Construction Machinery
(Crane Safety)
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Objectives:
Working on this module should enable participants to:
• To know and appreciate the importance of crane safety
• Describe how cranes work
• Identify the types of Cranes
• Know and understand lifting plan, including crane set up and load
chart
• Know and understand lifting gear and slings
Introduction
Material Handling Is a technique which includes the art of lifting, placing,
storing or moving of materials through the use of appropriate handling
equipment and men.
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Material Handling Accidents
National Safety Council (NSC) shows that improper materials handling
accounts for 20% - 25% of all occupational injuries.
Hazards Associated with Materials Handling include the following:
● Failure of the lifting equipment
● Falling load
● Collisions
● Entrapment between materials and/or
equipment
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Take-off Activity
List down at least 5 hazards present in crane operation with
corresponding risk
Hazards Risk (Possible Effect)
1
2
3
4
5
Hazards in Crane Operation
1. Structural Failure & Overloading
2. Instability Failure
3. Material Falling or Slipping
4. Electrical Hazards
5. Other Hazards
• Being struck by the crane
• Caught in between the crane
• Falls https://i.pinimg.com/236x/fc/d8/c5/fcd8c5017fe659f116bd5e66c6d9d801-
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CRANE
A crane is a machine with a boom, primarily designed to raise and
lower heavy loads.
Two Basic Types of Cranes
1. Stationary
2. Mobile
⮚ Stationery
1. Overhead Traveling Crane
2. Gantry Crane
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3. Tower Crane
Mobile Crane
1. Truck mounted with lattice
- Boom or telescopic boom
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2. Crawler mounted with lattice boom
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3. Mobile Tower Crane
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Causes of Crane Accidents
CRANE MOVEMENTS
Crane Safety
• Structural soundness of the equipment and its components
• Proper crane operation
• Proper rigging operation
• Proper assembly & dismantling procedure
Load Capacity
• Structure
• Hook
• Wire rope
• Hoisting Mechanism
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Mobile/Tower Crane Load Capacity
Tower Crane Load Chart
• Based on radius
Mobile Crane
• Boom length
• Boom angle indicator
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Hook Requirement
• Provided with safety latch
• Hook opening
• Hook twisting
• No cracks
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Wire Rope Requirement
• Rope Criteria
Over 7 strands are severed in one lay
⅓ diameter or individual wire
Kinks, birdcage or other damages
• At least 2 wire of rope shall remain
in the drum when the hook is places
at the lowest portion
Basic Rules for Safe Operation of Crane
A. Pre-operation 3rd Party Inspection DO13 sec 10.1.B
All heavy equipment must be tested and certified in accordance
with the standards prepared by DOLE or its recognized
organization/s prior to commissioning of said equipment.
Basic Rules for Safe Operation of Crane
A. Pre-operation
1. Barricade areas in which personnel could be trapped or
crushed.
2. Mark the location of all underground utility services
3. Check engine, controls, brakes, safety devices for normal
operation.
-over hoist safety device
-trolley limit switches
google.com
● Only certified operator: Sec 10.2.4.a
Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their
designated heavy equipment.
● Rigger/Signalman: Sec 12.6.i
Blind spots
Specialized instruction and training should be given to workers
as signalers.
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● Documents
● Daily Cheklist: 10.2.2b
Standards checklist of steps and procedures must be observed
❏Equipment Logbook: 10.2.3
The General Contractor and the equipment owner shall maintain
a separate logbook for data on maintenance, repairs, test and
inspections for each heavy equipment. Such logbook should be
used as a necessary reference during the conduct of equipment
inspection
▪ LIFTING PLAN
✔Load Chart
✔Weight of Load to be lifted
✔Safety Factor
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● Safety Officer requirement: 10 Heavy Equipment is to 1 Safety
Officer (10:1) DO13 Sec 7.3
The General Contractor must be for one (1) Construction Safety &
Health Officer for every ten (10) units of heavy equipment
assigned to the project site to oversee the effective compliance
with project site, in terms of heavy equipment utilization and
maintenance.
● Competent person for lifting
● Delivery of equipment to site: Sec 10.2.1
Mobilization or transport of heavy equipment guidelines must be
enforced such as load restriction of trailers carrying such heavy
equipment, height and weight requirements and securing of loads.
Preventive Maintenance program : Sec 10.2.3
Routine inspection of all heavy equipment must be performed by DOLE
Accredited professionals in accordance to standards set by DOLE recognized
equipment suppliers
Training on crane and rigging Safety Sec 12.6A
Specialized instruction and training should be given to drivers and operators of
lifting appliances, transport, earth moving and materials handling equipment
and machinery or any equipment of specialized or dangerous nature.
B. Operation
Safe Operation of Cranes
Rule #1 Do not carry or use crane beyond the rated load
Rule #2 Never move load over people.
Rule #3 Never allow personnel to ride on a load.
Rule #4 Center the crane over the load before starting to hoist.
∙ Keep hoisting ropes vertical
∙ No side pull
Rule #5 Lift, move & lower loads smoothly.
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Rule #6 Crane operators should not use limit switches to stop the hoist under
normal operating conditions.
Rule #7 Do not leave suspended load unattended.
Rule #8 Keep hook block more than 2m above the floor when not in use.
Rule#9 Use tagline to stabilize and control loads.
Rule#10 Respond to signals from designated signalman only.
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Operating on slope
▪ Slewing from high side to low side increases radius
▪ Slewing from low side to high side may cause collapse of jib backwards
▪ Side load can cause sideways collapse
Dual Lift
▪ Keep load horizontal to prevent overloading
▪ Better use the same types of crane
▪ Load 80% of rated max-load of each crane https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/DZ7lFm4afIgvCSWH6uA8azGltUjAkeHLkwMv_n2eG0d
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▪ Only one signal man in charge should give signals
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Stability
▪ Make sure outrigger are fully extended
▪ Provide support
▪ Leveled
Stability
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Electricity
❖ Maintain safe distance
❖ Use nylon guy wire
❖ In case of accident contact
with live wire, operator
should jump
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Rigging - is the process where a load is prepared for lifting using
a lifting machine. The main part of this process is the tying up of
the load with sling and or other connecting devices so that the
load could be hooked onto a crane
Rigging Requirement
● Familiarity with load calculation
● Sling Protection(Corner Padding)
● Principle of a center of gravity
● Familiarity with standards signs
Failure to rig the load properly would result to:
• The load became damaged on impact
• The load fell on someone and injure or kill him
• The load fall on a structure causing damage to both
property and life
• The sudden release of load causing the crane to be
destabilized and topple
RIGGING EQUIPMENT
• Slings
Wire rope
chain
Webbing
• Hook
• Shackle
Rigging Methods:
Note: 20% Reduction in lifting
capacity
41
Rigging Methods:
42
Sling Angle
• Rigger’s Capacity Card – Angle Factor
Sling Angle Factor X ½ Weight of Load = Capacity of Sling
43
Sling Angle
44
Rigging to a Hook:
45
Do’s & Don’ts:
46
Sling Inspection
● It ensures safety
● It ensure that components will be replaced when necessary
● It provides advance warning before something breaks resulting in
severe damage
When to remove a sling from service
● The size, type and frequency of lifts
● The consequences of breakage, including injury and damage
● The next inspection date
Wire Rope Sling (Kind)
▪ Regular Lay
The wires and strands spiral in opposite direction
▪ Lang’s Lay
The wires in the strands and the strands in the rope are laid in the same
direction. Lang’s Lay rope should not be used for single part hoisting
due to its tendency to untwist. Its biggest advantage is its resistance to
abrasion.
▪ Regular Lay ▪ Lang’s Lay
Wire Rope Sizing
“A wire rope is measured across its diameter at its widest point. This called
measuring across the “crowns”, not the “flats”.
What to Inspect
▪ Broken wires
▪ Abrasion
▪ Crushed strands
▪ Corrosion
▪ Kinks
▪ Electric Arc
▪ Metal Fatigue
▪ Diameter Reduction
▪ Bird Caging
Chain Sling
● Chains are better suited than wire rope for certain jobs as the
well withstand rougher handling and will not kink.
● Chains are much more resistant to abrasion and corrosion
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Precaution when using chains
● Keep shock loading to a minimum
● Never shorten a chain by tying a knot in it, or by boiling two links
● Never repair damaged links and re-use the chain. Have the whole chain
replaced.
● Never weld a chain
● If the links of a chain bind on each other than the chain is
overstretched
● Always use softeners or paddings on the corners of sharp edged loads.
Chain Inspection
● Clean a chain before inspection. Dirt and grease hide nicks and cracks
● Inspection for wear. Any portion of the chain worn by 15% should be
removed from service immediately.
● Inspect for stretch. Compare the chain with its original length. Any
length increase means wear or stretch
● Inspect for twisted or bent links, cuts, gouges or nicks
● Inspect for cracks. If any is found,
replace the entire chain.
● Inspect for localized stretching. A
chain can be overloaded in one
specific area.
● Inspect the link welds.
● Inspect the chain sling master ring
and other fittings on the chain for any
wear stretching, damage, signs of
overloading or cracks
Shackle
The shackle is commonly used to connect the legs of slings together for
multi legend rigging. After the slings are connected via the shackle, the
shackle is the looped over the hook of a crane. This ensures that the hook
of the crane is only loaded at one point.
Shackle Inspection
Check for wear, corrosion, and crack on the shackle. Wear and crack are
most likely to happen at its saddle.
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Summary
An unstable load, lack of communication, lack of training, and
inadequate maintenance or inspection are major contributors to
crane accidents.
Operators or others working in the area can be victims to “struck
by" and "caught in" injuries.
Contact with power lines causes many accidents.
A competent person must inspect a crane regularly to insure it is
in proper order.
Planning and training reduces accidents.
