PENGENALAN EMPANGAN

MOHD HAZRI BIN MOH KHAMBALI

KETUA PENOLONG PENGARAH KANAN,
BAHAGIAN REKABENTUK DAN EMPANGAN
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA
 Pengenalan Empangan
1 • Definisi, sejarah dan fakta
• Jenis-jenis empangan
2 Isu dan Cabaran

3 Inisiatif dan Perancangan

4 Perundangan dan garispanduan

• SEA dan EIA

5 Keselamatan Empangan
• MyDAMS
PRESENTATION 6 • Implikasi Pembinaan Empangan
OUTLINE • Rumusan
 MALAYSIA’S WATER SCENARIO
0.3%
1.6 BCM
Non-Domestic
Demand
(SPAN, 2017)
6.2 BCM
17% (1.2%)
43% from WTP
0.5%
971 BCM 412 BCM 84 BCM (SPAN,2017)

Annual Rainfall Evaporation

Dam Storage
 104 dams
2.4 BCM
Domestic Demand
 3 times global  High humidity rate (SPAN, 2017)
average (80%)
 Affected by  Chuping, hottest 0.4% 2.2 BCM
temporal & place in the country
spatial factor (40.1°C in 1998)
Lost due to Non-revenue water STP

51% 2,986 river network 51 polluted river

494 BCM 80%-85%

Surface Runoff
 Primary source of fresh
6% water (97%) 410 BCM
 17% stored Released to sea
61 BCM  10% for environmental
Groundwater flow
Recharge
 Groundwater reserves
about 5 trillion cubic
meters (JICA 1982)
 Kelantan (Water Supply)
 Selangor (Industry)
2.1%
MALAYSIA
WATER BASIN 10.4 BCM
Paddy + Crops + Livestock
(NWRS, 2020)
 60% of overall demand (exclude fisheries)
 DAM

“All man-made barriers, together

with appurtenant works,
constructed for storage or
control of water or other fluids”

• This classification normally excludes canals and leeves, but MyDAMS may be used as a basis for
developing safety management plans for these structures, if need exists.
• Applicable to dams that are 10 m or more in height and storage more than 20,000 m³; Or
• Dams that higher than 5 m and storage more than 50,000 m³
• Not intended to be applied to tailings dams, aquifer recharge dam and check dam
Infrastructure Perspective
and Dam Facilities

1. Jetty & facilities

Dam
catchment
boundary 5. Perimeter
fencing

2. Street lighting 3. Waterway barrier

9. Guard house
4. Log boom
6.Perimeter
road

Gate
7. Fence
8. Quarters (operation area)
Main Dam
Spillway

Dam operation areas.

Dam catchment
boundary
JABATAN Pengairan & Saliran, Malaysia
  Average age of Dams have
DAM FACTSHEET IN MALAYSIA exceeded 50 years
 Bukit Merah oldest large
dam (113 years)
MAIN FUNCTION  81 large Dams, 23 small
LOCATION OF DAMS Dams
4 2
17 5  Total storage is 84,000
Water Supply MCM
14 Hydroelectric
11 Irrigation  2600m3 per capita North
10 10 America - 6000m3, Australia -
9 9 Flood Mitigation
8 8 Sedimentation 4500 m3, South Africa -
6 Recreation
5 63 800m3
4 16
1 1 2 3
 6 Dams have been raised
(1965 – 2010)

Dam Owner / Operators in

Malaysia
YEARS OF COMMISSIONING TYPE OF DAMS
80 70 JBA, NRECC 63
28
60 DID 16
17 18
40
9 10 12 12 18 14 Energy Company 16
6 20 4
1 2 2 3
0 0 MOA 7
Earth fill Concrete Rock fill Others
gravity Private/Local 2
Authority
 MAKLUMAT ASAS EMPANGAN JPS
EMPANGAN KOLAM TAKUNGAN
Nama Empangan Luahan
(Tahun Siap Lokasi Panjang Aras Kawasan Alur Luas Aras Kelas
Bil. Tinggi Puncak (m) Puncak Tadahan Kapasiti Limpah Permukaan Biasa Bencana Fungsi
Dibina)/Saiz (Negeri) Jenis
(m) (m) (sq.km) (MCM) Maksimum (sq.km) (NPL m)
(L=Besar, S=Kecil)
(cumecs)
Anak Endau
1 Pahang Earthfill 18.0 700 23.0 36 38.0 250 7.20 19.00 High I/WS
(1985)/L
2 Batu (1987)/L Selangor Earthfill 44.0 550 109.0 50 36.6 228 2.50 102.7 High WS/FM
3 Bekok (1990)/L Johor Earthfill 20.3 3460 23.00 326 32.0 1152 12.00 13.30 High WS/FM
4 Beris (2004)/L Kedah CFR 40.0 155 88.0 116 122.4 260 16.1 84.00 High I/WS/FM
Bukit Kwong
5 Kelantan Earthfill 7.62 1524 18.29 11 14.3 42.5 4.04 16.76 High I/WS
(1979)/L
Bukit Merah
6 Perak Earthfill 9.1 579.09 11.28 480 74.98 424.7 41.0 8.69 High I/WS
(1906)/L
7 Gopeng (1961)/S Perak HF 8.54 85.34 70.71 10.6 0 78 NA NA Low SR
8 Labong (1949)/L Johor Earthfill 10.67 259 10.67 16 12.8 84.5 6.05 8.03 Significant I/WS
9 Macap (1982)/L Johor Earthfill 11.5 550 19.81 77 30.6 306 9.09 15.85 Significant WS/FM
Padang Saga
10 Kedah Earthfill 8.3 61 23.01 12 0.2 195 0.05 21.18 Significant I/WS/FM
(1964)/S
11 Perting (2003)/L Pahang Porous 21.5 138.6 118.0 125 NA 28.3 1.05 NA High SR
12 Pontian (1985)/L Pahang Earthfill 15.5 350 7.5 170 40.0 605 20.00 5.00 Significant I/WS
Repas Baru
13 Pahang Earthfill 20.0 40 128.96 11 0.4 85 0.05 126.22 Significant SR
(1963)/L
Repas Lama
14 Pahang Earthfill 13.4 210 143.29 10 0 60 NA NA Low SR
(1925)/S
15 Sembrong (1984)/L Johor Earthfill 11.0 1770 15.0 130 18.0 640 8.50 8.50 High WS/FM
Timah Tasoh
16 Perlis Earthfill 17.30 3455 32.0 191 40.0 436 13.33 29.1 High I/WS/FM
(1992)/L
PETUNJUK L – Large Dam (Besar) / S – Small Dam (Kecil) NPL – FM – Flood Mitigation (Tebatan Banjir) W S– Water Supply CFR –Concrete Face Rockfill Dam (Empangan Tambakan Batu dengan Permukaan Konkrit) HF – Hydraulic Fill (Tambakan Hidraulik)
Normal Pool Level (Aras Takungan Biasa) MCM - 1 x 106 m3 (Bekalan Air)
NA – Tiada I – Irrigation (Pengairan)
SR – Silt Retention (Penahanan Kelodak)
STRUKTUR EMPANGAN (Macap)

EMPANGAN UTAMA/MAIN DAM

JENIS EMPANGAN | TANAH PANJANG | 550M
LEBAR | 6.1M TINGGI | 7M
CREST LEVEL | 19.8M MSL

WADUK/RESERVOIR
PANJANG | 6.4KM
LEBAR PURATA | 1.6KM
KAPASITI EMPANGAN | 30 JUTA M3
STRUKTUR EMPANGAN (Macap)

JENIS EMPANGAN |
TANAH
PANJANG | 140M
LEBAR | 6.1M
TINGGI | 7M
CREST LEVEL |
19.8M MSL

ALUR LIMPAH/ SPILLWAY

JENIS STRUKTUR | KONKRIT

JENIS ALUR LIMPAH | 3 NOS RADIAL
GATED WEIR & 2 NOS UNGATED WEIR
PANJANG | 61M
LEBAR | 54.8M
 KEMUDAHAN DI
KAWASAN
Rumah Bot
OPERASI
M&E

Kuarters
Jeti

Pusat Informasi Pejabat Operasi

/B.Mesyuarat
KUALA KUBU
DAM FAILURE 1883
Built in 1780s with
earth & logs for tin
mining activities
1.6km length
91.4m width
In 29 October 1883 (103 years), a heavy
downpour caused the dam to burst open
and flood the town.

