46%)
o Urban (84.11%) v/s Rural (67.77%)
o Maximum - Kerala > 90%
o Minimum - Bihar ~ 60 %

Sex Ratio
● Census 2011 – 943
o Rural : Urban :: 949 : 929
Sex Ratio o Child Sex Ratio: 918 (Rural : Urban :: 923 : 905
● NFHS – 5
o Sex Ratio: 1020
o Rural : Urban :: 1037 : 985

Religion wise - Country

Religion ● Hinduism - 80 %
● Islam – 14.2%

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

● Christianity – 2.3% {2.5%}

● Sikkim: 1.72% {1.75%}
● Buddhism - 0.7 %
● Jainism: 0.3%
Parliament
● 90.4% Hindu
● 5% Muslims
● Other: 4%
Bureaucracy
● 2.5 % Muslims (Sanchar Committee/ Rangnath Mishra Committee)

● India’s life expectancy stands at 73.4 years, the healthy life expectancy is almost a
Life Expectancy
decade shorter [Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI)]
● World Avg - 73.5 yrs.

VULNERABLE SECTIONS
Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics
Vulnerable Sections
● Population:
o 1/3rd of country population
o 40-45 Cr
o 19% of the World's children
● Crimes against Children: 1.5 lac cases in 2021 (NCRB)
● Child beggars : 3 lac
● Missing: 1 child is missing every 8 mins
● Child labour
o 10.1 million children, or 3.9% of the total child population, are "main workers"
Child or "marginal workers" (Census 2011)
{0-18 yrs.} o In rural areas, 13.9% of children are involved in child labor, compared to 4.7%
in urban areas.
o 70% of child laborers are in agriculture, 20% in services, and 10% in industry.
● Cybercrime: Child cyber crimes surges 32% compared to previous year (NCRB)
● Malnutrition
o Child Wasting Rate: 18.7% [Highest in World]
o Stunted Children: More than 35%
o Under-5 mortality: 2.9%
o Undernourished: 13% from Chronic Undernourishment
o Anemic: 1 in every 3
● Population: 10 cr. (Census 2011) → 8.6%
● Growth: Expected to rise to 20% in 2050
Elderly
● Sex ratio: 1033 {2011} → Feminisation of Ageing
● Growth Rate ≈ 3%
● Population: 2.68 crore (Census 2011)
o 2.3% of India's population was reported as having some form of disability.
▪ 2.3% in rural areas
▪ 2% in urban areas.
Disabled ● Reservation:
o 4% Reservation is Government Jobs
o 5% is higher education.
● Economic Cost: India loses approximately Rs 4.5 lakh crore annually - about 4%
of its GDP - due to the exclusion of disabled (Economic Survey 2023)

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
● Population: 4.88 lakh (Census 2011)
Trans Genders ● Mental health issues: 31% attempted suicide.
● Gender Discrimination: 27% were denied care due to gender identity (NALSA)
Minorities  18% of the population
● Population: 16.6%
SC ● Literacy Rate: 66%
● Reservation: 15%
● Population: 8.6%
● Literary Rate: 59%
● Reservation: 7.5%
ST
● 705 notified tribes | Meghalaya (Lowest)
● Atrocities: 67,000 cases of atrocities against SCs and STs were registered in 2022,
highest in the past decade (NCRB)
● Population: 52%
OBC
● Reservation: 27%
Gen Z population - India
● Largest Gen Z population in the world (377 million individuals)
● Workforce: By 2025, Gen Z is projected to comprise 27.3% of India's
workforce.
Miscellaneous
● Collective spending is at $860 billion (43% of total consumption in country).
○ Projected to hit $2 trillion by 2035
● Loneliness: 61% Gen Z believe people are more lonely today than they were
10 years ago, (Spotify Culture Next Report 2024).

URBANIZATION

Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics

URBANIZATION

● World population: total 55% of population lives in urban areas

● Population: 31% (Census 2011)
o Increase of 40% by 2036 – World Bank
Population ● GDP contribution = 63%
o Increase to 70% by 2036 – World Bank
● Growth Rate: India urban population for 2022 was 50.8 Cr, a 2.05% increase from
2021 (World Bank).

● Census 2011 - Total Population in Slums: 6.55 cr Indians live in Slums (around
5%)
o Maharashtra (1.18 cr) > Andhra Pradesh (1.02 cr)
Slums
● Cities with >10 Lakh Population: over 29% population living in slums (EPW).
o Bombay (over 34%, Calcutta 32%, Madras 32% and Delhi 31%).
o 65% of Indian cities have adjoining slums.

● Census 2011 - 0.15% of population (17-18 lac)

Homeless ● Commissioners of SC - 1% of the urban population is homeless (~37 lakhs).
● Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs: approx 23.93 lakh people are homeless.

● Total Migration Rate = 28.9% (Migration in India report, 2020-21)

Migration
o Rural Areas - 26.5 %

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

o
Urban Areas - 34.9%
o
Employment: 10.8% persons were migrated for employment related reasons
o
Females: 47.9% - (48% in rural and 47.8% in urban areas)
▪ Main reason – Marriage: 86.8% females migrated for marriage
o Males: 10.7% - (5.9% in rural and 22.5% in urban areas)
▪ Main reason – Employment: 49.6% of males migrated for employment
● Domestic migrants: ↓ 12% to 40.20 crore between 2011 and 2023 [EAC-PM].

● Open Defecation: Over 25% rural households defecate in the open in contrast to
Swachh Bharat data (NFHS-5)
Miscellaneous ● Electricity:
o Households: 97% of households have electricity
● World Bank – 100% of Urban Population has access to electricity.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
CURRENT AFFAIRS
Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics
1. Mental Health
● India
o Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in India is 13.7%.
o 10.6% of adults in India suffer from mental disorders (National Mental
Health Survey (NMHS) 2015-16)
o Mental Health in Students
 23% of school children have mental health problems (NIMHANS
study)
 27.8% of undergraduate students had mentalhealth conditions and 31.3
per cent of postgraduate students had suicidal thoughts.
o Self-reporting rate: <1% (IIT Jodhpur study)
o Treatment gap: 70-92%
o Economic Loss: B/w 2012-2030, is estimated at USD 1.03 trillion (WHO)
o Mental health professionals
▪ Only 0.75 psychiatrists, 0.07 psychologists and 0.07 social workers per
1 lakh people.
▪ India short of 27,000 psychiatrists to reach the recommended ratio of
3 per 1 lakh people.
o Mental healthcare budget: Govt spends 0.05% of GDP of India, and
1.11% of the Budget (2024-25) on mental health.
● Global
o 13.9% of population experience mental disorders
o India (0.75 psychiatrists per lakh people) vs Developed countries (6.6
psychiatrists per 100,000 people).
2. Traditional Medicines
Social Justice
● India
o Medicinal plants market-> Rs. 4.2 billion in 2019; expected to increase
at CAGR of 38.5% to Rs. 14 billion by 2030.
o 8,000 herbal remedies codified in AYUSH systems.
o Ayush exports: $18 billion
● Global
o 80% of the population use traditional medicine.
o Global herbal medicine market is projected to grow from $153.5 billion in
2022 to $279.8 billion in 2028.
3. Tobacco Consumption
● India
o 2nd largest consumer and producer of tobacco
o Usage: 42% of men and 14% of women in India use tobacco (GATS2 data)
o Deaths: In India, nearly 3600 people die every day due to tobacco use.
o Economic loss
 India loses 1% of its GDP to diseases and early deaths from tobacco
use (WHO)
 For every Rs 100 received as excise taxes from tobacco products, the
economy loses Rs 816.
o Wastage: 1.7 lakh tonnes of waste every year.
● Global
o 1 in every 10 cigarettes and tobacco products consumed globally is illicit.
o 22.3% of the world's population used tobacco (WHO)
4. Rural Health [Rural Health Statistics 2021-2022]
● There is shortage of
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 DATA & FACTS 2025
o 83.2% of surgeons
o 74.2% of obstetricians and gynaecologists
o 79.1% of physicians
o 81.6% of paediatricians
● Only 45.1% PHCs function on a 24×7 basis
● Of the 5,480 functioning CHCs, only 541 have all four specialists.
5. Brain Drain
● B/w 2015 and 2022, 1.3 million Indians left
● Citizenship renounced: 225,000 Indians renounced their citizenship (2022)
● Economic loss: India’s IT industry could have added $15-20 billion more
annually had the talent stayed.
● 75% of emigrating Indians choose to stay back after studies completion.
6. Exam Leaks
● 70 exam leaks in the last 7 years across 15 states
7. Marital Rape
● 2% of married women face physical, sexual or emotional violence by their
husbands
● India is one of only 36 countries where marital rape is not criminalized.
8. Child Marriage (NFHS-5)
● 23.3% of women aged 20-24 years were married before age 18 years.
● 17.7% of men aged 25-29 years were married before age 21 years.
● Prevalence reduced by half from 47% (2006) to 23.3% (2019-21)
● Total cases registered under Child Marriage Act -> 1050 (2021) (NCRB)
● Every minute, three girls are forced into child marriage ['India Child Protection'
research team study]
9. Child Artist
● B/w 6,059 and 12,334 child artists [Study by Child Rights and You]
● Child artists in films and TV work for over 12 hours a day.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

ENVIRONMENT
* You can Quote source as Economic Survey OR NITI Aayog at maximum places

CLIMATE CHANGE
Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics

CLIMATE CHANGE

1. Temperature Rise
● Planet already warmed at least 1.1 degrees Celsius
● 77% of climate experts expect temperature rise > 2.5° by 2100
2. Rising sea levels
● Risen by over 10 cm between 1993 and 2024 (NASA)
● Projection: Global mean SLR of 1.3-1.6 m by 2100 in high-emission scenario
(IPCC).
3. Carbon emissions
● Global average CO2 emissions-> 419.3 parts per million in 2023.
● India (per capita): 1.9 ton v/s 4.7 ton (World avg)
● World 3rd largest emitter (after China, USA)
4. Greenhouse Gas Emissions [Emission Gap Report 2024]
● Ranking: India ranks 3rd in total GHG emissions (4,140 MtCO2e) [China
(1st) & US (2nd)].
● Meeting climate ambition: To limit global warming to 1.5°C:
○ Nations must cut 42 % off annual GHG emissions by 2030 and
○ 57 % by 2035 in the next NDCs.
5. Warmest year on record: 2024 (NOAA)
6. Degradation and Desertification: 32% of land affected by degradation and 25%
by desertification
7. Impacts of climate change
Climate Change
● Ocean Ecosystem
o Coral reefs decline 70-90% if warming above 1.5°C [IPCC]
o Antarctica losing ice mass at an average rate of about 150 billion tons per
year
o Greenland losing 270 billion tons per year, adding to sea level rise
● Economic losses
o Decline in labour productivity of up to 40%.
o 3.8% of total working hours could be lost by 2030 [World Economic
Forum]
● Agriculture
o ↓ kharif maize yields by 18 and 23% in 2050 and 2080 scenarios,
respectively.
o For every degree of warming, 10-25% increase in crops lost to insect
attacks.
o Exploitable fish biomass show ↓ >10% by mid-century for many regions
of world [FAO]
● Women
o 158 million more women and girls into poverty by 2050; 236 million more
women into hunger [UN Women]
● Extreme events
o Heatwave made 45 times more likely due to climate change

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

o 14.83 crore people in India will be living in severe climate hotspots by

2050 (Council on Energy, Environment and water)
o > 80% of Indian population lives in districts highly vulnerable to extreme
weather events.
● Displacement
o India may face a migration of 45 million people by 2050.
o 600 million people could face food insecurity due to climate change-
induced disruptions to agriculture and fisheries.
o Tuvalu expected to be one of the first countries to be completely lost to
climate change.
8. Carbon Inequality
● Richest 1% responsible for more carbon emissions than the poorest 66%.
● Half of all emissions are due to 1/10th of the global population
9. IPCC AR6 Synthesis Report
● > 50% chance that global temperature rise will reach or surpass 1.5 degrees
Celsius between 2021 and 2040.
● Per-capita GDP in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and West Asia remain
lower than global average by 2050 [IPCC 6th synthesis report]
10. Climate finance
Global
● Global climate finance needs are projected to exceed $10 trillion annually by
2050 (CAG).
● Advanced economies contributed 45% of climate finance, while least
developed countries (LDCs) received only 3% - From 2018 to 2022 (GLCF
2024).
● Adaptation funding gap: Developing countries need $215–387 billion
annually, but receive just $28 billion in 2022 (Adaptation Gap Report 2024).
● Mitigation-adaptation imbalance-> 90% of climate finance directed toward
mitigation (UNDP).
● Funding source: > 94% of current climate investment comes through debt or
equity, rather than grants (Climate Policy Initiative).
● India’s Climate Finance Needs
○ India estimates a $2.5 trillion financing need by 2030 for its climate
transition to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.
○ 6–8 trillion USD needed during 2015–2030 to transform current energy
systems in India.
○ Adaptation spending: ↑ from 3.7% of GDP in FY16 to 5.6% in FY22
(Eco Survey)
● Quantified Goal on Climate Finance (NCQG) or Baku Finance Goal
o Triple finance to USD 300 billion annually by 2035 (previous goal of USD
100 billion annually).
o Secure efforts to mobilize $1.3 trillion per year by 2035 from both public
and private sources
● COP29-> proposed climate finance goal of USD 300 billion annually by 2035
is much lower than the estimated USD 5.1-6.8 trillion needed by 2030 (Eco
Survey)
11. LiFE: By 2030, LiFE could save consumers USD 440 billion globally.
12. Paris agreement status: Current pledges put world on track for a 2.5-2.9°C
temperature rise– far above the 1.5°C limit [UNEP Emission Gap report]
13. India’s Climate Commitments
● Panchamrit (COP-26)

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

o Non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 500 gigawatts (GW) by 2030;

o 50% of its energy needs from renewable sources by 2030;
o ↓ carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes from the present until 2030;
o Reduce emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030.
o Net Zero emissions by 2070.
14. India’s demands: India wants to push developed nations to become carbon
negative rather than carbon neutral by 2050.

POLLUTION & WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. Plastic pollution
● India
o Annual: Generates 9.3 million tonnes of plastic pollution annually.
o Daily: 26,000 tonnes of plastic waste – every day -> equivalent of 26,000
small cars!
o Per capita plastic waste production (8 kg per year)
o Plastic recycling: Just 8%
o Single use plastic waste: India ranked 3rd globally; contributes to 5.5
million tonnes per year.
● Global
o Waste generation: 268 million tonnes in 2022.
o Largest consumers: China (20%), US (18%), EU (16%), India (6%) and
Japan (4%)
o Per capita consumption ->highest in the US at 216 kg per person, Japan
(129 kg per person) and EU (87 kg per person).
2. Air pollution
● World Air Quality Report (2024)
o Rank: India is 5th most polluted country [3rd in 2023]
o PM2.5 Reduction: 7% decrease in PM2.5 levels, averaging 50.6 µg/m³ in
2024, down from 54.4 µg/m³ in 2023.
Pollution and Waste
 WHO safe limit: 5 µg/m³.
Management
o Delhi most polluted-> PM 2.5 concentration of 91.8 μg/m3; most polluted
Capital city in the world.
o 13 of the 20 most polluted cities in the world are in India.
o Global: Most polluted-> Chad (91.8 µg/m³), Bangladesh (78 µg/m³),
Pakistan (73.7 µg/m³), and Congo (58.2 µg/m³).
3. Mercury pollution
● India- 2nd largest mercury emitter -> 144.7 tonnes Hg/year
● India imports over 250 metric tonnes of mercury each year
● India leaks > 220 tonnes into the environment from known sources (Toxics
Link, a NGO)
● > 70% to 80% of India's mercury emissions due to coal usage.
● Global position
o Current levels in the atmosphere are up to 500 % above natural levels.
o In Oceans: 200 % above natural levels.
4. Land pollution: 33% of the country’s total geographic area —are affected by soil
degradation, salinity, and vegetation loss.
5. Noise pollution
● Optimum noise level (WHO)
o 45 dB during the day and 35 dB at night.
o Anything above 80 dB is hazardous.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

● 12,000 premature deaths and 48,000 new cases of ischaemic heart disease
every year (European Environment agency)
● Noise level of >80 decibels for more than 8 hours a day increases changes in
breathing patterns (WHO)
6. Light pollution
● Artificial light increasing by around 2% per year globally.
7. Biomedical waste
● India generates 743 tonnes of biomedical waste daily and about 640 tonnes is
treated (CPCB report)
8. Waste to Energy conversion
● Total waste: 65 million tonnes of waste every year;
o estimated to go up to 165 million tonnes by 2030 and
o 436 million tonnes by 2050
● Conversion Potential
o 1700 MW from urban waste (1500 from MSW and 225 MW from sewage)
and
o about 1300 MW from industrial waste [Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy]
● Current status: 75% of municipal waste gets collected; only 22 to 28 percent
is processed
● 12 operational and eight non-operational waste-to-energy plants in India in 10
states as of November 2022.
9. Solid waste management
● India generated 170,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste per day
o Collection and treatment: About 156,000 tonnes were collected, of
which nearly 54 per cent was treated, and
o Deposition in landfills: 24% was deposited in landfills (CPCB 2024).
● Type of waste
o 50-55% of waste in Indian cities is biodegradable wet waste;
o 35% is non-biodegradable wet waste; 10% is inert.
● Per capita waste generation -> B/w 0.2 Kg to 0.6 Kg per day in cities with
population ranging from 1.0 lakh to 50 lakhs.
● Projections: Indian cities will generate approximately 435 million tonnes of
solid waste by 2050 (MoHUA 2021).
10. E-Waste
● India
o 3rd biggest e-waste generator behind China and the U.S.
o 67% of India's e-waste remains unprocessed (Ministry of Environment,
Forests and Climate Change)
● Global [Global E-waste Monitor 2024 Report]
o Increase in global e-waste generation, rising from 34 billion (bn) kg in
2010 to 62 bn kg in 2022.
o Of this 62 bn kg, only 13.8 bn kg is documented as ‘formally collected and
recycled in an environmentally sound manner’.
o 62 million tons of “e-waste” was generated in 2022-> enough to fill
tractor-trailers that could be lined up bumper to bumper around globe.
11. Circular economy
● India: India's circular economy could touch $45 billion by 2030.
● Global: Transition to a circular economy could generate $4.5 trillion in
additional economic output globally by 2030.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

WATER & ITS CONSERVATION

1. Water Scarcity
● Water Scarcity: As per World Bank, Annual per-capita water availability
o < 1700 m³ : Water Stressed condition
o < 1000 m³ : Water Scarcity condition
(India =: Around 1500 m³ (CWC))
● Global Scenario: Water scarcity affects more than 40% of the global population
● India’s Scenario
o 18% of world population lives in India but it has just 4% of world’s water
resources.
o India is the second-largest consumer of water, using 20.1 per cent of global
water resources.
o It ranks 133rd in water availability per capita
● Per Capita Use (India): Average annual per capita water availability for the year
2021 was 1,486 cubic meters (Ministry of Jal Shakti)
● Projected water demand: Per capita water use is projected to increase from 85 litres
per capita per day (lpcd) in 2000 to 125 lpcd by 2025 and 170 lpcd by 2050.
● Access: 50% has no access to safe water.
● Deaths: Around 2 Lac/year (due to lack of access to safe water)
● Economic Burden: Loss of 6% of GDP
2. Water Pollution
● Surface Water Pollution: 80% of surface water is polluted
● Pollution Levels: 70% water resources are polluted (Composite Water
Management Index)
● Source of River Pollution:
Water and its o 80% of river pollution -> untreated waste
Conservation o 20% of river pollution -> Industries
3. Groundwater Crisis
● India is the largest groundwater user globally (26% of world).
● Annual groundwater extraction (2023): 241.34 bcm.
● The country's degree of groundwater extraction is 60.4%, or roughly the same
as it has been since 2009.
● India consumes more groundwater than the US and China combined
● Annual groundwater recharge -> 446.9 BCM (Jal Shakti Ministry)
● Ground Water Table -> 0.3 ↓/Year
● Dependency
o 62% of irrigation needs are met through groundwater.
o 85% of rural and 50% of urban water supply depend on groundwater.
● 17% of groundwater blocks are overexploited (CGBI)
● GW depletion rate could triple by 2080, if Indian farmers continued to draw
groundwater at the current rate.
● Annual Groundwater Quality Report 2024
○ Largest user of groundwater
○ Largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world.
○ Uses
■ 87% of extracted groundwater in agriculture and
■ 11% is used for domestic purposes.
4. Ocean pollution
● As of 2025, 75 to 199 million tonnes of plastic and waste in our oceans.
● 171 trillion pieces of plastic estimated to be floating in the world's oceans.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

5. Oil pollution
● Ten oil spills of more than seven tonnes were recorded from tanker incidents
in 2024
6. Urban water crisis
● 48% of India’s urban water supply comes from groundwater (CSE)
● 40% of people in urban areas in India don't get tap water [National Sample
Survey Office]
● By 2030 India’s water demand would be double due to rapid urbanization and
little infra planning (UN report)

ENERGY – RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE

India’s Energy Mix (Sources and Shares) [As per Energy Statistics India 2025,
MoSPI]
● Coal: 48%
● Oil: 28%
● Natural Gas: 8%
● Renewables (Solar, Wind, Hydro, Biomass): 12%
● Nuclear: 4%
Non-renewable energy
1. Coal energy
● Coal-> 46.88% of India's total installed capacity for power generation.
● Share in total power generation capacity ↓ below 50% in 2024 (first time
since 1960s).
● Coal Imports decreased by 8.4% in April-December 2024 in comparison
to the same period of FY 2023-24.
● Per capita commercial primary energy consumption: 350 kgoe/year.
● 5th largest geological reserves of coal
● Future of Coal
o Expected demand: 1.3-1.5 billion tonnes by 2030 (Eco Survey 2022-
23)
Energy 2. Natural gas
● Share in energy basket-> 8% (Target: 15% by 2030).
● Consumption: 164.3 million metric standard cubic meters per day
(mmscmd).
● CNG vehicle sales jump 38% in FY2024
● India emerges as key market for LNG, ranks fourth globally in 2024
3. Nuclear energy
● 5th largest source of electricity
● 4% of the total electricity generation
● 25 operable nuclear energy reactors with a total installed capacity of 8.88 GW
● Target: 1 lakh MW by 2047
Renewable energy
1. Solar energy
● Potential: 748 GWp (National Institute of Solar Energy)
● Installed capacity: 100.33 GW (Jan 2025)
● Capacity increase: 2.82 GW in 2014 to 100GW in 2025.
● Utility scale installation: 18.5 GW
● Rooftop solar (RTS)
o Market: Surged from 2.5 GW installed capacity in FY21 to 16.6 GW
in FY25

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

o Capacity addition: India added 1.2 GW of rooftop solar capacity in the

first quarter (Q1) of 2025, up 232% year-over-year from 366.5 MW
o Households: 8.5 lakh households have installed rooftop solar
connections
o New Solar Power Scheme: Electrifies 100,000 households in tribal
areas, providing off-grid solar systems for 63,000 villages, 1,500
multi-purpose centers, and 2,000 public institutions under the Pradhan
Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan.
o PM-Surya Ghar Yojana: Aims for rooftop solar installations in 10
million households, targeting 40-45 GW capacity by 2027.
● World position:
o 3rd largest solar power producer
o 5th in solar PV deployment
2. Wind energy
● Potential: 695.5 GW at 120 meters and 1,164 GW at 150 meters above ground level
● Target: 500 GW renewable energy by 2030; 140 GW from wind power.
● Installed capacity: 50.04 GW [April 2025]
● Potential states: Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
● Funding: India may add 25 GB wind energy capacity by 2028 but it need Rs
2 lakh crore (CRISIL)
● Global position: 4th after China, United States and Germany.
3. Offshore wind energy
● Potential: 70GW across 16 offshore zones of Tamil Nadu and Gujarat coasts.
● Current: As of now, India does not have any active offshore wind projects.
● Target: 37 GW by 2030.
4. Hydro energy
● Potential: 1,45,000 MW
● Installed capacity: Share in total power output record low of 8.3% IN 2024,
compared to an average of 12.3% over the past decade
● Global Scenario
o India ranks 4th by undeveloped hydropower potential; 5th by total potential.
o India exploited 29% of its hydropower potential (US- 80%; EU-70%)
Classification of Hydro projects
● Micro: upto 100 KW
● Mini: 101KW to 2 MW
● Small: 2 MW to 25 MW
● Mega: Hydro projects with installed capacity >= 500 MW
● Thermal Projects with installed capacity >=1500 MW
5. Small Hydro energy
● Potential: 20 GW
● Installed capacity: 5.07 GW
6. Bioenergy
● Current capacity: 11.58 GW as of April 10, 2025
7. Hydrogen based energy
● Current consumption: 6 mmtpa
● 6% share in total final energy consumption by 2050 (IRENA)
● Target: Green hydrogen production capacity of 5 mn tonnes by 2030
(National Green Hydrogen mission).
8. Ammonia based energy: India is among the world’s largest ammonia producers,
representing 8% of global production.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

9. Geothermal
● Potential: 10 GW
● Regions: Cambay Graben (Gujarat), Puga (J&K).
10. Ocean Energy
● Potential: 54 GW (Tidal- 12.4 GW; Wave power- 41300 MW)

BIODIVERSITY

1. Protected areas
● 1014 Protected areas-> covers 1,75,169.42 km2 of geographical area -> ≈ 5.32%.
● 72% rise in the number and 16% growth in the total area from 2000 to 2023.
● Bid to double global protected areas affect India’s tribes
o 84% of national parks are established in areas inhabited by STs.
2. Biodiversity hotspots
● India lost 90% of area under its four biodiversity hotspots (CSE Data, 2021)
● 25 species have gone extinct in these hotspots.
● Global: 36 biodiversity hotspots
o Represent just 2.5% of Earth's land surface
o Supports > half of the world's plant species as endemics
o Supports 43% of bird, mammal, reptile and amphibian species as
endemics.
3. Illegal wildlife trade
● 4th most illegal trade after arms, drugs and human trafficking.
● Annual value -> $7 - $23 billion (2016 UN estimates)
● Rhino horn (29%), followed by pangolin scales (28%) and elephant ivory
(15%) [World Wildlife Crime report, 2024]
4. Illegally traded plants: Cedars mahogany, holy wood, and Guiacum made up
biggest market at 47%.
5. Human wildlife conflict
● Elephant deaths: 94 elephants perished due to electrocution in 2023-24
● Tiger deaths: > 600 people were killed in tiger attacks in the country between
2014 and 2024, an average of 60 deaths annually
● Agriculture loss: Wild herbivores damage 15-50% of standing crops in field
● Poaching: > 6,900 poachers were arrested for killing and trafficking of 2,869
wildlife animals during the past 10 years
● India is among the top three countries globally for illegal wildlife trade via the
airline sector.
6. Invasive species
● India
Biodiversity o India tops the list with 185 invasive alien plants in South Asia.
o 66% of country's natural systems threatened
o Economic cost could reach up to USD 182.6 billion.
● Global
o 37,000 established alien species
o 1 in 10 species on IUCN Red List are threatened by invasive alien species.
o Annual economic costs exceed USD 423 billion.
7. Coastal areas
● 33.6% of Indian coastline vulnerable to erosion, 26.9% was under accretion
(growing) and 39.6% was in stable state.
8. Forests
● India State of Forest Report (2023)

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

o Forest and Tree cover: 25.17 percent of the geographical area and
(21.76% is forest cover and 3.41% is tree cover).
 ↑ by 1,445.81 km², with a 156.41 km² rise in forest cover compared to
2021.
o State-wise data
 Area wise top three states having largest forest cover are Madhya
Pradesh > Arunachal Pradesh > Chhattisgarh
 Maximum increase (Forest and Tree Cover): Chhattisgarh > Uttar
Pradesh > Odisha > Rajasthan
 Largest Decrease: MP > Karnataka > Ladakh > Nagaland
 19 states/UTs have above 33 percent of the geographical area under
forest cover.
o Mangrove cover: 4,992 sq km - 0.15% of the total geographical area, with
a net decrease of 7.43 km² since 2021.
o Carbon stock: 30.43 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent.
9. Mangroves
● Total mangrove cover: 4,992 sq km (ISFR 2023)
● Vulnerability: By 2070, 50% of India’s mangroves will shift or vanish due to
climate change [Birbal Sahni institute Palaeosciences]
● Global: Over 50% of world’s mangroves at risk of collapse, climate change
leading factor; (IUCN).
10. Coral reefs
● Global
o Cover less than 1% of ocean floor but most productive and diverse
ecosystem.
o Bleaching: > 60% of world's coral reefs may have bleached in past year
(NOAA)
o Effect of Climate change: It could damage half of the world's reefs by 2035
o NOAA confirms 4th global coral bleaching event
● India
o Bleaching: 84.6% of coral reefs in Lakshadweep experienced bleaching
during 2023-24 [Ministry of Earth Sciences informed (MoES)]
o It takes 6-7 years for Lakshadweep reefs to recover, without further
disturbances
o Degradation can affect 4.5 million people in southeast Asia and the Indian
Ocean.
11. Wetlands
● 4.6% of land as wetlands; 15.26 million hectares
● India now has 89 Ramsar sites, surpassing China, which has 82 Ramsar sites
● National Wetland Atlas (2011): Gujarat (17.5%), lowest in Mizoram (0.66%)
● India lost 2 out of 5 wetlands in last 3 decades
● Global
o 35% of the world's wetlands lost b/w 1970-2015
o 30% of coastal wetlands could be lost by 2100
12. Beaches
● 12 Blue Flag Certified beaches in India
● 89% of shoreline of A&N islands eroded by Bay of Bengal
● 33.6% of Indian coastline was vulnerable to erosion
13. Species
● Extinct species: Indian Cheetah, pink-headed duck, and the Great Indian
Bustard due to desertification.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

● Tiger
o ↑ by 30% in the last 20 years.
o 3,681 tigers (range 3167-3925)
o 53.2% of tiger deaths occurred within Tiger Reserves
o 35.22% happened outside boundary of TRs (NTCA)
o Tiger deaths in 2023 is highest (178) since 2012.
● Elephants
o India has the largest number of wild Asian Elephants
o Decline in India's Elephant Population-> From 19.8K in 2017 to 15.9K in
2023 (WII)
o 29,964 elephants (2017 census by Project Elephant).
o 60% of the species’ global population in India.
● Birds Population
o State of India’s Birds (2023)
 60% of bird species declined in India over a period of 30 years
 29% are stable, and 11% have shown increases.
o Global
 48% of 11,000 surviving bird species experiencing decline
 13.5% of bird species face risk of global extinction, with 798 species
classified as vulnerable, 460 as endangered, and 223 as critically
endangered.
14. Ecosystem services: Total value of global ecosystem services for one year is b/w
16 to 54 trillion USD

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics

General

● India ranked 6th most affected country (1993-2022)

Climate Risk Index
● 80,000 fatalities (10% of global) due to extreme weather events
2025
● 4.3% of global economic losses (USD 180 billion).

Economic cost of ● Natural catastrophes -> losses of $12 billion (over Rs 1 lakh crore) in India in 2023
disasters (Swiss Re report)

● Internal displacements due to natural disasters: 5.4 million displacements in

2024, the highest in 12 years (IDMC report)
● Droughts:
o Impact: 40% land area and 70 % of cultivable area prone to droughts
o Vulnerability: Affect 40% of population
o 60% increase in droughts in last 25 years
● Earthquakes: [Data by NDMA]
o Vulnerability: 60% of landmass is prone to Earthquake(80% of population)
o Unsustainable infra: 90% casualties due to collapse of houses & structures
● Landslide: 12% of area is prone to landslides.
● Floods:
o Area: 12% of area prone to floods and river erosion
o Vulnerable sections: Children and women, constitute 85% of death.
o Economic Losses: average annual loss is estimated to be US$ 7.4 billion
● Urban fire(NCRB):
o Hotspots: Maha & Guj accounts 30% of India’s fire accident deaths
o Reasons: 60% of Fire related deaths occur in Residential buildings.
o Shortcomings: 65% shortage of fire stations.
Disaster Stats o Impact: 4th biggest risk to business continuity (India Risk Survey 2021)
o Loss of life: 35 people killed every day due to fire related incidents
o Vulnerable section: 60% of those killed are women
● Heatwave:
o Coverage: 90% of India is in a “danger zone” from it (PLOS Climate).
o Financial loss: $2,500 billion by 2030 (Globally)
o Heat stress loss in India: 6% of its working hours equivalent to 35 Million
fulltime jobs (ILO)
o Loss of life: 155,937 heat-related deaths in India in 2021 (Global Burden of
Disease study)
● Forest Fire:
o Causes: Only 4% natural causes globally (MoEFCC)
o Vulnerability: >35% of India’s forest cover is prone to forest fire.
o Carbon emission: 2.5 billion to 4.0 billion tons annually (IPCC)
o Global: Amazon forest – 8000 incidents in 2019
● Cyclones:
o Exposure: India exposed to 10% of world’s tropical cyclones.
o Extent: 75% of India’s 7500 Kms coastline prone to cyclone.
o Vulnerability: 8% of area and 1/3rd of Indians are vulnerable to cyclone

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

INTERNAL SECURITY
Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics
BORDER MANAGEMENT
● Land border: 15106 Kms
● Border countries: 7
● Indian border states: 17
Name of country Length of border (in Kms)
Bangladesh 4096
China 3488
Land Border Pakistan 3323
Nepal 1751
Myanmar 1643
Bhutan 699
Afghanistan 106
Total 15106
● Ceasefire violations: Reduced to almost zero (from 5000+ in 2020) after ceasefire
agreement in 2021.
● Cross border infiltration:
o Indo-Pak: Pahalgam attack (April 2025) ->26 civilians were killed
Border issues
o India-Bangladesh: 1,956 Bangladeshi nationals were apprehended by BSF
troops in 2024.
● Illegal Migration (Census 2011): 5.5 million people (0.44% of total population)
🢥 of these 42% from Bangladesh and 13% from Pakistan.
MARITIME AND COASTAL SECURITY
● Length: 7500 Kms (13 coastal states and UT) 🢥 7th longest in world.
o Update: the length of India's coastline had increased from 7,516.6 km to
11,098.8 km [Ministry of Home Affairs]
Coastline
● Population along coast: 1/5th of India’s population
● Ports: 13 major and 200 Minor ports.
● Coastal monitoring and surveillance: 46 radar stations established
DEFENSE
● SIPRI report ‘Trends in World Military Expenditure 2024
o Rank: 5th largest military spender after U.S., China, Russia, and Germany.
o Total Expenditure: $86.1 billion in 2024, nine times that of Pakistan.
Expenditure ● Union Budget (2025-26): Rs 6.81 lakh crore allocated in Union Budget 2025-26
for MoD (↑ 9.53% from 2024-25)
● Projection: Defence budget to rise five-fold to Rs 31.7 lakh crore by 2047 (CII
KPMG Report)
● Total exports: ₹23,622 crore (approx. US$ 2.76 billion) in FY2024-25.
● DPSUs have shown ↑ of 42.85% in FY 2024-25.
Exports ● Target: ↑ ₹50,000 crore by 2029.
● Export Destinations: Over 100 countries; USA, France, and Armenia emerging as
the top buyers
TERRORISM
● Terrorist Incidents: 70% decline in terror incidents in J&K (MHA)
Jammu and Kashmir ● Organized Stone pelting Incidents: Reduced from 1221(2018) to 0 (2023)
(related to terrorism and separatism)
Global Terrorism Index (2025)
Ranking ● India ranks 14th in the Global Terrorism Index (GTI) 2025.
● Pakistan ranked 2nd; Terror attacks in Pakistan have increased by 45%
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 DATA & FACTS 2025
LEFT-WING EXTREMISM (MHA DATA)
Surrendered cadres ● 1,045 surrendered in 2024
● Violence:to 374 in 2024 ( reduction of 81%).
Decline in violence
● Death (civilians + security forces): reduced by 85% during this period from 1005
and deaths
deaths in 2010 to 150 in 2024.
● Decline in geographical area: reduced from 126 districts in 2013 to 38 districts in
April 2024.
● Fortified Police stations:400 PSs constructed in 10 LWE affected States.
● Telecom connectivity: 10,505 mobile towers planned, of which 7,768 towers have
Security and been commissioned.
Developmental ● Financial inclusion: 1,007 bank branches and 937 ATMs in 30 Most LWE
measures affected districts and 5,731 new post offices.
● Skill development: 48 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) and 61 Skill
Development Centres (SDCs) functional in LWE affected districts.
ORGANISED CRIME
● Source of Drugs: Drug trafficking through Arabian Sea & Bay of Bengal,
estimated to account for around 70% of total illegal drugs smuggled into India
● Target: MHA aims to make India drug free by 2047.
Drug Trafficking ● Seizure: ₹11,311 crore worth drugs were seized in 19 instances from seaports in
the past five years (Ministry of Home Affairs)
● Conviction rate: As in 2022, 54 accused were convicted, which almost doubled to
104 in 2023 and increased further to 110 in 2024.
● Estimated Value: 2 to 5% of World GDP (IMF)
● Properties attached: ₹1.45 lakh-crore assets attached under PMLA till 2024 (ED
Money Laundering data)
● AML Basel Index: India ranked 70th out of 141 countries in the Anti-Money
Laundering (AML) Basel Index, 2020
● As per IMF estimates, black money in India is 50% of GDP and the World Bank
Black Money in estimates it at 20% of GDP.
India ● India estimates black money in Swiss banks at $1.4 trillion, while Swiss authorities
report only $2 billion.
● Over 10,000 cases of trafficking but only 1,031 convictions between 2018-2022
Human Trafficking
(Ministry of Home Affairs)
CYBER SECURITY
● Cyber attacks: India recorded 79 Million Cyber Attacks in 2023 (cybersecurity
firm Zscaler)
● Extent: India saw at least 1 cybercrime every 10 min
● Cost: $4 Bn dollars. Expected to reach $20 Bn in next 10 years.
Cyber Attacks
● Security Breaches: 2nd most targeted nation for cyber attacks globally
(CloudSEK's ThreatLandscape Report 2024).
● Phishing attacks: 3rd largest country under phishing attacks after US and UK.
● IoT related attacks: 59% rise in 2024
● India’s potential: India is the second largest online market in the world, behind
Cyber Potential
China. By 2025, the number is expected to grow to 900 million. (MHA)
INSURGENCY [MHA DATA]
● Insurgency in NE states ↓ by 80% in last eight years
Insurgency ● Casualties of security forces ↓ by 75% and civilian deaths by 99% (MHA)
● 77% of insurgency incidents in NE from Manipur alone in 2023 (MHA)

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

INDIAN POLITY

Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics

General

● V-dem Democracy Report 2024

Democracy o India, downgraded to an electoral autocracy in 2018, has further declined to
become "one of the worst autocratizers."

● Time taken: 11 sessions - 2 years, 11 months and 18 days.

● Preamble: November 26, 1949 as the date of enactment of the constitution.
● Constitutions referred: Constitution of about 60 countries.
Constitution ● Articles: 448 Articles divided into 25 parts and 12 schedules
● Basic Structure: Keshavananda Bharati case - 24th April, 1973
● Rigidity vs Flexibility: US Constitution - changed 27 times in over 200 years vs
Indian constitution - amended 105 times

Status of Refugees
● Recognized Refugees: >2 Lac (UNHCR)
● Non Recognized refugees: 20 million, mostly from Bangladesh.
● Internally Displaced People: more than 5 lakh
● International Scenario: UN - over 100 million migrants living outside their
country of birth in 2022.
● Rohingyas: 22,500 Rohingya refugees currently reside in India (UNHCR)
● Kashmiri pandits: up to 3 lakh
● Bru refugees: 30,000 in Tripura - from Mizoram.
Reservations in India
● OBC/SC/ST: 27% / 15% / 7.5%
● Reservation Limit: 50% - Indra Sawhney v Union of India (1992)
o EWS reservation is outside this limit.
● Miniscule Representation of SC/ST at Higher Levels: SC/ST representation
at Secretary, Joint Sec. level in Centre stands at 4% and 4.9% resp. (Rajya
Sabha data from 2022)
Significant Provisions ● Prevalence of Untouchability: National Campaign for Dalit Human Rights -
38% of government schools require students to have lunch separately.
OBC Reservation
● Dominance of Few Section: 24.95% of jobs and seats to just 10 OBC
communities.
● 97% of all jobs and educational seats – to 25% of all sub-castes classified as
OBCs.
● 0 Representation: 983 OBC communities (37%) - zero representation in jobs
and educational institutions
Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC)
● Households: 24.49 cr - 17.97 cr living in villages
● Landlessness:
o 56% of rural households do not have access to agricultural land.
o 5.37cr(29.97%) rural households are "landless" & rely on manual labour.
● SC/ST Families: 21.53% of village families (3.86 cr)
● Illiteracy: 36% of the rural population (884 million) is illiterate > than the 32%
reported in 2011 Census

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

● Poverty: Urban Households vs Rural households :: 35% vs 60%

● Manual Scavenging: 1.80 Lakh households
Sedition in India
● No. of cases: 701 cases of sedition and offences against the State from 2018 to
2022
● Rate of Conviction: 33.3% in 2020 (NCRB)
Preventive Detention
● Rise in Arrests: 1.1 lakh people were arrested and detained under preventive
detention laws in 2021 - 23.7% rise over 2020 (NCRB)
Internet Freedom (Freedom on the Net Report (2024))
● Global internet freedom ↓ for the 14th consecutive year in 2024.
● Iceland -> ‘freest online environment’ in the world
● India -> ‘partly free’ category with a score of 50 out of 100.
Internet shutdowns
● India: 84 shutdowns (Highest in any democracy) affecting 16 states and
territories. (Access Now 2024 report)
● Economic cost: shutdowns reportedly cost India total $1.9 billion and $118
million in foreign investment in the first half of 2023 alone.
o In 2020, India suffered losses of $2.8 billion due to 129 separate instances
of internet suspension.
o Internet Society’s NetLoss Calculator-> a single-day shutdown can push
up to 379 people into unemployment in India.
● Global: 296 shutdowns were recorded across 54 countries in 2024, an increase
from 283 in 2023.
Capital Punishment
● World: More than 2/3rd countries - abolished [Amnesty international].
● Prevalent in Asia: India, China, Iran etc. where 60% population of the world
lives [Law commission].
● India: 544 capital punishment convicts were lodged in various jails as of
December 31, 2022.
Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019
● Citizenship to 6 non-Muslim communities: Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains,
Parsis and Christians
● Date: who entered India on or before 31st December, 2014

Rajya Sabha
● Regional Variation: Uttar Pradesh - 31 vs Tripura has 1
Parliamentary Scrutiny and Accountability
● Departmentally Related Standing Committees: Lok Sabha – 16 and Rajya Sabha – 8
● Decreasing Discussion Level:
o Decrease in the Sitting Days: Reduced from an annual avg of 121 days
(1952-70) to only annual 55 days in 17th LS.
o Lack of Scrutiny: Just 16% of the Bills were referred to standing
Parliament
committees for further scrutiny, declining from 28% in the previous Lok
Sabha (It was 71% in 15th LS)
o Suspensions of MPs: 100 MPs from the Lok Sabha and 46 MPs from the
Rajya Sabha have been suspended during the ongoing winter session of
Parliament.
Low Women Representation
● 18th Lok Sabha: 13.6%
● 17th Lok Sabha: 14.3% (78)

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

Finances:
● Tax Devolution: 15th Finance Commission - Share of states in the central
taxes for the 2021-26 period is recommended to be 41%.
● Borrowing Limit: Central Government enhanced the borrowing limit of state
governments from 3% to 5% of their GSDP.
● GST compensation cess: might have a ₹1.37 lakh crore shortfall by March 31
due to ₹50,000 crore interest on Covid loans
● State Finances (RBI State Finances: A Study of Budgets Of 2024-25 Report)
o Decline in consolidated Gross Fiscal Deficit (GFD): State governments
contained their GFD within 3% of GDP during 2021-22 to 2023-24.
o Revenue Deficit: States maintained the revenue deficit at 0.2% of GDP
Federalism
during 2021-22 to 2023-24.
o Expenditure quality improved: Capital outlay, expenditure that leads to
creation of physical/financial assets, increased to 2.6% of GDP in 2023-24
from 2.2% in 2022-23.
Language in India
● 2011 Census: listed 1,369 ‘mother tongues’ in the country. Hindi is only one
among them (mother tongue of only 26% population)
● 121 languages (22 scheduled languages) spoken by 10,000 or more people
in India
● People’s Linguistic Survey of India - 220 Indian languages have disappeared
in the last 50 years, and that another 150 could vanish in the next half century

National Emergency
Time period Reason Remarks
26 Oct 1962 – 10 India-China war By external aggression
Jan 1968 Security of India
threatened
3 Dec 1971 – 21 Indo-Pakistan war; and Security of India threatened by
March 1977 later extended external aggression
Emergency
25 June 1975 – 21 Political instability Security of India threatened by
March 1977 internal disturbances
President Rule: Since 1950, President’s Rule has been imposed a total of 134 times
across 29 states and UTs.
● Since 1950, President’s Rule has been imposed at least once a year in 53 out
of 74 years.
● The 1960s and 1970s saw the most frequent use of President’s Rule.

● Judges to Population Ratio: 15 judges per million ( India Justice Report 2025)
o 150 per million – USA
o Law Commission (India) -> 50 per million
● Low Female Representation:
o Supreme Court: Till date, only 11 female judges in Supreme Court
o High Court: 11.5% Judges are female
Judiciary o Subordinate courts: 30% Judges are women
o Female Advocates: Out of 1.7 million registered, only 15% are women
● Huge Pendency:
o Supreme Court: 82,445 pending cases (Jan 2025)
o High Courts and Subordinate courts: 5 crore cases (Jan 2025) (India Justice
Report 2025)
o Extent of Problem

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

 1,514 cases in High Courts and 1,390 in subordinate and district courts
have been pending for over 50 years.
 In subordinate courts, more than 50 per cent of cases have been pending
for over three years.
● Government the Largest Litigant: involvement of the Indian government as the
largest litigant, contributing to 50% of pending cases.
● Justice Delayed: At the current disposal rate if no new cases added; Supreme Court -
1.3 years and High Courts and Subordinate Courts – 3 years.
o HC - 21% cases pending for over 10 years
o Subordinate Courts - 23% cases for over five years
● Infrastructure Deficiency
o Lack of Courtrooms: shortage of 4,200 courtrooms for judges across the country
(Centre for Research and Planning of Supreme Court of India report)
o District courts: ~37.7% of Judicial Officers (JOs) have reported lack of adequate
space in courtrooms.
o Low Spending: 0.09% of GDP to maintain the judicial infrastructure.
o No Power Backup: 59% of courtrooms
o Toilets: 26% of court complexes do not have separate ladies toilets and 16% do
not have gents’ toilets.
o Drinking water facility: Only 54% of court complexes have purified drinking
water facilities.
o Record room: Only 32% of courtrooms have separate Record Rooms.
o Library: Only 51% of court complexes have a library.
o Video-conference Facility: Only 27% of courtrooms have computers placed on
the Judge’s dais with video-conferencing facilities.
▪ 50% of lawyers, particularly in district courts, do not have any laptop or
computer facility
● Lok Adalat: National Lok Adalat settles 1.45 crore cases, prevents 1.22 crore new
cases (2024)
● Gram Nyayalayas
o Target: 2500
o Limited implementation: only 476 notified by just 15 states
o Operational: 314
o No GN in North East
● Fast Track Special Courts
o 745 FTSCs, including 404 exclusive POCSO Courts, are operational across 30
States and UTs
o collectively disposed of over 3,06,604 cases to date.
o 1800 FTCs recommended by 14th Fin Commission
Transparency Issues - Judges Asset Disclosure
● Out of 769 High Court judges, only 95 (12.35%) have publicly disclosed their assets.
● Kerala High Court leads with 18% of its judges disclosing assets (41 out of 44),
followed closely by Himachal Pradesh at 91.66% (11 out of 12).
● Chhattisgarh HC (1/16) and Madras HC (5/65) report some of the lowest
disclosures.
● As of April 2025, 30 of 33 SC judges have declared their assets, and a Full Court
resolution ensures all 33 will publish their declarations soon.

Criminalisation of Politics (ADR report 2025)

● Member of Parliament
o 251 (46%) of the 543 elected MPs in 2024, have criminal cases against them.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

o 171 (31%) face serious criminal charges including rape, murder, kidnapping etc.
Elections ● Member of Legislative Assembly
o Declaration: 45% (1,861 MLAs) have declared criminal cases
o Criminal charges: 29% (1,205 MLAs) face serious criminal charges,
including murder, attempted murder and kidnapping
o Henious charges: 54 MLAs face murder charges, 226 face attempted murder
charges, and 127 face crimes against women, including 13 charged with rape.
o Gender-wise: 23% of women MLAs (out of 282 analyzed) have declared
criminal cases.
o State-wise: Andhra Pradesh leads with 79% MLAs having criminal cases,
followed by Kerala and Telangana at 69% each.
Registered Unrecognized Political Parties
● Misuse of electoral funding-> Over 3260 unrecognised political parties received
₹10000 crore in donations
Expenditure
● 18th LS elections – 1.35 lakh crore – 1400/voter (2024) [2019 – 60K cr]
● Black Money: Over 55% of the donations received by regional parties in FY
2019-20 came from “unknown” sources (ADR)
Women in Politics
● Participation in Legislature:
o Globe: Highest in Nordic nations(42.5%), followed by USA(22%),
Europe(19.5%), Asia(18%).
o India: India ranks 5th in women’s political representation in parliament behind
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal.
▪ 15% women in Lok Sabha and 13% in Rajya Sabha
▪ For All state assemblies- 9% of MLAs are women
 No state has > 20% women MLAs
 Highest – Chhattisgarh (18%)
 Himachal Pradesh (1) MLA
 Nagaland and Mizoram – 0

● Municipalities (RBI report)

○ Revenue generation: generate only 0.6% of GDP in 2023-24, much lower than
the central government's 9.2% and state governments' 14.6%.
○ Sources of revenue: Tax revenues (30%), grants, contributions, and subsidies
(24.9%), and fees and user charges (20.2%).
■ MCs in 18 states collect only 56% of their property tax demand.
○ Transfers: In 2022-23, grants from the Central and State governments to
municipalities ↑ 24.9% and 20.4%, respectively.
○ Municipal Borrowing: ↑ from ₹2,886 crore in 2019-20 to ₹13,364 crore in 2023-
Local Self Government 24.
○ Municipal bond market: ₹4,204 crore (0.09% of corporate bonds), with most
bonds privately placed
○ Fund utilization: 11 out of 18 states have utilized only 61% of the funds allocated
to them (CAG report)
● Devolution (Ministry of Panchayati Raj)
○ Top 3 States in devolution are Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.
○ Lowest 3 states/UTs are Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Puducherry,
and Ladakh.
○ Devolution has ↑ from 39.9% to 43.9% during 2013-14 to 2021-22.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

GOVERNANCE

Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics

General

 e-Governance
o Active internet users -> 886 million in 2024.
 Projection: 900 million active internet users by 2025
o JAM trinity: 1.21 billion Indians enlisted in the government's biometric
digital identity initiative.
o Jan Dhan Yojana: > 54 crore accounts, with a total deposit balance of ₹2.39
lakh crore- an increase of over 15 times since its inception.
o Rupay cards: 37.02 crore RuPay cards have been issued to PMJDY account
holders
o UPI processed ₹23.49 Lakh Crores across 16.58 billion financial transactions
in October 2024.
● National Level Initiatives
o BharatNet Project (Status as on March 2025)
o 2,18,347GPs have been made service ready
o Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) length has increased to 42.13 lakh route km.
o Aadhaar:
▪ Enrollment: As of 2023, over 138 crore Aadhaar cards have been issued.
▪ Usage: Aadhaar e-KYC transactions has crossed 2,393 crore (April 2025)
o Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT):
▪ Savings: DBT saved Rs 3.48 lakh crore by curbing welfare delivery
leakages (Ministry of Finance)
▪ Subsidy allocations: ↓ from 16% to 9% of total government expenditure
General
post-DBT implementation.
▪ Total Transfers: Total debit was ₹6.91 lakh crore in FY24
▪ Beneficiaries: 1.85 billion beneficiaries for different schemes are
registered under various DBT schemes (March 2025)
● E-Governance Projects and Portals
o e-NAM:
▪ Mandi Integration: Over 1,300 mandis integrated across 23 states and 4
UTs.
▪ Transactions: eNAM witnessed total trade of Rs 78,424 crore (2023-24)
o GSTN (Goods and Services Tax Network):
▪ Registrations: Over 13 million businesses registered.
▪ Transactions: collection had touched a record high of Rs 2.37 trillion in
April 2025.
o GeM (Government e-Marketplace):
▪ Vendors: Over 5 million sellers and service providers registered.
▪ Transactions: Facilitated transactions of Rs 5.42 lakh crore in 2024-25
o DigiLocker:
▪ Users: Over 150 million registered users.
▪ Documents Issued: More than 5 billion documents issued.
o e-Courts:
▪ Virtual Courts: Over 3,000 virtual courts operational.
▪ Case Information: Over 6.66 crore cases handled

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

● Total : 7000 IAS Officers (only 7% with union)

● Shortage of nearby 1600 officers
Civil Services
● Efficiency: 25% IAS officers corrupt, incompetent, or inefficient; middle 50%
complacent: D Subbarao

● Coverage > 92.5% penetration (CAG)

o Adults: Nearly 100%
o Children (5-18): 92.5%
o States: Some states in India have Aadhaar enrollment rates that exceed 100%
● Authentication failure
o Iris: 8.5%
o Finger: 6%
Aadhar
● Invalid mobile number: ≈ 7,50,000 beneficiaries linked with invalid mobile no
● Exclusions
o Around 0.6 %
o 27% transgender
o 30% homeless
● Govt Savings: Govt saved ₹2.22 lakh crore (approximately $29 billion) by using
Aadhaar

Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System

● Resolved over 70 lakh grievances (from 2022-24)
● Redressed over 1.5 lakh grievances per month
Other
Grievance Redressal
● Rate of bribing ≈ 40%
● Personal connection for grievance redressal: India has highest rate of
people using personal connections to access public services (46 per cent)
[Transparency international]

Social Audit in MGNREGA

● Coverage: In 2019-20, social audits were carried out at least once in 63% of
the total GPs. (47% - 2018-19)
Social Audit ● Out of the 34 States and UTs only six have completed social audit of works
done under MGNREGA in more than 50% of gram panchayats.
● As of December 2022, more than 5.17 crore assets have been constructed and
geo-tagged under MGNREGA

● Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: India ranks 96 out of 180 countries

● Transparency International Survey
o 89% of Indians: Think government corruption is a big problem
Corruption o 71% of Indians: Think corruption levels have increased and/or stayed the
same in the previous 12 months
o 46% of Indians: Think that police and local government officials are corrupt
o 18% of Indians: Were offered bribes in exchange for votes

RTI
● RTI Applications: 5000 application/day
● Pending Cases: > 4 lakh; across 29 commissions.
RTI & OSA ● Resection ratio : 5 %
● Awareness: only 15%
● RTI rejection rate: the Home Ministry had the highest rate of rejections -
>rejected 20% of all RTIs received.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

● Satark Nagrik Sangathan report 2023

○ 7 out of 29 information commissions were defunct between July 2023 to
June 2024.
○ > 9 commissions were without a chief information commissioner.
○ 14 commissions would take 1 year or more to dispose a matter
○ Merely 9% of all information commissioners have been women

● Since 2014, MyGov platform has evolved into a robust platform with over 4.72
Citizen Participation
crore registered users, known as MyGov Saathis.

Undertrials in India
● Undertrials: 75% of total Prisoners are Undertrials (India Justice Report,
2025)
o Out of these about 68% were either illiterate (27%) or school dropouts
(41%)
o The number of under-trials doubled between 2010 (2.4 lakh) and 2021 (4.3
Criminal Justice lakh). [India Justice Report 2022]
 Time Spent in Prisons: Nationally, 20.8% undertrials spent 1 to 3 years in
prison, 5.6% confined for 3 to 5 years, 2.7% were confined for more than 5
years.
● Vulnerable section: Near about 55% undertrials are SC, ST and Muslims.
● Conviction rate: Nationwide in 2022, 23.3% of the total prisoners were
proven guilty and convicted for their crimes

● Budget: Only 3% of State and central budgets are allotted for policing.
● Vacancies: State police forces had 24% vacancies (2016 Data)
● Women in police = 12% (Ladakh = 28%)
● Police : Public Ratio = 152/lakh (UN ⭢ 222/lakh)
● Constabulary Constitutes: ~86% of the state police forces.
● Weaponry Shortage (according to CAG audit report)
Police
o Rajasthan: 75% shortage
o West Bengal- 71% shortage
● Surveillance Vehicle Shortage: 30.5% deficiency according to BPRD.
● Union Budget 2025-26 -> allocated ₹2.33 lakh crore to the Ministry of Home
Affairs, with major funds directed towards central police forces.
● Trust: Less than 25% of Indians expressed trust in the police.

● Functional Jails: 1350 | Capacity of Prisons: 4.25 lakh prisoners [NCRB]

● Occupancy Rate [Overcrowding] > 130% [India Justice Report 2025]
● Undertrial: 76% (India Justice Report, 2025)
● Funding for Prisons: avg daily spend per inmate is mere Rs 121 (IJR 2025)
● Composition of Prisons [NCRB’s Prison Statistics India – 2021]
o Gender-wise: 4.3% are women prisoners.
Prison Reforms o Vulnerable Sections: Over 85% of prisoners are SC/ST/OBC/Muslims.
● Psychologists: Only 25 psychologists for the entire prison population—an
average of 1 for every 22,928 prisoners (Recommended: 1:500)
● Doctors Availability: 1: 775 Prisoners vs 1:300 (Recommended) [IJR 2025]
● Shortage of Staff: ~33% of the total requirement
● Lack of Child Centers: Nearly 18000 children are living in jails only because
their parents are in jails.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

NCRB Data
● Custodial deaths: > 660 Custodial deaths in the country from 2017 to 2022.
● State-wise: Guj(80) has reported highest number followed by Maharashtra.
● Conviction Rate: 1,888 custodial deaths in the last 20 years but only 26
policemen convicted.
● Lack of Inquiry: in 30% of cases.
Common Cause–Lokniti (CSDS) Study
● Tough methods: 5% of police personnel believe it is important to use “tough
Custodial Violence
methods” to instill fear among the public, 20% consider it “very important”
and 35% consider it “somewhat important.”
● Killings: 22% of police personnel believe that killing “dangerous criminals”
is better than a legal trial.
● Arrest Procedures: 41% of police personnel say arrest procedures are
“always” followed. 24% admit that procedures are “rarely or never” followed.
● Third degree methods: 30% of police personnel justify the use of third-
degree methods in serious criminal cases.

Social services expenditure (SSE): The SSE as a percentage of total expenditure

(TE) has increased from 23.3% in FY21 to 26.2% in FY25 (BE). (Eco Survey)
Public Service Delivery
● Healthcare
o Healthcare Spending: India spent Rs 9.04 lakh crore on health in FY
2022 -> 3.8% of GDP or Rs 6,602/person at current prices (Eco. Survey)
o National Health Mission (NHM): 5.23 lakh workers, including 1.38 lakh
Community Health Officers. Certification of 7,998 public health facilities
under National Quality Assurance Standards (NQAS).
o Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission: > 42 crore health records have been
linked to ABHA.
● Education
o Literacy Rate: 74.04% (2011 census); 77% (National Statistical Office
(NSO)) -> nearly 8 out of 10 people can read and write.
o Mid-Day Meal Scheme: covers about 11.80 crore children studying in
11.20 lakh schools across the country.
● Sanitation
Social Sector
o Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM): Declared rural India Open Defecation
Free (ODF) in October 2019.
o Swachh Bharat Mission Phase II – Grameen (SBM-G): During April-
Nov 2024, 1.92 lakh villages were incrementally declared ODF+ under
model category, taking the total number of ODF+ villages to 3.64 lakh.
o Cleanliness Ranking: Indore has distinguished itself by winning the
overall cleanest city award for seven consecutive years
● Social Welfare
o Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): total DBT was ₹6.91 lakh crore in FY24
o Public Distribution System (PDS): Covering around 800 million
beneficiaries under the NFSA.
● Electricity
o Saubhagya Scheme: Achieved 100% village electrification in 2018, and
near-universal household electrification.
o Renewable energy: total renewable energy-based electricity generation
capacity at 203.18 GW (CEA)
o Power consumption rises 7% to 148.48 bn units in March 2025

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

oSolar-plus-storage systems in India can now deliver round-the-clock

electricity at under ₹6/kWh, cheaper than coal.
● Water Supply
o Jal Jeevan Mission
o Addition of 75.89% connections since the launch of the mission.
o Households with tap water connections increased from 3.23 crore (17%)
of rural households in 2019 to 15.44 crore (79.74%) in February 2025.
● Urban Development
o Smart Cities Mission: As of 13 Jan 2025, 8,058 projects worth 1.64 lakh
crore have been proposed, with 7,479 projects worth 1.50 lakh crore
completed (Eco survey)

● Contribution: 2.03% to the country's GDP

● Growth rate: Indian micro finance sector soared 2,100% in past 12 years
● Employment: 13 million jobs
● Distribution of loans: 76% of portfolio is in rural areas, & 24% is in urban areas.
Micro Credit ● SHG-Bank Linkage Programme: empowers 17.8 crore households through
more than 144 lakh SHGs.
● Entrepreneurship: 46% of such loans are provided to families having monthly
income < Rs. 20,000, for working capital for their income generating activities
● Pain point-> Crisis: gross NPAs reaching 16% in FY25.

SBI Study
● Incomes of female members of SHGs have more than tripled in last five years.
● ~97.5% of the SHGs have bank accounts.
SHGs ● ~65% of rural SHG members have moved upwards in terms of relative
income in FY24 as compared to FY19.
● 10.05 crore women households have been mobilized into 90.90 lakh Self Help
Groups (SHGs) (As on Jan 2025)

● Number of NGOs: Approximately 3.3 million(CSI)

● Total Donations Received: Rs 55,741.51 crore (foreign contribution) (From FY
2019-20 to 2021-22)
● FCRA licenses: 16,301 NGOs with valid FCRA licences as on July 17, 2023.
● Registration and Compliance:
NGOs
o Only 2% of NGOs are registered
o More than 90% of these registered NGOs do not submit their balance sheets
o NGO: People - 1 NGO for 400 people
● IB report: Working of few NGOs in the name of protests against the government
activities led to a loss of 2-3% of the country’s GDP.

● Olympic 2036: India is preparing to host Olympic 2036

● Sports participation: Only around 6% of India’s population participates in sports
(20% in countries like the US, Australia and as high as 60% in Japan)
● Paris Olympics: India sent only 117 athletes to the Paris Olympics [594 from the
Sports Ecosystem
U.S., 572 from France, and 460 from Australia].
● Aspiration: top ten sports nation by 2036 and a top 5 by 2047.
● Khelo India scheme spent only Rs 318 crore out of Rs 500 crore allocated in
2019-20 (Parliamentary Standing Committee on Human Resource Development).

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics
General
● Space economy
o India: Current size: $8.4 billion (around 2-3% of global space economy);
expected to reach $44 billion by 2033.
o Global: $570 billion
● Funding: ↓ 55% to $59.1 mn in 2024 (Tracxn data)
● ISRO
o Annual budget: $1.6 billion (NASA's- $25 billion -> 15.5 times larger than
India's spending on space)
o Low cost: India spent $74m on the Mars orbiter Mangalyaan and $75m on
last year’s historic Chandrayaan-3 – less than the $100m spent on the sci-fi
thriller Gravity!!
● Private sector in space
o Over 200 space startups are now active in India, leveraging ISRO’s facilities
Space Technology
o Total funding raised -> fell 35% YoY to $81 Mn last year (Inc42’s Indian
Startup Funding Report 2024)
● Space docking: India becomes 4th country; The US, Russia, and China are the
other three countries to perform space docking
● Space tourism
o Global space tourism market size: USD 851.4 million in 2023 ; projected
to reach USD 8,669.2 million by 2030
o Travel to the International Space Station (ISS) is estimated to cost between
20 to 25 million dollars.
● Space debris
o India: By 2030, all Indian satellites will be launched under the zero orbital
debris mission.
o Global: 40,000 objects larger than 10 cm, with millions of smaller fragments
● Biotechnology
o India is emerging as world leader in biotechnology
▪ 6,500 startups and 75 bio-incubators set up by DBT.
o Each month, India's bioeconomy has contributed $11.4 billion to the
national GDP
● Human Genome Sequencing
o India completed sequencing 10,000 healthy genomes from different
regions, representing 99 distinct populations.
Immunization (WHO Estimates of National Immunization Coverage
Biotechnology And (WUENIC) 2023)
Health Sciences  Global:
o Childhood immunization coverage stalled in 2023-> 2.7 million children
either unvaccinated or under-vaccinated.
o Over 50% of unvaccinated children live in the 31 conflict-affected
countries.
o India: In 2023, 1.6 million children missed crucial Diphtheria, pertussis,
and tetanus (together called DPT) and measles vaccinations.
o India accounted for 2 million zero-dose children.
o So far 5.46 crore children and 1.32 crore pregnant women have been
vaccinated under Mission Indradhanush

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
● Neglected Tropical Diseases- Global report on Neglected Tropical
Diseases 2024 (WHO)
● Global Burden: Over 1 billion people affected by NTDs; 1.6 billion need
preventive or curative interventions (WHO).
● India’s Share: accounts for ~40% of the global population requiring NTD
interventions—the highest worldwide.
● 2030 Targets (WHO):
○ 90% reduction in the number of people needing NTD interventions.
○ 75% reduction in vector-borne NTD-related deaths.
● Mortality Trend: Deaths from vector-borne NTDs increased by 22% in 2022
compared to 2016.
● WASH Access: 85.8% in NTD-endemic countries have WASH access
overall, but only 63% among those needing NTD interventions.
● India’s Achievements: Certified free of Guinea Worm (2000) and Yaws
(2016) by WHO.
● Economic Cost: Eliminating NTDs by 2030 could save over $342 billion in
healthcare costs and productivity losses (WHO).
● Rare Diseases
o In India, a disease is considered rare if it affects fewer than 1 in 2,500
individuals.
o Over 70 million Indians living with rare diseases
o 6,000-8,000 classified rare diseases, but < 5% have therapies available.
o 95% rare diseases have no approved treatment & less than 1 in 10 patients
receive disease-specific treatment.
Non-communicable diseases
● NCDs are number 1 cause of death and disability worldwide -> 74% of all
deaths
● low- and middle-income countries-> 77 percent of all NCD deaths occurred.
● Four top killers -> cardiovascular diseases (17·9 million), cancers (9.3
million), chronic respiratory diseases (4.1 million), and diabetes (2.0 million).
● Artificial Intelligence
o Economic Impact (India): AI could add $957 billion (15% of current GVA)
to India’s economy by 2035 (Accenture)
o Global Investment: $761 billion invested globally in AI from 2021–2023.
o Job Risk: 75 million jobs globally at complete risk of AI-driven automation
(ILO).
o India Market Growth: Indian AI market projected to grow at 25–35%
CAGR by 2027 (NASSCOM).
IT And
● Deepfakes
Communication
o 75% Indians have viewed some deepfake content in last 12 months (McAfee
Technology
survey)
● Cryptocurrency
o India home to the highest number of crypto owners globally -> 10.7 crore
individuals invested in digital currencies.
o Projection: By 2025, India’s cryptocurrency market generate $6.4 billion in
revenue, with an estimated 107.3 million users.
o WazirX, India's largest crypto exchange -> $230 million security breach
(user fund loss)
● 33 supercomputers with capacity of 32 petaflops deployed till November 21, 2024
under National Supercomputing Mission
Supercomputers
● Param Pravega-> 3.3 petaflops; largest supercomputer installed in an Indian
academic institution.
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 DATA & FACTS 2025
● Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) ↑ from ₹60,196 crore in FY11 to about
₹1,27,381 crore in FY21.
● Central Government (43.7%), State Governments (6.7%), Higher Education
(8.8%) & Public Sector Industry (4.4%).
● India’s Low GERD as percentage of GDP: 0.64% in 2020–21 [Developed
countries >2% of their GDP on R&D].
● Low Private Sector Contribution: 36.4% in 2020-21
● Women participation: In extramural R&D projects has increased significantly
to 25% in 2019–20 from 13% in 2000–01.
● Research output: India is world’s 4th in research output, but ranks 9th in
citations
● India strong in chemistry research, with the subject making up almost 60% of its
total Nature Index output.
● India aims to overtake US in the number of scientific publications by 2029
R&D And IPR ● Patent applications: 58,503 patent applications were filed in India in 2020–
2021, significantly lower than China or the US.
● Patent grants: one lakh patents granted in FY24
● Term of Patent: Every patent granted is 20 years from the date of filing of the
application.
● Disposal of patent application: In India, it takes about 58 months on average to
dispose of a patent application ( 20 months in China and 23 months in US).
● Low student enrollment in advanced programs (total enrolment in Ph.D. stood
at 2.12 lakh in 2021-22- as per All India Survey on Higher Education).
● PhDs Produced: India annually awards 40,813 PhDs, ranking third globally,
after the United States and China.
● Global rank: India ranks 39th in Global Innovation Index 2024
● Future Prospects: India to spend at least 1%, but ideally 3%, of its GDP every
year until 2047 on R&D for science to have a meaningful impact on development.
● Global rank: India ranks 42 out of 55 in International Intellectual Property Index
● India ranks 7th in terms of the number of nuclear reactors.
● 5th largest source of electricity for India
● 25 operable nuclear energy reactors
● Total installed capacity of 8.88 GW
● target of 100 GW nuclear power capacity by 2047
● Nuclear power generation capacity doubled from 4,780 MW in 2014 to 8,180
MW in 2024
● Union Budget 2025-26 -> Rs.20,000 crore for Nuclear Energy Mission
focused on R&D of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).
Nuclear Technology Others
● First uranium deposit in India was found in 1951 at Jaduguda, in the
Singhbhum Thrust Belt (Jharkhand).
● India's three-stage nuclear power programme (by Dr Homi Bhabha in
the 1950s):
o Stage 1: Natural Uranium Fuelled Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors
(PHWRs)
o Stage 2: Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) Utilizing Plutonium-Based Fuel
o Stage 3: Advanced Nuclear Power Systems for Utilization of Thorium
● Operational Costing: Estimates show that nuclear plants cost only 33-50%
of a coal plant and 20-25% of a gas combined-cycle plant.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

HISTORY

Parameters/Topic Data/Statistics

HISTORY
● The US returned 1,400 looted artifacts, valued at nearly $10 million, to India
Culture: Artefacts (Nov 2024)
smuggling ● India reclaimed 297 antiquities during PM Modi's recent US visit, raising the
total recoveries since 2014 to 640 (Sep 2024).
● India experienced unprecedented prosperity in history.
● GDP in the 16th century -> 25.1% of the world economy - 2nd largest in the
Economy during world.
Mughal period ● Annual revenue of Akbar's treasury in 1600 AD at £17.5 million (in contrast
to the entire treasury of Great Britain two hundred years later in 1800 AD,
which totalled £16 million).
Scholars
● Romesh Chandra Dutt-> In early 20th century ≈ £20 million flew out of
India.
● MG Ranade-> In his book "Essay on Indian Economics," he claimed that
Britishers drained more than one-third of India's wealth into England.
● Dadabhai Naoroji-> India's tax burden in 1886 was 14.3% of total revenue,
significantly higher than England's 6.93%.
Economic drain by
● Angus Maddison (British economist)-> India's share of the world income
British
went from 27% in 1700 AD (compared to Europe's share of 23%) to 3% in
1950.
Reports
'Takers Not Makers: The Unjust Poverty and Unearned Wealth of Colonial
Inheritance' report, 2025 (Oxfam)
● Wealth Drain during Colonial Period -> Between 1765 and 1900, UK drained
$64.82 trillion from India, with $33.8 trillion going to the top 10%.
● Between 1730 to 1947 🢥 31 famines, loss of life of 8.5 cr. Indians
Famines
● In 1770, there was a terrible Famine in Bengal which killed about 1 Crore people.
● Permanent Settlement:
o Covered 20% of British India
o The state received 10/11th of the rent the zamindars received from the
Land Revenue peasantry, with only 1/11th going to the zamindars themselves.
systems o Between 1794 and 1819, 68% of zamindari land was sold in Bengal.
● Ryotwari System:
o Covered 51% area of British India.
o Revenue was fixed at very high rate (45-50%)
● Up until 1750, India produced about 25% of the world's industrial output.
● India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century.
State of Industry ● By 1664, the English East India Company imported more than 750,000 pieces of
cotton goods from India, which accounted for 73 per cent of the Company’s total
trade.
● On April 16, 1853 -> first railway line in India spanning upto 34 kilometers
between Boribandar (Bombay) to Thane.
Infrastructure ● Built 6000 kms of track by 1869 and 45,000 km of track by 1905 with the help of
private enterprises.
● Railway length = 1.2 lakh km --> 53000 km by Britishers (before 1947).

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
● the Portuguese, the first Europeans to come to India (1498), were also the last to
Advent of Europeans
leave this land (1961).
● European Soldier to Indian soldier ratio: 1:2
o Revolt of 1857 – > Proportion of Europeans to Indians was carefully fixed at
Revolt of 1857 1:2 in the Bengal Army and 2:5 in the Madras and Bombay Armies to avoid
another revolt.
● In Awadh, more than 20,000 taluqdars had their estates confiscated
Bengal Partition ● Reason given for Partition: Population of 78 million Bengal had become too big
(1905) to be administered.
● House of Lords endorsed Reginald Dyer’s action and the British public showed
Jallianwala Bagh solidarity with him by helping collect 30,000 pounds for him for his atrocities in
Jallianwala Bagh.
● 1st nationwide movement launched by Gandhiji in 1920 during British rule.
● During Non-cooperation Movement:
Non-Cooperation o Thousands of students left schools and colleges and joined only 800 national
Movement schools and colleges.
(1920 to 1922) o Rs 1 crore were raised for Tilak Swaraj Fund by August 1921, and 1 crore/50
lakhs members got enrolled in Congress.
● Consequence of Non-Cooperation Movement: The import of foreign goods
halved between 1921 and 1922.
Home Rule League ● Tilak’s Home Rule League had 6 Branches while Annie Besant’s Home rule
Movement League had 200+ Branches.
● Gandhi along with a band of 78 members of Sabarmati Ashram, marched from his
headquarters in Ahmedabad for 240 miles.
● On April 23, 1930, the arrest of Congress leaders in the NWFP-> participation of
Civil Disobedience
92% Muslim population.
Movement (1930)
● Gandhi’s Eleven demands-> Reduce Rupee-Sterling Exchange Ratio to 1s 4d:
Called for a change in the exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the British
pound to benefit Indian traders and businesses.
● 1937 elections were held in 11 provinces- Madras, United Provinces, Central
Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab, Bombay and Sindh
● In 1937 elections, An estimated 30.1 million persons, including 4.25 million
women, had acquired the right to vote (12% of the total population), and 15.5
1937 Elections
millions of these, including 917,000 women, participated to exercise their
franchise.
● In 1937 elections, Among the 864 seats assigned “general” constituencies,
Congress contested 739 and won 617.
● Cornawallis Reforms:
o \all higher posts in administration worth more than 500 pounds a year in
salary could be held by Englishmen only.
o Charter Act of 1793 had reserved all posts worth 500 pounds per annum for
the covenant servants of the Company.
Administrative
o Salary of the Collector of a district was raised to Rs. 1500 a month and 1 per
Reforms
cent commission on the revenue collected from his district.
● Viscount Lee Commission recommendations (1924): Parity between Indians and
Europeans: To be achieved 50:50 parity in 15 years.
● Morley-Minto Reforms: number of members in the Central Legislative Council
was raised from 16 to 60.
● Status of illiteracy: 1911—84% and in 1921—92%
Social Development ● Number of Universities:
o 1857: 3 (Calcutta, Bombay, Madras)

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
o 1947: 19 universities, ~500 colleges
● Age of Consent Act(1891): Raised age of consent for girls from 10 to 12 years.
● Child Marriage Restraint Act (1929): Minimum marriage age: 14 (girls) and 18
(boys).
● Gandhi ji campaign for untouchability: Gandhi’s campaign against
untouchability which covered 12,500 miles and lasted for nine months.
● Princely states at the time of Independence: There were 565 self - governing
princely states that were released by Indian Independence act of 1947.
o 562 princely states (in 1920, 60% of total area was British territory & 40%
were Indian states)
● Rabindranath Tagore wrote around 2230 songs.
● Poona Pact: Number of seats reserved for the depressed classes in provincial
Miscellaneous legislatures would be increased from 71 in the Award to 147; and to 18% of the
total in central legislature.
● Third Anglo-Mysore War: Tipu Sultan had to pay Rs.3 Crore as war indemnity.
He also had to surrender 2 of his sons as surety to the British till he paid his due.
● Provinces: 3 provinces in 1773 to 17 provinces in 1947.
● India and its Contradictions: In 18th India became a land of contrasts because
extreme poverty and extreme luxury existed side by side.
Women (Political Participation)
● Independence: 4%
● Now: 14%
Poverty
● Independence: 80% ⭢ 25 yr.
Post Independence ● Now: 21.9% ⭢ 23 cr.
Population
● Independence: 34 cr.
● Doubled till 1981
● Surpassed 1 trillion 2005
● Now to 140 cr.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
INDIA’S NEIGHBOURHOOD
Parameter/Topic Data/Statistics
INDIA’S NEIGHBOURHOOD
Bilateral Data
● Bilateral Trade: $8.66 billion (FY 2022–23)
● Trade Relations:
o India is Nepal’s largest trade partner -> 64.1% of Nepal’s total trade
o Bilateral Free trade agreement (2009): between India and Nepal
● Hydropower: Investments from Indian companies, around USD 2.48 billion. In
Nepal 2023, India approved the first Nepal-Bangladesh power trade via its territory for up
to 40 MW.
● MOUs: India, Nepal ink 10 MoUs worth Nepalese Rs.625 million for community
development projects (April 2025)
● Line of credit of $680 million by India to fund three major transmission corridors
in Nepal- Bheri Corridor, Nijgadh-Inaruwa Corridor and Gandak-Nepalgunj
Corridor.
● Bilateral trade : $1.34 billion. (FY 2022-23)
● India is the largest trading partner (Bhutan imports 88% from India)
● Development assistance: India funds Bhutan’s Five-Year Plans (₹4,500 crore for the
Bhutan
current plan)
● Foreign direct investments: India contributes to 50% of the Bhutan's total foreign
direct investment (FDI)
● Bilateral Trade: From 2018 to 2024, bilateral trade fell from $2.41bn to $1.2bn.
● Trade Relations:
o India withdrew MFN status (after Pulwama)
Pakistan o Pakistan suspended Bilateral Trade (After the August 370 decision)
o India consists of 3% of Pakistan’s total trade.
o Pakistani exports to India plummeted from $547.5m in 2019 to just $480,000 in
2024. India Exports to Pakistan was US$1.18 Billion during 2024
● Bilateral Trade: $1.33 billion in FY23-24
● Development assistance: India has already extended $2 billion in soft loans
● Indian companies: Essar, GAIL, and ONGC Videsh Ltd. have invested in Myanmar’s
Myanmar
energy sector.
● India Exports: US$609.18 million during 2024
● Imports from Myanmar: US$1.52 Billion during 2024
● Bilateral trade: India is Sri Lanka’s largest trading partner (USD 5.5 billion in 2023–24).
● India is Sri Lanka’s largest trade partner
● Exports:US$4.72 Billion in 2024
● Imports: US$967.76 million in 2024
● FDI: investments of USD 2.25 billion till 2023.
● Development assistance
Sri Lanka ○ Assistance of USD 14.9 million by India to undertake a Signaling System in the
Maho Anuradhapura segment of Sri Lankan railways.
○ India has extended over USD 7 billion in credit and USD 780 million in grants to
Sri Lanka.
○ India extended a $400 million currency swap post-COVID and has invested over
$2.25 billion in Sri Lanka
○ A USD 400 million currency swap through the Reserve Bank of India.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
● Bilateral Trade: USD 14.01 billion (2023-24)
● Bangladesh is India’s largest trading partner in South Asia.
● India’s exports: USD 11.06 billion
Bangladesh ● India’s imports: USD 1.8 billion.
● As SAFTA members, India and Bangladesh receive preferential tariff concessions.
● Lines of Credit: In last 8 years, India has extended ~US$ 8 billion of Lines of Credit
(LOC)
● Bilateral Trade: USD 1.5 billion in 2019-20
● India's exports: USD 355.45 million in 2023-24.
Afghanistan ● India’s imports: USD 642.29 million in 2023-24.
● Developmental assistance: India has committed over 3 billion US$ for development
efforts in Afghanistan.

INDIA’S MAJOR BILATERAL RELATIONS

Parameter/Topic Data/Statistics
INDIA’S MAJOR BILATERAL RELATIONS
● Bilateral trade: $129 billion in 2024.
o Target: Mission 500-> $500 billion by 2030.
● Largest trading partner: The U.S. is India’s largest trading partner since 2021-
22.
USA
● Investments: Indian companies have invested $7.35 billion in the US
● Defense Relations: US is India’s 4th largest arms supplier.
● Defense agreements: GSOMIA (2002), LEMOA (2016), COMCASA (2018),
BECA (2020)
● Bilateral trade: $127.7 billion in FY24
● Trade deficit with China: USD 85 billion (2023-24)
● Top Exports to China: Iron ore, refined petroleum, cyclic hydrocarbons and
organic chemicals.
China ● Top Imports from China: Electrical machinery, telecom instruments, mineral
fuels including oil, fertilizers, organic chemicals, computer hardware
● Bilateral Economic Presence
o Chinese Companies in India:174 registered companies
o Indian companies in China: 54
● Bilateral trade: $66 billion in 2023–24
● Investment: India's investments in Russia were estimated to be USD 16 billion.
Russian Investments in India total around USD 20 billion.
● Energy Security: India's Russian crude oil imports will hit close to 1.8 million
Russia barrels per day in May 2025.
● Line of credit: India extended a $1 billion credit line for Russia’s Far East
development.
● Historical Ties: Russia historically provided around 47% of India’s arms imports,
down from 65% historically.
● Bilateral Trade: $12 billion in 2023.
● India’s exports: $3.80 billion
● India’s imports: $5.56 billion.
● Investment: Canadian Pension Funds have cumulatively invested over $ 75
Canada
billion in India
● Diaspora: ~1.8 million; > 3% of its total population.
● FDI: Canada is the 18th largest foreign investor in India; invested $3,306 million
between April 2000 and March 2023.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
● CEPA: In 2010, Canada and India launched negotiations toward a Comprehensive
Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
● Top Exports from India: The main items exported by India to Canada are
Jewellery, Cotton yarn, Organic chemicals, Coffee, Spices, Iron and steel articles,
Textiles, Carpets, Floor spreads, and processed foods.
● Top Imports to India: The main products exported from Canada to India were
Dried Legumes, Coal Briquettes, and Potassic Fertilizers.

INDIA AND WEST ASIA

Parameter/Topic Data/Statistics
INDIA AND WEST ASIA
● Bilateral Trade: $2.33 billion (2022-23)
Iran ● Exports to Iran: $1.66 billion (14.34% growth YOY)
● Imports from Iran: $672.12 million (45.05% growth YOY).
● Bilateral Trade: $83.7 billion in FY 2023–24.
● India is the UAE's second-largest trading partner
● Crude oil: UAE is India’s 4th largest source of crude oil and the 2nd largest source
of LNG & LPG.
● Strategic Oil Reserves: UAE is the only nation in the region to offer to store
strategic oil reserves in India.
UAE ● Exports: $48 billion in FY2023-24. Non-oil exports reached $27.4 billion.
● Imports: USD 50.51 billion
● Remittances:About $14 billion a year.
● Diaspora: around 30% of the UAE's population; 3.5 million (largest ethnic group
in the country)
● UAE is the only country with which India has both a trade agreement—CEPA,
2022—and investment agreement—Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT, 2023).
● Bilateral Trade: ~USD 43 billion (2023-24).
● India is Saudi Arabia's 2nd largest trading partner
● Saudi Arabia is India's 5th largest trading partner.
● Crude oil imports: India's 3rd largest source of crude oil and petroleum products
(2023–24).
Saudi Arabia
● Remittances: 6.7% of India's total inward remittances.
● Investments: Saudi Arabia has invested around USD 10 billion in India so far and
in 2019, it announced plans to invest USD 100 billion more.
● Vision 2030 Synergy: Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 aims to diversify its economy,
and India is seen as a key partner in this transformation
● Bilateral Trade: USD 10.1 billion in FY 2022-2023.
● India is Israel’s 2nd trading partner in Asia and the 9th largest globally.
Israel
● Diaspora: Approximately 85,000 Jews of Indian origin live in Israel.
● Major component: Trade in diamonds constitutes about 50% of bilateral trade.
● Bilateral Trade: $67.77 million in 2020
Palestine ● India has donated around $141 million in various forms of aid to the Palestinian
Authority, including $39 million in administrative support.
● Bilateral Trade: USD 14.08 billion (2023-24)
● Target: Aim to double bilateral trade from $14 billion to $28 billion in the next
five years.
Qatar
● LNG: Qatar is India's largest LNG supplier, providing over 40% of imports.
● Exports and Imports: In 2023-24, the country's imports from Qatar stood at USD
12.34 billion, while its exports were only USD 1.7 billion.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
● India's primary exports to Qatar include Basmati rice (USD 124 million), articles
of iron and steel (USD 200 million), and machinery (USD 106 million)
● A large portion (85 per cent) of India's imports from Qatar comprises LNG (USD
6.3 billion), butane, propane mostly for LPG production (USD 3.1 billion), and
petroleum crude (USD 1.1 billion)
● Trade: USD 161.59 billion during 2023-24
Persian Gulf
● Oil and Gas: Around 60% of India’s crude oil imports come from GCC countries.

INDIA- EUROPE
Parameter/Topic Data/Statistics
INDIA- EUROPE
● Bilateral Trade: $57 billion in 2024
● Trade Relations:
o India was the UK's 11th largest trading partner in 2024, accounting for
2.4% of total UK trade.
o Exports and Imports: India's exports stood at $8.5 billion and imports
were $3.7 billion.
o FDI: India is second-largest investor in terms of the number of FDI
projects for the UK for five consecutive years.
o Economic asymmetry: India's larger economy ($4 trillion) contrasts
with UK's higher per capita income ($50,000 vs. $3,000).
India-UK FTA
United Kingdom
● It aims to double trade between the world’s fifth and sixth-largest economies in
goods and services, increasing it from $60 billion currently to $120 billion by 2030.
● It grants zero-duty access for 99% of Indian exports to the UK, including
textiles, apparel, leather, footwear, marine products.
● Tariffs on automobiles will drop significantly, from over 100 percent to 10
percent under a special quota system
● Expected outcomes
○ ↑ UK’s GDP by £3.3 billion by 2035 and double bilateral trade from
US$60 billion in 2024 to US$100 billion by 2030.
○ ↑ bilateral trade, with projected annual growth of around 15 percent until
calendar year 2030 [Care Edge report].
● Bilateral trade: $9.9 billion in 2023
● Spain is India’s 6th largest trade partner in Europe
● Investments: Spain is 16th largest investor in India, with $4.2 billion in FDI
Spain
(April 2000 – June 2024) with over 280 Spanish companies active in India.
● Indian companies have invested over US$ 900 million in Spain predominantly in
the IT services, pharmaceuticals, and logistics sectors
● Bilateral trade: Germany is India's largest trade partner in Europe, with bilateral
trade reaching US$ 33.33 billion in 2023.
● Trading partner: Germany continued to be the 12th largest trading partner for
India also in 2023-24.
● Exports and imports: Indian exports to Germany rose to US$10.1 billion, while
Germany German imports to India stood at around US$14.9 billion.
● Foreign Direct Investments: Germany is the 9th largest foreign direct investor
in India, with a cumulative FDI of US$ 14.5 billion, with around 1,800 German
companies operating in India.
● Development cooperation: The total volume of bilateral technical and financial
cooperation by the end of 2023 amounted to about Euro 24 billion.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
● Trade: USD 13 billion in FY2022-23
● France is India's 11th largest trading partner in the European Union, with bilateral
France trade exceeding $12 billion in 2023.
● Exports: US$ 7 billion
● Imports: US$5.82 billion

INDIA - CENTRAL ASIA

Parameter/Topic Data/Statistics
INDIA - CENTRAL ASIA
● Trade: $3 billion in 2023-24
● Exports from India to Central Asia: Pharmaceuticals, mechanical equipment, auto
parts, textiles, and optical instruments.
Central Asia
● Imports from Central Asia to India: Fruits and vegetables, juice products,
lubricants, fertilizers, and raw materials.
● Nuclear Fuel: Kazakhstan exports 80% of India’s Uranium

INDIA- ASIA PACIFIC

Parameter/Topic Data/Statistics
INDIA- ASIA PACIFIC
● Trade: $ 122.67 billion in 2023-24
ASEAN ● Exports and Imports: Exports at $ 41.2 billion; imports were at $80 billion during 2023-24.
● Diaspora: Over 6 million strong Indian diaspora in the region
● Trade Relations:USD 27.8 billion in 2022-23.
● Trade Target: India and South Korea aim to reach a bilateral trade volume of USD 50 billion
South Korea by 2030
● Exports and Imports: India's imports were $21.13 billion, while exports were only $6.41
billion.
● Bilateral trade stood at US$ 22.85 billion in FY24.
● Exports and imports: Exports from Japan to India during 2023-24 were US$ 17.69 billion
and imports were US$ 5.15 billion.
Japan
● FDI: Japan is among the top 5 FDI sources
● India surpassed Japan to become the 4th largest economy in the world
● India-Japan CEPA (2011) covers trade, services, investments, and IPRs.
● Bilateral Trade: $30 billion in 2023,
● India is Australia's fifth largest trading partner
Australia
● Exports and Imports: India's goods exports reaching $7.94 billion and imports at $16.15
billion.

INDIA AFRICA
Parameter/Topic Data/Statistics
INDIA AFRICA
● Trade: USD 83.34 billion in 2023-24
● India is Africa's 4th largest trading partner
● Exports and imports: India’s exports at $45 billion and imports at $38 billion
Africa
● Investments: India’s investment in Africa reached $98 billion
● UN Peacekeepers: 6,000 Indian soldiers in UN peace-keeping missions in five
conflict zones in Africa.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
MULTILATERAL

Parameter/Topic Data/Statistics

MULTILATERAL

● GDP: 37.3% of world GDP (compared to EU’s 14.5 % and the G7’s 29.3%)
● Population: BRICS countries collectively account for 46% of the global
population, with significant populations in China and India
BRICS ● Total Intra-BRICS Trade: US$614.8 billion as of 2022.
● Powerful driver for the global economy
○ Over the past decade, the combined BRICS GDP has grown by 179%.
○ Total trade of the member nations has expanded by 94%.

● Geography: 3% of the world's land area

● Population: 21% of the world's population and
SAARC
● Global GDP: 5.21% (US$4.47 trillion) of the global economy, as of 2021.
● Intra SAARC Trade: Their intra-regional trade stands at just 5.8%.

● Population: Home to around 1.5 billion people that constitute around 22% of the
global population
● GDP: Combined Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of USD 3.8 trillion.
● Intra-BIMSTEC trade: Around 7% of the total trade among member countries
BIMSTEC
as of the latest data.
● The total intra-BIMSTEC trade volume was about $60 billion in 2023
● Trade potential : The Bay of Bengal is the largest bay in the world and is the
route for about 25 percent of global trade.

● Population: Almost two-thirds of the global population,

● Global GDP: 75% of global trade, and 85% of the world's GDP.
● CO2 emissions: The G20 countries are responsible for approximately 80% of
global carbon dioxide emissions.
G20
● Military spending: The G20 countries account for approximately 85% of global
military spending.
● Foreign direct investment: The G20 countries account for approximately 80%
of global foreign direct investment.

● The combined GDP of the QUAD countries is approximately 35.08% of the

world GDP.
● The combined population of the QUAD countries is approximately 23.78% of
QUAD
the world population.
● The combined defense spending of the QUAD countries is approximately
46.88% of the world defense spending.

● Total GDP: The combined GDP -> USD 33.99 trillion.

● Total Population: The total population of these countries is around 2.451 billion
IPEF people.
● Total Trade Volume: The total trade volume of the member countries is about
USD 11.705 trillion.

● The combined GDP -> 23% of the world GDP.

SCO
● Population: 42% of the world population.

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 DATA & FACTS 2025

● Defense Spending: The combined defense spending is approximately 20.61% of

the world defense spending.

● The combined GDP of the major NATO countries is approximately 37.90% of

the world GDP.
● The combined population is approximately 7.34% of the world population.
NATO ● The combined defense spending is approximately 48.93% of the world defense
spending.
● Combined total budget: $1.47 trillion in 2024
● Combined intra-NATO trade: Approximately $3.3 trillion (2023)

● Estimates suggest that WTO members contribute approximately 98% of world

GDP.
WTO
● WTO members represent approximately 96% of the world population.
● Combined Intra-WTO Trade: Approximately $33 trillion (75% of global trade)

● It is the world’s largest free trade agreement by members’ GDP.

● Combined GDP of RCEP Countries: Approximately $30.53 trillion (29.36% of
world GDP)
● Combined Population of RCEP Countries: Approximately 2317 million
RCEP
(28.96% of world population)
● Combined Defense Spending of RCEP Countries: Approximately $485.3
billion (21.67% of world defense spending)
● Intra-RCEP Trade: Approximately $13.2 trillion (30% of global trade)

● Combined Population: Approximately 4.8 billion (2023)

● 3 Largest Countries by Population
o India: Approximately 1.42 billion
NAM o Indonesia: Approximately 280 million
o Pakistan: Approximately 243 million\
● Approximate Combined GDP: $28 trillion (estimation based on major members)
● Approximately 26.92% of world GDP

● Combined Population: 10% of world population

G7 ● Contribution: 40% of global economy
● Combined GDP: Approximately $45.62 trillion

● Population: Approximately 2.7 billion

● 3 Largest Countries
o India: 1.42 billion
IORA o Indonesia: 280 million
o Bangladesh: 170 million
● GDP Combined GDP: Approximately $10 trillion
● Proportion of World GDP: Approximately 9.62% of world GDP

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 DATA & FACTS 2025
MISCELLANEOUS

Parameter/Topic Data/Statistics

MISCELLANEOUS

● Contributed > 2, 53, 000 troops, the largest number from any country.
● Participated in >49 missions.
● Currently, Indian Armed Forces are deployed across 9 countries in peacekeeping
India’s contribution to
missions like UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) (Golan), UN Interim
UNPKF
Force in Lebanon (UNFIL), etc.
● First country to deploy All Women Contingent in 2007 to United Nations Mission
in Liberia (UNMIL).

● Population: 35.42million (15.85 million NRIs and 19.57 million PIOs and
OCIs) [Jan 2024]
● Top three countries with largest Indian overseas populations are the United
States (5.4 million), the United Arab Emirates (3.6 million), and Malaysia
(2.9 million).
● India got 14.3% of global remittances in 2024
Indian Diaspora Indian-American diaspora contributions
● The US is the top source of remittance ($26B out of $113 billion in 2022-
2023).
● ~20% of Indian unicorns have cofounders who have leveraged US higher
education.
● 13% of US scientific publications had Indian American co-author.
● 1 in 10 Americans practices yoga (2023)

● Remittances inflow: Doubled to USD 118.7 billion in 2023-24 (compared to

2011).
● Top 5 source countries: US (27.7%) followed by the UAE, the UK, Saudi
Arabia, and Singapore.
Remittances ● Top 3 recipient states in India: Maharashtra (20.5%), followed by Kerala and
Tamil Nadu.
● Economic contribution: 3-3.5% of India’s GDP since 2000
● Kerala: Over 36% of Kerala’s state domestic product, boosting per capita
income.

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