Air pollution
Introduction
a) Air Pollution System:
There isn't a single "air pollution system." Air pollution refers to the introduction of harmful
substances into the atmosphere. This can happen through various sources that release
pollutants into the air we breathe. These pollutants can then mix and react with other
atmospheric components, creating smog or other harmful byproducts.
b) Air Pollutants:
Air pollutants come in various forms, broadly categorized as:
• Gases: These include common pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide
(SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
• Particulate Matter (PM): Tiny particles suspended in the air, categorized by size
(PM10, PM2.5). Sources include dust, smoke, and combustion byproducts.
• Biological Pollutants: These are living organisms or their byproducts, like pollen,
mold spores, and bacteria.
These pollutants can have severe consequences for human health, the environment, and even
climate change.
Air Pollution Laws: Combating a Global Challenge
Air pollution is a worldwide issue, and many countries have established legal frameworks to
address it. Here's a look at air pollution laws around the world and how India tackles this
problem:
Global Efforts:
• International Agreements: Several international agreements set frameworks for air
pollution control. Examples include:
o The Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP
Convention)
o The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
National Legislations:
Many countries have national laws specifically targeting air pollution. These laws often
establish:
• Air quality standards: Define acceptable levels of pollutants in the air.
• Emission standards: Regulate the amount of pollutants that industries and vehicles
can release.
• Permitting systems: Require industries to obtain permits before operating and set
emission limits.
• Monitoring and enforcement: Government agencies monitor air quality and enforce
regulations.
India's Legal Framework:
India grapples with air pollution, and several laws form the foundation for its control. Here's
a look at the key legislation:
Central Pillar: The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (Air Act)
• This act is the cornerstone of air pollution control in India.
• It empowers the central government to set national air quality standards.
• The act establishes:
o Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): Sets national standards,
coordinates research, and monitors air quality.
o State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs): Implement the act at the state
level.
o Power to Establish Pollution Control Areas: Declare areas with severe air
pollution problems as Pollution Control Areas with stricter regulations.
Additional Legislative Support:
• Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA): This broader environmental law
empowers the government to regulate any activity polluting the air.
Enforcement Mechanisms:
• The Air Act and EPA authorize SPCBs to:
o Issue permits to industries, outlining emission limits they must meet.
o Conduct inspections and take enforcement actions against polluters.
o Levy penalties for non-compliance.
Recent Developments:
• Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP): This plan mandates temporary measures
like construction bans and traffic restrictions to reduce pollution during severe
episodes in identified cities.
Challenges and Looking Forward:
• Effective Implementation: Ensuring proper enforcement of regulations by SPCBs
remains a challenge.
• Vehicle Emission Standards: Regularly updating vehicle emission norms and
promoting electric vehicles are crucial.
• Public Awareness: Raising public understanding of air pollution's impact and
encouraging behavioral changes are essential.
While air pollution laws provide a strong foundation, ongoing efforts are necessary.
Strengthening enforcement, promoting cleaner technologies, and fostering public participation
are key to achieving cleaner air for a healthier planet.
Controlling Air Pollution: A Two-Pronged Approach
Air pollution is a critical environmental concern. Here's a quick overview of control
strategies:
a) Controlling Pollution at the Source
• Focus: Preventing pollutants from entering the atmosphere in the first place.
• Correction Methods:
o Industrial Processes:
▪ Using cleaner production technologies that generate less waste.
▪ Substituting cleaner fuels (natural gas) for more polluting ones (coal).
▪ Implementing stricter regulations and emission standards for
industries.
o Transportation:
▪ Promoting public transport, cycling, and electric vehicles.
▪ Enforcing stricter vehicle emission standards and regular maintenance
checks.
o Agriculture:
▪ Encouraging sustainable practices like crop rotation and organic
farming to reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
▪ Proper management of agricultural waste to prevent burning.
o Domestic Sources:
▪ Promoting energy-efficient appliances and practices at home.
▪ Using cleaner-burning fuels for cooking and heating (e.g., LPG).
b) Pollution Control Equipment:
• Focus: Capturing or reducing pollutants after they are generated.
• Examples:
o Cyclones: Separate large particles from the air stream using centrifugal force.
o Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs): Use electrical charges to attract and
remove particulate matter from the air.
o Scrubbers: Use water or a liquid spray to capture and remove gaseous
pollutants.
o Catalytic Converters: Installed in vehicle exhaust systems, they convert
harmful pollutants into less harmful ones.
o Fabric Filters (Baghouses): Use fabric bags to trap fine particles from
industrial processes.
The most effective strategy for air pollution control involves a combination of source control
and pollution control equipment. By preventing pollution at its origin and capturing what
remains, we can significantly improve air quality.