Tin mining
activities
affected

38 houses
washed away

33 people
killed
Incl. Cecil Ranking, Revenue
Officer & First English Magistrate
at Kuala Kubu
 Dam Break Cases around DAM INCIDENTS
World (1911 –IN 2018)
MALAYSIA
RISK &
USD
FAILURE
17 8 2.16 216,298
Deaths
MODES
 Overtopping
Dam Break Billion during extreme
Countries
Cases Damages flood event /
climate change
Bertam Valley Mud Flood
 Piping &
Tragedy (22nd October 2013) Seepage
 Weakness in
foundation

 Earthquake

Hydrologic

Non-Hydrologic

Source: MyDAMS (2017)

 LESSONS LEARNT
Kenyir Dam, Terengganu

Chereh dam,
Add a little bit of Sg Lembing,
body
Kuantan, Pahang
text
Pahang.

21 DISEMBER 2021
 WORLDWIDE DAM FAILURE INCIDENTS

BEFORE AFTER

ST. FRANCIS DAM, USA (1928) – landslides in embankment

BEFORE AFTER Project No 6

MALPASSET DAM, FRANCE (1959) – seepage at dam foundation

LESSONS LEARNT
• 24 Julai 2018
• 6000 penduduk dipindahkan.
• Lebih 100 rumah hanyut.
• Beratus orang hilang.
LESSONS LEARNT
LESSONS LEARNT
EMBANKMENT DAM DIAGRAM
 EMBANKMENT DAM DIAGRAM

PARTS OF DAM
 Earth-fill Dam

Empangan Bekok
Darawat Dam,
Pakistan
Empangan Beris, Kedah
(Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam)
Gordon Dam, Tasmania
 63 Water Supply Dam
Owned by State Water Authority
70 63 Majority dams used

Number of Dams
60
50 for water supply (65%)
40
30 16 14
20 5 4
10 2
0

2,400 MCM Only 3% of total

dam storage
Total Storage (84,000 MCM)

4 - 185 YEARS 25% of dam age

exceeds 50 years
Dam Age Range

Air Itam Dam, Penang Largest

Largest Highest
 First dam built in Penang Island Storage Surface Dam
Area
 Completed by 1962
 Storage capacity of 2.6 million m3 Linggiu Dam Chereh Dam Selangor Dam
 Earth fill type with bellmouth type of spillway (760 MCM) (16 km2) (110 m)
 14 Irrigation Dam Muda Dam, Kedah
Owned by DID & MOA  Built in 1969 under the Muda Irrigation Scheme
70 63  Aimed to provide irrigation to enable double cropping of paddy (96,000ha)
Number of Dams

60 13% of dams used  Storage capacity is 154 MCM

50
40 for irrigation
30 16 14
 Reinforced concrete buttress (ambursen) type with overflow spillway.
20 5 4
10 2
0

2,000 MCM Only 2.4% of total

dam storage
Total Storage (84,000 MCM)

4 - 113 YEARS 50% of dam age

exceeds 50 years
Dam Age Range

Largest Largest Highest

Storage Surface Dam
Area

Pedu Dam Paya Peda Dam Ahning Dam

(1,073 MCM) (77 km2) (74 m)
 16 Hydropower Dam
Owned by Energy Company
70 63
Number of Dams

60 15% of dams used

50
40 for hydropower
30 16 14
20 5 4
10 2
0

Total Primary Energy Supply by

Fuel Type
80,000 MCM 95% of total dam
storage (84,000
Total Storage MCM)

4 - 89 YEARS 25% of dam age

exceeds 50 years
Dam Age Range

Chenderoh Dam, Perak

Largest Largest
Surface
Highest  The oldest hydropower dam in Malaysia
Storage Dam
Area  Completed in 1930 to meet the electricity demand for tin mining industry in Perak
 Concrete hollow buttress Ambursen type dam
Bakun Dam Chenderoh Dam Bakun Dam  Total storage of 95.4 MCM
(44,000 MCM) (20 km2) (205 m)
 5 Flood Mitigation Dam Sembrong Dam, Johor
Owned by DID  Completed in 1984
70 63  Primarily cater for flood mitigation, later tapped for water supply.
Number of Dams

60
50
5% of dams used  Total storage capacity up to 18 MCM during Normal Pool Level.
40 for flood mitigation
30 16 14
20 5 4
10 2
0

137 MCM 0.16% of total

dam storage
Total Storage (84,000 MCM)

27 - 37 YEARS Dam age below

50 years
Dam Age Range

Largest Largest Highest

Storage Surface Dam
Area

Timah Tasoh Dam Timah Tasoh Dam Batu Dam

(33 MCM) (13 km2) (44 m)
ISU & CABARAN

Designed by Freepik
SEDIMENTATION PROBLEM

SOURCES: https://www.hcn.org/articles/water-as-sediment-builds-a-
colorado-dam-faces-its-comeuppance-paonia-reservoir
Designed by Freepik
 Sedimentation Problem

Source : Classification of Management Alternatives to Combat Reservoir Sedimentation, Gregory L. Morris

 SEDIMENTATION PROBLEM
The loss of water-storage capacity,
eventually lead to the reduced
reliability of water and power supply.
• Burial of dam outlets and water
intakes
• Reduced water depths,
• Reduction in surface area for
recreation.
• Increased dam safety risks from
sediment loads against the dam
 Turbidity issues at Pergau Dam, Kelantan

SOURCE :
Site visit report by JMG
Kelantan on June 2020.
Sedimentation and floating
plant in Machap Dam
AGEING DAM

BUKIT MERAH DAM

 RAPIDLY INCREASING SAFETY RISK

YEARS OF COMMISSIONING
28

17 18

12 12
9 10
6
2 2 3
1 0
< 1900 1901 - 1910 1911-1920 1921-1930 1931-1940 1941-1950 1951-1960 1961-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2016

>100 >100 89-98 79-88 69-78 59-68 49-58 39-48 29-38 19-28 9-18 3-8 2019
years years years years years years years years years years years years

44 dams more than 50 years

(Increasing safety risk)
 Dam Failures
1. Overtopping caused by water spilling over the top of a dam.
2. Foundation Defects, including settlement and slope instability,
cause about 30% of all dam failures.
3. Cracking caused by movements like the natural settling of a dam.
4. Inadequate maintenance and upkeep
5. Piping is when seepage through a dam is not properly filtered

References: https://damsafety.org/dam-failures
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VRGTkCv3sU
 SEPARATION OF POWER
WATER SUPPLY Dept. irrigation MINISTRY OF
ENERGY COMPANY
AUTHORITY & drainage AGRICULTURE
Water Supply Flood Mitigation Hydropower Irrigation

Responsible for water,

rivers, land, and forest
including gazetting the
water catchment areas &
control of development in
State Government the states

 Technical advice
 Capacity building A legal framework to be established
 Financial support to standardize surveillances
 Data Collection & restoration of dams.

Federal Government
 PROTECTION OF DAM
CATCHMENTS/RESERVE

 Secure from encroachment or trespassing

 To curb pollution and disturbances of

catchment area

 Inadequate enforcement presence

 State jurisdiction

 Prevent land being developed may incur

loss of revenue for States Government.

 Land needed for development, Payments

for Ecosystem Services (PES) not
established
Inisiatif dan Perancangan oleh Kerajaan
 Sustainable Development Goals 2015 - 2030
Government • SDG Target 06 – Clean Water and
Sanitation - Ensure availability and
Initiatives on Dam sustainable management of water and
Safety in sanitation for all
• SDG Target 07 – Affordable and Clean
Malaysia Energy - Ensure access to affordable,
reliable, sustainable and modern energy
Cabinet Directive
for all
(21st May 2014)

Prepare An Emergency Conduct Immediate

Response Plan (ERP/EAP) Proper Maintenance Work
For 41 High Risk Dam

Strengthening The Capacity

Of Technical Team And Dam Establish Dam Technical
Operator Centre (DTC)
Establish A Special Committee On Dam
Safety At The Federal Level
(NRE/KATS/KASA/NRECC)
 JAWATANKUASA KHAS PENGURUSAN
KESELAMATAN STRUKTUR EMPANGAN

a) Kementerian Sumber Asli, Alam Sekitar

dan Perubahan Iklim
b) Kementerian Pertanian dan Keterjaminan
Makanan
c) Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia
(JPS)
d) Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains (JMG).
e) MyCOLD

 To regulate the management of dams

 To ensure compliance to dam management standards
 National Dam Safety Management
Guidelines (MyDAMS)

“Provides a framework for the management of

dam safety, and guidelines for development
and implementation of dam safety practices
throughout Malaysia”

Applicable to dam:
(i)Height : ≥ 10m & storage capacity : ≥ 20,000 m³
(ii)Height : ≥ 5m & storage capacity : ≥ 50,000 m³

Objectives:
• To manage dams in Malaysia in a systematic and sustainable manner.
• To ensure uniform dam safety management practices according to acceptable
standards
• To protect life, property and the environment from the any risk of dam failure
 MALAYSIA DAM
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES
MyDAMS
 MYDAMS
MALAYSIA DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES

54
 DAM PERFORMANCE MONITORING &
MAINTENANCE WORK
ENHANCING DAM SURVEILLANCE
DATABASE
Add a little bit of body text  Provision made for continuity of dam
records and database for future
reference
 Improving surveillance assessment
 Enhance the decision making process
related to dam safety and operation
using AI
• Documentation of procedures and  Digitalisation and Digitisation of dam
practices is needed to ensure the records and documents
safe operation of the dam under  Smart Database and Management
various conditions. System
• The potential impacts of operations  Revise the screening tool for dam hazard
on the public, the environment, and classification
other stakeholders should be
documented.
55
SURVEILLANCE INSPECTION
 EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN (EAP)
EAP STATUS

Add a heading
Add a little bit of body text Dam without
proper EAP, 39.5%
Dam with EAP,
60.5%

57
 Emergency Action Plan (EAP)
The purposes of preparing the EAP :

1. To preplan the coordination of necessary actions by the Padang Saga Dam

owner and the responsible local, State, and/or Federal officials to provide for
timely notification, warning and evacuation in the event of an emergency

2. To reduce the risk of loss of life and property damage, particularly in

downstream areas of the Dam and the River basin, resulting from an
emergency situation
 CAPACITY BUILDING

1. CERTIFIED DAM SAFETY INSPECTOR TRAINING

COURSE

Add a little bit of body text

Collaboration with

Objective CDSI
• To produce dam safety inspectors who are
qualified in carrying out safety inspection
duties

2. CERTIFIED DAM RISK ASSESSMENT TRAINING

COURSE By 2025

300
Certified Dam Safety
Inspector
59
 STATE GOVERNMENT

Add a heading a) Technical:

Add a little bit of body text - Upkeep instrumentation
- Enhance basic data collection
Gazette the operating area and water
body of the dam.
• Upkeep staffing
• Mastery on basic and regular
•The Ministry will continue to ensure the security of inspection
the dam by ensuring that the management of the
dam complies with the law of Protected Areas and
b) Administration:
Protected Places Act 1959
- Increasing fund for O&M
The Ministry will continue to work with the state - Enforcement of law that protect
government to ensure that the dam can be catchment areas
gazetted for the public interest in terms of
security and water resources.
60
Perundangan
 PENILAIAN STRATEGIK ALAM SEKITAR
(SEA)

Skop SEA lebih meluas berbanding

penilaian konvensional dan biasanya dibuat
pada peringkat polisi dan program dan
berkait dengan penilaian sosial and
ekonomi. Kaedah lain, seperti EIA, biasanya
dilakukan di peringkat projek.
62
 PENILAIAN STRATEGIK ALAM SEKITAR
(SEA)

• Proses membuat keputusan di

peringkat strategik.
• Mengenal pasti pilihan-pilihan
strategik yang boleh menghasilkan
outcome yang lebih mampan.
• Penilaian projek berlaku dalam
persekitaran polisi yang telah
ditetapkan terlebih dahulu.

63
Kandungan Laporan EIA

Perkara atau isu teknikal yang harus diberi perhatian dalam

menilai setiap satu Laporan EIA yang dibentangkan oleh
pemilik sesuatu projek adalah seperti berikut:.

1. Tinjauan projek / kajian kemungkinan;

2. Pematuhan dasar dan undang-undang (penyaringan);
3. Pengumpulan data awal (sekunder / primer);
4. Penglibatan pihak berkepentingan;
5. Skop projek;
6. Menetapkan keperluan dan metodologi kajian;
7. Data dasar;
8. Ramalan dan penilaian impak;
9. Langkah-langkah mitigasi; dan
10. Kerangka kerja pengurusan alam sekitar.
IMPLIKASI PEMBINAAN EMPANGAN
Rujukan:
https://theconstructor.org/st
ructures/environmental-
impacts-of-dams/236/
 IMPLIKASI PEMBINAAN EMPANGAN - EKONOMI

YEARS OF COMMISSIONING
28

17 18

12 12
9 10
6
2 2 3
1 0
< 1900 1901 - 1910 1911-1920 1921-1930 1931-1940 1941-1950 1951-1960 1961-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2010 2011-2016

>100 >100 89-98 79-88 69-78 59-68 49-58 39-48 29-38 19-28 9-18 3-8 2019
years years years years years years years years years years years years
 MAKLUMAT KOS DAN PENGAMBILAN TANAH
Keluasan tanah yang
Bil Nama Empangan Tahun Kos telah diambilalih dan Negeri
Dibina Pembinaan dibayar dengan
peruntukan Persekutuan
( RM ) *
*

1. Timah Tasoh 1992 24,521,655.60 3,821,883 ekar Perlis

2. Padang Saga 1964 243,285.95 tiada Kedah
3. Bukit Kwong 1979 5,683,819.00 928.31 ha ++ Kelantan
4. Bukit Merah 1906 1.6 juta Tiada Perak
5. Batu 1987 19.7 juta 1,636.506 ekar + Selangor
6. Pontian 1985 15,835,664.92 tiada Pahang
7. Anak Endau 1985 9,873,663.50 20.430 ha. Pahang
8. Labong 1949 Tiada Tiada Johor
9. Bekok 1990 22.0 juta 1,728.31 ha Johor
10. Sembrong 1984 24.0 juta 772.9 ha Johor
11. Macap 1982 15.6 juta 1,028.30 ha Johor
Implikasi Pembinaan Empangan – Ekonomi

Source:
Haiyun Shi, Ji Chen , Suning Liu and Bellie Sivakumar :
The Role of Large Dams in Promoting Economic
Development under the Pressure of
Population Growth : MDPI, Basel, Switzerland (2019)
 Dams vs GDP

Source: Malaysia GDP 2017= 315 billion USD

Haiyun Shi, Ji Chen , Suning Liu and Bellie Sivakumar :
The Role of Large Dams in Promoting Economic Linear regression between the number of large dams and the GDP data for (a) all the countries
Development under the Pressure of worldwide, (b) developed countries, © developing countries, and (d) the LDCs.
Population Growth : MDPI, Basel, Switzerland (2019)
IMPLIKASI PEMBINAAN EMPANGAN – ALAM SEKITAR
1. Gangguan sistem ekologi yang melibatkan kemusnahan sumber
biologi dan kepelbagaian genetik.
2. Gangguan dan kemusnahan hutan.
3. Risiko ancaman flora dan fauna .
4. Risiko hakisan dikawasan hilir empangan
5. Masalah microcuaca persekitaran: Ketiadaan tumbuhan besar
mengakibatkan cuaca panas.
 IMPLIKASI PEMBINAAN EMPANGAN - SOSIO

1. Migrasi hidupan dari kawasan hutan ke kawasan berpendudukan dan

mendatangkan masalah kepada penduduk setempat.
2. Memberi impak kepada penduduk tempatan seperti kawasan orang
asli.
a) Tradisi dan budaya hidup
b) Risiko penyakit
c) Kehilangan/pertukaran kawasan rayau
3. Risiko banjir dikawasan hulu akibat kenaikan aras air permukaan.
4. Risiko ancaman flora dan fauna.
 RUMUSAN
 Empangan menggalakkan pembangunan ekonomi dan menyumbang
kepada KDNK yang lebih tinggi.
 Kerjasama antara kerajaan negeri-persekutuan dalam keselamatan
empangan adalah penting, untuk melindungi orang ramai dan harta
benda di sekitar empangan.
 Peranan empangan dalam keseimbangan air adalah penting untuk
mengekalkan keselamatan air.
 Kegagalan empangan tidak dapat dipulihkan dan memberi kesan ketara
kepada pertumbuhan sesebuah negara.
 Menginstitusikan keselamatan empangan adalah penting dalam
menangani risiko yang ditimbulkan oleh empangan.
 THANK YOU

BAHAGIAN REKABENTUK DAN EMPANGAN, JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA