PARTA : STATISTICS

CHAPTER 2
COLLECTION OF DATA
Let’s Recall !

Que. What do you understand by the term

‘STATISTICS’ in the ‘Singular Sense’?
 STATISTICS
IN THE SINGULAR SENSE --

‘STATISTICS’ is the science of :

i. Collection – Gathering raw data
ii. Organisation- Editing the raw data
iii. Presentation – Making tables or graphs
iv. Analysis – condensing long lists of data
v. Interpretation of data – Drawing out
meaningful conclusions
 STAGE 1
of the Statistical Research
-- COLLECTION OF DATA
People/Institutions required for
Collection of Data :
1. INVESTIGATOR
2. ENUMERATORS
3. RESPONDENTS
COLLECTION OF DATA

Situation 1 :
If the person in the center
has initiated a statistical
research and is asking
questions from all the
people around him, then :
i. What is he known as ?
ii. What are the persons
around him known as ?
COLLECTION OF DATA

Situation 1 :
If the person in the center has
initiated a statistical research and
is asking questions from all the
people around him, then :

i. He is known as the
Investigator.
ii. The persons around him are
known as the respondents.
COLLECTION OF DATA

Situation 2 :
If the person in the center has
initiated a statistical research
and is asking the people around
him to collect data for him
from the population of the
country, then :
i. What is he known as ?
ii. What are the persons
around him known as ?
COLLECTION OF DATA

Situation 2 :
If the person in the center has
initiated a statistical research
and is asking the people around
him to collect data for him
from the population of the
country, then :

i. He is known as the
investigator.
ii. The persons around him
are known as the
enumerators.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
People/Institutions required for Collection of Data :

 INVESTIGATOR- the person/institution who/which

starts a statistical research

 ENUMERATORS – the people who are employed by

the investigator to collect the necessary data

 RESPONDENTS – the people who provide the data by

giving response to the questions asked by the
enumerators/investigator.
SOURCES/TYPES OF DATA
THAT CAN BE COLLECTED
1. PRIMARY DATA
2. SECONDARY DATA
 SOUCES OF
COLLECTION OF DATA
1. PRIMARY DATA – It refers to that data
which is collected by the investigator for the
first time for a specific purpose.
2. SECONDARY DATA – Data collected by
someone and used by someone else is known
as secondary data.
 Here, when we refer to
Table 3.1 and Graph 3.1
printed in NCERT book
of Grade IX, then we
are referring to a
Secondary Source of
Data as this data was
not collected by NCERT
originally.

 NCERT has just

reprinted
information collected
by some other
source.
 Here also, when we refer to
Graph
3.2 and Table 3.2 printed in
NCERT book of Grade IX,
then also we are referring to a
Secondary Source of Data as
this data was not collected by
NCERT originally.

 NCERT has just reprinted

information collected by
some other source.
Primary Data and Secondary Data
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

1. First hand information 1. Second hand information

2. Original Data 2. Copied Data from

newspapers, internet,
magazines , etc.
3. Time consuming 3. Time saving

4. Expensive 4. Economical
 Let’s Reason It Out !
1. Which source of data will be first hand
information ?
2. Which source of data will be copied from an
already existing data?
3. Which source of data will require a lot of
time in its collection ?
4. Which source of data will require a lot of
expenditure in its collection ?
 CHOICE BETWEEN
PRIMARY SOURCES AND SECONDARY SOURCES
Lets Ponder Over !
1. Which source of data collection will you choose if you
have very limited time ?
2. Which source of data collection will you choose if you
have very limited money ?
3. Which source of data collection will you choose if you
want it to be very accurate ?
4. Which source of data collection will you choose if the
topic of research is a new one and there is no published
or printed information on it so far ?
 CHOICE BETWEEN
PRIMARY SOURCES AND SECONDARY SOURCES
Lets Ponder Over !
1. Which source of data collection will you choose if you
have very limited time ? – SECONDARY DATA
2. Which source of data collection will you choose if you
have very limited money ? – SECONDARY DATA
3. Which source of data collection will you choose if you
want it to be very accurate ? – PRIMARY DATA
4. Which source of data collection will you choose if the
topic of research is a new one and there is no published
or printed information on it so far ? – PRIMARY DATA
 CHOICE BETWEEN
PRIMARY SOURCES AND SECONDARY SOURCES
Factors on which Choice of the Source of Data Collection
depends upon are :

1. AVAILABILITY OF TIME

2. AVAILABILITY OF MONEY / FUNDS

3. DEGREE OFACCURACY

4. STATUS OF THE INVESTIGATOR – i.e. individual,

private agency, government organisation, etc.
 CHOICE BETWEEN
PRIMARY SOURCES AND SECONDARY SOURCES
Important Points Regarding the Choice of the Source of
Data Collection :
 Primary data are generally used only in those cases
where secondary data do not provide adequate and
accurate information.
 Now-a-days secondary data are increasingly being
used as they are easily available.
 In certain cases, both primary and secondary data are
used.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS
or
METHODS OF DATACOLLECTION
1. CENSUS SURVEY or CENSUS METHOD

2. SAMPLE SURVEY or SAMPLING METHOD

Note :
Population or Universe – All the items/elements which
come under the purview of the statistical research are
together known as the Population or Universe of the
statistical research.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS
or
METHODS OF DATACOLLECTION
Population or Universe – All the items/elements which
come under the purview of the statistical research are
together known as the Population or Universe of the
statistical research.

Example : In the given picture,

all the 11 people comprise the
Population/universe of the study.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS
or
METHODS OF DATACOLLECTION

If the statistical research is on

the topic “ STUDY HABITS OF
XI GRADE STUDENTS” ,

THEN WHAT WILL BE THE

POPULATION/UNIVERSE OF
THIS STATISTICAL STUDY ?

GRADE XI
STUDENTS
 TYPES OF SURVEYS
or
METHODS OF DATACOLLECTION

If the statistical research

is on the topic “ STUDY
HABITS OF XI GRADE
STUDENTS” ,

THEN WHAT WILL BE

THE POPULATION/
UNIVERSE OF THIS
STATISTICAL STUDY ? GRADE XI
STUDENTS

14 STUDENTS
 1. CENSUS SURVEY
 If information is
collected from the
entire POPULATION
or UNIVERSE,
then its known as
a CENSUS SURVEY.
GRADE XI
STUDENTS
 2. SAMPLE SURVEY
 If information is
collected only from a
small SAMPLE
(selected elements)
of the GRADE XI
POPULATION or STUDENTS
UNIVERSE, then it
is known as a
SAMPLE SURVEY.
 COLLECTION OF DATA

Two types of surveys or methods of data collection

CENSUS SURVEY or CENSUS METHOD

SAMPLE SURVEY or SAMPLING METHOD
 COLLECTION OF DATA
Let’s recall !
Que 4. Which of the two methods of data
collection is :
i. Easier ?
ii. Less time consuming ?
iii. Economical ?
iv. More accurate ?
 COLLECTION OF DATA

Que 4. Which of the two methods of data collection is :

i. Easier ? - SAMPLE SURVEY

ii. Less time consuming ?- SAMPLE SURVEY
iii. Economical ? - SAMPLE SURVEY
iv. More accurate ? - CENSUS SURVEY
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
CENSUS AND SAMPLING METHOD
 COMPARISON OF
POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Que. State the main characteristic of the sample

drawn out from the universe.
 COMPARISON OF
POPULATION AND SAMPLE

The main characteristic of the sample is that

it is representing the universe from which it has been drawn out.
 SAMPLING
Sampling refers to the technique of
selecting a sample from the entire
population such that

the sample is able to represent the

population well.
Comparisons of different samples
SAMPLE A SAMPLE B

Que . Which sample represents the population

in a better way ?
Comparisons of different samples
SAMPLE A SAMPLE B

Sample A represents the population

in a better way as all different types of elements
have been included in the sample.
 TECHNIQUES OF SAMPLING

In order to ensure that the selected sample represents the

population very well, a proper technique should be followed
to select a sample from the population.

There are two main Techniques of Sampling :

1. RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

2. NON - RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
 TECHNIQUES OF SAMPLING
RANDOM SAMPLING NON - RANDOM SAMPLING

1. Selection is done by CHANCE. 1. Selection is done by CHOICE.

2. Every element of the universe has 2. Every element of the universe

an equal chance of getting selected. does not have an equal chance of
getting selected.

3. It is an unbiased 3. It is a biased technique of

technique of selection. selection.

4. It is also known as 4. It is also known as

PROBABILITY SAMPLING. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING.
 COLLECTION OF DATA

Let’s Recall !

Que 1. What is Sampling ?

 SAMPLING
Sampling refers to the
technique of selecting a sample
from the entire population
such that
the sample is able to
represent the population well.
 COLLECTION OF DATA

Let’s Recall !

Que 2. What
are the two types
of Sampling Techniques?
 TECHNIQUES OF SAMPLING
1. RANDOM SAMPLING 2. NON - RANDOM SAMPLING

1. Selection is done by CHANCE. 1. Selection is done by CHOICE.

2. Every element of the universe has an equal 2. Every element of the universe does not have
chance of getting selected. an equal chance of getting selected.

3. It is an unbiased technique of selection. 3. It is a biased technique of selection.

4. It is also known as PROBABILITY SAMPLING. 4. It is also known as PURPOSIVE SAMPLING.

 COLLECTION OF DATA
TECHNIQUES OF RANDOM SAMPLING
SAMPLING TYPE A SAMPLING TYPE B

Population Sample
Population Sample
 COLLECTION OF DATA

TECHNIQUES OF RANDOM SAMPLING

1. UNRESTRICTED RANDOM
SAMPLING

2. RESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING

 COLLECTION OF DATA

TECHNIQUES OF RANDOM SAMPLING

1. UNRESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING – In this

the universe is not divided into sub-groups.

2. RESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING– In this the

universe is divided into sub-groups.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
TECHNIQUES OF RANDOM SAMPLING
UNRESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING RESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING

Population Sample
Population Sample
 COLLECTION OF DATA
TECHNIQUES OF UNRESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING

1. LOTTERY METHOD

2. TABLE OF RANDOM NUMBERS

 COLLECTION OF DATA
TECHNIQUES OF UNRESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING

1. LOTTERY
METHOD
 COLLECTION OF DATA
TECHNIQUES OF UNRESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING

1. LOTTERY METHOD – This can be used if size of

the population is not very large.

2. TABLE OF RANDOM NUMBERS– This can be

used if size of the population is very large and
making chits is very difficult.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
TECHNIQUES OF UNRESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING
2. TABLE OF RANDOM NUMBERS
 COLLECTION OF DATA

Let’s Ponder Over !

When should we use ‘Restricted

Random Sampling’ ?
 COLLECTION OF DATA

We should use ‘Restricted Random

Sampling’ when our universe is
not homogeneous !
 COLLECTION OF DATA
TECHNIQUES OF RESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING

1. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

2. CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING

3. SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

 COLLECTION OF DATA
1. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

 In this case the population is divided into sub-groups known as STRATA , such that all
similar(homogeneous) elements come in one stratum.

 And then few elements (either a fixed percentage or a fixed number) have to be selected
from each stratum.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
2. CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING

 In this case the population is

divided into sub-groups known as
Clusters, such that all different
(heterogeneous) elements come in
one cluster.

 And then few clusters are selected

as sample clusters from which
elements can be selected.

 And then few elements have are

selected from the sample clusters.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING
 COLLECTION OF DATA
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

 In this we select every ‘nth’ element.

 Where n = Population Size

Sample Size

 Sampling start can be anywhere

from 1 to n
 COLLECTION OF DATA
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

 What will be n if sample size is 3 ?

 What will be the sampling start in

this case ?
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
Most common type of instrument used in surveys
- QUESTIONNAIRE/ INTERVIEW SCHEDULE.
 POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

 The questionnaire should not be too long. The number

of questions should be as minimum as possible.

WHY ??????????
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
Most common type of instrument used in surveys
- QUESTIONNAIRE/ INTERVIEW SCHEDULE.
 POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE
 The questionnaire should not be too long. The number of questions should
be as minimum as possible.

 Long questionnaires discourage people from

completing them.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
Most common type of instrument used in surveys
- QUESTIONNAIRE/ INTERVIEW SCHEDULE.
 POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE
 The series of questions should move from general to specific. The
questionnaire should start from general questions and proceed to more
specific ones. This helps the respondents feel comfortable.

What should be the sequence of the following questions :

(i) Which mobile phone do you prefer the most ?
(ii) Do you use a mobile phone ?
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
Most common type of instrument used in surveys
- QUESTIONNAIRE/ INTERVIEW SCHEDULE.
 POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE
 The series of questions should move from general to specific. The
questionnaire should start from general questions and proceed to more
specific ones. This helps the respondents feel comfortable.

Poor Q : (i) Which mobile phone do you prefer the most ?

(ii) Do you use a mobile phone ?

Good Q : (i) Do you use a mobile phone ?

(ii) Which mobile phone do you prefer the most ?
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE
 The questions should be precise and clear.

Which question is better ?

- What percentage of your income do you spend on clothing in

order to look presentable?

- What percentage of your income do you spend on clothing?

 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

 The questions should be precise and clear.

Poor Q : What percentage of your income do you spend on

clothing in order to look presentable?

Good Q : What percentage of your income do you spend on

clothing?
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE
 The questions should not be ambiguous, to enable the respondents
to answer quickly, correctly and clearly.

Which question is better ?

- Do you spend a lot of money on books in a month?

- How much do you spend on books in a month?

(i) Less than Rs 200 (ii) Between Rs 200–300
(iii) Between Rs 300–400 (iv) More than Rs 400
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE
 The questions should not be ambiguous, to enable the respondents
to answer quickly, correctly and clearly.

For example -

Poor Q : Do you spend a lot of money on books in a month?

Good Q : How much do you spend on books in a month?

(i) Less than Rs 200 (ii) Between Rs 200–300
(iii) Between Rs 300–400 (iv) More than Rs 400
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE
 The question should not use double negatives.
 The questions starting with “Wouldn’t you” or “Don’t you” should
be avoided, as they may lead to biased responses.

For example:
Poor Q : Don’t you think smoking should be prohibited?
Good Q : Do you think smoking should be prohibited?
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

 The question should not be a leading question, which gives a clue

about how the respondent should answer.

For example:
Poor Q : How do you like the flavour of this high-quality tea?
Good Q : How do you like the flavour of this tea?
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE
 The question should not indicate alternatives to the answer.
For example:

Poor Q : Would you like to do a job after college or be a housewife?

Good Q : Would you like to do a job, if possible?
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE
 The questionnaire may consist of :
closed ended (or structured) questions or
open ended (or unstructured) questions.

• Closed ended or structured questions can either be a two-way question or a

multiple choice question.
• When there are only two possible answers, ‘yes’ or ‘no’, it is called a two-way
question.
• When there is a possibility of more than two options of answers, multiple
choice questions are more appropriate.
Example, Q. Why did you sell your land?
(i) To pay off the debts. (ii) To finance children’s education.
(iii) To invest in another property. (iv) Any other (please specify).
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

Example, Q. Why did you sell your land?

(i) To pay off the debts. (ii) To finance children’s education.
(iii) To invest in another property. (iv) Any other (please specify).

MERITS OF CLOSED ENDED QUESTIONS

 Closed -ended questions are easy to use, score and code for analysis,
because all the respondents respond from the given options.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE
DEMERITS OF CLOSED ENDED QUESTIONS

 They are difficult to write as the alternatives should be clearly written to

represent both sides of the issue.
 There is also a possibility that the individual’s true response is not present
among the options given. For this, the choice of ‘Any Other’ is provided,
where the respondent can write a response, which was not anticipated by
the researcher.
 Moreover, another limitation of multiple-choice questions is that they tend
to restrict the answers by providing alternatives, without which the
respondents may have answered differently.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA
POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS

 Open-ended questions allow for more individualised responses,
 but they are difficult to interpret and hard to score,
 since there are a lot of variations in the responses.

Example, Q. What is your view about globalisation ?

 COLLECTION OF DATA

Let’s recall !

Que . Enumerate a few points to be

kept in mind while designing a
QUESTIONNAIRE.
 POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND
WHILE PREPARING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

 The questionnaire should not be too long. The number of questions should
be as minimum as possible.
 The series of questions should move from general to specific.
 The questions should be precise and clear.
 The questions should not be ambiguous, to enable the respondents
to answer quickly, correctly and clearly.
 The questions starting with “Wouldn’t you” or “Don’t you” should be
avoided, as they may lead to biased responses.
 The question should not be a leading question, which gives a clue about
how the respondent should answer.
 Objective (Closed ended questions) should ne preferred as the respondents
feel quite comfortable while answering them.
 MODES
OF
COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- MODE OF COLLECTION OF DATA

There are three modes of Collection of Data

(basic ways of collecting data):

1. Personal Interviews,
2. Mailing(questionnaire) Surveys, and
3. Telephonic Interviews.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- MODE OF COLLECTION OF DATA

1. Personal Interviews

2. Mailing(questionnaire) Surveys

3. Telephonic Interviews
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- MODE OF COLLECTION OF DATA
1. Personal Interviews
 This method is used when the researcher has access to all the members.
 The researcher conducts face to face interviews with the respondents.

MERITS DEMERITS
 High response rate due to personal  Expensive
contact
 Time Consuming
 Queries of respondents are answered.
 Might involve
 Misinterpretation and Investigator’s bias
misunderstanding are avoided.

 Detailed answers can be taken

 Spontaneous Response – implies

authentic answers
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- MODE OF COLLECTION OF DATA
1. Personal Interviews (Explanation of points)
 This method is used when the researcher has access to all the members.
 The researcher conducts face to face interviews with the respondents.

MERITS DEMERITS
 Personal contact is made between the respondent  It is expensive, as it
and the interviewer. requires trained
 The interviewer has the opportunity of explaining interviewers.
the study and answering any query of the  It takes longer time to
respondents. complete the survey.
 The interviewer can request the respondent to  Presence of the researcher
expand on answers that are particularly important. may inhibit respondents
 Misinterpretation and misunderstanding can be from saying what they
avoided. really think.
 Watching the reactions of the respondents can
provide supplementary information.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- MODE OF COLLECTION OF DATA
2. Mailing the questionnaires
When the data in a survey are collected by mail, the questionnaire is sent to each
individual by mail with a request to complete and return it by a given date.

MERITS DEMERITS
 Economical (Cheaper)  Queries of respondents are not
answered. So there is a possibility of
 Wider Reach misinterpretation of questions.

 Free from investigator’s bias  Answers can be diluted(manipulated).

 Enables the respondents to give  Low response rates due to :

thoughtful answers • returning the questionnaire
without completing it,
Note : These days online surveys or • not returning the questionnaire at
surveys through short messaging service all,
i.e. SMS have become very popular. • loss of questionnaire in the mail
itself, etc.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- MODE OF COLLECTION OF DATA
2. Mailing the questionnaires (Explanation of points)
When the data in a survey are collected by mail, the questionnaire is sent to
each individual by mail with a request to complete and return it by a given
date. MERITS DEMERITS
 It is less expensive.  There is less opportunity to provide
 It allows the researcher to have access to assistance in clarifying instructions.
people in remote areas too, who might be  So there is a possibility of
difficult to reach in person or by misinterpretation of questions.
telephone.  Mailing is also likely to produce low
 It does not allow influencing of the response rates due to certain factors such
respondents by the interviewer. as :
 It also permits the respondents to take • returning the questionnaire without
sufficient time to give thoughtful answers completing it,
to the questions. • not returning the questionnaire at all,
 These days online surveys or surveys • loss of questionnaire in the mail
through short messaging service i.e. SMS itself, etc.
have become very popular.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- MODE OF COLLECTION OF DATA
3. Telephonic Interviews
- In this case, the investigator asks questions over the telephone.
MERITS DEMERITS

 Cheaper than personal interviews.  Limited access - many people may not
own telephones.
 Time saving.
 Visual reactions of the respondents
 Queries of respondents are answered. cannot be seen. Such reactions are
imperative to obtain information on
 Many respondents find it more sensitive issues.
comfortable as compared to personal
interviews.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- MODE OF COLLECTION OF DATA
3. Telephonic Interviews(Explanation of points)

MERITS
- In this case, DEMERITS
the investigator asks questions over the telephone.
 Such interviews are cheaper than  In this case there is a limited access to
personal interviews. people, as many people may not own
telephones.
 They can be conducted in a shorter time.
 Telephonic Interviews also obstruct visual
 They allow the researcher to assist the reactions of the respondents, which
respondent by clarifying the questions. becomes helpful in obtaining information
on sensitive issues.
 Telephonic interview is better in the cases
where the respondents are reluctant to
answer certain questions in personal
interviews.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- COMPARISON OF MODES OF COLLECTION OF DATA

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Highest Response Rate
• Allows use of all types of questions • Most expensive
Personal
• Better for using open-ended questions • Possibility of influencing respondents
Interview
• Allows clarification of ambiguous • More time consuming.
questions.

• Least expensive
• Cannot be used by illiterates
• Only method to reach remote areas
Mailing the • Long response time
• No influence on respondents
Question- • Does not allow explanation of
• Maintains anonymity of
naires ambiguous questions
respondents
• Reactions cannot be watched.
• Best for sensitive questions.

• Relatively low cost

• Limited use
Telephonic • Relatively less influence on
• Reactions cannot be watched
Interview respondents
• Possibility of influencing respondents.
• Relatively high response rate
 What are the various
Stages of a statistical research ?
STAGES OF A STATISTICAL RESEARCH ---

i. Collection – Gathering raw data

ii. Organization- Editing the raw data
iii. Presentation – Making tables or graphs
iv. Analysis – condensing long lists of data
v. Interpretation of data – Drawing out meaningful
conclusions
 What are the various
stages/steps of collection of data ?
 Stages/steps of collection of data ---
i. Draw out a complete plan of action
ii. Decide whether to conduct a Sample Survey or
Census Survey
iii. Design a Questionnaire
iv. Decide about the mode of distribution of the
questionnaire
v. ________________________________
vi. Check the filled up forms for consistency and
completeness
 COLLECTION OF DATA
- INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA

Stages/steps of collection of data ---

i. Draw out a complete plan of action
ii. Decide whether to conduct a Sample Survey or Census
Survey
iii. Design a Questionnaire
iv. Decide about the mode of distribution of the
questionnaire
v. CONDUCT A PILOT SURVEY
- make necessary modifications
vi. Check the filled up forms for consistency and completeness
COLLECTION OF DATA

What is a Pilot Survey ?

 COLLECTION OF DATA
Pilot Survey
 Once the questionnaire is ready, it is advisable to
conduct a try-out with a small group which is known as
Pilot Survey or Pre-Testing of the questionnaire.
 The pilot survey helps in providing a preliminary idea
about the survey.
 It helps in pre-testing of the questionnaire, so as to know
the shortcomings and drawbacks of the questions.
 Pilot survey also helps in assessing the suitability of
questions, clarity of instructions, performance of
enumerators and the cost and time involved in the actual
survey.
 Conduct a Research on –

i. Population Census of India

ii. National Sample Survey
Organisation
 OBJECTIVES OF NSSO
• To provide statistical and other information for the
purpose of state or national planning and policy
requirements.

• To evolve statistical techniques for the analysis of

statistical data, the solutions of administrative problems
and estimation of future trends.

• To collect and publish information which will be of use to

those engaged in economic activities in the country.

• To provide and analyse information which are useful to

research workers in socioeconomic fields.
 FUNCTIONS OF NSSO
• The NSSO was established by the Govt. of India to conduct
nation wide surveys on socio-economic issues like
employment, literacy, maternity, child care, utilisation of
public distribution system etc.

• It decides the topics to be covered in a particular survey

round.

• NSSO has the central responsibility of coordinating the

results of the crop estimation surveys conducted by the
states.
National Sample Survey Organization

BY ADITYA ANSH
(XI D)
• The data
collected by
NSSO is
released via
reports and
its quarterly
journal
Sarvekshana
 FUNCTIONS OF NSSO
• NSSO was established by the government of
India to conduct nation wide surveys.
• It conducts surveys which are based on socio-
economic issues.
• The NSSO does continuous surveys in
successive rounds
• The data collected by NSSO is released via
reports and its quarterly journal Sarvekshana
• NSSO provides periodic estimates of literacy ,
school enrollment , utilization of educational
services , unemployment , manufacturing ,etc.
 PREVIOUS NSSO SURVEYS
• The NSS 59th round survey (January–
December 2003) was on land and livestock
holdings.
• The NSS 60th round survey (January– June
2004) was on morbidity and health care.
• NSS 72nd round survey (Jul 2014 - Jun 2015)
was on Consumer Expenditure, Domestic
Tourism and Household Consumption of
Durable Goods and Services.
 SOME OTHER MAJOR AGENCIES
• CENSUS OF INDIA
• CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANISATION (1951)
• REGISTRAR GENERAL OF INDIA (1961)
• DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF COMMERCIAL
INTELLIGENCE AND STATISTICS (1931)
 CENSUS OF INDIA
 The Census of India provides the most complete and continuous
demographic record of population.
 The Census is being regularly conducted every ten years since 1881.
 The first Census after Independence was held in 1951.
 The Census collects information on various aspects of population such as the
size, density, gender ratio, literacy, migration, rural-urban distribution etc.
 Census in India is not merely a statistical operation, the data is interpreted
and analysed in an interesting manner.
 COLLECTION OF DATA
 There are some agencies both at the national and
state level, which collect, process and tabulate the
statistical data.

 Some of the major agencies at the national level are

 Census of India,
 National Sample Survey Organisation(NSSO),
 Central Statistical Organisation (CSO),
 Registrar General of India(RGI),
 Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence
and Statistics(DGCIS),
 Labour Bureau etc.