vè;k;

cká {ks=k% ,iQMhvkbZ dks

O;ofLFkr :i nsuk 03
vkfFkZd vkSj O;kikj lacaèkh uhfrxr vfuf'prrkvksa dh oSf'od pqukSfr;ksa ds chp Hkkjr ds cká
{ks=k us yphykiu çnf'kZr djuk tkjh j•kA foÙk o"kZ 2025 ds igys ukS eghuksa esa dqy fu;kZr
(eky vkSj lsok,¡) esa yxkrkj o`f¼ ntZ dh xbZ gS] tks 602-6 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj (6
çfr'kr) rd igq¡p x;k gSA isVªksfy;e vkSj jRu ,oa vkHkw"k.kksa dks NksM+dj lsokvksa vkSj eky
fu;kZr esa o`f¼ 10-4 çfr'kr FkhA blh vof/ ds nkSjku dqy vk;kr fLFkj ?kjsyw ekax ds dkj.k
6-9 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ ntZ djrs gq, 682-2 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj rd igqap x;kA
fodflr gks jgh oSf'od O;kikj xfr'khyrk] tks vf/d laj{k.kokn dh vksj Øfed cnykoksa ls
fpfÉr gS] ds fy, fLFkfr dk vkdyu djus vkSj ,d nwjn'khZ j.kuhfrd O;kikj jksMeSi fodflr
djus dh vko';drk gSA bu #>kuksa dks viukdj vkSj viuh {kerk dk ykHk mBkdj] Hkkjr
vius fodkl dks xfr ns ldrk gS vkSj oSf'od O;kikj esa viuh mifLFkfr c<+k ldrk gSA viuh
çfrLi/kZRedrk dks etcwr djus vkSj oSf'od vkiwfrZ J`a•ykvksa ls vkSj vf/d tqM+us ds fy,
ns'k O;kikj ls lacaf/r ykxrksa dks de djus vkSj fu;kZr lqfo/k dks c<+kus ij è;ku dsafær dj
ldrk gS rkfd ,d vf/d thoar fu;kZr {ks=k cuk;k tk ldsA ;g lfØ; n`f"Vdks.k Hkkjr dks
fujarj cnyrs oSf'od cktkj esa vkxs c<+us esa enn djsxkA
iwath ds ekspZs ij] fons'kh iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k (,iQihvkbZ) us foÙk o"kZ 25 esa vc rd fefJr
#>ku fn•k;k gSA oSf'od cktkjksa esa vfuf'prrk vkSj fons'kh iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'kdksa }kjk
equkiQkolwyh ds dkj.k iwath cfgçZokg gqvkA gkykafd] etcwr o`gn vkfFkZd cqfu;knh ckrksa]
vuqdwy dkjksckjh ekgkSy vkSj mPp vkfFkZd fodkl us ,iQihvkbZ varokZg dks lexz :i ls
ldkjkRed cuk, j•k gSA ldy çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (,iQMhvkbZ) varokZg us foÙk o"kZ 25 ds
igys vkB eghuksa esa iqu#¼kj ds ladsr fn•k, gSa] rFkkfi] çR;korZu@fofuos'k esa o`f¼ ds dkj.k
vçSy&uoacj 2023 ds lkis{k fuoy ,iQMhvkbZ çokg esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA
fnlacj 2024 ds var rd Hkkjr dk fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj 640-3 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj Fkk]
tks flracj 2024 rd ns'k ds 711-8 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ds yxHkx 90 çfr'kr fons'kh
½.k dks doj djus ds fy, i;kZIr Fkk] tks ckgjh detksfj;ksa ds f•ykiQ ,d etcwr ciQj
dks n'kkZrk gSA

79
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

ifjp;
3-1 Hkw&jktuhfrd la?k"kks±] Hkw&vkfFkZd fo•aMu dh c<+rh ço`fÙk;ksa vkSj ckj&ckj gksus okys tyok;q
laca/h ?kVukvksa ds dkj.k nqfu;k c<+rh gqbZ jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd vfuf'prrk dk vuqHko dj jgh
gSA 2024 dk egku pqukoh o"kZ] ftlds nkSjku nqfu;k dh vk/h ls T;knk vkcknh viuh ubZ ljdkj
pquus ds fy, vius erkf/dkj dk bLrseky dj jgh Fkh] ;kfu uhfrxr iwokZuqeku esa vkSj Hkh nsjhA ,slh
jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd vfuf'prrk fodkl esa ck/k cu ldrh gSA varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (vkbZ,e,iQ)
dk vuqeku gS fd vfuf'prrk esa ,d ekud fopyu dh o`f¼ ls mRiknu o`f¼1 esa 0-4 ls 1-3 çfr'kr
dh deh vkrh gSA dhUl vkSj Vksfcu tSls vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us crk;k gS fd mPp vfuf'prrk ds dkj.k
fuos'kdksa dks tksf•eksa ds fy, vf/d eqvkots dh ekax djuh iM+rh gS] ftlls tksf•e çhfe;e vkSj
foÙk dh lexz ykxr c<+ tkrh gSA blds vfrfjDr] vfuf'prrk ds dkj.k m/kjdrkZvksa }kjk ½.k u
pqdkus dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gS] ftlls iwath ykxr c<+ tkrh gSA blds vykok] vesfjdk tSlh mUur
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa vfuf'prrk ds dkj.k vDlj mRiknu de gksrk gS vkSj dhersa de2 gks tkrh gSaA

3-2 oSf'od tksf•eksa vkSj vfuf'prrkvksa dks ekWfuVj djus rFkk oSf'od vkfFkZd xfrfof/ ij
uhfr&laca/h vfuf'prrk ds çHkko dks ekius ds fy, fofHkUu ladsrdksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
buesa Hkw&jktuhfrd tksf•e (thihvkj) lwpdkad3 'kkfey gS] tks lekpkj&i=kksa ds ys•ksa ds ekè;e
ls çfrdwy Hkw&jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa ij utj j•rk gS_ O;kikj uhfr vfuf'prrk (Vhih;w) lwpdkad4]
ftlds varxZr O;kikj uhfr vfuf'prrk vkSj c<+s gq, O;kikj rukoksa dk mYys• djus okys ys•ksa dh
vko`fÙk 'kkfey gS] vkSj oSf'od vkfFkZd uhfr vfuf'prrk (thbZih;w) lwpdkad5] tks 21 ns'kksa ds
fy, jk"Vªh; vkfFkZd uhfr vfuf'prrk (bZih;w) lwpdkadksa dk thMhih&Hkkfjr vkSlr gSA ;s lwpdkad
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks n'kkZrs gSa] tks oSf'od mRiknu6 dk yxHkx 71 çfr'kr
fgLlk gSaA
3-3 ;s lwpdkad bl ckjs esa ewY;oku tkudkjh çnku djrs gSa fd O;kikj eqíksa] Hkw&jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa
vkSj vkfFkZd uhfr mik;ksa ls vfuf'prrk oSf'od vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa dks dSls çHkkfor dj ldrh gSA
uoacj 2024 rd] ^thbZih;w lwpdkad* mPp cuk gqvk gS] tks fo|eku oSf'od vkfFkZd uhfrxr ekeyksa
dks n'kkZrk gSA blh rjg] fnlacj 2023 ls Vhih;w lwpdkad esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS] tks eq[; :i ls çeq•
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds chp O;kikj rukoksa vkSj uhfrxr ifjorZuksa ls çsfjr gSA

1 MkWVfyax] vkj-] eykbdk] ,e-] ,aM Vsjksusl] ,e- (2013)A gsYM cSd ckbZ vulVZsaVh% fjdojht vkj LyksOM Ogsu fctusl ,aM daT;welZ
vkj vuL;ksj vkWiQ n Ý;wpj- iQkbusal & MsoyiesaV]] 0050(001)] A012- https://tinyurl.com/324z5ux4.
2 ysMqd] ,l-] vkSj fy;w] tsM- (2016)A vulVZsaVh 'kkWDl vkj ,xzhxsV fMekaM 'kkWDlA tuZy vkWiQ ekWusVjh bdksukWfeDl] 82] 20&35_
dqekj] ,-] efyd] ,l-] ,aM flUgk] ,- (2021)A bt vulVZsaVh n lse ,ojhOgs;j\ ,MokaLM olZl ,eftZax bdksukseht- bdksuksfed
ekWMsfyax101] 105524] https://tinyurl.com/6n74paw2.
3 ft;ksiksfyfVdy fjLd baMsDl] https://www.policyuncertainty.com/gpr.html.
4 VªsM ikWfylh vulVZsaVh baMsDl] https://www.matteoiacoviello.com/tpu.htm.
5 Xykscy bdksuksfed ikWfylh vulVZsaVh baMsDl] https://www.policyuncertainty.com/.
6 oSf'od mRiknu dh x.kuk Ø; 'kfDr lerk ds vk/kj ij dh tkrh gSA ;fn vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks cktkj fofue; njksa ij fxuk tk, rks
80 vFkZO;oLFkk,a oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk dk yxHkx 80 çfr'kr fgLlk cukrh gSaA
 cká {ks=k

pkVZ III.1% oSf'od vfuf'prrk esa o`f¼

500 Global Economic Policy Uncertainty Index Trade Policy Uncertainty Index
Policy Uncertainty Index

400

300

200

100

May-16
May-11

May-19
May-12

May-13

May-14

May-15

May-17

May-18
Nov-17

Nov-21

Nov-23

Nov-24
Nov-11

Nov-12

May-22
Nov-22
May-23

May-24
Nov-13

Nov-14

Nov-15

Nov-16

Nov-19
May-20
Nov-20
May-21
Nov-18
lzksr% thbZih;w lwpdkad vkSj Vhih;w lwpdkad osclkbV

3-4 Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSda (vkjchvkbZ) us fofHkUu oSf'od lwpdkadksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, fo'ks"k :i ls
Hkkjr ds fy, ,d uhfrxr vfuf'prrk lwpdkad fodflr fd;k gSA ;g lwpdkad ?kjsyw vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
?kVukvksa ls uhfr vfuf'prrk dk vkdyu djus ds fy, ^xwxy VªMas l ~ * ls baVjusV lpZ MsVk dk ykHk
mBkrk gSA blds vykok] lwpdkad dks okLrfod le;(fj;y Vkbe) esa viMsV fd;k tkrk gSA
7]8

3-5 bl i`"BHkwfe ds lkFk] ;g vè;k; ekStwnk oSf'od ifjos'k ds chp Hkkjr ds cká {ks=k ds çn'kZu
dks çLrqr djrk gSA •aM&I esa oSf'od O;kikj xfr'khyrk dk fooj.k gS] ftlesa VSfjiQ vkSj xSj&VSfjiQ
mik;ksa (,uVh,e) vkSj pqukSfr;ksa ds chp oSf'od oSnsf'kd {ks=k ds dk;Z fu"iknu ij cy fn;k x;k
gSA •aM&II esa Hkkjr ds O;kikj fu"iknu ij xgurk ls ppkZ dh xbZ gS] ftlesa oLrq vkSj lsok nksuksa
{ks=kksa esa #>kuksa ij çdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA blesa Hkkjr ds diM+k fu;kZr ds dk;Z fu"iknu vkSj blds
oSf'od foLrkj dks ckf/r djus okys dkjdksa dh tkap dh xbZ gSA blds vykok] u, cktkjksa esa Hkkjr
ds fu;kZr fofo/hdj.k dk foLr`r fo'ys"k.k çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr ds bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr o`f¼ dks
çHkkfor djus okys çeq• pkydksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa ij Hkh xgjkbZ ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA •aM III esa fu;kZr
o`f¼ dks ckf/r djus okys dkjdksa ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS vkSj O;kikj fu"iknu dks c<+kus ds laca/ esa
fu;kZr çfØ;kvksa dks ljy cukus ds fy, ljdkj dh igyksa dh :ijs•k çLrqr dh xbZ gSA •aM IV esa
Hkkjr ds Hkqxrku larqyu (chvksih)) dh fLFkfr çLrqr dh xbZ gS] ftlesa pkyw •krk vkSj iwath •krk

ço`fÙk;ksa] fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj] fofue; nj dh xfrfof/;ksa vkSj Hkkjr dh fons'kh ½.k fLFkfr ij çdk'k
7 tc vR;f/d vfuf'prrk dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] rks vkfFkZd ,tsaVksa ds fy, vf/d tkudkjh dh ^•kst* djuk vke ckr gSA n
xwxy VªsaM~l&csLM vulVZsaVh baMsDl (bafM;k&th;w,s) Hkkjr esa jktdks"kh;] ekSfæd vkSj O;kikj uhfr ds ckjs esa dhoMZ dh lwph ds fy,
baVjusV •kst ek=kk dk mi;ksx djds lexz vfuf'prrk dks ekius ds fy, bl O;ogkj dk ykHk mBkrk gSA uhfr&laca/h dhoMZ dsaæh; cSad
uhfr oDrO;ksa esa mYys•ksa ds lkFk&lkFk foÙkh; çsl esa dojst ds vk/kj ij rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA çrki] ch-] ,aM fç;jatu] ,u- (2023)
A eSØksbdksuksfed biQsDV~l vkWiQ vulVZsaVh% , xwxy VªsaM~l&csLM ,ukfyfll iQksj bafM;k- ,fEifjdy bdksukWfeDl] 65(4)] 1599&1625]
https://tinyurl.com/5fb373we.
8 fopyu ls vfHklj.k dh vksj iquxZ.kuk% Hkkjrh; vuqHko & ekbdy nscczr i=kk] MsI;wVh xouZj] fjtoZ cSad vkWiQ bafM;k }kjk fn;k x;k
mn~?kkVu Hkk"k – vDVwcj 21] 2024 & iQsMjy fjtoZ cSad }kjk vk;ksftr U;w;kWdZ iQsM lsaVªy cSafdax lsfeukj] U;w ;kWdZ] ;w,WL,] https://
tinyurl.com/mvajhcj7. 81
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

Mkyk x;k gSA vafre •aM esa mHkjrs oSf'od vkSj ?kjsyw vkfFkZd ifjn`'; ij fopkj djrs gq, Hkkjr ds
oSnsf'kd {ks=k ds n`f"Vdks.k ds lkFk vè;k; dk lekiu fd;k x;k gSA

oSf'od O;kikj xfr'khyrk

3-6 uoacj 2023 esa yky lkxj esa 'kq: gq, O;o/kuksa us O;kikj ekxks± esa ifjorZu djus ij etcwj
dj fn;k] ftlls ukS&ifjogu ykxr c<+ xbZ gS vkSj lqiqnZxh dk le;9 Hkh yack gks x;k gSA ;g ckr
,f'k;k vkSj ;wjksi ds chp O;kikj ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls lR; gS] D;ksafd bl O;kikj dk 40 çfr'kr
Hkkx yky lkxj {ks=k10 ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA gksjet LVªsV esa blh rjg ds }a}ksa us ÅtkZ O;kikj dks ckf/r
fd;k gS vkSj dherksa esa o`f¼ dh gS] tks oSf'od isVªksfy;e rjy •ir dk 21 çfr'kr gSA blds
vfrfjDr] tyok;q ifjorZu vfuf'prrkvks11a dks c<+k jgk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] iukek ugj esa gky
gh esa iM+s lw•s us varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks •rjs esa Mky fn;k] ftlls bl ugj ls gksdj xqtjus okys
oSf'od leqæh O;kikj dk yxHkx 5 çfr'kr çHkkfor gqvkA ;s fLFkfr;k¡ vfuf'prrk iSnk dj jgh gSa]
ftlls varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa eanh vk jgh gS]12 laj{k.koknh O;kikj uhfr;ksa esa o`f¼ vkSj oSf'od vkiwfrZ
J`a•ykvksa esa cnyko ds :i esa O;kikj dh :ijs•k dks u;k vkdkj ns jgs gSaA

3-7 tSlk fd pkVZ III.2 ls Li"V gS] o"kZ 2022 ds var ls O;kikj dh jktuhfrd fudVrk esa
mYys•uh; o`f¼ gqbZ gSA ;g leku Hkw&jktuhfrd #• okys ns'kksa ds chp f}i{kh; O;kikj ds fy,
çkFkfedrk dks n'kkZrk gS] ;kuh ÚsaM 'kksfjax13 vkSj fu;j'kksfjaxA14 leorhZ :i ls] egRoiw.kZ O;kikj laca/ksa
dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, oSf'od O;kikj15 dk ladsUæ.k c<+ jgk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] gky ds o"kks± esa
;wjksih; la?k ij :l vkSj phu dh O;kikj fuHkZjrk vkSj phu ij vesfjdk dh fuHkZjrk esa fxjkoV vkbZ
gSA blds foijhr :l vkSj fo;ruke dh phu ij fuHkZjrk c<+ xbZ gSA16]17

9  ;w,ulhVh,Mh jsfiM vlslesaV] ^bEiSDV Vw Xykscy VªsM vkWiQ fMljI'ku vkWiQ f'kfiax #V~l bu n jsM lh] CySd lh ,aM iukek dSuy*]
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osginf2024d2_en.pdf.
10 cksusy vkSj eSdáw] 2024] https://tinyurl.com/5n7wy8xj.
11 vesfjdh] ,uthZ buiQkeZs'ku ,MfefuLVªs'ku] https://www.eia.gov/.
12 vkbZ,e,iQ ofdZax isij fnukad 9 tqykbZ 2024] ^n gsVjkstsul biQsDV~l vkWiQ vulVZsaVh vksu VªsM*] https://tinyurl.com/2xywd48v -
13 ÚsaM 'kksfjax dh x.kuk O;kikj&Hkkfjr jktuhfrd fudVrk ds :i esa dh tkrh gS] tSlk fd la;qDr jk"Vª ds ernku iSVuZ }kjk ekik
tkrk gSA
14 fu;j'kksfjax dh x.kuk fdyksehVj esa O;kikj&Hkkfjr vkSlr nwjh ds foijhr dh tkrh gSA
15 O;kikj ladsUæ.k dh x.kuk gfiQZaMkgy ladsUæ.k lwpdkad ds vk/kj ij dh xbZ gSA
16 ;w,ulhVh,Mh ,LVhesV~l csLM vksu us'kuy LVSfVfLVDl (https://unctad.org/statistics) ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dh nwljh vFkZO;oLFkk ij
fuHkZjrk dh x.kuk vkfJr vFkZO;oLFkk ds dqy O;kikj ij muds f}i{kh; O;kikj ds vuqikr ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA okf"kZd ifjorZu
dh x.kuk fiNyh pkj frekfg;ksa esa O;kikj&Hkkfjr py vkSlr dk mi;ksx djds dh tkrh gSA
82 17 ;w,ulhVh,Mh Xykscy VªsM viMsV] tqykbZ 2024] https://tinyurl.com.uwputbfs.
 cká {ks=k

pkVZ III.2% ÚsaM'kksfjax vkSj O;kikj ladsUæ.k ço`fÙk;k¡ oSf'od

O;kikj dks vkdkj çnku djrh gSa
Nearshoring index Friendshoring index Trade concentration index
6% 5.1%
Annual change in index relative

3.2% 3.5%
4%
1.5%
to 2021 (per cent)

2%
-0.4% -0.2%
0% -1.2%

-2%
-4.2%
-4%

-6%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
2022 2023 2024

lzksr% jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh ij vk/kfjr ;w,ulhVh,Mh çkDdyu

3-8 ,uVh,e lfgr ljdkjh var%{ksi] ^Hkw&jktuhfrd fopkjksa* ds dkj.k f}i{kh; O;kikj iSVuZ esa
cnyko dks etcwr djrs gSaA xSj&VSfjiQ mik;ksa (,uVh,e) esa o`f¼] tks dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds ckn
'kq: gqbZ] :l vkSj ;wØsu ds chp la?k"kZ ds dkj.k vkSj c<+ xbZA O;kikj vkSj fodkl ij la;qDr jk"Vª
lEesyu (;w,ulhVh,Mh)18 dh ,d fjiksVZ crkrh gS fd rduhdh ,uVh,e 30 çfr'kr ls vf/d
mRiknksa vkSj yxHkx 70 çfr'kr oSf'od O;kikj dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA bl vè;k; ds iSjk 3-15 ls
3-20 esa bl ij vkxs ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

2024 esa oSf'od O;kikj fu"iknu

3-9 ;w-,u-lh-Vh-,-Mh-19 ds uohure O;kikj viMsV ds vuqlkj] 2023 dh nwljh Nekgh esa 'kq: gqbZ
oSf'od O;kikj esa Øfed o`f¼ o"kZ 2024 rd tkjh jghA fo'o O;kikj laxBu (MCY;wVhvks) MsVkcsl
2024 dh rhljh frekgh esa oSf'od eky fu;kZr vkSj vk;kr lwpdkadksa esa Øe'k% 3.5 çfr'kr vkSj
3 çfr'kr dh lky&nj&lky (YoY) o`f¼ n'kkZrk gS (ekSleh :i ls lek;ksftr] 2005 Q1=100)A
blds vykok] blh vof/ ds nkSjku oSf'od lsok fu;kZr vkSj vk;kr esa 7-9 çfr'kr vkSj 6-7 çfr'kr
(YoY) dh o`f¼ gqbZA

18 UNCTAD report, ‘Tariff trends mostly downward, but non-tariff measures increasingly used’, https://sdgpulse.
unctad.org/trade-barriers.
19 ;w,ulhVh,Mh Xykscy VªsM viMsV] fnlacj 2024] https://unctad.org/publication/global-trade-update-december-2024. 83
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

3-10 fiNyh pkj frekfg;ksa esa] fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa O;kikj o`f¼ vke rkSj ij fodflr ns'kksa ls
vf/d jgh gSA gkyk¡fd] 2024 dh rhljh frekgh esa ;g ço`fÙk myV xbZ] fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa
ldkjkRed fodkl us O;kikj o`f¼ dks c<+kok fn;kA blds foijhr] iwohZ ,f'k;k esa O;kikj o`f¼ #d
xbZ] vkSj dbZ çeq• ,f'k;kbZ fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa us udkjkRed o`f¼ dk vuqHko fd;kA

pkVZ III.3% 2024 esa oSf'od O;kikj esa mNky

Merchandise export volume growth Merchandise import volume growth
8
Growth in merchandise export

6.1
and import volume indices,
seasonally adjusted (2005

6 5.3
Q1=100) (Per cent)

4 3.1 2.9 3.5

4.4
2.8 3.0
2
1.1 1.3
0 0.7
-1.2
-2 -1.4

-4 -3.4
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3
2022 2023 2024

lzksr% MCY;w Vh vks vk¡dM+s

3-11 ;w,ulhVh,Mh ds ukmdkLV20 ds vuqlkj] 2024 dh igyh rhu frekfg;ksa esa oSf'od O;kikj esa
ns•h xbZ ldkjkRed xfr pkSFkh frekgh esa Hkh tkjh jgus dh mEehn gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] oSf'od O;kikj
2022 ds vius fjdkWMZ dks ikj dj tk,xk] tks 2024 esa yxHkx 33 fVªfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj rd
igq¡p tk,xkA fjdkWMZ esa ;g o`f¼ lsok O;kikj (o"kZ nj o"kZ) esa 7 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ ds dkj.k gksus
dh laHkkouk gS] tcfd eky O;kikj 2024 esa yxHkx 2 çfr'kr c<+us dk vuqeku gS] ysfdu 2022 ds
vius f'k•j ls uhps jgsxkA dqy feykdj] 2024 esa oSf'od O;kikj esa yxHkx 1 fVªfy;u vesfjdh
MkWyj (;k 3-3 çfr'kr) dh o`f¼ gksus dh mEehn gS] ftlesa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk ;ksxnku yxHkx
500 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj gksxkA

VSfjiQ uhfr;k¡
3-12 eqDr O;kikj dks c<+kok nsus] fuos'k dks çksRlkfgr djus vkSj O;kikj ykxr dks de djus ds
fy,] nqfu;k Hkj ds ns'kksa us fofHkUu O;kolkf;d djkj fd, gSaA çHkkoh {ks=kh; O;kikj djkjksa (vkjVh,)
dh la[;k esa dkiQh o`f¼ gqbZ gS] tks 1990 esa 22 ls c<+dj vxLr 2024 rd 369 gks xbZ gSA21
MCY;wVhvks ds rgr eqDr O;kikj ij c<+rs tksj vkSj varjjk"Vªh; O;kikj uhfr;ksa esa c<+rs gq, lg;ksx ls
ns'kksa ds chp lhek 'kqYd esa deh vkbZ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] 2000 ls 2024 ds chp Hkkjr esa 'kqYd
;ksX; enksa ij vkSlr VSfjiQ njsa 48-9 çfr'kr ls ?kVdj 17-3 çfr'kr gks xbZa] tcfd phu esa os 16-4
çfr'kr ls ?kVdj 8-3 çfr'kr gks xbZaA22 oLrq&okj] 2012 vkSj 2022 ds chp] Ñf"k] fofuekZ.k vkSj
20 mi;qDr uksV 19.
21 McY;wVhvks MsVk vksu fjtuy VªsM ,xzhesaV~l] https://tinyurl.com/59e3yw6b.
84 22 csLM vksu n MsVk vosyscy vksu n McY;wVhvks baVhxzsfVM MsVkcsl] https://tao.wto.org /
 cká {ks=k

çkÑfrd lalk/uksa esa lokZf/d rjthgh jk"Vª (,e,iQ,u) vkSj vf/ekU; VSfjiQ esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA
oSf'od Lrj ij] 2012 vkSj 2022 ds chp Ñf"k ds fy, lk/kj.k vkSlr ,e,iQ,u vkSj vf/ekU;
VSfjiQ esa Øe'k% yxHkx 3 çfr'kr vkSj 1-4 çfr'kr dh fxjkoV vkbZ gSA fofuekZ.k {ks=k esa lkekU;
vkSlr vf/ekU; VSfjiQ esa yxHkx 1 çfr'kr dh deh vkbZ gSA
3-13 O;kid Lrj ij] Hkkjr dh vk;kr 'kqYd uhfr le; ds lkFk fodflr gqbZ gS] ftlesa ?kjsyw
uhfrxr y{;ksa dks oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk esa lefUor djus dh vko';drk ds lkFk larqfyr fd;k
x;k gSA VSfjiQ {ks=k ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx gksrs gSa] ftlesa fons'kh çfrLi/kZ ls laosnu'khy {ks=kksa dh
lqj{kk vkSj egRoiw.kZ dPps eky vkSj eè;orhZ oLrqvksa rd igq¡p dh vuqefr tSls igyw 'kkfey gksrs
gSaA Hkkjr us lqfuf'pr fd;k gS fd VSfjiQ uhfr;k¡ fo'o O;kikj laxBu (MCY;wVhvks) ds fu;eksa vkSj
fofu;eksa dk vuqikyu djrh gSaA le; ds lkFk] VSfjiQ dks vkSj vf/d rdZlaxr cukus vkSj ' mRØeh
'kqYd lajpuk ' dk lek/ku djus ds fy, dbZ ç;kl fd, x, gSaA
3-14 çk;% ;g ns•k x;k gS fd VSfjiQ dk çfrLi/kZRedrk ij çHkko iM+rk gSAA rFkkfi] ;fn budk
mi;ksx lgh rjhds ls fd;k tk,] rks VSfjiQ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds y{;ksa dks çkIr djus esa lgk;d gks
ldrs gSa vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk esa okaNuh; {ks=kksa ds fodkl esa enn dj ldrs gSa (ckWDl III.1)

ckWDl III.1% VSfjiQ vkSj liQy vkS|ksfxd uhfr :ijs[kk

vkS|ksfxd uhfr ls rkRi;Z ,sls mik;ksa ls gS tks lkoZtfud y{; dh çkfIr ds fy, fdlh m|ksx ds ifjorZu
dks yf{kr djrs gSaA VSfjiQ vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk ,d ekud midj.k gS vkSj bls vDlj uoksfnr m|ksxksa dks
leFkZu nsus ds :i esa ns•k tkrk gS blls igys fd os xfr idM+saA rFkkfi] VSfjiQ dk mi;ksx djus ds
fy, ,d lqfopkfjr n`f"Vdks.k dh vko';drk gksrh gS tks {ks=k dh vko';drkvksa vkSj 'ks"k vFkZO;oLFkk
ij vf/jksfir ykxrksa esa larqyu iSnk djrk gSA VSfjiQ dks lk/u ;qDr ç.kkyh ds Hkhrj ,d çsjd ds :i
esa Hkh ns•k tk ldrk gS tks vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds y{;ksa dks vkxs c<+k ldrk gSA
vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa VSfjiQ ds mi;ksx dk irk vkS|ksfxd Økafr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA fczfV'k vkS|ksfxd
Økafr rd igq¡p dk;e djus ds fy, if'peh ;wjksi vkSj mÙkjh vesfjdk esa VSfjiQ dk bLrseky vke rkSj
ij fd;k tkrk FkkA tSlk fd eSF;w lh- Dysu vkSj ekbdy isfVl us viuh iqLrd ^VªsM okWlZ vkj Dykl
okWlZ* esa mYys• fd;k gSA
¶ÚsMfjd fyLV tks 1825 esa teZuh ls vesfjdk pys x, Fks] us fy•k Fkk fd teZuh tSlk ns'k] tks de
fodflr Fkk ysfdu mlds ikl le`¼ cuus ds fy, ¶ekufld vkSj HkkSfrd lk/u¸gSa] mls eqDr O;kikj
ls cpuk pkfg, vkSj ¶viuh O;fDrxr 'kfDr;ksa dks etcwr djuk pkfg,A¸---la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk us
1870 ls 1913 rd fufeZr oLrqvksa ij yxHkx 45 çfr'kr VSfjiQ yxk;k---vesfjdh fuekZrkvksa dks fonsf'k;ksa
ls lqj{kk nh xbZ ysfdu mUgksus cM+s vkSj foLrkfjr& ?kjsyw cktkj esa çfrLi/kZ dhA¸
;g ;wjksi vkSj mÙkjh vesfjdk ds fodkl ds bfrgkl ij çksiQslj jkWcVZ lh- ,yu }kjk dh xbZ fVIif.k;ksa
ds vuq:i gSA23 muds vuqlkj] mÙkjh vesfjdk vkSj if'peh egk}hih; ;wjksi us fuEufyf•r dks viukdj
fczfV'k vkS|ksfxd Økafr rd igq¡p cukbZ%

23 2013 fxnksu jkslsuCyFk eseksfj;y ysDpj MkW jkWcVZ ,yu }kjk fn;k x;k] dukMkbZ lsaVj iQkWj ikWfylh vYVjusfVOl] https://tinyurl.
com/7cv2hzu6- 85
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

 vkarfjd eqDr cktkj (vkarfjd 'kqYdksa dk mUewyu)&jk"Vªh; ,dy cktkj

 fLFkj ?kjsyw cSafdax ç.kkyh

 mPp cká VSfjiQ

 lkoZHkkSfed f'k{kk

 volajpukA

eqDr O;kikj vkSj •qys iwath cktkj dh ckr djsa rks os fczVsu dh cjkcjh ugha dj ldsA
fo'o Lrj ij] vk/qfud le; dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr;ka fefJr uhfr;ksa dk mi;ksx djrh gSa] ftuesa
VSfjiQ&vk/kfjr lqj{kk vkSj ØsfMV vuqnku vkSj fu;kZr&laca/h lfClMh tSls vU; çsjd (yhoj) 'kkfey
gSaA24 bl rF; dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq,] 2010 vkSj 2022 ds chp lHkh vkS|ksfxd uhfrxr gLr{ksiksa esa VSfjiQ
dk fgLlk dsoy 1-3 çfr'kr FkkA25
liQy vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh :ijs•k dh lh• lÙkj ds n'kd esa dksfj;kbZ ljdkj }kjk vius Hkkjh jlk;u
m|ksx dks fn, x, leFkZu ls yh tk ldrh gSA Hkkjh jlk;u ds {ks=k esa dksfj;kbZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr us
mRiknu] Je mRikndrk vkSj m|ksx ds fu;kZr ds nh?kZdkfyd rqyukRed ykHk esa egRoiw.kZ ykHk vftZr
fd;kA VSfjiQ&vk/kfjr laj{k.k vkSj ek=kkRed çfrca/ tSls midj.kksa dk mi;ksx lhfer vof/ ds fy,
fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlds ckn 1980 ds n'kd esa laj{k.k de gks x;kA26 egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd dksfj;k esa
VSfjiQ lexz vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk dsoy ,d rRo Fkk] ftldk mís'; ?kjsyw m|ksx dh j{kk djuk Fkk vkSj
lkFk gh] laj{k.k çkIr djus okys m|ksx dh vksj ls ikjLifjd dk;Z fu"iknu nkf;Ro dh ekax djuk Fkk
liQy vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk ewyea=k leFkZu vkSj çfrca/ksa ds ,d lkFk mi;ksx esa fufgr gS] ftlesa çfrca/
vDlj leFkZu ls vf/d gksrs gSaA iwokZsÙkj ,f'k;k dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr;ksa ij ,d O;kid utj Mkyrs gq,]
tks LVMosy us ^gkm ,f'k;k oDlZ* esa fy•k gS fd ;g {ks=k viuh vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds lkFk liQy jgk
D;ksafd blus fu"ikndksa dks iqjLÑr djus dh rqyuk esa xSj&fu"ikndksa dks vf/d nafMr fd;kA tSlk fd
LVMosy us mYys• fd;k gS] iwokZsÙkj ,f'k;kbZ vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa çkjafHkd m|ksx laj{k.k ij cy nsuk fu;kZr
çn'kZu ds ekè;e ls ckgjh csapekfdZax ds lkFk&lkFk pykA LFkkuh; O;olk;ksa ds fy, fo'ks"k fo'ks"kkf/dkj
Fks] ysfdu fu;kZr çn'kZu ds fy, tokcnsgh FkhA bl rjg ls iSekus] mRikndrk] n{krk vkSj rhoz vkfFkZd
o`f¼ gkfly dh xbZA LVMosy us bl ckr dk mYys• ckj&ckj fd;k gS fd dksfj;kbZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds
varxZr fu"ikndksa dh enn djus dh rqyuk esa vius xSj&fu"ikndksa dks nafMr vf/d fd;k x;k gSA
la{ksi esa] vkS|ksfxd if'pe ds fodkl ds vuqHko vkSj iwoZ dh peRdkfjd fodkl vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ls irk
pyrk gS fd VSfjiQ okLro esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk ,d çeq•
midj.k FkkA rFkkfi] VSfjiQ dk mi;ksx lqfopkfjr rjhds ls fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj VSfjiQ uhfr;ksa dks rS;kj
djus esa ljdkj ds lexz n`f"Vdks.k dks viuk;k x;k FkkA varr%] vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds y{;ksa dks dsoy
laj{k.k ls gh çkIr ugha fd;k x;k] cfYd mu uhfr;ksa ls Hkh çkIr fd;k x;k] ftuls ;g lqfuf'pr gqvk
fd lajf{kr m|ksxksa us fn, x, laj{k.k ds vuq:i çn'kZu fd;k

24 tqgkt] vkj-] ysu] ,u-] vkSj jksfMªd] Mh- (2023)A n U;w bdksukWfeDl vkWiQ baMLVªh;y ikWfylh¸] ,uqvy fjO;w vkWiQ bdksukWfeDl 3]
(https://tinyurl.com/3m5f2t2).
25 mi;qDr uksV 24-
26 ysu] ,u (2022)- ¶eSU;qiQSDpfjax fjokWY;w'kUl % baMLVªh;y ikWfylh ,aM baMfLVª;ykbts'ku bu lkmFk dksfj;k¸] lh,l,bZ ofdZax isij
86 lhjht] (https://tinyurl.com/ye2ahh7k)
 cká {ks=k

xSj&VSfjiQ mik; (,uVh,e)

3-15 tSlk fd Åij ppkZ dh xbZ gS] oSf'od Lrj ij VSfjiQ esa fxjkoV ds lkFk&lkFk fofHkUu ns'kksa
esa ,uVh,e27 ds dk;kZUo;u esa Hkh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA Xykscy VªsM vyVZ MsVkcsl28 ls irk pyrk gS fd
2020 vkSj 2024 ds chp O;kikj vkSj fuos'k ls lacaf/r 26]000 ls vf/d u, çfrca/ oSf'od Lrj
ij yxk, x, gSaA bls vè;k; 5 esa vkSj Li"V fd;k x;k gSA O;kikj esa rduhdh ck/k,¡ (VhchVh)
31-6 çfr'kr mRikn ykbuksa dks çHkkfor djrh gSa] ftlesa oSf'od O;kikj dk 67-1 çfr'kr 'kkfey gS
(fnlacj 2024 rd)A blds ckn ^fu;kZr&laca/h mik;* vkrs gSa] tks 19-3 çfr'kr mRikn ykbuksa dks
çHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj blesa oSf'od O;kikj dk 31-2 çfr'kr 'kkfey gSA ,uVh,e ls lcls vf/d
çHkkfor gksus okys {ks=kksa esa Ñf"k] fofuekZ.k vkSj çkÑfrd lalk/u 'kkfey gSaA29

pkVZ III.4% dojst vkSj vko`fÙk ds vk/kj ij ,uVh,e dk oxhZdj.k

Coverage ratio Frequency index
Technical barriers to trade 67.1
31.6
Export related measures 31.2
19.3
Price control measures 16.9
11.1
Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures 15.7
16.1
Other 13.1
9.8
Quantity control measures 6.1
4.5
Finance measures 3.5
1.0
0 20 40 60 80
Per cent
lzksr% ;w,ulhVh,Mh VªsUl MsVkcsl
uksV% vU; esa çh&f'kiesaV fujh{k.k vkSj vU; vkSipkfjdrk,a] vkdfLed O;kikj lqj{kkRed mik;] xSj&Lopkfyr vk;kr ykblsaflax]
dksVk] fu"ks/] ek=kk&fu;a=k.k mik; vkSj vU; çfrca/ 'kkfey gSa] ftuesa lSfuVjh vkSj iQkbVkslSfuVjh mik; ;k O;kikj esa rduhdh ck/kvksa
ls lacaf/r mik;] çfrLi/kZ dks çHkkfor djus okys mik;] O;kikj ls lacaf/r fuos'k mik;] forj.k çfrca/] fcØh ds ckn dh lsokvksa
ij çfrca/] lfClMh vkSj lgk;rk ds vU; :i] ljdkjh •jhn çfrca/] ckSf¼d laink vkSj mRifÙk ds fu;e 'kkfey ugha gSaA vko`fÙk
lwpdkad dks doj dh xbZ ,p,l 6&vadh; ykbuksa ds çfr'kr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA dojst vuqikr dks O;kikj ds
çfr'kr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS tks ,uVh,e ds v/hu gS

27 ;w,ulhVh,Mh ,uVh,e dks ,sls uhfrxr mik;ksa ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS tks lkekU; lhek 'kqYd ugha gSa] ysfdu fiQj Hkh
oLrqvksa ds varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks egRoiw.kZ :i ls çHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA ;s mik; ;k rks O;kikj dh ek=kk vFkok dherksa ;k nksuksa
dks çHkkfor dj ldrs gSa (,uVh,e dk oxhZdj.k | ;w,ulhVh,Mh)A mi;ZqDr oxhZdj.k ds vk/kj ij ,uVh,e dks vk;kr&lacaf/r
vkSj fu;kZr&lacaf/r Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA vk;kr&lacaf/r ,uVh,e dks vkxs "rduhdh" ;k "xSj&rduhdh" ds :i esa
oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA rduhdh mik;ksa esa lSfuVjh vkSj iQkbVkslSfuVjh mik; (,lih,l)] O;kikj esa rduhdh ck/k,a (VhchVh) vkSj
ynkbZ iwoZ (çh&f'kiesaV) fujh{k.k 'kkfey gSaA xSj&rduhdh mik;ksa esa dksVk] lfClMh vkSj O;kikj mik;ksa tSlh ikjaifjd O;kikj uhfr;ka
'kkfey gSa] ftuesa vuqfpr O;kikj çFkkvksa dk lek/ku Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
o"kZ 2006 esa] la;qDr jk"Vª us xSj&VSfjiQ ck/kvksa (,uVhch) ij ç[;kr O;fDr;ksa ds lewg vkSj eYVh&,tsalh lgk;rk ny (,e,,lVh)
dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlesa vkbZ,e,iQ] vksbZlhMh] ;w,uvkbZMhvks)] ;w,ulhVh,Mh] fo'o cSad vkSj MCY;wVhvks vkfn tSls vkB varjjk"Vªh;
laxBu 'kkfey gSaA fiNys dqN o"kks± esa] ,e,,lVh us ,uVh,e dks bdêòk djus vkSj mudk feyku djus ds fy, ,d dksfMax ç.kkyh
cukbZ gSA ,uVh,e ds varjkZ"Vªh; oxhZdj.k (lanHkZ% xSj&VSfjiQ mik;ksa ds varjkZ"Vªh; oxhZdj.k ij ;w,ulhVh,Mh fjiksVZ] https://
tinyurl.com/mr3mp5uk) dk mís'; u, vkSj ekStwnk mik;ksa ij tkudkjh vkSj Li"Vhdj.k çnku djuk vkSj ns'kksa ds chp mudh
rqyuk esa lq/kj djuk FkkA
28 Xykscy VªsM vyVZ MsVkcsl] https://www.globaltradealert.org/global_dynamics.
29 ;w,ulhVh,Mh VªsM ,ukfyfll ,aM bUiQkWeZs'ku flLVe (Vh vkj , vkbZ ,u ,l) MsVkcsl ds vk/kj ijA 87
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

3-16 oSf'od Lrj ij xSj&VSfjiQ mik; (,uVh,e)tSls fd lfClMh vkSj fu;kZr&laca/h mik;ksa esa
jk"Vªksa ds vkS|ksfxd uhfrxr y{;ksa dh lgk;rk ls o`f¼ gqbZ gSaA30 O;kid VSfjiQ ds foijhr] ,uVh,e
vius n`f"Vdks.k esa lw{e gksrs gSaA31 os vDlj de fn•kbZ nsrs gSa] ftlls mudk vkdyu djuk dfBu
gks tkrk gSA32

3-17 ;w,ulhVh,Mh vkSj ;w,ubZ,llh,ih33 dh ,d fjiksVZ esa tyok;q ifjorZu ds vuqdwyu vkSj
'keu ds fy, ns'kksa }kjk ,uVh,e ds c<+rs mi;ksx ds lk{; fn•k, x, gSaA fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] gkykafd
tyok;q ifjorZu ls lacaf/r ,uVh,e dqy mik;ksa dk dsoy 2-6 çfr'kr gS] ysfdu os dqN lcls
cM+s vkSj lcls vf/d CO2&xgu O;kikj {ks=kksa esa dsafær gSa] tSls fd vkWVkseksfVo m|ksx] fctyh vkSj
rki tuu] :ikarj.k vkSj HkaMkj.kA ifj.kkeLo:i] oSf'od O;kikj dk 26-4 çfr'kr] ftldk ewY; 6-5
fVªfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj gS] tyok;q ifjorZu ls lacaf/r ,uVh,e ds varxZr vkrk gSA VhchVh lHkh
igpkus x, tyok;q ifjorZu&laca/h ,uVh,e dk 61 çfr'kr ls vf/d gS] blds ckn fu;kZr&laca/h
vkSj ewY;&fu;a=k.k mik; (fnlacj 2024 rd) gSaA Hkfo"; esa] dkcZu lhek lek;kstu ra=k (lhch,,e)34
vkSj ;wjksih; ;wfu;u MhiQksjsLV,'ku esdsfuLe (;wjksih; la?k ou dVkbZ fofu;eu) (bZ;wMhvkj)35 ds :i
esa ;wjksih; la?k }kjk tyok;q ifjorZu ls lacaf/r ,uVh,e ykxw djus ls phu] Hkkjr vkSj rqdhZ tSlh
mHkjrh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fu;kZrdksa ij O;kid çHkko iM+us dh vk'kadk gSA36 ckWDl III-2 esa lhch,,e
vkSj bZ;wMhvkj vkSj Hkkjr ds fu;kZr ij muds laHkkfor çHkko ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

ckWDl III.2% lhch,,e vkSj bZ;wMhvkj rFkk Hkkjr ds fu;kZr ij mudk laHkkfor çHkko
dkcZu lhek lek;kstu ra=k
;wjksih; la?k }kjk fØ;kfUor rFkk ;w-ds- }kjk fopkjk/hu] lh-ch-,-,e- dk mís'; vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ds fy,
dkcZu mRltZu dh ykxr dks ?kjsyw :i ls mRikfnr mRiknksa ds lkFk lajsf•r djuk gSA pwafd bZ;w tSls ns'k@
lewg mRltZu O;kikj ç.kkyh (bZVh,l) ds rgr vius m|ksxksa dks fn, tkus okys eqÝr HkÙks dks lekIr
dj jgs gSa] blfy, os vis{kkÑr yphys i;kZoj.kh; fu;eksa okys ns'kksa esa viuh •ir dks LFkkukarfjr gksus
ls jksdus ds fy, lh-ch-,-,e- dh 'kq#vkr dj jgs gSaA bl ra=k ds rgr] vk;krd ;wjksih; la?k ds dkcZu

30 tqgkt vkj] ysu ,u] vksgsYlu bZ] isjst ohlh- 2023- n gq o] OgkV] Ogsu] ,aM gkWo vkWiQ baMLVªh;y ikWfylh% , VsDLV&csLM ,çksp]
https://tinyurl.com/ytj2rcwp.
31 mi;qDr uksV 30.
32 fdfUt;l] ,y-] lSaMdSai] ,-] vkSj ;kylhu] bZ- (2019)A VªsM çksVsD'ku ,aM n jksys vkWiQ ukWu&VSfjiQ cSfj;lZ- fjO;w vkWiQ oYMZ
bdksukWfeDl] 155(4)] 603&643 https://tinyurl.com/dw5pf4w6.
33 ;w,ulhVh,Mh ,aM ;w,u bZ,llh,ih fjiksVZ] VªsM jsxqys'kal iQksj DykbesV ,D'ku% U;w bulkbV~l ÚkWe n Xykscy ukWu&VSfjiQ esllZ MsVkcsl*]
https://tinyurl.com/52sfzu93.
34 lhch,,e bZ;w dk ,d midj.k gS] tks bZ;w esa ços'k djus okys dkcZu&xgu oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ds nkSjku mRlftZr dkcZu ij mfpr
ewY; fu/kZfjr djrk gS] rFkk bZ;w ls brj ns'kksa esa LoPN vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
35 bZ;wMhvkj ds rgr vkWijsVjksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk vko';d gS fd bZ;w cktkj esa j•s x, mRikn (i) ouksa dh dVkbZ
ls eqDr gksa (vFkkZr] os ,slh Hkwfe ls mRiUu u gksa tgka 31 fnlacj 2020 ds ckn ouksa dh dVkbZ gqbZ gks)_ (ii) mudk mRiknu ml
ns'k ds çklafxd dkuwu ds vuqlkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, tgka mRikn dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS_ vkSj (iii) mRiknksa dks bZ;w esa j•us ls
igys mfpr ifjJe fooj.k çLrqr djuk 'kkfey gSA
36 ;w,ulhVh,Mh Xykscy VªsM viMsV fnlEcj 2023] ^Xykscy VªsM ,DlisDVsM Vw fJad ckbZ fu;jyh 5 ijlsaV bu 2023 ,sfeM
88 ft;ksiksfyfVdy LVªsUl ,aM f'kfÝVax VªsM iSVuZl'] https://tinyurl.com/5n8ueccb.
 cká {ks=k

ewY; fu/kZj.k fu;eksa ds rgr ?kjsyw mRikndksa@fuekZrkvksa }kjk Hkqxrku fd, x, dkcZu ewY; ds vuq:i dkcZu
çek.ki=k •jhnsaxsA bl çdkj] lhch,,e çHkkoh :i ls dkcZu ewY; ledj.k mik; gSA
bZ;w lh-ch-,-,e- ds varxZr vkus okys çeq• {ks=kksa esa yksgk vkSj bLikr] ,Y;qehfu;e] lhesaV vkSj moZjd
'kkfey gSaA bZ;w lh-ch-,-,e- ds fy, fjiksfVZax vko';drk,a 1 tuojh 2024 dks 'kq: gqbZa] ftlesa fiNyh
frekgh ds fy, frekgh çLrqfr;k¡ 'kkfey FkhaA gkykafd] ;g 'kqYd 1 tuojh 2026 ls çHkkoh gksus dh
mEehn gSA ;wds us viuk Lo;a dk lh-ch-,-,e- Hkh çLrkfor fd;k gS] tks 1 tuojh 2027 dks ykxw gksus
okyk gS] tks ^dkcZu ewY; fu/kZj.k ra=k* dh vksj ,d O;kid oSf'od cnyko dks n'kkZrk gSA ;wds lh-ch-
,-,e- ds varxZr vkus okys çeq• {ks=kksa esa lhesaV] moZjd] dkap] phuh feêðh dh phtsa] yksgk vkSj bLikr]
,Y;wehfu;e vkSj gkbMªkstu 'kkfey gSaA orZeku esa] ;wjksih; la?k lh-ch-,-,e- dsoy mRiknu çfØ;kvksa ls
gksus okys çR;{k mRltZu ds laca/ es dkjZokbZ djrk gS] tcfd çLrkfor ;wds lh-ch-,-,e- ds varxZr çR;{k
vkSj vçR;{k nksuksa izdkj ds mRltZu dks 'kkfey djus dk bjknk gSA lh-ch-,-,e- dk mís'; HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa
esa dkcZu dh dherksa dks leku djuk gS] ftlls Hkkjr vkSj lcls de fodflr ns'kksa tSls fodkl'khy
lnL;ksa ds rqyukRed ykHk dks udkj fn;k tk,A
lh-ch-,-,e- dh 'kq:vkr ds fy, fn;k x;k vkSfpR; ;g gS fd ;g dkcZu fjlko dks jksdrk gSA37 dqN
vf/dkj {ks=k ekurs gSa fd jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ns'kksa ds fu/kZfjr ;ksxnku dk lexz çHkko ;fn iwjh rjg ls ykxw
ugha fd;k tkrk gS] rks nqfu;k isfjl le>kSrs ds y{; dks çkIr djus ds ekxZ ij ugha vk,xhA blfy,]
lh-ch-,-,e- ds ihNs rdZ ;g gS fd tc rd muds ikl leku Lrj ds y{; ugha gksrs] rc rd ;wjksi
esa tyok;q ifjorZu laca/h fu;a=k.k ç;klksa dh lexzrk dh j{kk ds fy, lh-ch-,-,e- vko';d Fkk] rFkk
;g lqfuf'pr djuk Fkk fd dkcZu fjlko ds dkj.k os u"V u gks tk,aA blds vykok] ;wjksih; la?k ls
LVhy LØSi fu;kZr ij çLrkfor çfrca/] tks LVhy mRiknu ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ buiqV gS] fodkl'khy
ns'kksa dh vf/d dkcZu&dq'ky LVhy mRiknu djus dh {kerk esa dkiQh ck/k mRiUu djsxkA bl mik; dks
bl :i esa ns•k tk ldrk gS fd ;wjksih; la?k nksuksa i{kksa ds ykHkksa dk vkuan ysus dk ç;kl dj jgk gS]
lkFk gh O;kikj çfrca/ Hkh yxk jgk gSA
Hkkjr ij laHkkfor çHkko
;wjksih; la?k dks dqy Hkkjrh; fu;kZr esa lhch,,e fu;kZr dh fgLlsnkjh 2014 esa 6-3 çfr'kr ls c<+dj
2023 esa 10-5 çfr'kr gks xbZ gSA38 rkfydk III.1 esa ;wjksih; la?k dks Hkkjr ds fu;kZr dk oLrq&okj
,Dlikstj çLrqr fd;k x;k gS] tks lhch,,e ls çHkkfor gksus dh laHkkouk gSA

37 ;wjksfi;u dfe'ku VSDls'ku ,aM dLVEl ;wfu;u osclkbV] https://tinyurl.com/ysbxy866.

38 ^baVjfeaxfyax vkWiQ VªsM ,aM ,Uok;uZesaV ikWfylh% bEIyhds'kal vkWiQ bZ;w&lhch,,e vksu bafM;k ,aM LDCs’*] bZihMcY;w] 16 uksosEcj
2024 https://tinyurl.com/yb32jhdp. 89
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

rkfydk III.1% lh-ch-,-,e- fu;kZr ewY; esa Hkkjr dk ,Dlikstj (fefy;u vesfjdh MkWyj esa)
2014 2023
yksgk vkSj bLikr 2962.6 5557.1
,Y;qehfu;e 151.4 1801
lhesaV 4.2 8.3
moZjd 0.7 2
lzksr% ;w,u&dkWeVªsM MsVkcsl (2024)

fo'o cSad ds fjysfVo lh-ch-,-,e- ,Dlikstj baMsDl39 ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr dk Ldksj 0-03 gS] tks lh-ch-
,-,e- ds çfr mPp ,Dlikstj dks n'kkZrk gSA40 Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd fodkl ds mPp Lrj dks
çkIr djus vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj vuqdwyu ls fuiVus dh nksgjh pqukSrh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
blfy,] varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; dks ,d ,slk larqyu cukuk pkfg, tks i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk vkSj fodkl'khy
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa vkSj lcls de fodflr ns'kksa dh Js.kh dh vkfFkZd fodkl vko';drkvksa nksuksa dk leFkZu
djrk gks] ;g lqfuf'pr djrs gq, fd cgqi{kokn oSf'od O;kikj laca/ksa dh vk/kjf'kyk cuk jgsA41

;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u fMiQksjsLVs'ku jsxqys'ku (bZ;wMhvkj)

bZ;wMhvkj (ftldk dk;kZUo;u 2025 ds var esa vkSj NksVs O;olk;ksa ds fy, 2026 esa 'kq: gksxk) dk
vk'k; ouksa dh dVkbZ okyh Hkwfe ls çkIr mRiknksa dh •ir dks fofu;fer djuk gSA bZ;wMhvkj }kjk
fofu;eu ds varxZr vkus okys çklafxd mRiknksa ds lapkydksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ij dbZ l[r fu;e yxk,
x, gSA42 blds fy, lapkydksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS fd ;wjksih;
la?k cktkj esa j•s tkus okys mRikn (i) ouksa dh dVkbZ ls jfgr gks (;kuh] 31 fnlacj 2020 ds ckn ouksa
dh dVkbZ okyh Hkwfe ls çkIr ugha gksus pkfg,)_ (ii) ml ns'k ds laxr fo/ku ds vuqlkj mRikfnr gksus
pkfg, tgk¡ mRikn dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS_ vkSj (iii) ;wjksih; la?k esa mRiknksa dks j•us ls igys ,d
foLr`r Vªsl vkSj VªSd flLVe ds ekè;e ls vkiwfrZ J`a•yk v•aMrk lfgr ,d mfpr ^fMfytsal LVsVesaV*
çLrqr djuk 'kkfey gSA
fofu;eu ds varxZr esa ;wjksih; la?k }kjk ou {kj.k vkSj ouksa dh dVkbZ ds tksf•e dks bafxr djus okyh
ns'k&Lrjh; ekudhdj.k ç.kkyh rS;kj djuk Hkh 'kkfey gSA ekudhdj.k ç.kkyh fuEu] ekud ;k mPp
tksf•e okys ns'kksa dks oxhZÑr djus ds fy, rhu&Lrjh; ç.kkyh ij vk/kfjr gksxh] ftldk fu/kZj.k
varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ekU;rk çkIr tkudkjh vkSj MsVk ds vk/kj ij fd;k tk,xk fd dksbZ ns'k ouksa dh
dVkbZ dks de djus esa lfØ; gS ;k ughaA mPp tksf•e okys ns'kksa dks de ;k ekud tksf•e okys ns'kksa
dh rqyuk esa çklafxd mRiknksa ds fy, vf/d deZBrk cjruh gksxhA

39 lhch,,e ,Dlikstj baMsDl dks nks eq[; rRoksa ds xf.krh; mRikn ds :i esa ekik tkrk gS& ;wjksih; la?k dks tkus okys lhch,,e&lacaf/r
mRikn ds fdlh ns'k ds fu;kZr dk fgLlk vkSj ;wjksih; la?k dks fu;kZr ds çfr MkWyj lfUufgr dkcZu Hkqxrku] tks mRiknu dh dkcZu
mRltZu rhozrk vkSj lhch,,e çek.ki=kksa dh vuqekfur ykxr }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA lhch,,e ,Dlikstj baMsDl dks fu;kZr ds fgLls
dks ;wjksih; la?k dks fu;kZr ds çfr MkWyj lfUufgr dkcZu Hkqxrku (fu;kZrd dh mRltZu rhozrk xq.kk $100 çfr Vu dkcZu ewY;)
ls xq.kk djds ekik tkrk gSA
40 oYMZ cSad nkrk vkWu fjysfVo lhch,,e ,Dlikstj baMsDl] https://tinyurl.com/4hbp64z8.
41 okf.kT; ,oa m|ksx ea=kky; ls çkIr tkudkjh ds vk/kj ijA
42 fofu;eu esa ÝvkWijsVj;~ dks çkÑfrd ;k dkuwuh O;fDr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] tks okf.kfT;d xfrfof/ ds nkSjku]
çklafxd mRiknksa dks cktkj esa is'k djrk gS ;k mudk fu;kZr djrk gS vkSj ÝO;kikjh;~ dks vkWijsVj ds vykok vkiwfrZ J`a¿yk esa fdlh
90 Hkh O;fDr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] tks okf.kfT;d xfrfof/ ds nkSjku] çklafxd mRiknksa dks cktkj esa miyC/ djkrk gSA
 cká {ks=k

ns'kksa ds bl oxhZdj.k dk mi;ksx ;wjksih; la?k ds vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk dh tkus okyh tk¡p dk irk yxkus
ds fy, fd;k tk,xkA mPp tksf•e okys ns'kksa dh de tksf•e okys ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d dBksj
tk¡p dh tk,xhA43
fofu;eu esa lks;k] chiQ] ike vkW;y] ydM+h] dksdks] dkWiQh] jcj vkSj muds O;qRiUu mRikn tSls peM+k]
pkWdysV] Vk;j ;k iQuhZpj 'kkfey gSaA44 ;g mu vkWijsVj ;k O;kikjh ij fu;eksa ds vuqikyu dks lkfcr
djus dk nkf;Ro Mkyrk gS tks bu mRiknksa dks ;wjksih; la?k ds cktkjksa esa cspuk pkgrs gSaA45 fofu;eu
ds vuqikyu dh ykxrksa esa lwpuk laca/h vis{kk,a] tksf•e ewY;kadu] tksf•e 'keu vkSj fjiksfVZax nkf;Ro
'kkfey gSaA ;s ykxrsa lhek lacaèkh mik; ugha gSa] ysfdu fdlh ns'k ds fu;kZr dh çfrLi/kZRedrk dks vU;
ns'kksa dh vuqikyu ykxrksa ds eqdkcys çHkkfor djrh gSaA blfy,] ;g fofu;e fof'k"V oLrqvksa esa ;wjksih;
la?k ds O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkjksa ds fy, O;kikj ykxr (o`f¼) esa ifjorZu dj nsxkA
th-Vh-vkj-vkbZ-46 vè;;u ds vuqlkj] tgka rd Hkkjr ds fu;kZr dk loky gS] dkWiQh] peM+k] •ky vkSj
peM+s ls cuh oLrq,a] vk;y dsd] dkxt] isijcksMZ vkSj ydM+h ds iQuhZpj fofu;e ls vR;f/d çHkkfor
gks ldrs gSaA blds varxZr lhch,,e dh rqyuk esa fofu;e ds varxZr vkus okyh VSfjiQ ykbuksa dh rqyuk
Hkh dh xbZ gS] ftlesa ls lhch,,e esa O;kid mRikn 'kkfey gSaA lhch,,e vkSj bZ;wMhvkj ls bZ;w dks
Hkkjr ds 9-5 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ds fu;kZr ij vlj iM+us dh mEehn gS] tks nqfu;k dks Hkkjr ds
fu;kZr dk 9 çfr'kr ;k bZ;w dks Hkkjr ds fu;kZr dk 12-9 çfr'kr gSA vè;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd ;g
fofu;e vk;kr ds fo#¼ tyok;q ds uke ij vf/d vojks/ •M+k djds LFkkuh; mRiknu vkSj p;fur
Ñf"k oLrqvksa ds fu;kZr dks çHkkoh <ax ls çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª •k| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu ds vuqlkj] 1990 ls 2020 ds chp fo'o Lrj ij ouksa dh dVkbZ
ds dkj.k yxHkx 420 fefy;u gsDVs;j ou u"V gks x,] bl {ks=k dk vkdkj ;wjksih; la?k ds cjkcj gSA47
;wjksi esa] blh le; vof/ ds nkSjku ouksa dh dVkbZ dk yxHkx 15 çfr'kr fgLlk Ñf"k Hkwfe esa ifjofrZr
gksus ds dkj.k gqvkA48 ouksa dh dVkbZ ds fcuk ;wjksih; Ñf"k fodflr ugha gks ldrh Fkh] vkSj ;wjksih;
la?k ds ou vf/dkj dkuwu dks ykxw djus ls nksgjs ekunaMksa dh cw vkrh gSA bl çdkj] ,d ,slk {ks=k
ftlus iQly mRiknu c<+kus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ouksa dh dVkbZ dk lgkjk fy;k gS] ouksa dh dVkbZ okyh
Hkwfe ls çkIr mRiknksa dh •ir dks fofu;fer djus ds fy, ;wjksih; la?k ds ou vf/dkj dkuwu dks ykxw
dj jgk gS] ;g dkiQh fojks/kHkklh çrhr gksrk gS] Hkys gh ;g vçR;kf'kr gSA

43 31 ebZ 2023 ds fofu;eu ds vuqlkj] "mPp tksf•e ds :i esa oxhZÑr ns'kksa ;k muds Hkkxksa ls lacaf/r mRiknksa] lacaf/r vkWijsVjksa
vkSj O;kikfj;ksa vkSj lacaf/r oLrqvksa vkSj lacaf/r mRiknksa ds muds fgLls dh ek=kk ds laca/ esa] ,d cM+k n`f"Vdks.k ykxw gksuk pkfg,
tks O;kid dojst çnku djrk gSA bl çdkj l{ke vf/dkfj;ksa dks vkWijsVjksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ds ,d fuf'pr çfr'kr dh tk¡p djus
dh vko';drk gksuh pkfg,] tcfd çklafxd mRiknksa ds ,d fof'k"V çfr'kr dks Hkh doj djuk pkfg,A de ;k ekud tksf•e
ds :i esa oxhZÑr ns'kksa ;k muds Hkkxksa ls lacaf/r mRiknksa ds laca/ esa] l{ke vf/dkfj;ksa dks vkWijsVjksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ds de ls
de ,d fuf'pr çfr'kr dh tk¡p djus dh vko';drk gksuh pkfg,A mPp tksf•e okys ns'kksa ;k muds Hkkxksa ls lacaf/r mRiknksa
ds fy, tk¡p dk Lrj vf/d gksuk pkfg, tcfd ;g ekud ;k de tksf•e okys ns'kksa ;k muds Hkkxksa ds fy, de gks ldrk gSA"
44 fofu;eu ds varxZr 'kkfey mRiknksa dh lwph 31 ebZ 2023 ds fofu;eu ds vuqyXud&I esa miyC/ gS] tks https://tinyurl.
com/bddmuysp ij miyC/ gSA
45 fofu;eu ds vuqPNsn 2 (15) esa dgk x;k gS] ",d vkWijsVj ,d çkÑfrd ;k dkuwuh O;fDr gS tks okf.kfT;d xfrfof/ ds nkSjku
çklafxd mRiknksa dks la?k ds cktkj esa is'k djrk gS ;k mUgsa la?k ds cktkj ls fu;kZr djrk gSA"
46 fnukad 1 vxLr 2023 dk thVhvkjvkbZ czhiQ] ^fMiQksjsLVs'ku ,aM daIyk;al pkSysat% , Cyks Vw bafM;kt ,xzh ,DliksV~lZ ,t bZ;w'
fMiQksjsLVs'ku jsxqys'ku (bZ;wMhvkj) MsMykbu ywEl*] https://gtri.co.in/gtriFlagshipRep12.pdf.
47 ;wukbVsM us'kal iQwM ,aM ,xzhdYpj vksxZukbts'ku] https://tinyurl.com/3fzythxj.
48 https://tinyurl.com/44mu2hnj. 91
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

la{ksi esa] bl fu"d"kZ ls NqVdkjk ikuk dfBu gS fd lh-ch-,-,e- vkSj bZ-;w-Mh-vkj- nksuksa gh tyok;q vkSj
i;kZoj.k dh Hkk"kk esa fyiVs O;kikj laj{k.k mik; gSaA •sy vkSj vafre y{; ,d gh gSa] ysfdu j.kuhfr;k¡
cnyrh jgrh gSaA Je ekud] fyax] yksdra=k] mRltZu vkSj ouksa dh dVkbZ--- le; ds lkFk ubZ lwph curh
jgsxhA fodkl ds lkFk laLFkk,¡ vkSj i¼fr;ka fodflr gksrh gSaA vkt ds fodflr ns'k mu ekudksa ds
vuq:i ugha gS] ftudh os fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls vis{kk djrs gSa] tks fodkl ds leku pj.k esa gSaA ysfdu
fiQj] ckSf¼d fLFkjrk okLro esa ;gk¡ y{; ugha gSA

3-18 VSfjiQ vkSj O;kikj ij lkekU; djkj@fo'o O;kikj laxBu (MCY;wVhvks) ds rgr yxkrkj
le>kSrksa ds ekè;e ls nqfu;k Hkj esa VSfjiQ ds mi;ksx esa fxjkoV ds dkj.k vkSj •k| lqj{kk] xq.koÙkk
vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds ckjs esa c<+rh miHkksDrk fparkvksa ds dkj.k ,uVh,e varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa
c<+rh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSaA49 ;w,ulhVh,Mh50 dh ,d fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd ,uVh,e oS/ uhfrxr
lk/uksa ds :i esa dke dj ldrs gSa] tks ekuo LokLF; vkSj i;kZoj.k dh j{kk tSlh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk,a
fuHkkrs gSaA dqN ekeyksa esa] os O;kikj dks Hkh c<+k ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc dksbZ fu;kZrd ns'k
mPp LoPNrk vkSj iQkbVkslSfuVjh ekudksa dks ykxw djrk gS] rks vk;kr djus okys ns'kksa ds miHkksDrkvksa
dks •k| mRiknksa dh xq.koÙkk ij vf/d Hkjkslk gksrk gS] ftlls ekax esa o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA l[r ?kjsyw
•k| lqj{kk ekud LFkkuh; fu;kZrdksa dks vius O;kikj Hkkxhnkjksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa
Hkh enn dj ldrs gSa] ftlls O;kikj ds voljksa dks vkSj c<+kok feysxkA
3-19 gkykafd dbZ ,uVh,e dk eq[; mís'; yksd LokLF; ;k i;kZoj.k dh j{kk djuk gS] ysfdu
os lwpuk] vuqikyu vkSj çfØ;kRed ykxrksa dks c<+kdj O;kikj ij çfrdwy çHkko Hkh Mkyrs gSaA ;g
fu;kZrdksa vkSj vk;krdksa ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd cktkjksa rd igq¡puk vkSj muls ykHk mBkuk rsth
ls O;kikj fofu;eksa] tSls fd LoPNrk ekudksa vkSj mRikn xq.koÙkk vko';drkvksa ds ikyu ij fuHkZj
djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] •k| mRiknksa esa dhVuk'kd vo'ks"kksa dks lhfer djus okys fofu;e dk
mís'; ekuo LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k dh j{kk ds ,d egRoiw.kZ lkoZtfud LokLF; y{; dks çkIr djuk gSA
gkyk¡fd] ;g fofu;e fu;kZrd ns'kksa esa iQeks± ij vfrfjDr vuqikyu vis{kk, yxkrk gS] vkSj dqN dks
yx ldrk gS fd fu;kZr djuk vc ykHknk;d ugha gSA urhtru] ,sls fofu;eu O;kikj dks çfrcaf/r
dj ldrs gSa] ftlls fu;kZrd ns'kksa esa vk; de gks ldrh gS vkSj vk;krd ns'kksa esa miHkksDrkvksa ds
fy, dhersa c<+ ldrh gSaA ;g eqík eq[; :i ls NksVs fu;kZrdksa vkSj xjhc ns'kksa dks çHkkfor djrk
gS] D;ksafd bUgsa vDlj bu ,uVh,e ls vlaxr uqdlku mBkrs gSaA51
3-20 ,uVh,e vk;kr ij vius çHkko ds ekè;e ls ,iQMhvkbZ dks vçR;{k :i ls çHkkfor dj ldrs
gSaA ;fn bl n`f"Vdks.k ls tqM+h ykxr fu;kZr dh ykxr ls de gS] rks dksbZ iQeZ ,iQMhvkbZ esa 'kkfey
gksdj ,uVh,e ds oSdfYid ekxZ dk fu.kZ; ys ldrh gSA blds vfrfjDr] ,uVh,e mUgsa ykxw djus
okys ns'k esa vkod ,iQMhvkbZ dks çksRlkfgr dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ;s mik; cktkj igqap esa ck/k,a c<+krs
gSaA vuqla/kuksa ls irk pyk gS dh ,uVh,e dk ,iQMhvkbZ ij ldkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] ;fn fdlh mRikn ij ykxw ,uVh,e dh vkSlr la[;k esa ,d dh o`f¼ gksrh gS] ;kuh çfr mRikn
2-5 ls 3-5 ,uVh,e] rks ,iQMhvkbZ esa 12 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA dqN ,uVh,e] tSls ckSf¼d

49 ;w,ulhVh,Mh MkWD;wesaV] ^ukWu&VSfjiQ esllZ% MsfiQfu'kal ,aM csfld iQSDV~l*] https://tinyurl.com/y7hwd55u

50 ;w,ulhVh,Mh fjiksVZ] ^VªsM dkWLV~l vkWiQ ukWu&VSfjiQ estlZ ukWo eksj nsu Mcy nsr vkWiQ VSfjÝl]* https://tinyurl.com/55tk5fut.
92 51 ;w,ulhVh,Mh MkWD;wesaV vksu ^baVªksMD'ku Vw ,uVh,e*] https://tinyurl.com/mr3a95en
 cká {ks=k

laink vf/dkj] LFkkuh; lkexzh vko';drk,a vkSj fof'k"V {ks=kksa esa VhchVh] ,iQMhvkbZ dks egRoiw.kZ
:i ls çHkkfor djrs gSaA52

Hkkjr ds O;kikj çn'kZu esa #>ku

3-21 Hkkjr ds O;kikj {ks=k us oSf'od vkfFkZd pqukSfr;ksa ds ckotwn mYys•uh; fLFkjrk vkSj o`f¼ dk
çn'kZu fd;k gSA oSf'od eanh vkSj egkekjh ds chp foÙk o"kZ 20 esa fxjkoV ds ckn] foÙk o"kZ 22 esa
dqy fu;kZr esa tksjnkj mNky vk;k vkSj foÙk o"kZ 23 esa fjdkWMZ ÅapkbZ ij igqap x;kA ;g xfr foÙk
o"kZ 24 esa Hkh tkjh jgh] ftlesa dqy fu;kZr fiNys o"kZ ds fjdkWMZ dks ikj dj x;k] tcfd tcjnLr
?kjsyw ekax ds tokc esa vk;kr esa FkksM+h deh vkbZA

3-22 Hkkjr ds dqy fu;kZr (eky $ lsok,¡) us foÙk o"kZ 25 ds igys ukS eghuksa esa ldkjkRed xfr
fn•kbZ gS] tks 602-6 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj rd igqap x;k gS] ftlesa lky&nj&lky 6 çfr'kr dh
o`f¼ ns•h xbZ gSA ;g o`f¼ fu;kZr ds yphysiu dks çnf'kZr djrh gS] tks oSf'od vkfFkZd pqukSfr;ksa
ds ckotwn gky ds o"kks± esa yxkrkj Åij dh vksj c<+ jgk gSA vçSy&fnlacj 2024 ds nkSjku dqy
vk;kr 682-2 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj rd igqap x;k] ftlesa lky&nj&lky 6-9 çfr'kr dh o`f¼
ntZ dh xbZA ;g ldkjkRed vk;kr o`f¼ Hkkjrh; cktkj esa oLrqvksa dh fLFkj ekax dk ladsr nsrh gS]
tks ?kjsyw •ir vkSj mRiknu t:jrksa dks lg;ksx çnku djrh gSA fu;kZr dh rqyuk esa lexz vk;kr esa
vf/d mYys•uh; o`f¼ ds dkj.k vçSy&fnlacj 2023 ds nkSjku lexz O;kikj ?kkVk 69-7 fcfy;u
vesfjdh MkWyj ls c<+dj foÙk o"kZ 25 dh blh vof/ esa 79-5 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj gks x;kA

3-23 vçSy&fnlacj 2024 esa xSj&isVªksfy;e fu;kZr esa 7-1 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbZA blh le;
esa] xSj&isVªksfy;e vkSj xSj&jRu vkSj vkHkw"k.k fu;kZr esa 9-1 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbZA nokvksa vkSj
iQkekZL;wfVdYl] bysDVªkWfud lkeku] bathfu;jh lkeku vkSj jlk;uksa tSls fof'k"V {ks=kksa esa fu;kZr esa
o`f¼ ns•h xbZ tks vçSy&fnlacj 2024 ds nkSjku lky&nj&lky vk/kj ij Øe'k% 6-4 çfr'kr] 28-6
çfr'kr] 9-9 çfr'kr vkSj 5 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ o`f¼ gqbZA blh vof/ ds nkSjku diM+k fu;kZr53 esa Hkh
lkykuk vk/kj ij 7-6 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ ns•h xbZA vukt] nkyksa vkSj •k| rsyksa ij c<+rs eqækLiQhfr ds
ncko us Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ mRiknksa ds fu;kZr dks lhfer dj fn;kA dqy feykdj] O;kikfjd oLrqvksa ds
fu;kZr esa 1-6 çfr'kr (o"kZ&nj&o"kZ vk/kj) dh o`f¼ ntZ dh xbZ gS ftldk eq[; dkj.k varjjk"Vªh;
oLrq dherksa esa fxjkoV ds dkj.k isVªksfy;e mRikn fu;kZr ewY; esa deh jghA

3-24 vçSy&fnlacj 2024 ds nkSjku O;kikfjd vk;kr esa 5-2 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbZA ;g o`f¼ eq[;
:i ls xSj&rsy] xSj&lksus ds vk;kr esa o`f¼ ds dkj.k gqbZ] tks fiNys o"kZ dh blh vof/ ds nkSjku
340-5 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj dh rqyuk esa foÙk o"kZ 25 ds igys vkB eghuksa esa 352-1 fcfy;u
vejhdh MkWyj rd igq¡p xbZ] tks eqækLiQhfr ds çHkko ds ckotwn ?kjsyw •ir esa mNky dk ladsr gSA
R;kSgkjh •pZ ls igys ÚaVyksfMax vkSj lqjf{kr&laifÙk;ksa dh ekax ds dkj.k mPp varjjk"Vªh; dherksa ds
dkj.k lksus ds vk;kr esa o`f¼ gqbZA çeq• xSj&rsy] xSj&lksus ds vk;krksa esa] vykSg /krq] e'khu VwYl]
52 mi;qDr uksV 50.
53 diM+k fu;kZr esa lwrh /kxk@diM+s@^esM&vi*] gFkdj?kk mRikn] ekuo fufeZr /kxk@diM+s@esM&vi] lHkh ^fofHkUu iQkbcj&vk/kfjr
lkefxz;ksa* ds jsMhesM ifj/ku] iQ'kZ dofjax] dkyhu vkSj gLrfufeZr dkyhu dks NksM+dj gLrf'kYi lfgr twV fuekZ.k 'kkfey gSaA 93
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

e'khujh] bysfDVªdy vkSj xSj&bysfDVªdy lkeku vkSj ifjogu midj.k us foÙk o"kZ 25 ds igys ukS
eghuksa esa mYys•uh; o`f¼ ns•h] tks iwathxr eky dh c<+rh ekax dks n'kkZrk gSA bysDVªkWfud lkeku
us Hkh yxkrkj xfr cuk, j•h] tks foosdk/hu miHkksDrk •pZ esa o`f¼ dk ladsr gSA blds vfrfjDr]
?kjsyw mRiknu dk leFkZu djus vkSj eqækLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, nkyksa vkSj dikl ds vk;kr
esa o`f¼ gqbZA

pkVZ III.5% eky O;kikj esa #>ku

800 Merchandise exports Merchandise imports Merchandise Trade Deficit

600

400

716

678
613
USD billion

533
506
475

451

437
422
394

200

322
313

317
292

0
-103
-161

-191

-241

-190

-211
-200 -265

-400
FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 Apr-Dec 23 Apr-Dec 24

lzksr% MhthlhvkbZ,l] okf.kT; ,oa m|ksx ea=kky;

3-25 fu;kZr dh rqyuk esa eky ds vk;kr esa o`f¼ dh rst xfr us vçSy&fnlacj 2024 esa O;kikfjd
oLrq O;kikj ?kkVs dks 210-8 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj rd c<+kus esa ;ksxnku fn;k] tcfd fiNys o"kZ
blh vof/ esa ;g 189-7 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj FkkA

diM+k fu;kZr
3-26 Hkkjr dk diM+k {ks=k lfn;ksa ls jk"Vª ds fy, xkSjo vkSj 'kfDr dk fo"k; jgk gSA vuwBs fçaV
vkSj cqukbZ ls ysdj fofo/ jaxksa vkSj gLrdyk rd] diM+k {ks=k gekjh lkaLÑfrd] lkekftd vkSj
,sfrgkfld fojklr ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dks cqurk gSA Hkkjr oSf'od Lrj ij diM+k vkSj ifj/ku dk
NBk lcls cM+k fu;kZrd gSA diM+k vkSj ifj/ku m|ksx ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 2-3 çfr'kr] vkS|ksfxd
mRiknu esa 13 çfr'kr vkSj fu;kZr esa 12 çfr'kr dk ;ksxnku nsrk gSA54 ;g Ñf"k ds ckn lcls cM+s
jkstxkj l`tudrkZvksa esa ls ,d gS] ftlesa 45 fefy;u ls vf/d yksx lh/s jkstxkj ikrs gSa] ftuesa dbZ
efgyk,¡ vkSj xzkeh.k vkcknh 'kkfey gSaA55 bl m|ksx dh lekos'kh çÑfr ds ,d vkSj lcwr ds :i
esa] bldh yxHkx 80 çfr'kr {kerk ns'k ds lw{e] y?kq vkSj eè;e m|e ,e,l,ebZ lewgksa (DyLVjksa)
esa iQSyh gqbZ gSA56

54 https://www.ibef.org/industry/textiles
55 mi;qDr uksV 54.
94 56 bUosLV bafM;k fjiksVZ] ^VsDlVkby & vikjsy baMLVªh% n psat ,tsaV vkWiQ bafM;k*] https://tinyurl.com/mtzhfarh.
 cká {ks=k

3-27 Hkkjr us 2023 esa 34 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj ewY; dh diM+k oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr fd;k]
ftlesa ifj/ku fu;kZr ckLdsV dk 42 çfr'kr (14-6 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj) Fkk] mlds ckn dPps
eky@v/Z&rS;kj lkexzh 34 çfr'kr (11-7 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj) vkSj rS;kj xSj&ifj/ku lkeku 30
çfr'kr (7-8 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj) FksA57 ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk us Hkkjr ds ifj/ku fu;kZr dk yxHkx
66 çfr'kr] rS;kj xSj&ifj/ku lkeku dk 58 çfr'kr vkSj dPps eky@v/Z&rS;kj lkexzh dk 12 çfr'kr
miHkksx fd;kA vU; çeq• xarO;ksa esa ;wds (ifj/ku fu;kZr dk 8 çfr'kr) vkSj ;w,bZ (7 çfr'kr)
'kkfey gSaA

pkVZ III.6% fiNys n'kd esa Hkkjr dk diM+k fu;kZr

Apparel Semi-finished or raw textiles Finished textile products
20

15
USD billion

10
18.3

17.4
17.2

17.2
17.0

16.8
16.6

16.3
15.9
15.8

15.7

15.3

14.6
14.6
14.0

13.7
13.4

12.6
12.5
12.4

12.3
11.0
5

0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

lzksr% ,p,l&6 mRikn Lrj ij fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kj ij] vkbZVhlh VªsMekdZ ls çkIr MsVk

3-28 vke rkSj ij] Hkkjrh; diM+k fu;kZr ckLdsV dk #>ku dikl vkSj dikl vk/kfjr mRiknksa dh
vksj jgk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] 2023 esa] 'kh"kZ 10 diM+k fu;kZrksa (ewY; ds fglkc ls) esa ls vkB esa
dikl vkSj dikl vk/kfjr mRikn 'kkfey FksA Hkkjr dh çeq• diM+k fu;kZr Js.kh] ;kuh ifj/ku ds
laca/ esa] ns'k dh cktkj fgLlsnkjh 2023 esa oSf'od Lrj ij 2-8 çfr'kr jgh A gkykafd] ;g m|ksx
ds çeq• f•ykfM+;ksa] tSls phu (30 çfr'kr)] ckaXykns'k (9 çfr'kr) vkSj fo;ruke (7 çfr'kr) dh
rqyuk esa cgqr de gSA ,p ,l&6 Lrjksa ij vkxs ds fo'ys"k.k ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjr yxHkx 3
fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj ds ifj/ku fu;kZr ds fy, vU; fu;kZrdksa58 dks dM+h çfrLi/kZ nsrk gS] ysfdu
oLrqvksa dk 'ks"k ifj/ku laxzg vHkh Hkh gekjs çfrLif/Z;ksa ds rqyukRed ykHk ls esy ugha •krk gSA

3-29 o"kZ 2020 ls 2022 ds chp dksfoM&19 dh vof/ ds nkSjku diM+k fu;kZr yphyk jgk] ysfdu
,d n'kd dh le;kof/ esa mudk çn'kZu detksj jgk gSA ckWDl III-3 esa fu;kZr o`f¼ esa ck/k Mkyus
okys laHkkfor dkjdksa vkSj mu voljksa ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls crk;k x;k gS] ftudk mi;ksx bl {ks=k
dks 2030 rd diM+k fu;kZr esa 150 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ds y{; rd igqapus ds fy, djuk
gksxkA59
57 VSfjiQ Lrj ij la;qDr jk"Vª dkWeVªsM MsVk ij vk/kfjr fo'ys"k.kA
58 ,p,l&6 Lrj ij fu;kZr dk cktkj fgLlk phu] fo;ruke] baMksusf'k;k vkSj ckaXykns'k ds cktkj fgLls ds cjkcj ;k mlls vf/d gSA
59 fnukad 4 flracj 2024 ds oL=k ea=kky; dh ihvkbZch çsl foKfIr] https://tinyurl.com/5he5722d. 95
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

ckWDl III-3% vc le; vk x;k gS fd ge vius rkus&ckus ds ckjs esa ltx gks tk,a!
ykxrsa tks diM+s ds fu;kZr esa o`f¼ dks de dj jgh gSa
Hkkjr dk diM+k mRiknu ns'k Hkj esa iQSys dbZ Lora=k vkSj lewgc¼ y?kq ,oa eè;e m|eksa (,l,ebZ) esa
gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dikl mRiknu dks ysa] tks xqtjkr] eè; çns'k vkSj vka/z çns'k esa iQSyk gqvk
gSA dikl dh rktk mit fiQj rfeyukMq tkrh gS] tgka dikl ds /kxs dk mRiknu gksrk gSA fiQj lwrh
diM+s esa cqus tkus ls igys /kxs egkjk"Vª vkSj xqtjkr ds dqN fgLlksa esa tkrs gSaA LFkkuh;dj.k dh deh
vkSj ewY; J`a•yk dh tfVyrk ds dkj.k] oSf'od çfrLif/Z;ksa dh rqyuk esa ykxr vf/d gksrh gSA blds
foijhr] phu vkSj fo;ruke tSls çfrLi/hZ ns'kksa esa mèokZ/j ,dhÑr ^iQkbcj&Vw&iQS'ku* iQeZ de ykxr
okys mRikn fu;kZr djrh gSa] fujarj xq.koÙkk cuk, j•rh gSa vkSj m|ksx dh rsth ls cnyrh çÑfr ds lkFk
rkyesy fcBkus esa l{ke gSaA
ljy vkSj mnkj lhek 'kqYd çfØ;k,a fofu;ked ykxr dks vkSj de dj nsrh gSa vkSj phu vkSj fo;ruke
tSls oSf'od diM+k çfrLif/Z;ksa ds fu;kZr dks çfrLi/kZRed c<+r çnku djrh gSaA
nwljh vksj] Hkkjr esa diM+k fu;kZrd tfVy çfØ;kvksa ls foo'k gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy,] fu;kZrdksa dks ç;qDr
diM+s] cVu vkSj ftij ds çR;sd oxZ lsaVhehVj dk lko/kuhiwoZd fglkc j•uk iM+rk gSA blh rjg]
diM+k vk;kr ds fy, çh&f'kiesaV fujh{k.k çek.ki=k dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ftlls çpkyu xfr /heh
gks tkrh gS vkSj diM+k O;olk; dh ykxr c<+ tkrh gSA60
lajpukRed fo'ks"krkvksa (tSls ÅèokZ/j ,dhdj.k] mnkj Je dkuwu] vkfn) ds vykok] tks ykxr ykHk
çnku djrs gSa] diM+k cktkj esa çfrLif/Z;ksa dks miHkksDrk ns'kksa ds lkFk ,iQVh, dk vfrfjDr ykHk Hkh
feyrk gSA okLro esa] Hkkjrh; ifj/ku fu;kZr dks vius çfrLif/Z;ksa dh rqyuk esa leku volj dk lkeuk
ugha djuk iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tSlk fd eq•thZ ,oa vU;- 201961 }kjk mYys• fd;k x;k gS] Hkys
gh Hkkjr dks js'ke 'kkWy vkSj LdkiQZ ds fu;kZr esa egRoiw.kZ rqyukRed ykHk gS] ysfdu ns'k dks vesfjdk
esa 11-3 çfr'kr dh mPp VSfjiQ nj dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA bldh rqyuk esa] dksfj;k tSls çfrLif/Z;ksa
dks ;w,l&dksfj;k ,iQVh, tSls O;kikj djkjksa ds dkj.k vius js'ke LdkiQZ fu;kZr ij 'kwU; VSfjiQ dk
lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
lkekU; rkSj ij] vkus okys o"kks± esa diM+k m|ksx dh ykxr esa o`f¼ gksus dh laHkkouk gSA la/kj.kh; lksflZax
dh vksj oSf'od lajpukRed cnyko bls vkxs c<+k,xkA vDlj] fu;ked ifjorZuksa ds dkj.k ,slk cnyko
vko';d gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;wjksih; la?k ds ikl 16 fof/;k¡ gSa ftles laiw.kZ iQS'ku ewY; J`a•yk
'kkfey gksrh gS] tks 2021 vkSj 202462 ds chp ykxw gq,A pwafd ;wjksih; la?k gekjs fu;kZr dk yxHkx 20
çfr'kr fgLlk gS] blfy, bl rjg dk cnyko NksVs m|eksa ds fy, ,d pqukSrh gS] ftUgsa i;kZoj.kh; n`f"V
ls la/kj.kh;&vuqdwy mRiknu fof/;ksa dks viukus dh vko';drk gSA
oSf'od diM+k m|ksx esa cnyrs #>ku
Hkkjr ds ikl ifj/ku dh ekax esa mHkjrs oSf'od cnykoksa ds lkFk rkyesy fcBkus dk ,d 'kkunkj volj
gSA tcfd gekjk rqyukRed ykHk dikl vkSj dikl vk/kfjr mRiknksa esa fufgr gS] oSf'od ekax ekuo
fufeZr iQkbcj (,e,e,iQ) ls cus mRiknksa dh vksj LFkkukarfjr gks xbZ gSA ,e,e,iQ&vk/kfjr mRiknksa esa
;ksx iSaV vkSj ,FkysfVd fo;j ls ysdj foekuu] ,;jksLisl vkSj vkWVkseksckby esa rduhdh oL=k 'kkfey gSaA

60 thVhvkjvkbZ fjiksVZ] tqykbZ 2024] ^gkWo dkWEIysDl çkslhtlZ] baiksVZ fjfLVªD'kUl ,aM MksesfLVd baVjsLV~l fgaMj bafM;kt xkjesaV ,DliksV~lZ*
https://tinyurl.com/yxjxjzyz.
61 vkbfM;kt iQksj bafM;k] ^VªsM ,xzhesaV~l ,aM fn,j bEiSDV vksu bafM;kt vikjsy ,DliksV~lZ*] https://tinyurl.com/22exauh4.
96 62 eSfdUls vkfVZdy] ^fjbesftfuax n vikjsy oSY;w pkSu vfeM oksysfVfyVh*]] https://tinyurl.com/2nhedse4.
 cká {ks=k

baVjus'kuy dkWVu ,lksfl,'ku ds vuqlkj] 2024 esa oSf'od iQkbcj •ir esa ,e,e,iQ dk fgLlk 77
çfr'kr Fkk] tcfd dikl ds fy, ;g fliQZ 22 çfr'kr FkkA
,e,e,iQ ewY; J`a•yk esa 'kkfey gksdj] Hkkjr oSf'od ,e,e,iQ ekax esa yxkrkj o`f¼ ls ykHkkfUor
gksxkA oSf'od ,e,e,iQ mRiknu esa Hkkjr dh fgLlsnkjh orZeku esa 9-2 izfr'kr gS] vkSj fo;ruke] phu
vkSj rkboku tSls oSf'od usrkvksa ds mRiknu Lrjksa dks idM+us dh {kerk vf/d gSA63
gekjh çfrLi/kZ dh xq.koÙkk ls esy •kus vkSj ,e,e,iQ mRiknu ls ewY; ykHk çkIr djus ds fy,] gekjs
,e,e,iQ {ks=k dks ÅèokZ/j ,dhdj.k dh vksj c<+uk pkfg, vkSj vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl vkSj fVdkÅ
mRiknu rduhdksa esa egRoiw.kZ :i ls fuos'k djuk pkfg,A

pkVZ III.7% çeq• diM+k iQkbcjksa pkVZ III.8% iQkbcj ds fy, oSf'od cktkj
(js'kksa) dh fo'o •ir esa dikl dh cktkj fgLlsnkjh
Cotton Man-Made Fibre Wool 80
68.3 %
120000
70
100000
60
80000
50
'000 Tonnes

Per cent
60000
40 22.3 %
40000 30
20000 20
0 10
2004

2024
2000

2008

2020
1960
1964

2012
1968

1992

2016
1972

1984

1996
1988
1976
1980

2020
2000
2004
2008
1964

2012

2024
1960

1968

1992

2016
1972

1984
1988

1996
1976
1980

lzksr% varjkZ"Vªh; dikl la?k (vkbZlh,)

Hkkjr ds diM+k fu;kZr dks oSf'od •jhnkjksa ds fy, rS;kj djuk & gky dh ;kstuk,¡ vkSj vkxs
ds volj
gky ds o"kks± esa] ljdkj us oSf'od ekax dh cnyrh çÑfr vkSj Hkkjrh; fu;kZrdksa }kjk lkeuk dh tkus
okyh mPp lkis{k ykxrksa ds tokc esa dbZ uhfr;ksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA bl {ks=k ds fy, `10]683 djksM+ ds
ifjO;; ds lkFk ,d ih,yvkbZ ;kstuk ykxw dh xbZ gS] tks m|ksx esa fuos'k ds ekè;e ls {kerk fuekZ.k
dks c<+krh gSA pwafd ,e,e,iQ mRiknksa dks fofHkUu mi;ksx ekeyksa ds vuqdwy Hkkjh 'kks/ vkSj fodkl dh
vko';drk gksrh gS] blfy, jk"Vªh; rduhdh oL=k fe'ku (,uVhVh,e) dks `1]480 djksM+ ds ifjO;;
dh eatwjh nh xbZ gSA 2024 rd] ,uVhVh,e fe'ku ds rgr 168 'kks/ ifj;kstukvksa (`509 djksM+ ewY;
dh) dks eatwjh nh xbZ FkhA64
,d ÅèokZ/j ,dhÑr diM+k m|ksx dh vko';drk ds tokc esa] ljdkj us fo'o Lrjh; Iyx&,aM&Iys
cqfu;knh <kaps dk fuekZ.k djus vkSj diM+k {ks=k esa ,iQMhvkbZ dks vkeaf=kr djus ds fy, 2022 esa lkr
LFkyksa ij ç/kuea=kh esxk ,dhÑr oL=k {ks=k vkSj ifj/ku (ih,e&fe=k) ikdks± dks eatwjh nh gSA

63 oYMZ VsDlVkby fMekaM fjiksVZ] 2024 ds vuqlkj_ https://tinyurl.com/52m82u5.

64 oL=k ea=kky; dh çsl lwpuk C;wjks dh 12 uoacj 2024 dh foKfIr] https://tinyurl.com/4kf8sdnz. 97
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

fo'o Lrjh;] ekudhÑr volajpuk diM+k fu;kZrdksa dks m|ksx esa cnyrh bZ,lth (i;kZoj.k] lkekftd
vkSj 'kklu) vko';drkvksa dk csgrj <ax ls tokc nsus esa Hkh enn djsxkA ykxr çfrLi/kZ esa enn djus
ds fy,] ljdkj us varfje dsaæh; ctV foÙk o"kZ 25 esa ifj/ku@oL=k vkSj esM&vi ds fu;kZr ds fy,
jkT; vkSj dsaæh; djksa vkSj 'kqYdksa (vkjvks,llhVh,y) dh NwV ds fy, ;kstuk dks 31 ekpZ 2026 rd
tkjh j•us dh eatwjh nhA65 blds vykok] ;w,bZ&Hkkjr lhbZih, (2022) tSls xgjs ,iQVh, us ,d egRoiw.kZ
cktkj ds lkFk Hkkjr ds diM+k VSfjiQ dks de djus esa enn dh gSA Hkkjr ;wjksih; la?k vkSj ;wds tSls 'kh"kZ
vk;krdksa ds lkFk O;kikj lkSnksa ij ckrphr djus dh fn'kk esa lfØ; :i ls dke dj jgk gSA
Hkkjr ds diM+k {ks=k esa dbZ vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ka dke dj jgh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] eSfdUls ds eq[;
•jhn vf/dkjh loZs{k.k ds vuqlkj] nh?kZdkfyd j.kuhfrd lk>snkjh (ek=kk çfrc¼rkvksa lfgr) cukus
dh ryk'k djus okys •jhn vf/dkfj;ksa dh fgLlsnkjh 2019 vkSj 2023 ds chp nksxquh ls vf/d gks xbZ
gSA66 blds vykok] loZs{k.k esa 'kkfey 40 çfr'kr ls vf/d •jhn vf/dkfj;ksa us Hkkjr] ckaXykns'k vkSj
fo;ruke ls vius lzksr dks c<+kus dh ;kstuk cukbZ gSA
gkykafd dqN ,sls vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ka gSa tks Hkkjr ds diM+k fu;kZr dh o`f¼ dk leFkZu djsaxh] ysfdu
diM+k ckLdsV dh ykxr de fd, fcuk vkSj ,e,e,iQ {ks=k esa gekjs cktkj fgLls dks xgjk fd, fcuk
budk iwjh rjg ls nksgu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu mís';ksa ds fy, m|ksx dks vius 'kks/ ç;klksa dks
c<+kus vkSj mRiknksa dks varjkZ"Vªh; xq.koÙkk vkSj la/kj.kh;rk laca/h vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj ,dhÑr vkSj
rS;kj djus dh vko';drk gksxhA
gekjs fu;kZrdksa dh foÙkh; vkSj çca/dh; cSaMfoM~Fk dk miHkksx djus okyh çfØ;kvksa dk ljyhdj.k]
lesdu vkSj mUewyu ,d vklku dke gSA bu pqukSfr;ksa dk lek/ku djus ls ykxr esa mYys•uh; deh
vk ldrh gS vkSj fu;kZrdksa ij cks> de gks ldrk gS] ftlls mUgsa vf/d dq'ky vkSj çfrLi/hZ cuus
esa enn feysxhA

u, cktkjksa esa Hkkjr ds fu;kZr dk fofo/hdj.k

3-30 tSlk fd le; ds lkFk vkfFkZd dk;Z foHkkx67 ds fuca/&laxzg esa ppkZ dh xbZ gS] Hkkjr us
viuh fu;kZr ckLdsV esa cM+h la[;k esa u, mRiknksa dks tksM+k gSA 1994 vkSj 2022 ds chp] Hkkjr us u
dsoy u, cktkjksa dks mdsjk gS] cfYd dqN ubZ mRikn Jsf.k;ksa esa cktkj ds yhMj cu x, gSaA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] Hkkjr f'kfiax tgktksa (yxHkx 33 çfr'kr cktkj fgLlsnkjh ds lkFk) dk 'kh"kZ fu;kZrd gSA blh
rjg] ;g yksgs vkSj LVhy feJ /krqvksa dk ,d çeq• fu;kZrd gS] tks 1994 ls igys ,d vLi"VhÑr
cktkj gSA
3-31 vçSy vkSj uoacj 2024 ds chp] Hkkjr ds fu;kZr us mPp oSf'od pqukSfr;ksa ds ckotwn fofo/
cktkjksa esa egRoiw.kZ o`f¼ vkSj foLrkj ns•kA fo'ys"k.k esa fofo/ cktkjksa dh la[;k dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS]
ftlesa fcYdqy u, cktkj 'kkfey gSa] tgka vçSy vkSj uoacj 2023 ds chp dksbZ fu;kZr ugha ns•k
x;k Fkk] ysfdu fu;kZr foÙk o"kZ 25 dh lacaf/r vof/ esa gqvkA blesa u, cktkj Hkh 'kkfey gSa tgka
fu;kZr 'ks;j vçSy ls uoacj 2023 rd 0&0-1 çfr'kr Fkk vkSj foÙk o"kZ 25 dh lacaf/r vof/ esa
25 çfr'kr ls vf/d ewY; esa o`f¼ ds lkFk 0-1 çfr'kr ls vf/d gks x;kA blds vykok] gksugkj
cktkj] tgka vçSy ls uoacj 2023 esa fu;kZr 'ks;j 0-1&1 çfr'kr Fkk vkSj vçSy ls uoacj 2024 esa
25 çfr'kr ls vf/d ewY; esa o`f¼ ds lkFk 1 çfr'kr ls vf/d gks x;kA MkWV dk vkdkj fu;kZr ds
ewY; dks n'kkZrk gSA fo'ys"k.k çeq• çeq• oLrqvksa (ihlh) ds fy, miyC/ vkadM+ksa ds vk/kj ij
fd;k x;k gSA
65 ihvkbZch çsl foKfIr fnukad 1 iQjojh 2024] https://tinyurl.com/35faj878A
66 eSfdUls vkfVZdy] ^fjbesftfuax n vikjsy oSY;w pkSu vfeM oksysfVfyVh*] https://tinyurl.com/2nhedse4.
98 67 fiQj ls tkap djus okys dFkkvksa% fuca/ksa dk ,d laxzg] https://tinyurl.com/4rap2xpx
 cká {ks=k

3-32 bu 20 ihlh dks nks ekunaMksa ds vk/kj ij pquk x;k Fkk% lcls igys] ihlh dks u, cktkjksa
dh la[;k ds vojksgh Øe esa Øec¼ fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj nwljh ckr] ihlh,l dk fu;kZr ewY; 100
fefy;u ls vf/d dk fu;kZr ewY; FkkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] pkVZ III-15 ls irk pyrk gS fd vkWfIVdy
vkbVe dk fu;kZr ewY; vçSy ls uoacj 2024 rd 16-6 fefy;u vejhdh Mkyj dk fu;kZr ewY;
Fkk vkSj mUgsa 14 u, cktkjksa (ftEckCos] fo;ruke] ratkfu;k] ;qxkaMk] VÔwuhf'k;k] jksekfu;k] drj]
fiQyhihal] ekstkfEcd] ekstkfEcd] dqoSr] nf{k.k dksfj;k] bjkd] ?kkuk] fiQuySaM) dks fu;kZr fd;k
x;k FkkAblh rjg] Øsu] fyÝVksa vkSj fotsrk ds fu;kZr dk vçSy ls uoacj 2024 rd 23-1 fefy;u
vejhdh Mkyj dk ewY; Fkk] ftls 12 u, cktkjksa (rkboku] lksekfy;k] iqrZxky] E;kaekj] eksjDdks]
eSMkxkLdj] fyFkqvkfu;k] tkWMZu] gksaMqjkl] dSe:u] vkeZsfu;k) dks fu;kZr fd;k x;k gSA blds vykok]
dk;kZy; midj.k vkSj fpfdRlk&oSKkfud midj.kksa esa Øe'k% ;w,lMh 10-7 fefy;u (12 u, cktkjksa
esa fu;kZr) vkSj ;w,lMh 62-7 fefy;u (9 u, cktkjksa esa fu;kZr) dk fu;kZr ewY; gSA lftZdy dks
5-4 fefy;u vejhdh Mkyj ds dqy ewY; ds lkFk ukS u, cktkjksa esa Hkh fu;kZr fd;k x;k gSA

pkVZ III-9% egRoiw.kZ ihlh ds fy, •ksts x, u, cktkjksa dh la[;k

(vçSy & uoacj 2024)
16

Nuclear reactor,
indl boiler, PRT, 14

14 Optical items (incl. lens

etc), 14
Number of Markets Explored in FY25

offie equipments, 12
12
Oil meals, 9
Cranes, lifts
and winches, Processed fruits
12 and juices, 10 Aluminium, products of
Handloom products, 9 aluminium, 8
10 AC, refrigeration Drugs formulations,
Bicycle and parts, 9 machinery, etc, 8 biologicals, 8
Other cereals, 10

Electrodes, 8
Essential oils, 9
8 Surgicals,
Fertilisers crude, 9 9

Medical and scientific

instruments, 9 Cosmetics
6 Other jute Books, and toiletries,
manufactures, 9 publications 8
and printing, 8

4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

lzksr% okf.kfT;d vklwpuk vkSj lkaf[;dh egkfuns'kky;A

3-33 ;s #>ku Hkkjr dh {kerk dks cuk, j•us vkSj ;gka rd fd LFkkfir cktkjksa esa viuh mifLFkfr
dks etcwr djus dh {kerk dks n'kkZrs gSaA ;g oSf'od ifjn`';ksa dks fodflr djus esa ns'k dh yphykiu
vkSj vuqdwyu'khyrk dks Hkh mtkxj djrk gSA blds lkFk gh] u, cktkjksa dh •kst us vius fu;kZr 99
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

igqap dk foLrkj djus vkSj fdlh Hkh ,dy cktkj ;k {ks=k ij fuHkZjrk dks de djus ds fy, ,d
lfØ; n`f"Vdks.k dk ladsr fn;kA ;g fofo/hdj.k j.kuhfr cktkj esa mrkj&p<+ko ls tqM+s tksf•eksa dks
de djrh gS vkSj ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa ;ksxnku djrs gq, varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ifjn`'; esa Hkkjr
dks ,d vf/d çfrLi/hZ f•ykM+h ds :i esa LFkkfir djrh gSA

oSf'od pqukSfr;ksa ds chp lsok O;kikj yphyk jgk

3-34 lsok {ks=k ds fu;kZr us yphykiu dk çn'kZu fd;k gS] tcfd eky ds fu;kZr esa gky ds eghuksa
esa la;e ns•k x;k gSA çfrdwy Hkw &jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds chp foÙk o"kZ 25 ds igys ukS eghuksa
esa os 11-6 çfr'kr dh nj ls c<+sA lsokvksa ds fu;kZr esa o`f¼ us foÙk o"kZ 25 ds igys ukS eghuksa esa
foÙk o"kZ 2014 ds igys ukS eghuksa esa 120-1 fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj ls ysdj 131-3 fcfy;u MkWyj
dh jkf'k esa o`f¼ esa ;ksxnku fn;kA

pkVZ III-10% foÙk o"kZ 2025 ds igys ukS eghuksa esa fuoy lsok vk; esa o`f¼
400 Services exports Services Imports Net services receipt

350

300
USD billion

250

200
325 341
150 281
255 252
100 213 206
182 178
128 147 132 150
50 118

-
FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 Apr-Dec 23 Apr-Dec 24

lzksr% Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad

3-35 Hkkjr ls lsok fu;kZr us oSf'od fu;kZr esa cgq&{ks=kh; mifLFkfr fn•kbZ gS] ftlesa dbZ {ks=kksa esa
mYys•uh; ;ksxnku jgk gSA oSf'od lsok fu;kZr esa Hkkjr dh fgLlsnkjh nksxquh ls Hkh vf/d gks xbZ gS]
tks 2005 esa 1-9 çfr'kr ls c<+dj 2023 esa yxHkx 4-3 çfr'kr gks xbZ gSA68 ^nwjlapkj] daI;wVj vkSj
lwpuk lsokvksa* esa] Hkkjr dh fgLlsnkjh oSf'od fu;kZr cktkj dh 10-2 çfr'kr gS (fo'o esa nwljk lcls
cM+k fu;kZrd gS)] tks vkbZVh vkmVlksflZax] lkWÝVos;j fodkl vkSj fMftVy lsokvksa esa viuh etcwr
fLFkfr dks n'kkZrk gSA ^vU; O;kolkf;d lsok {ks=k* Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gS] ftlesa fo'o esa
Hkkjr dh fgLlsnkjh 7-2 çfr'kr gS (nqfu;k esa rhljk lcls cM+k fu;kZrd gS)] tks o`fÙkd vkSj ijke'khZ
lsokvksa esa viuh fo'ks"kKrk ls çsfjr gSA69

3-36 ^;k=kk* vkSj *ifjogu* lsok,a mu {ks=kksa dk çfrfuf/Ro djrh gS]a tgka Hkkjr oSf'od fu;kZr esa
vis{kkÑr de fgLlk j•rk gS] Øe'k% 2-1 çfr'kr vkSj 2-2 çfr'kr] nqfu;k Hkj esa vU; i;ZVu vkSj
ykftfLVdl gc ls çfrLi/kZ dk lkeuk djus dh laHkkouk gSA vkxs dh o`f¼ ds volj gS]a fo'ks"k :i
ls varjkZ"Vªh; i;ZVu cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj oSf'od ifjogu usVodZ dks c<+kus esAa oSf'od cSfa dax] chek vkSj
68 UNCTAD Stats, https://tinyurl.com/2s42av87.
100 69 ;w,ulhVh,Mh&MCY;wVhvks vkadM+ksa ij vk/kfjrA
 cká {ks=k

fuos'k lsokvksa esa o`f¼ dh {kerk dks mtkxj djrs gq,] Hkkjr dk foÙkh; lsok {ks=k oSf'od vkSlr ls ihNs
gSA nwljh vksj] O;fDrxr] ^lkaLÑfrd vkSj euksjta u* lsokvksa esa 3-4 çfr'kr vkSj ^fuekZ.k lsokvks*a esa 3-5
çfr'kr dh oSf'od fgLlsnkjh ds lkFk] Hkkjr Øe'k% 6osa vkSj 8osa LFkku ij gS] tks lkaLÑfrd fu;kZr vkSj
varjkZ"Vªh; volajpuk ifj;kstukvksa esa viuh çfrLi/kZRed c<+r dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA

3-37 Hkkjr vkbZVh vkSj O;kolkf;d lsokvksa esa oSf'od yhMj cuk gqvk gS] ysfdu ;k=kk] ifjogu
vkSj foÙkh; lsokvksa esa i;kZIr laHkkouk gS ftudk ç;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gSA pwafd ns'k ^oSf'od {kerk
dsaæksa* dk dsaæ cu jgk gS vkSj uoçorZu tkjh gS] dkS'ky fodkl vkSj j.kuhfrd uhfrxr gLr{ksiksa ij
è;ku dsafær djuk bl xfr dks cuk, j•us ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gksxkA mHkjrs {ks=kksa dks etcwr djuk
vkSj oSf'od çfrLi/kZRedrk esa lq/kj djuk ;g lqfuf'pr djsxk fd Hkkjr vkus okys le; esa lsok
{ks=k esa ,d çeq• çfrHkkxh cuk jgsA

bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr
3-38 Hkkjr esa bZ&dkWelZ m|ksx esa fiNys dqN o"kks± esa rsth ls foLrkj gqvk gS] tks vkWuykbu Hkqxrku]
LFkkuh;Ñr forj.k lsokvksa] xzkgdksa ds lkFk MsVk&lapkfyr vknku çnku vkSj fMftVy ekdZsfVax tSls
çkS|ksfxdh&lapkfyr mUufrdj.k esa o`f¼ tSls fofHkUu rRoksa ls çsfjr gSA ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] oSf'od
O;olk;&ls&miHkksDrk (ch 2 lh) bZ&dkWelZ cktkj 2022 esa 5-7 fVªfy;u vejhdh MkWyj ls c<+dj
2026 rd 8-1 fVªfy;u vejhdh MkWyj rd 9-1 çfr'kr ds lh,thvkj ij c<+us dh mEehn gSA
blds foijhr] Hkkjr dk ch 2 lh bZ&dkWelZ cktkj 2022 esa 83 fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj dk ewY;
Fkk] vkSj ;g 2026 rd 150 fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj rd c<+us dk vuqeku gS] tks 15-9 çfr'kr dk
lh,thvkj fn•krk gSA70 gkykafd] orZeku cktkj ds vkdkj ls] Hkkjr dk bZ&dkWelZ cktkj ,d NksVk
lk va'k cukrk gS] tks oSf'od cktkj dk yxHkx 1-5 çfr'kr gS] vkSj ;g vkus okys o"kks± esa yxHkx
2 çfr'kr jgus dk vuqeku gSA bu fu;kZrksa us foÙk o"kZ 23 ds nkSjku vuqekfur ;w,lMh 4 ls 5 fcfy;u
dk mRiknu fd;k vkSj o"kZ 2030 rd ;w,lMh 200 ls c<+dj 300 fcfy;u ;w,lMh rd c<+us dh
mEehn gSA71 ckWDl III-4 mu dkjdksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS ftUgksaus Hkkjr ds bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr
dks c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA
ckWDl III.4% Hkkjr ds bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus okys dkjd
MsVk dusfDVfoVh dk foLrkj] LekVZiQksu dh c<+rh igqap] fMftVy okWysV dh miyC/rk vkSj mi;ksx esa
o`f¼ vkSj lqjf{kr vkWuykbu Hkqxrku] xzkgdksa ds c<+rs gq, vk; Lrj vkSj fMftVy 'kkWfiax IysViQkWeZ ds
çfr c<+rh vfHkKrk us Hkkjr ds bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr dks c<+kok fn;k gSA xzkgd dq'ky dkjhxjksa ls T;knk
ls T;knk dLVekbTM mRikn ilan djrs gSa vkSj Hkkjr bl ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy, gLrfufeZr oLrqvksa
dh viuh le`¼ ijaijk dk ykHk mBk ldrk gSA blds vfrfjDr] fu;kZrd ,tsaVksa vkSj nqdkunkjksa tSls
fcpkSfy;ksa ls tqM+h ykxrksa dks de djds viuk ykHk c<+k ldrs gSa] ftlls bZ&dkWelZ mRiknksa dks cspus
dk ,d vkd"kZd fodYi cu jgk gSA72

70 ,lkspkSe vkSj bZokbZ dh fjiksVZ] ^buscfyax bZ&dkWelZ ,DliksV~lZ ÚkWe bafM;k*] https://tinyurl.com/ye29x47m.
71 çsl lwpuk C;wjks] okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky; dh fnukad 31 ekpZ 2023 dh çsl foKfIr] https://tinyurl.com/ny9psh8e.
72 ekpZ 2023 dh thVhvkjvkbZ fjiksVZ] ^esfdax bZ&dkWelZ ,DliksV~lZ , fcxj lDlsl LVksjh nsu vkbZ Vh% , CywfçaV iQksj fj;ykbftax
bafM;kt bZ&dkWelZ ,DliksV~lZ iksVsaf'k;y*] https://gtri.co.in/gtriRep8-pdf. 101
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

esd bu bafM;k vkSj vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr tSlh ljdkjh igyksa us ,e,l,ebZ vkSj bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr ds çfr
leFkZu vkSj è;ku c<+k;k gS] ftlls vf/d ?kjsyw foØsrkvksa ds oSf'od gksus dk ekxZ ç'kLr gqvk gSA bu
igyksa us O;olk;ksa dks iQyus&iQwyus vkSj viuh igqap c<+kus ds fy, vuqdwy okrkoj.k çnku fd;k gSA
bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr dh çklafxdrk dks Lohdkj djrs gq,] fons'k O;kikj uhfr (,iQVhih) 2023 us lhek ikj
fMftVy O;kikj dks c<+kok nsus vkSj bZ&dkWelZ vkSj vU; mHkjrs fu;kZr pkSuyksa dks c<+kok nsus ds çko/ku
fd, gSaA buesa fu;kZr ca/q ;kstuk73] ekdZsV ,Dlsl bfuf'k,fVo (,e,vkbZ) ;kstuk ds rgr bZ&dkWelZ
fu;kZrdksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk] fu;kZr vkSj iSfdax ½.k74] bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr gc75] Mkd fu;kZr dsaæ76 vkSj
bysDVªkWfud cSad çkfIr çek.ki=k (bZ&chvkjlh)77 'kkfey gSaA blds vykok] th,lVh O;oLFkk 'kwU;&jsVsM
vkiwfrZ78 dk ykHk çnku djrh gSA79
gky gh esa] fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, bZ&dkWelZ cktkj ds çfrHkkfx;ksa ds lg;ksx ls jkT; ljdkjksa
}kjk fofHkUu igy dh xbZ gSaA buesa bZ&fu;kZr gkV80 dk vk;kstu vkSj bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds
fy, vxz.kh bZ&dkWelZ çfrHkkfx;ksa ds lkFk le>kSrk Kkiu (,evks;w) ij gLrk{kj djuk vkfn 'kkfey gSaA81
mÙkj çns'k ljdkj us gky gh esa fMtkbu] çkS|ksfxdh vkSj cktkj igqap dk ykHk mBkdj iSdsftax vkSj
fu;kZr {kerkvksa dks c<+kus ds mik;ksa dks dk;kZfUor fd;k gSA ljdkj NksVs mRikndksa dks ,xzhxsVlZ dks cspus
dh lqfo/k ds fy, bZ&dkWelZ gc LFkkfir djus dh Hkh ;kstuk cuk jgh gSA82 rsyaxkuk ljdkj us ,d ubZ
,e,l,ebZ uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh gS] tks vU; ckrksa ds lkFk&lkFk] vksiu usVodZ iQkWj fMftVy dkWelZ
iksVZy (vks,uMhlh iksVZy) vkSj ljdkjh bZ&ekdZsVIysl iksVZy (thbZ,e iksVZy) ij foØsrkvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh
dks çksRlkfgr djds ,e,l,ebZ esa bZ&dkWelZ dh iSB c<+kus ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA83
dsaæ ljdkj dh bZ&dkWelZ ,DliksVZ gc (bZ lhbZ,p) igy dk mís'; Hkkjr ds lhek ikj bZ&dkWelZ esa
Økafr ykuk gSA ;s gc ,l,ebZ] dkjhxjksa vkSj ou fMfLVªDV ou çksMDV (vksMhvksih) mRikndksa dks oSf'od
cktkjksa ls tksM+rs gSa] ftlls fV;j 2 vkSj fV;j 3 'kgjksa esa ykWftfLVDl n{krk vkSj vkfFkZd lekos'ku dks
c<+kok feyrk gSA ljdkjh bZ&ekdZsVIysl (thbZ,e) ij] la'kksf/r ewY; fu/kZj.k LySc

73 ns'k ls bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, lgk;rk ,oa vkmVjhp dk;ZØe] {kerk fuekZ.k vkSj dkS'ky fodkl dk;ZØeA
74 udnh çokg esa lq/kj vkSj fofuekZ.k ykxr esa lgk;rk ds fy, iwoZ vkSj i'pkr f'kiesaV nksuksa pj.kksa ds fy, laikf'oZd&eqDr] de
C;kt foÙkiks"k.k dh is'kd'k] https://tinyurl.com/5cfwwxtx.
75 lkoZtfud futh Hkkxhnkjh (ihihih) ekWMy ds ekè;e ls] bldk mís'; lhek ikj bZ&dkWelZ xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, lqfo/kvksa (HkaMkj.k]
iSdsftax] yscfyax] çek.ku] ijh{k.k vkfn) vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps dks dsaæhÑr djuk gSA
76 Mkd ekxZ ds ekè;e ls bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus dh ;kstuk] Mkd ekxZ ds ekè;e ls bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr dks c<+kus ds fy,
fons'kh Mkd?kjksa ds lg;ksx ls gc vkSj Liksd ekWMy ds :i esa dke djsxhA
77 mUur bysDVªkWfud cSad çkfIr çek.k i=k (bZ&chvkjlh) ç.kkyh dk ik;yV vk/kj] ftlds rgr fu;kZrd vius bZ&chvkjlh dks Lo;a
çekf.kr dj ldrs gSaA
78 lhth,lVh vf/fu;e] 2017 dh /kjk 2(47) ds vuqlkj] fdlh vkiwfrZ dks NwV çkIr rc dgk tkrk gS] tc ml ij 'kqYd dh nj
'kwU; gks ;k mls vf/lwpuk }kjk fo'ks"k :i ls NwV nh xbZ gks ;k dj ds nk;js ls ckgj j•k x;k gks (vFkkZr] xSj&th,lVh vkiwfrZ)A
79 blls fu;kZrd dks ,slh vkiwfrZ;ksa ij pqdk, x, dj dh okilh vkSj ysVj vkWiQ vaMjVsfdax (,y;wVh) ds rgr vç;qDr buiqV VSDl
ØsfMV (vkbZVhlh) dh okilh dk nkok djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
80 vestu U;wt] ^MCY;wchvkbZlh,l] vestu ,aM fiQDdh tksbu gSaM~l Vhvks çkseksV bZ&dkWelZ ,DliksV~lZ ÚkWe osLV csaxy*] https://
tinyurl.com/4jsratx6.
81 vestu U;wt] ‘vestu lkbu ,u ,e vks ;w fon xouZesaV vkWiQ dukZVd Vw Mªkbo bZ&dkWelZ ,DliksV~lZ iQksj ysDl vkWiQ ,e,l,ebZ
bu n LVsV*] https://tinyurl.com/5AFKC7Zs.
82 bafM;u VªsM ,aM ykWftfLVDl U;wt] ^fÝyidkVZ vksiUl U;w iQqyfiQyesaV lsaVlZ bu mUuko] okjk.klh*] https://tinyurl.com/37zs4h4v.
102 83 rsyaxkuk dk fu;kZr j.kuhfr <kapk elkSnk] https://tinyurl.com/ysf69a8z.
 cká {ks=k

vc `10 djksM+ ls vf/d ds vkWMZj ds fy, `3 yk• rd lhfer gS] ftlls ysunsu dh ykxr esa dkiQh
deh vkbZ gSA nqcbZ esa Hkkjr ekVZ Hkkjrh; ,e,l,ebZ dks •kM+h lg;ksx ifj"kn (thlhlh)] vÚhdh vkSj
lhvkbZ,l cktkjksa rd lLrh igqap çnku djrk gS] ftlls bu {ks=kksa esa fu;kZr c<+rk gSA84
Hkkjr esa bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k fofu;ked <kaps vkSj vuqikyu nkf;Roksa ls lacaf/r dqN
pqukSfr;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk fodkl ds volj çLrqr djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] foØsrkvksa vkSj bZ&dkWelZ
IysViQkWeZ vkWijsVjksa dh Hkwfedkvksa dks vHkh rd Li"V :i ls ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA blds fy,
fu;kZr vkSj Hkqxrku çfØ;kvksa ds fofHkUu pj.kksa esa foØsrkvksa vkSj bZ&dkWelZ vkWijsVjksa ds chp lg;ksx dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA orZeku esa] fu;kZr dks nks çkFkfed eksM] dwfj;j vkSj dkxkZs ds ekè;e ls lqfo/k nh
tkrh gS] ftlesa 12]000 vejhdh Mkyj (`10 yk•) dh dwfj;j fu;kZr ewY; lhek gksrh gS] tks vU;
ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa de gSA85 blds vfrfjDr] ikjaifjd vkSj bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr ds fy, vyx&vyx lhek
'kqYd i;Zos{k.k dksMksa dh vuqifLFkfr ds dkj.k lhek 'kqYd lR;kiu esa nsjh gksrh gS] ftlls Hkfo"; esa
uhfrxr gLr{ksi ds fy, MsVk laxzg.k esa ck/k mRiUu gksrh gSA86
vkjchvkbZ 1999 ds fons'kh eqæk çca/u vf/fu;e (FEMA) dk çca/u djrk gS] ftls f'kiesaV ds ukS
eghus ds Hkhrj fons'kh eqæk çkfIr;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g le;js•k dq'ky ysunsu dk leFkZu
djrh gS] ysfdu bZ&dkWelZ vkWijsVjksa ds fy, 12 ls 18 eghuksa esa csps tkus okys f'kiesaV dks laHkkyus okyh
pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj ldrh gSA ;g vf/d yphys lkeatL; dh le;lhek dh •kst djus ds fy,
}kj •ksyrk gSA fu;kZr MsVk çkslsflax ,aM ekWfuVfjax flLVe (bZMhih,e,l) Hkqxrku lkeatL; esa lgk;d
gS ftldh jsat ;w,lMh 18 ls ;w,lMh 36 (`1]500&`3]000) rd dh ykxr gSA blds fy, ;g ykxr
vuqdwyu] fo'ks"k :i ls NksVs&ewY; f'kiesaV ds fy,] dh vko';drk gSA blds vfrfjDr] bZ&dkWelZ fjiQaM@
fjtsDV ds iqu% vk;kr dks 'kqYd ls rHkh NwV nh tkrh gS tc ;g lkfcr gks tk, fd iqu% vk;kfrr
eky fu;kZr fd, x, eky ds leku gh gS] tks ,d cksf>y çfØ;k gSA bUgsa vkSj vf/d ljy cukus ls
ifjpkyu n{krk esa lq/kj gks ldrk gSA8791
Hkkjr ds bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr esa dkiQh o`f¼ gqbZ gS vkSj ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnkudrkZ
cu x;k gSA ekStwnk pqukSfr;ksa esa ls dqN dks lekèkku djus ls bl {ks=k ds fy, viuh iwjh {kerk dks çkIr
djus vkSj çeq• oSf'od bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZrdksa ds chp viuh fLFkfr dks etcwr djus ds fy, voljksa dks
vuykWd fd;k tk ldrk gSA

fu;kZrdksa ds fy, O;olkf;d igy djus dh lqxerk

3-39 Hkkjr dh fofuekZ.k vkSj fu;kZr {kerkvksa dks etcwr djus ds fy, ykWftfLVDl n{krk dks c<+kuk
,d egRoiw.kZ {ks=k gSA ykWftfLVDl gc dk fodkl] cqfu;knh <kaps esa fuos'k vkSj vkiwfrZ J`a•yk n{krk
esa lq/kj ds fy, uhfrxr lq/kj bl fn'kk esa mik; gSaA ,sls ç;klksa dk mís'; Hkkjrh; O;olk;ksa ds
fy, ykxr de djuk] fu;kZr dks vf/d çfrLi/hZ cukuk vkSj ?kjsyw vkSj varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij eky
dh rst] lqxe vkoktkgh dks l{ke cukuk gSA ;g n`f"Vdks.k jk"Vªh; ykWftfLVDl uhfr ds çfr ljdkj
dh çfrc¼rk ds vuq:i gSA

3-40 dkxt jfgr bZ&cSad çkfIr çek.ki=k (bZ&chvkjlh) ç.kkyh ls 2-5 fefy;u bZ&chvkjlh ds
fy, lkykuk ykxr esa `125 djksM+ ls vf/d dh deh vkbZ gS] blls çfØ;k,a dkjxj gqbZ gS vkSj
84 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2079986.
85 phu ds ekeys esa] bZ&dkWelZ fu;kZr ds fy, •si dh lhek USD 50,000, https://content.dgft.gov.in/Website/
EcommExportHandBokMSME_E.pdf.
86 mi;qDr uksV 70.
87 mi;qDr uksV 70. 103
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

blus fu;kZrdksa dks ,iQVhih ds rgr ;kstukvksa ls ykHkkfUor gksus esa enn dh gSA blus ç'kklfud
vkSj i;kZoj.kh; nksuksa •pks± esa dVkSrh dh gSA NksVs fu;kZrdksa] fo'ks"k :i ls bZ&dkWelZ esa] mPp&ek=kk]
de&ykxr okys ysunsu dks laHkkyus esa ç.kkyh dh n{krk ls ykHkkfUor gq, gSa] ftlls os vf/d çHkkoh
<ax ls ykHk vkSj fjiQaM dk nkok djus esa l{ke gq, gSaA

3-41 fons'k O;kikj egkfuns'kky; (Mhth,iQVh) dk ,d u;k "VªsM dusDV bZ&IysViQkWeZ" ykWUp
fd;k x;k gS] tks fu;kZrdksa dks u, cktkjksa dks tksM+us esa l{ke cukus okyh ,dy f•M+dh igy gSA
bZ&IysViQkWeZ dk mís'; Hkkjrh; fu;kZrdksa] fo'ks"k :i ls lw{e] y?kq vkSj eè;e m|eksa ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh;
O;kikj ifjn`'; dks cnyuk gSA ,e,l,ebZ ea=kky;] ,fDte cSad] foÙkh; lsok foHkkx vkSj fons'k
ea=kky; lfgr çeq• Hkkxhnkjksa ds lg;ksx ls fodflr ;g IysViQkWeZ fu;kZrdksa dks O;kid leFkZu vkSj
lalk/u çnku djds lwpuk fo"kerk dks nwj djus ds fy, rS;kj gSA ;g IysViQkWeZ ou&LVkWi lek/ku
gS] tks fu;kZrdksa dks egRoiw.kZ O;kikj&laca/h lwpukvksa rd yxHkx okLrfod le; rd igqap çnku
djrk gS] tcfd mUgsa çeq• ljdkjh laLFkkvksa tSls fd fons'k esa Hkkjrh; fe'ku] okf.kT; foHkkx] fu;kZr
lao/Zu ifj"kn ;g bZ&IysViQkWeZ 6 yk• ls vf/d vkbZbZlh (vk;krdrkZ fu;kZrd dksM) /kjdksa] 180
ls vf/d Hkkjrh; fe'ku vf/dkfj;ksa vkSj 600 ls vf/d fu;kZr lao/Zu ifj"kn vf/dkfj;ksa ds vykok
fons'k O;kikj egkfuns'kky;] okf.kT; foHkkx (Mhvkslh)] cSadksa vkfn ds vf/dkfj;ksa dks tksM+sxkA

3-42 Mhth,iQVh O;kikj lqfo/k eksckby ,si fons'k O;kikj uhfr viMsV] vk;kr@fu;kZr uhfr] fu;kZr@
vk;kr lkaf[;dh] vkosnuksa dh fLFkfr vkSj 24×7 opZqvy lgk;rk ds ckjs esa lHkh tkudkjh çnku djrk
gSA foHkkx bZ&vkbZbZlh dk 24×7 vkWVks&tujs'ku Hkh çnku djrk gSA ;g mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks vkbZbZlh ds
fy, fdlh Hkh vuqeksnu dh çrh{kk u djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA vkbZbZlh fooj.k Lopkfyr :i ls
lhchMhVh] ,elh, vkSj ih,iQ,e,l flLVe ij Lor% çekf.kr gks tkrs gSaA

Hkqxrku larqyu% pqukSfr;ksa ds chp lqn`<+

3-43 fons'kh O;kikj vkSj fuos'k ds ekgkSy esa vfuf'prrkvksa dh i`"BHkwfe esa] Hkkjr dh Hkqxrku
larqyu (chvksih) fLFkfr fLFkj cuh gqbZ gS] ftldk dkj.k lsokvksa ds fu;kZr esa yphykiu] dPps rsy
dh dherksa esa ujeh] fons'kh iksVZiQksfy;ks esa u, fljs ls fuos'k vkSj (,iQMhvkbZ) çokg esa lq/kj gSA
bl •aM esa bu ço`fÙk;ksa ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

pkyw •krk
3-44 Hkkjr dk pkyw •krk ?kkVk (lh,Mh) foÙk o"kZ 2025 dh nwljh frekgh esa thMhih ds 1-2
çfr'kr ij FkksM+k de gqvk] tcfd foÙk o"kZ 2024 dh nwljh frekgh esa ;g thMhih ds 1-3 çfr'kr
ij ntZ fd;k x;k FkkA lh,Mh esa gkfy;k o`f¼ dk Js; oLrq O;kikj ?kkVs esa o`f¼ dks fn;k tk ldrk
gS] tks fiNys o"kZ dh blh frekgh esa 64-5 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj ls c<+dj foÙk o"kZ 2025 dh
nwljh frekgh esa 75-3 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj gks x;kA c<+rh fuoy lsok vk; vkSj futh /u&varj.k
vk; esa o`f¼ us O;kikfjd O;kikj ?kkVs esa foLrkj dks de fd;kA foÙk o"kZ 2025 dh nwljh frekgh esa
fuoy lsok çkfIr;ka c<+dj 44-5 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj gks xbZa] tks foÙk o"kZ 2024 dh blh frekgh
104 esa 39-9 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj gks xbZaA
 cká {ks=k

pkVZ III.11% pkyw •krk ?kkVs dh ço`fÙk

400 Services exports Services Imports Net services receipt

350

300
USD billion

250

200
325 341
150 281
255 252
100 213 206
182 178
128 147 132 150
50 118

-
FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 Apr-Dec 23 Apr-Dec 24
lzksr% Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk 2024&25 dh nwljh frekgh (tqykbZ&flracj) ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds Hkqxrku larqyu ds ?kVukØe ij çsl
foKfIr

pkVZ III.12% ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds çfr'kr ds :i esa pkyw •krk 'ks"k
(Hkkjr cuke pqfuank ns'k)
Q2 FY24 Q2 FY25
Japan
South Korea
Germany
China
Turkey
Russia
Italy
Argentina
Mexico
Indonesia
France
Canada
-1.3
India -1.2
South Africa
United Kingdom
Australia
Brazil
United States
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
CAB as per cent of GDP 
lzksr % lhbZvkbZlh MsVk

3-45 Hkkjr dk pkyw •krk ?kkVk vU; th&20 vFkZO;oLFkkvksa] tSls czkthy vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k] dh
rqyuk esa vis{kkÑr fu;af=kr jgk gS] ftUgsa mPp oLrq ewY;ksa vkSj detksj oSf'od ekax lfgr leku
cká nckoksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k gSA

105
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

3-46 futh varj.k Hkqxrku] eq[; :i ls fons'kksa esa dk;Zjr Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk /u&çs"k.k }kjk lapkfyr]
fuoy /u varj.k dk cM+k fgLlk cuk] tks foÙk o"kZ 24 dh nwljh frekgh esa 28-1 fcfy;u vejhdh
MkWyj ls yxkrkj c<+dj foÙk o"kZ 25 dh nwljh frekgh esa 31-9 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj gks x;kA
;g o`f¼ oSf'od vkfFkZd vfuf'prrkvksa ds ckotwn Hkkjr ds çoklh leqnk; dh fujarj etcwrh vkSj
etcwr çs"k.k vUrokZg dks n'kkZrh gSA
iwath vkSj foÙkh; •krk
3-47 iwath vkSj foÙkh; •krk Hkqxrku larqyu dk ,d egRoiw.kZ •aM gS] tks pkyw •krk ?kkVs ds
foÙkiks"k.k vkSj fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dks etcwr djus ds fy, çkFkfed ra=k ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
foÙk o"kZ 23 dh igyh frekgh ls foÙk o"kZ 25 dh nwljh frekgh rd dh vof/ esa] Hkkjr us vke
rkSj ij iwath •krs esa vf/'ks"k ntZ fd;k gS] tks eq[; :i ls ,iQMhvkbZ] ,iQihvkbZ vkSj fons'kh ½.kksa
ls etcwr vUrokZg }kjk lapkfyr gSA bu çokgksa us ns'k dh oSnsf'kd fLFkfr dks etcwr fd;k gS vkSj
fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dh o`f¼ esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA

pkVZ III.13% fuoy iwath varokZg esa frekgh #>ku

100 89.5

80

60
USD billion

39.6
40 34.1 33.8 30.5
25.4 28.9 25.6
22.5 22.1
15.9 17.3 14.7
20 12.3 12.8
1.4 1.5
0
-1.7
-20
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2
FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 FY25

lzkrs % Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd

a }kjk 2024&25 dh nwljh frekgh (tqykbZ&flracj) ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds Hkqxrku lary
q u ds ?kVukØe ij çsl foKfIr

3-48 iwath varokZg dk o`f¼ ç{ksioØ us gky dh frekfg;ksa esa iqu#¼kj ds ladsr fn•k, gSaA foÙk
o"kZ 25 dh nwljh frekgh esa] fuoy iwath varokZg (buÝyks) 30-5 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj jgk] tks
fiNys o"kZ dh blh vof/ ds nkSjku ntZ fd, x, 12-8 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj ls mYys•uh; o`f¼
gSA bl o`f¼ dk Js; eq[; :i ls ,iQihvkbZ varokZg] fons'kh okf.kfT;d m/kj vkSj ,uvkjvkbZ tek
esa o`f¼ dks fn;k tk ldrk gSA

,iQMhvkbZ çokg dk dk;Z fu"iknu

3-49 ,iQMhvkbZ us foÙk o"kZ 2025 esa iqu#¼kj ntZ fd;k] ftlesa ldy ,iQMhvkbZ varokZg88 foÙk
o"kZ 2024 ds igys vkB eghuksa esa 47-2 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj ls c<+dj foÙk o"kZ 2025 dh leku
106 88 Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk tkjh çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k vkadM+ksa ij vk/kfjrA
 cká {ks=k

vof/ esa 55-6 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj gks x;k] tks fd fiNys o"kZ dh rqyuk esa 17-9 çfr'kr dh
o`f¼ gSA

pkVZ III- 14% ldy çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k varokZg esa #>ku
Gross FDI inflows Repatriation/Disinvestment
90
80
70
60
USD billion

50
40 82 85
74 71 71
30 56
44 47
20 40
27 29 29 30
10 18
0
FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 Apr-Nov 23 Apr-Nov 24

lzksr% Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad

3-50
 yach vof/ esa] Hkkjr esa çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k varokZg vçSy 2000 ls flracj 2024 rd
1  fVªfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ds vkadM+s dks ikj dj x;k gS] ftlls ns'k dh fLFkfr ,d lqjf{kr vkSj
egRoiw.kZ oSf'od fuos'k xarO; ds :i esa etcwr gqbZ gSA m|ksx vkSj vkarfjd O;kikj lao/Zu foHkkx
 
(MhihvkbZvkbZVh)89 ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] lap;h ,iQMhvkbZ varokZg] ftlesa bfDoVh varokZg]
iqufuZosf'kr vtZu vkSj vU; iwath 'kkfey gSa] bl vof/ ds nkSjku 1]033-4 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj
rd igqap x;kA

3-51 {ks=kh; n`f"Vdks.k ls] lsok {ks=k90 çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dk lcls cM+k çkIrdrkZ cuk gqvk gS]
tks foÙk o"kZ 25 dh igyh Nekgh esa dqy bfDoVh varokZg dk 19-1 çfr'kr FkkA fons'kh fuos'k
vkdf"kZr djus okys vU; egRoiw.kZ {ks=kksa esa daI;wVj lkWÝVos;j vkSj gkMZos;j (14-1 çfr'kr)] VªsfMax
(9-1 çfr'kr)] xSj&ikjaifjd ÅtkZ (7 çfr'kr)] vkSj lhesaV vkSj ftIle mRikn (6-1 çfr'kr)91
'kkfey gSaA eqækLiQhfr ds ncko] fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa c<+rh C;kt njksa vkSj Hkw&jktuhfrd rukoksa
tSls dkjdksa ls çsfjr oSf'od cktkjksa esa vYidkfyd vfLFkjrk ds ckotwn] Hkkjr esa çR;{k fons'kh
fuos'k ds fy, nh?kZdkfyd n`f"Vdks.k vuqdwy cuk gqvk gSA Hkkjr dh etcwr vkfFkZd cqfu;kn] py
jgs lajpukRed lq/kj vkSj c<+rh miHkksDrk cktkj fLFkfr bls fons'kh fuos'k ds fy, ,d çeq• xarO;
cukrh gSA

89 ,iQMhvkbZ çokg ij MhihvkbZvkbZVh dh MsVk] https://tinyurl.com/4hhws2cz.

90 lsok {ks=k esa foÙkh;] cSafdax] chek] xSj&foÙkh;@O;olk;] vkmVlksflZax] vuqla/ku ,oa fodkl] dwfj;j] rduhdh ijh{k.k ,oa fo'ys"k.k]
vU; lsok,a 'kkfey gSaAs
91 MhihvkbZvkbZVh }kjk ,iQMhvkbZ çokg ij {ks=kokj MsVk tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA vkjchvkbZ Hkkjr ls ,iQMhvkbZ çokg ds çR;korZu@fofuos'k
ij MsVk nsrk gSA MhihvkbZvkbZVh MsVk ?kksf"kr ,iQMhvkbZ ij fopkj djrk gS] tcfd vkjchvkbZ dk chvksih MsVk ns'k esa gq, okLrfod
,iQMhvkbZ ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrk gSA 107
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

pkVZ III.15% ,iQMhvkbZ (foÙk o"kZ 25 dh igyh Nekgh) esa {ks=kh; #>ku &
dqy ,iQMhvkbZ bfDoVh varokZg esa fgLlsnkjht
Other Services 19.1
Computer software and hardware 14.1
Trading 9.1
Non-conventional energy 7.0
Cement and gyspum products 6.1
Construction (infrastructure) activities 4.4
Electricity energy 4.3
Consultancy services 3.2
Automobile industry 3.2
Hospital & diagnostic centers 3.1

0 5 10 15 20 25
Share (Per cent)
lzksr% MhihvkbZvkbZVh

3-52 Hkkjr esa çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dh gky gh esa ?kVrs varokZg dh fparkvksa ds dkj.k tkap dh xbZ
gSA gkykafd] O;kid fo'ys"k.k92 ls irk pyrk gS fd oSf'od Lrj ij çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k varokZg
vkfFkZd vfuf'prrk] Hkw&jktuhfrd ruko vkSj c<+rh m/kjh ykxrksa ls ckf/r gqvk gSA Hkys gh foÙk
o"kZ 25 ds igys vkB eghuksa esa Hkkjr esa ldy çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k varokZg esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS] ysfdu
blds lkFk gh çR;korZu esa Hkh o`f¼ gqbZ gS D;ksafd varjkZ"Vªh; daifu;ksa dks fuos'k ls fjVuZ feyk gSA dbZ
cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa us f}rh;d fcØh vkSj çkjafHkd lkoZtfud is'kd'ksa ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr ds etcwr
'ks;j cktkj dk ykHk mBk;k gS] tks fuos'kdksa ds fo'okl dks n'kkZrk gSA o"kZ 2024 esa] Hkkjr ds fLFkj
O;kid vkfFkZd ekgkSy vkSj fuos'kd&vuqdwy uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k futh bfDoVh lefFkZr fuxZe esa rsth
vkbZA ,osaMl LikdZ fo'ys"k.k ij vk/kfjr] MhihvkbZvkbZVh ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] tuojh ls flracj
2024 rd Hkkjrh; 'ks;j cktkjksa ls futh bfDoVh vkSj osapj dSfiVy ,fDlV (fuxZe) 19-5 fcfy;u
vesfjdh MkWyj jgk] tks fiNys o"kZ dh blh vof/ esa 18-3 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ls vf/d FkhA93
Hkkjrh; iwath cktkj dh xgurk vkSj yphykiu çR;{k fuos'kdksa ds fy, ykHknk;d fudkl çnku djrk
gS] ftlls Hkfo"; ds fuos'k dks c<+kok feyrk gSA94

3-53 Hkkjr ,iQMhvkbZ ds fy, ,d etcwr xarO; cuk gqvk gS] xzhuiQhYM ifj;kstuk ?kks"k.kkvksa
vkSj varjjk"Vªh; ifj;kstuk foÙk lkSnksa esa mPp LFkku ij gSA gkykafd] ns'k dks la[;kvksa ij è;ku nsuk
gksxkA vkjchvkbZ }kjk çdkf'kr vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] foÙk o"kZ 25 ds igys vkB eghuksa ds nkSjku

92 ¶fcgkbaM bafM;kt xzksFk vksoj ykLV 10 b;lZ—baØht bu fjisfVª,'kUl] LVsMh ,iQMhvkbZ bUÝykst¸A https://tinyurl.com/2tt3pxsf.
93 ,osaMl LikdZ LVªSVsth&eSØks vyVZ& usV ,iQMhvkbZ bUÝykst iQkWy Vw , jsdkWMZ yks bu H1 vkWiQ FY25
108 94 https://www.ft.com/content/0575e216-8dae-4df6-bf50-312f78468e99.
 cká {ks=k

Hkkjr95 esa fuoy ,iQMhvkbZ 0-48 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj jgk] tcfd foÙk o"kZ 24 dh blh vof/
esa ;g 8-5 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj FkkA blh rjg] foÙk o"kZ 23 ds fy, ;g vk¡dM+k 19-8 fcfy;u
vejhdh MkWyj FkkA iwjs foÙk o"kZ 24 ds fy,] fuoy ,iQMhvkbZ 10-1 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj FkkA
fiNys nks foÙkh; o"kks± esa okLro esa Hkkjr ls cgqr vf/d çR;korZu ns•k x;k gSA foÙk o"kZ 23 vkSj
foÙk o"kZ 24 esa ;g jkf'k Øe'k% 29-3 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj vkSj 44-5 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj
FkhA pkyw o"kZ esa] uoacj rd] çR;korZu jkf'k 39-6 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj gSA bl nj ls] iwjs o"kZ
dk vkadM+k fiNys o"kZ ds vkadM+s ls vf/d gks ldrk gSA

3-54 dkiQh gn rd ;g ,d liQyrk dh dgkuh gS D;ksafd fons'kh equkiQk dekrs gSaA nwljs] bldk
vf/dka'k fgLlk iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'kdksa dks cspk x;kA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] foÙk o"kZ 24 esa cM+s iksVZiQksfy;ks
varokZg cM+s çR;korZu ds flDds dk nwljk igyw FksA ldy Lrj ij] foÙk o"kZ 23 vkSj foÙk o"kZ 24
esa Hkkjr esa çfr/kfjr vtZu lfgr ldy fons'kh çR;{k fuos'k esa fxjkoV ns•h xbZ gSA blus foÙk o"kZ
2014 ls ns•h xbZ yxkrkj c<+rh ço`fÙk dks Hkax dj fn;k gSA foÙk o"kZ 2013 vkSj foÙk o"kZ 22 ds
chp dh vof/ esa fodflr ns'kksa esa csgn de C;kt njsa vkSj ek=kkRed lqxe uhfr;ka ns•h xbZaA fuf/;ksa
dh ykxr dkiQh de FkhA fodflr ns'kksa esa C;kt njsa 2022 vkSj 2023 esa rsth ls c<+haA iQsMjy iQaM~l
jsV 5 izfr'kr ls Åij jgkA ;w,ulhVh,Mh ds vuqlkj] FkkbZySaM] eysf'k;k vkSj baMksusf'k;k tSls vU;
,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa Hkh 2023 esa çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k varokZg esa fxjkoV ns•h xbZA
3-55 gkykafd] Hkkjr pkyw •krk ?kkVs esa py jgk gS vkSj bldh vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkdkj dks ns•rs
gq, bldh fuos'k t:jrsa dkiQh cM+h gSaA ?kjsyw cpr dks ;Fkksfpr :i ls cM+h fons'kh cpr ds lkFk
laiwfjr djus ls iwath fuekZ.k dh xqatkb'k c<+ tkrh gSA ;fn fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls iwath çokg leL;kxzLr
gksus tk jgk gS] rks blls Hkkjr ds fy, lrr pkyw •krk ?kkVs ds Lrj ds ckjs esa loky mBrs gSaA ;g
igys dh rjg 2-5 çfr'kr ls 3 çfr'kr ugha gks ldrk gS] ysfdu ;g dkiQh de gSA igys dgk
tkrk Fkk fd ,d ns'k mruk cM+k pkyw •krk ?kkVk pyk ldrk gS] ftruk 'ks"k fo'o (vkjvksMCY;w)
foÙkiksf"kr djus dks rS;kj gSA ;fn vkjvksMCY;w fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls ,slk djus esa vfuPNqd ;k vleFkZ
gS] rks pkyw •krk ?kkVs dk vkdkj de djuk gksxkA fodflr ns'k Hkh fuos'k dks yqHkk jgs gSa vkSj
Hkkjr vdsys vU; mHkjrh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds lkFk çfrLi/kZ ugha dj jgk gSA blfy, Hkkjr ds ikl
nks fodYi gSaA
3-56 igyk] gesa çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr djus vkSj fons'kh fuos'kdksa ds fy, •qn dks
vkSj vf/d vkd"kZd cukus ds fy, gjlaHko ç;kl djus gksaxsA Hkkjr ,slk djrk vk jgk gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] ns'k ds vf/dka'k {ks=k Lopkfyr ekxZ ls fons'kh fuos'kdksa ds fy, •qys gSaA MkVk esa ns•k
x;k cM+h ek=kk esa çR;korZu ;g Hkh n'kkZrk gS fd Hkkjr esa fd, x, fuos'k ij fjVuZ dks LFkkukarfjr

95 fuoy ,iQMhvkbZ dh x.kuk bl çdkj dh tkrh gS% &

(1) fonsf'k;ksa }kjk ,iQMhvkbZ% çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k varokZg $ çfr/kfjr vk;&çR;korZu
(2) Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk ,iQMhvkbZ% fons'kksa esa Hkkjrh; fuos'k$çfr/kfjr vtZu& çR;korZu
(3) fuoy ,iQMhvkbZ vkadM+k% (1)&(2)
(4) blds i'pkr~] iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k çokg gSa% &
(5) fons'kh iksViZ Qksfy;ks fuos'kdksa dk fuoy çokg & Hkkjrh;ksa dk iksViZ Qksfy;ks fuos'k (fons'kksa esa Hkkjrh;ksa dk iksViZ Qksfy;ks fuos'k de gS)
(6) dqy fuos'k çokg% (1)&(2)$(3) 109
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

djuk vklku gSA gkykafd] ,ih, (,Mokal çkbflax ,xzhesaV) tSls ekeyksa esa dj fuf'prrk vkSj dj
fLFkjrk esa lq/kj dh xqatkb'k gSA Hkkjr us fiNys dqN o"kks± esa vius dbZ dkuwuksa] fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa
dks ljy cuk;k gS] ftlls fiNys o"kks± dh rqyuk esa O;kikj djus esa vklkuh ds ekeys esa 'kklu esa
cnyko vk;k gSA lkFk gh] lHkh oS/kfud vkSj fu;ked çkf/dj.kksa dks ;g è;ku esa j•uk pkfg, fd
varjjk"Vªh; fuos'kd ns'kksa dks ØkWl&lsD'kuy :i ls csapekdZ djrs gSa] u fd vuqnSè;Z :i lsA ;g
oSf'od daifu;ksa dks Hkkjr esa nqfu;k ds fy, mRiknu djus ds fy, ljdkj ds y{; dh liQyrk dk
fu/kZj.k djsxk] ftlls Hkkjr oSf'od vkiwfrZ J`a•yk dk fgLlk cu tk,xkA

3-57 nwljk fodYi miyC/ vkSj ekStwnk fuos'kksa dks vkSj vf/d ykHkdkjh cukuk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa]
;fn iwath ck/kvksa ds dkj.k fuos'k nj esa o`f¼ ugha dh tk ldrh gS] rks fuos'k n{krk esa o`f¼ gksuh
pkfg,A ;gha ij fofu;eu vkSj ^dkjksckj djus esa vklkuh* dh Hkwfedk vkrh gSA blhfy, bl loZs{k.k
dk eq[; fo"k; fofu;eu ds ckjs esa gSA blesa Hkkjr dh fuos'k n{krk esa lq/kj dk lqjkx fNik gSA
vf/dka'k vè;k;ksa esa fofu;euksa ij utj Mkyh xbZ gSa vkSj fofu;eu dh fliQkfj'k djrs gSaA fofu;eu
fo"k; ij vè;k; 5 esa vf/d foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

iksVZiQksfy;ks çokg fu"iknu

3-58 ,iQihvkbZ foÙk o"kZ 2025 ds igys nks eghuksa esa foØsrk gksus ds ckn twu 2024 ls Hkkjrh;
bfDoVh cktkj esa fuoy •jhnkj cu x,A ;g ço`fÙk flracj 2024 rd tkjh jgh] tks Hkkjrh; bfDoVh
ds fy, Li"V ilan dks n'kkZrh gS D;ksafd ,iQihvkbZ us mu eghuksa esa cktkj esa i;kZIr iwath yxk nh FkhA
gkykafd] ;g ço`fÙk vDVwcj vkSj uoacj 2024 dh igyh Nekgh esa myV xbZ] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
Øe'k% 11-5 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj vkSj 2-5 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj dk fuoy cfgokZg gqvkA
miktZu o`f¼ esa eanh] mPp ewY;kadu] c<+rs Hkw&jktuhfrd ruko vkSj phu96 esa gky ds ?kVukØeksa ds
ckjs esa fparkvksa tSls dkjdksa us ,iQihvkbZ dks Hkkjrh; bfDoVh ls egRoiw.kZ /u fudkyus ds fy, çsfjr
fd;kA gkykafd] uoacj 2024 ds mÙkjk/Z ds nkSjku] ,iQihvkbZ Hkkjrh; 'ks;j cktkj ds ckjs esa vf/d
vk'kkoknh gks x,] ftlls vDVwcj vkSj uoacj 2024 dh 'kq#vkr esa ns•h xbZ egRoiw.kZ fcØh myV
xbZA ,iQihvkbZ varokZg esa ;g ldkjkRed ço`fÙk fnlacj 2024 esa tkjh jgh] ftlesa fnlacj 2024 esa
fuoy çokg 3-1 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj FkkA Hkkjr ds etcwr O;kid vkfFkZd cqfu;knh fl¼karksa]
vuqdwy dkjksckjh ekgkSy vkSj etcwr vkfFkZd fodkl tSls dkjdksa us fuos'kdksa dks cfgçZokg dh ço`fÙk
dks myVus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k gSA lap;h vk/kj ij] Hkkjr esa fuoy ,iQihvkbZ varokZg97 vçSy
ls fnlacj 2024 ds nkSjku fiNys o"kZ dh leku vof/ ds nkSjku 31-7 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj ls
?kVdj 10-6 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj gks x;kA iksVZiQksfy;ks çokg esa vfLFkjrk oSf'od fodkl ds fy,
bfDoVh vkSj ckWUM cktkjksa dh laosnu'khyrk dks js•kafdr djrh gSA gkyk¡fd] Hkkjr esa etcwr vkfFkZd
vkSj dkWikZsjsV cqfu;knh ckrsa fons'kh fuos'kdksa ds fy, Hkkjrh; bfDoVh cktkj ds nh?kZdkfyd vkd"kZ.k
dks etcwr djrh gSaA

96 buesa phuh ljdkj }kjk ?kksf"kr çksRlkgu mik; vkSj phuh 'ks;jksa dk lLrk ewY;kadu 'kkfey gSaA
110 97 fuoy ,iQihvkbZ varokZg bfDoVh vkSj ½.k varokZg dk ;ksx gSA
 cká {ks=k

pkVZ III.16% fons'kh iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k çokg esa fefJr ço`fÙk

15
11.2
10.1
10
5.9 6.8 5.8 6.3
5.0 5.8
5 2.9 3.8 3.0 3.1
1.7 2.2
USD billion

0
-0.8
-5
-1.7 -2.1 -1.9 -1.5 -2.5

-10
-11.5
-15
Apr-23

Aug-23

Oct-23

Oct-24
Jan-24

Aug-24

Sep-24
Feb-24

Apr-24
Jun-23

Sep-23

Nov-23

Nov-24
May-23

Jul-23

Mar-24

Jun-24
Dec-23

May-24

Dec-24
Jul-24
lzksr% us'kuy flD;ksfjVht fMikWftVjh fyfeVsM

3-59 bl o"kZ dbZ oSf'od ckWUM lwpdkadksa esa Hkkjrh; ljdkjh ckWUM (vkbZthch) dks 'kkfey fd,
tkus ls ½.k varokZg dks dkiQh c<+kok feyk gSA vDVwcj 2023 esa tsih ekWxZu ds lwpdkad esa 'kkfey
fd, tkus dh ?kks"k.kk ds ckn ls] vDVwcj 2023 ls twu 2024 rd `1-1 yk• djksM+ ds lap;h çokg
ds lkFk ,iQihvkbZ ½.k •aM esa xfrfof/ c<+ xbZ gSA 'kkfey fd, tkus dh çHkkoh frfFk ds ckn]
,iQihvkbZ us tqykbZ ls 2024 uoacj rd ½.k •aM esa `62]431 djksM+ dk fuos'k fd;kA gksfYMaXl ds
dqy cktkj ewY; dks n'kkZus okyh ,lsV vaMj dLVMh (,;wlh) ls irk pyrk gS fd tsih ekWxZu bZ,e
ckWUM baMsDl esa 'kkfey fd, tkus dh ?kks"k.kk ds ukS eghus ds Hkhrj iw.kZr% vfHkxE; ekxZ (,iQ,vkj)
çfrHkwfr;ksa esa ,iQihvkbZ dk lap;h fuos'k 20 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ds vkadM+s dks ikj dj x;kA
foÙk o"kZ 25 esa] 15 fnlacj 2024 rd] lekos'ku ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh; ,iQ,vkj ckaMksa esa 3
fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ls vf/d dk fuoy varokZg gks pqdk gS] rFkk 15 fnlacj 2024 rd Hkkjr
,iQ,vkj ckaMksa dh vfHkj{kk esa ifjlaifÙk;ka 28 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj rd igqap xbZ gSaA

3-60 pwafd iQsM njksa ds ç{ksioØ vkSj C;kt nj foHksndksa ds ckjs esa fuos'kd ds lsaVhesaV Hkkjr esa
,iQihvkbZ çokg ds çeq• pkyd gSa] blfy, Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk ds chp ,iQihvkbZ ½.k çokg vkSj
çfriQy foHksnd (;hYM MhiQsjZsuf'k;y) ds #>kuksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk fnypLi gksxkA pkVZ III.17
Hkkjr vkSj ;w,l o"kZ çfriQy ds chp ,iQihvkbZ ½.k çokg vkSj çfriQy foHksnd dh rqyuk djrk gS]
tks n'kkZrk gS fd Hkkjr ds i{k esa çfriQy foHksnd c<+us ls vf/d çokg (uoacj 2023 ls ekpZ 2024)
gksrk gS vkSj blds foijhrA ebZ ls tqykbZ 2024 rd ns•s x, çfriQy foHksnd esa deh ds ckotwn
Hkkjr ds etcwr fodkl cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj lhfer eqækLiQhfr us bls fons'kh fuos'kdksa ds chp ilanhnk
fodYi cuk fn;kA98

98 Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ (lsch) ls çkIr buiqV ds vk/kj ijA 111
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

pkVZ III.17% ,iQihvkbZ }kjk ½.k •aM esa fuoy çokg

35,000 Net FPI inflows India-US yield gap (RHS) 4
3.7
30,000 3.4 Post Announcement Post Inclusion
3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1
25,000 3.0 3.0 3.1 3
2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9
20,000
2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7

Per cent
₹ crore

15,000 2.5
2
10,000
5,000
0 1

-5,000
-10,000 0
Aug-23

Aug-24
Apr-23

Oct-23

Sep-24

Oct-24

Nov-24
Jun-23

Jan-24

Feb-24

Apr-24
May-23

Jul-23

Sep-23

Nov-23

Mar-24

Jun-24
Dec-23

May-24

Jul-24
lzksr% Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ

pkVZ III.18% 10 o"khZ; ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa(th&lsd) ds vkSlr ekfld çfriQy dk #>ku

7.4

7.3

7.2
Per cent

7.1
7.00
7

6.9 6.84
6.8

6.7
Aug-23

Aug-24
Oct-23
Apr-23

Oct-24
Jan-24

Apr-24
Feb-24
Jun-23

Mar-24

Jun-24
May-23

Sep-23

Nov-23
Jul-23

Dec-23

May-24

Sep-24

Nov-24
Jul-24

lzksr% Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ

3-61 Hkkjr ds ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa dh ekax esa o`f¼ ls ljdkj ds fy, m/kj ysus dh ykxr de
djus ds ekeys esa ldkjkRed oSnsf'kd çHkko iM+us dh laHkkouk gS] D;ksafd c<+h gqbZ ekax vkSj lhfer
vkiwfrZ xfr'khyrk ds dkj.k çfriQy esa ujeh vkbZ gSA bldk çkjafHkd çHkko Hkkjrh; 10 o"khZ; ljdkjh
çfrHkwfr;ksa ds çfriQy esa igys ls gh fn•kbZ ns jgk gSA oSf'od lwpdkadksa esa Hkkjrh; ckaMksa dks 'kkfey
djus ls fons'kh fuos'kdksa esa vius fuos'k iksVZiQksfy;ks esa Hkkjrh; ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa dks 'kkfey djus
dh c<+rh bPNk] Hkkjr dh fodkl laHkkoukvksa esa fo'okl vkSj Hkkjrh; cktkjksa esa foÙkh; fLFkjrk dk
ladsr feyrk gSA

112
 cká {ks=k

vU;
3-62 ,uvkjvkbZ tek] fons'kh okf.kfT;d m/kj (bZlhch) vkSj vYidkfyd O;kikj ½.k us Hkkjr
ds iwath •krs esa vfrfjDr ciQj dk ;ksxnku fn;k gS] gkykafd çR;sd ?kVd fLFkjrk dh vyx&vyx
fMxzh çnf'kZr djrk gSA bZlhch gky ds eghuksa esa ç{ksioØ Åij dh vksj fn•krk gS] ftlesa vçSy ls
vDVwcj 2025 rd fuoy çokg c<+dj 9-2 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj gks x;k gS] tks fiNys o"kZ dh
blh vof/ esa 2-8 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj ls vf/d gS] tks fons'kh lzksrksa ls m/kj ysus dh vf/d
bPNk dks n'kkZrk gSA blh rjg] vfuoklh Hkkjrh; (,uvkjvkbZ) tek esa Hkh mYys•uh; o`f¼ gqbZ gS]
foÙk o"kZ 25 dh igyh Nekgh ds nkSjku fuoy çokg c<+dj 10-2 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj gks x;k]
tcfd fiNys o"kZ dh blh vof/ esa ;g 5-4 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj FkkA bl o`f¼ dk Js; fujarj
etcwr /u çs"k.k varokZg vkSj vuqdwy fofue; nj ifjos'k dks fn;k tk ldrk gS] ftlus ,uvkjvkbZ
dks Hkkjr esa viuh cpr tek djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;kA

fons'kh eqæk çkjf{kr fuf/

3-63 Hkkjr ds fons'kh eqæk çkjf{kr fuf/ esa fons'kh eqæk ifjlaifÙk;ka (,iQlh,)] lksuk] fo'ks"k vkgj.k
vf/dkj (,lMhvkj) vkSj vkbZ,e,iQ esa fjtoZ Vªsap fLFkfr (vkjVhih) 'kkfey gSaA 700 fcfy;u
vejhdh MkWyj ds csapekdZ dks ikj djus ds ckn] Hkkjr dk fons'kh eqæk çkjf{kr fuf/ fnlacj 2024
ds var rd 640-3 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj rd de gks x;k gSA ;g HkaMkj flracj 2024 rd Hkkjr
ds 711-8 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ds fons'kh ½.k ds yxHkx 90 çfr'kr dks doj djus ds fy,
i;kZIr gS] tks cká tksf•e ds fy, ,d etcwr fLFkfr dks n'kkZrk gSA 2024 rd] Hkkjr us nqfu;k ds
lcls cM+s fons'kh eqæk çkjf{kr fuf/ j•us okys ns'kksa esa viuk LFkku lqjf{kr dj fy;k gS] tks phu]
tkiku vkSj fLoVtjySaM ds ckn oSf'od Lrj ij pkSFks LFkku ij gSA fuoy ldkjkRed iwath çokg ls
Hkkjr ds fons'kh eqæk çkjf{kr fuf/ esa 2024 esa 27-1 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj dh mYys•uh; o`f¼
ns•h xbZA ,iQlh, dh bl o`f¼ esa c<+h fgLlsnkjh jgh] ftlls Hkkjr dh lexz vkjf{kr fLFkfr etcwr
gqbZA

3-64 vk;kr doj] ckgjh {ks=k dh fLFkjrk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ladsrd] fnlacj 2024 rd 10-9
eghus FkkA ;g o`f¼ Hkkjr dh fons'kh >Vdksa dks >syus dh {kerk dks c<+krh gS] D;ksafd fjtoZ i;kZIrrk
mHkjrh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fy, vkbZ,e,iQ dh vuq'kaflr rhu eghus dh vk;kr doj ls dkiQh vf/d
gSA99 foÙk o"kZ 24 esa 63-7 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj dk chvksih vf/'ks"k] 4-3 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj
ds ekewyh ewY;kadu ykHk }kjk iwjd fd;k x;k tks bl lq/kj dk eq[; pkyd FkkA foÙk o"kZ 25 dh
igyh Nekgh esa] fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj 59-4 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj c<+k] tks 23-9 fcfy;u vejhdh
MkWyj ds chvksih vf/'ks"k vkSj 35-5 fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj ds ewY;kadu ykHk ls çsfjr FkkA

99 vkbZ,e,iQ loZs% vlsflax n uhM iQksj iQkWjsu djsalh fjtOlZ] https://tinyurl.com/3knsb5se. 113
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

pkVZ III.19% fons'kh eqæk çkjf{kr fuf/ esa mrj&p<+ko

800 FCA Gold RTP SDR Total

700
600
500
USD billion

400
300
200
100
0

Aug-24

Oct-24
Apr-23

Aug-23

Oct-23

Jan-24

Feb-24

Mar-24

Apr-24
Jun-23

Sep-23

Jun-24

Sep-24
May-23

Jul-23

Nov-23

Dec-23

May-24

Jul-24

Nov-24

Dec-24
lzksr% Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad

3-65 oSf'od vfuf'prrk esa o`f¼ ds dkj.k fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dh lajpuk esa mrkj&p<+ko vk;k gSA
pkyw o"kZ 2024 esa lksus dh cqfy;u gksfYMax f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn vius mPpre Lrj ij igqap
a }kjk lksus ds lap; ls çsfjr FkhA vkbZ,e,iQ ds
xbZ] tks eq[; :i ls mHkjrs cktkj ds dsaæh; cSadks100
vuqlkj] oSf'od fjtoZ ç.kkyh esa yxkrkj cnyko gks jgs gSa] ftlesa MkWyj ds çHkqRo ls /hjs&/hjs nwj
tkuk vkSj xSj&ikjaifjd eqækvksa dh c<+rh Hkwfedk 'kkfey gSA

fofue; nj
3-66 Hkkjrh; #i;s (INR) dk ewY; cktkj }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrk gS] ftldk dksbZ y{; ;k fof'k"V Lrj
;k cSaM ugha gksrkA fofHkUu ?kjsyw vkSj oSf'od dkjd Hkkjrh; #i, dh fofue; nj dks çHkkfor djrs
gSa] tSls fd MkWyj baMsDl dh pky] iwathxr çokg esa #>ku] C;kt njksa dk Lrj] dPps rsy dh dherksa
esa mrkj&p<+ko] pkyw •krk ?kkVk] vkfnA foÙk o"kZ 25 ds igys ukS eghuksa (06 tuojh 2025 rd)
esa] Hkkjrh; #i, esa ekewyh 2-9 çfr'kr dh fxjkoV vkbZ] tks fd dukMkbZ MkWyj] nf{k.k dksfj;kbZ okWu
vkSj czkthfy;kbZ fj;y tSlh eqækvksa ls csgrj gS] tks blh vof/101 ds nkSjku Øe'k% 5-6 çfr'kr] 8-2
çfr'kr vkSj 17-4 çfr'kr rd fxj x,A 2024 ds nkSjku #i, ds ewY;ßkl ds ihNs çkFkfed dkjdksa
esa ls ,d eè; iwoZ esa Hkw&jktuhfrd ruko vkSj vesfjdh pquko dks ysdj vfuf'prrk ds chp la;qDr
jkT; vesfjdk ds MkWyj dk O;kid :i ls etcwr gksuk jgk gSA

100 vkbZ,e,iQ] MkWyj Mksfeusal bu n baVjus'kuy fjtoZ flLVe% ,u viMsV 2024] https://tinyurl.com/26dn5sxr.
114 101 mi;qDr uksV 100.
 cká {ks=k

pkVZ III.20% vçSy ls fnlacj 2024 rd vesfjdh MkWyj ds eqdkcys

çeq• ns'kksa dh f}i{kh; fofue; njksa esa ifjorZu*
10%

5%

0%
Per cent

-5% -2.9
-5.4
-10% -8.2
-15% -17.4
-20%
Mexico

China
Brazil

Canada

Japan

Euro Area(1)

Australia(1)
Norway

India

South Africa
South Korea

U.K. pound(1)
lzksr% varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
uksV% ;wjks (€) ;wjkstksu dk xBu djus okys 27 ;wjksih; la?k ds lnL; ns'kksa esa ls 20 dh vkf/dkfjd eqæk gS] ftls vkf/dkfjd
rkSj ij ;wjks {ks=k dgk tkrk gSA
eqæk ewY;o`f¼ ;k voewY;u dk fu/kZj.k djus ds fy,] çeq• ns'kksa dh çfrfuf/ fofue; njsa çfr vesfjdh MkWyj eqæk bdkb;ksa esa
O;Dr dh tkrh gSaA viokn] (1) ds lkFk fpfÉr] çfr eqæk bdkbZ vesfjdh MkWyj ds :i esa çLrqr fd, tkrs gSaA

pkVZ III.21% vkjbZbZvkj (okLrfod çHkkoh fofue; nj) vkSj ,ubZbZvkj

(vafdr çHkkoh fofue; nj) esa #>ku
Trade-Weighted NEER Trade-Weighted REER
112
40-Currency Basket (Base

107
2015-16=100)

102

97

92

87
Oct-24
Aug-22

Oct-22
Apr-22

Aug-23

Oct-23

Aug-24
Feb-23

Apr-23

Feb-24

Apr-24
Jun-22

Dec-22

Jun-23

Jun-24
Dec-23

Dec-24

lzksr% Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad

3-67 vfLFkj fofue; nj O;oLFkk dks viukus ds ckn] çHkkoh fofue; njsa fons'kh O;kikj ;ksX; {ks=k
ds lkis{k vFkZO;oLFkk ds O;kikj ;ksX; {ks=k dh fons'kh çfrLi/kZRedrk dk ,d çeq• mik; cu xbZ
gSaA Hkkjrh; #i, ds fy, vafdr çHkkoh fofue; nj (NEER) vçSy ls fnlacj 2024 rd 90&92 dh
lhek esa fLFkj jgh] tks fons'kh vfuf'prrkvksa ds chp eqæk esa lkis{k fLFkjrk dks n'kkZrk gSA okLrfod
çHkkoh fofue; nj (REER)] tks eqæk dh okLrfod Ø; 'kfDr dks n'kkZrh gS] vçSy 2024 esa 103-2
ls c<+dj fnlacj 2024 esa 107-2 gks xbZA 115
 vkfFkZd leh{kk] o"kZ 2024&25

fons'kh ½.k dh fLFkfr

3-68 fiNys dqN o"kks± esa Hkkjr dk fons'kh ½.k fLFkj jgk gSA fons'kh ½.k dh fLFkj fLFkfr us
oSnsf'kd {ks=k dh fLFkjrk dks cuk, j•us esa enn dh gS] •kl rkSj ij rc tc nqfu;k ds ckdh
fgLls Hkw&jktuhfrd çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls çHkkfor gSaA ldy ?kjsyw mRikn vuqikr esa fons'kh ½.k
dk vuqikr twu 2024 ds var esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds 18-8 çfr'kr ls FkksM+k c<+dj flracj 2024
ds var esa 19-4 çfr'kr gks x;kA dqy fons'kh ½.k esa vYidkfyd ½.k (,d o"kZ rd dh ewy
ifjiDork ds lkFk) dh fgLlsnkjh twu 2024 ds var esa 19-4 çfr'kr ls flracj 2024 ds var
esa 18-8 çfr'kr gks xbZA blh rjg] 13&lHkh eqækvksa esa] fons'kh ½.k eq[; :i ls vesfjdh MkWyj
(53-4 çfr'kr) esa vafdr jgk] blds ckn Hkkjrh; #i;k (31-2 çfr'kr)] ,lMhvkj (5 çfr'kr)
vkSj ;wjks (3 çfr'kr) dk LFkku jgkA

pkVZ III-22% Hkkjr dh fLFkj fons'kh ½.k dh fLFkfr

External Debt (RHS) ED to GDP FER to TD STED to TED
120 800

90 600

USD billion
Per cent

60 400

30 200

0 0
2021

Sep 24 P
2023
2022
2015

2016

2017

2019

2020
2018

2024 PR

Jun 24 PR

lzksr% MhbZ, çsl foKfIr% flracj 2024 dks lekIr frekgh ds fy, Hkkjr dh fons'kh ½.k fjiksVZ
uksV % PR & vkaf'kd :i ls la'kksf/r] P& vuafre_ ED – fons'kh ½.k] FER& fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj] TED –dqy fons'kh ½.k]
STED –vYidkfyd fons'kh ½.k

n`f"Vdks.k
3-69 çfrdwy Hkw&jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds chp Hkkjr ds fons'kh {ks=k us vPNk fu"iknu fd;k gSA
pkyw •krs ds ekspZs ij] gkykafd ckgjh ekax esa eanh ds dkj.k O;kikfjd fu;kZr esa eè;e o`f¼ ns•h
xbZ gS] ysfdu etcwr ?kjsyw ekax ds dkj.k O;kikfjd vk;kr esa mYys•uh; o`f¼ ns•h xbZ gSA c<+h gqbZ
fuoy lsok vk; vkSj c<+rs çs"k.k us O;kikfjd O;kikj ?kkVs esa o`f¼ dks de fd;k gSA iwath ds ekspZs
ij] vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuoy ldkjkRed iwath varokZg ns•k tk jgk gSA fiNys o"kZ dh rnu:ih vof/
dh rqyuk esa foÙk o"kZ 25 ds igys vkB eghuksa esa ldy ,iQMhvkbZ varokZg esa vf/d o`f¼ ns•h
xbZ gSA gkykafd] çR;korZu esa mNky us fuoy ,iQMhvkbZ esa foLrkj ij yxke yxkbZ gSA foÙk o"kZ 25
ds igys ukS eghuksa esa ,iQihvkbZ varokZg esa mrkj&p<+ko ns•k x;k gS] tks fefJr #>ku n'kkZrk gSA

116
 cká {ks=k

3-70 gky ds o"kks± esa oSf'od O;kikj dh xfr'khyrk esa dkiQh cnyko vk;k gS] oS'ohdj.k ls c<+rs
O;kikj laj{k.kokn dh vksj] ftlds lkFk vfuf'prrk Hkh c<+h gSA blds fy, Hkkjr ds fy, ,d ubZ
j.kuhfrd O;kikfjd #ijs•k (jksMeSi) dh vko';drk gSA çfrLi/hZ cus jgus vkSj oSf'od vkiwfrZ
J`a•ykvksa esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh c<+kus ds fy,] Hkkjr dks fu;kZr çfrLi/kZ dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, O;kikj
ykxr dks de djuk vkSj lqfo/k esa lq/kj djuk tkjh j•uk pkfg,A O;kikj çfrLi/kZRedrk c<+kus ds
fy, vHkh Hkh cgqr dqN fd;k tkuk ckdh gSA vPNh •cj ;g gS fd ,slk djuk iwjh rjg ls gekjs
gkFk esa gSA

3-71 jkT; 'kklu O;oLFkk djrk gS vkSj futh {ks=k oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks cukrk gSA ;fn ;s nksuksa
gh xq.koÙkk vkSj n{krk ij è;ku dsafær djrs gSa] rks oSf'od O;kikj ds foLrkj ds jkLrs esa vkus okys
O;kikj ruko vkSj laj{k.kokn ds ckotwn] Hkkjr fons'kh cktkjksa esa viuh fgLlsnkjh c<+k ldrk gS vkSj
iwath fuekZ.k ds mPp Lrj dks cuk, j•us ds fy, lalk/u mRiUu dj ldrk gSA rc] gekjs fy,
fujarj vk/kj ij mPp vkfFkZd fodkl nj dk u dsoy liuk ns•uk cfYd okLro esa mls lkdkj
djuk laHko gksxkA

******

117
;g i`"B [kkyh NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA