IR Questions IR Answers

What instruments are required for IFR flight? *All VFR (Day and Night) Requirements and:

Generator or Alternator
Rate of Turn Indicator
Altimeter (Adjustable)
Ball (Inclinometer)
Clock (w/seconds)
Attitude Indicator
Radios as Required (Two way comms and
@ least 1 VOR receiver)
DG (Directional Gyro)

*Remember GRABCARD or DEKART

What are the gyroscopic flight instruments? Heading Indicator

Attitude Indicator
Turn Coordinator

Define "standard rate turn." A turn which is completed at a rate of 3

degrees per second.

Explain how to estimate TAS from IAS TAS can be estimated by adding 2% of IAS
per 1,000 foot increase in altitude. This is
only accurate near standard temperature.

Which instruments are pitot-static? The airspeed indicator (pitot and static) and
the altimeter and VSI (static only)

Explain instrument errors in a pitot blockage scenario with An airspeed indication of zero.
a clear drain hole drain hole

Explain instrument errors in a scenario with pitot static The airspeed indicator will act as an
blockage with a blocked drain hole. altimeter, with indicated airspeed increasing
as altitude increases.

Explain instrument errors in a static port blockage Varied inaccurate airspeed indications
scenario.
Constant 0 indication on VSI

Frozen Altimeter
What does "VASI" stand for? Visual Approach Slope Indicator

What does "TODA" and "TORA" mean? Take-off Distance Available and Take-off
Run Available

You enter a 500 fpm climb. What are your primary Attitude indicator for pitch, heading indicator
indicators for pitch, bank and power? for bank, and tachometer or manifold
pressure indicator for power

What does MEA stand for? Minimum En Route Altitude

What does MOCA stand for? Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude

What are the fuel requirements for IFR Flight? Enough fuel to fly to the airport of intended
landing, to fly from that airport to the
alternate (unless specific "123" weather
minimums are met), and then fly from that
point for another 45 minutes at cruising
speed.

When reaching the DA/DH/MDA, a pilot may not descent 1. The Aircraft is in a position where a
further until landing could be made using normal
maneuvers.
2. Visibility minimums are met.
3. The airport area is in sight. The pilot may
not descent more than 100ft. below MDA
with only the approach lighting system as a
reference, unless Red Terminating Bars or
Red Side Bars are visible.

What does "HAA" "HAL" "HAT" and "HAT" mean? Height above airport, height above landing,
height above touchdown and height above
threshold, respectively.

108.35 MHz can only be ; an ILS frequency

A VOR and an ADF are co-located. In NIL wind 060

conditions you cross the VOR radial of 240 on a heading
of 360°(M). In the vicinity of the station you should read
an ADF bearing of
According to ICAO 8168 , what is regarded as the Half scale deflection.
maximum safe deviation below the glide path during ILS
approach ?

An aircraft is flying on a heading of 270°(M). The

VOR OBS is also set to 270° with the full left
deflection and FROM flag displayed. In which sector
is the aircraft from the VOR ground station ?

North west
When do you need to include an alternate airport in 1,2,3 rule When the weather at the
your IFR flight plan? destination airport within 1 hour before and 1
hour after the ETA is forecast to be less than
2000’ ceiling and visibility is forecast to be
less than 3 miles.
If you were to loose communications, what is the Squawk 7600 and check for transmit lights.
correct transponder code and what do you do to try to Check radio volume adjustments, try co-pilot
fix it? side if equipped, try hand mike and cabin
speaker, try cell phone, turn-up volume on
nearby VOR station – ATC may try to call
you on the VOR frequency.
What are NOTAMs? Notices to Airmen. NOTAMs contain time
critical information that may affect your
decision to make a proposed flight.

What are the three types of NOTAMs? NOTAM D (Distant) – Navigation facilities
out of service  NOTAM L (Local) – Taxiway
closures, VASI out of service, etc.  FDC
NOTAMs (Regulatory) – Changes to
instrument approach procedures, Temporary
Flight Restrictions, Amendments to
Aeronautical Charts
What is a TAF? Terminal Area Forecast

What is the basic difference between a precision A precision approach will provide vertical
approach and a non-precision approach? guidance.

What is the Final Approach Segment? The final approach segment for a precision
approach begins where the glide slope is
intercepted at the minimum glide slope
intercept altitude shown on the approach
chart;  The final approach segment for a
non-precision approach begins at either a
designated Final Approach Fix (FAF) or at
the point where you are established ion the
final approach course.  When the FAF is
not designated, such as where there is a
VOR or NDB on the field of intended landing
as published, the Final Approach Point
(FAP) is where the procedure turn intersects
the final approach course inbound
What is considered the Missed Approach Segment? The missed approach segment begins at the
MAP and ends at a designated point.

What is a half-standard rate turn? One and one-half degrees per second.

What instruments would be affected if the static port The altimeter would remain at the altitude
became blocked? indicated when the blockage occurred and
the VSI would remain at zero.  The
airspeed indicator could be affected
depending upon the status of the Pitot tube
and the Pitot drain.  The airspeed indicator
will provide erroneous readings if the Pitot
(ram) air is open but the static port is
blocked.  In this case, the airspeed indicator
would read lower than actual if the aircraft
was at a higher altitude than where the static
port became blocked, and would indicate a
higher than actual indicated airspeed at
altitudes below where the static port became
blocked.  PUDSOD Pitot blocked – Under-
reads in Descent (over-reads in a climb)
Static blocked – Over-reads in Descent
(under-reads in a climb)
What airspeed indication would you expect if the ram The airspeed would read zero.
air inlet of the Pitot tube became blocked while the
pitot drain remained open?

What indication would you expect if the pitot ram air The airspeed indicator would act as an
inlet and the pitot tube drain were blocked? altimeter in this case. If you climbed, the
indicated airspeed would increase. The
indicated airspeed would decrease if you
descended.
What action must be taken on an instrument A missed approach procedure must be
approach if full needle deflection occurs on the initiated.
horizontal guidance navigation equipment?

What action must be taken on an instrument A missed approach procedure must be

approach if full needle deflection occurs on the initiated.
vertical guidance navigation equipment?

The inbound course at the fix is 180. Your heading to Direct.

the fix is 270. What entry will you make in a standard
holding pattern.

While on an instrument flight ATC informs you of Sixty degrees to the left.
traffic at ten o’clock. Where is ten o’clock in relation to
the nose of the aircraft?
What is a side-step maneuver? A side-step maneuver is when you fly an
approach for a particular runway, but once
you have the runway of intended landing in
sight, you divert the flight path to the runway
you are approved to land upon
This is the only instrument that uses both the
pitot and static ports. It measures the
difference between dynamic pressure (ram
air entering the pitot tube) and static
pressure (air that is unaffected by the
aircraft’s flight path). Ram air exerts a force
on a diaphragm inside of the instrument. The
What is Air Speed Indicator and instrument case is full of static air.
how it works?

1400’

Read the altitude /altimeter of

A/C, write the actual altitude?
1500’

Your Vertical Speed

Indicator(VSI) shows the current value as on
picture ,and now you are passing 1000’ feet , if
continued in same vertical speed after 1 minute your
altitude will be ?
10 degree bank to the left
App 7 degrees pitch up

According to Attitude
Indicator(AI) describe your bank angle and which side
and pitch position?
180 degrees

According to Turn
Coordinator(TC) in the picture with standard rate turn
if continued for 1 minute at actual position, our
heading will change …… degrees
How do you determine the VOR station is operating 1. Tune the appropriate VOR frequency
properly? 2. Use the Ident. feature to listen to the
associated Morse Code
3. Make sure the NAV warning flag is not in
view
What is DME? DME is distance measuring equipment. It is
a separate ground station that may be
collocated with a VOR, ILS, or localizer. It
provides slant range distance in NM

What is the sensitivity differences between the CDI Full scale deflection represents at least 10°
tuned to a VOR and a CDI tuned to a LOC? when tuned to a VOR and only 2.5° when
tuned to the localizer.

What is the usable range of the glide slope? 10nm

Why are SIDs published? 1. Reduce ATC and pilot workload

2. Minimize communications
3. Increase airspace capacity
4. Simplify clearances
5. Comply with noise abatement procedures
In what direction should turns be made in a standard To the right
holding pattern?

What is RNP? RNP describes the course route width of an

RNAV route. The aircraft’s total system error
must remain bounded to the appropriate
level for 95% of the total flight time.

What is a STAR? Standard Terminal Arrival Procedures are

designed to leave the en route structure and
bring the pilot to a NAVAID or fix (usually an
IAF) to begin an approach.

How are speeds determined for the aircraft approach Speed is based on Vref (reference landing
categories? speed when specified or 1.3 Vso

What is an MDA? DA? MDA – the lowest altitude in MSL to which a

descent is authorized on final approach.
There is no requirement to arrive at the MDA
at a certain point so long as the procedure is
being flown as published. Upon arriving at
the MDA, the pilot holds this altitude until
either the runway environment is sight or the
missed approach point is reached.
DA – the lowest altitude on a precision
approach or an approach with vertical
guidance
What is a METAR? Types, issue, and valid times?
And decode the METAR shown below for SABİHA
GOKCEN AIRPORT

METAR: LTFJ 181650Z 19005KT CAVOK 12/09

Q1028 NOSIG RMK RWY24 00000KT

Decode the TAF report for SABİHA GOKCEN

AIRPORT and validity time for report ….. (BR:
Mist(pus)-- BC Patches, FG: Fog)

TAF: LTFJ 181040Z 1812/1912 23012KT CAVOK

BECMG 1813/1815 VRB02KT BECMG 1900/1902
4000 BR TEMPO 1903/1907 1200 BCFG SCT006
BECMG 1907/1909 CAVOK
What is the definition of a ceiling? The height above the ground of a broken or
overcast layer

You planned a flight to KASTAMONU AiRPORT on Airport is closed before your estimate ☹
Friday and your estimated time of arrival(ETA) is at
14:30Z according to the NOTAM below what you
expect?

Q) LTAA/QFAAH/IV/NBO /A /000/999/4119N03348E
A) LTAL
B) 19/10/27 00:00 C) 20/03/28 23:59
E) AD OPERATING HOURS AS FOLLOWS: MON
TUE WED THU FRI: 0530-1400 SAT: CLOSED
SUN: 0730-1130
Describe FROM, BECMG, TEMPO, PROB, on a FROM – Rapid change occurring within 1
TAF? hour
BECMG – Gradual change to take place
over the course of 1 hour
TEMPO – Between the predicted period, this
weather will only occur for less than an hour
PROB – number placed afterwards is the
probability of the weather forecasted to
occur
SIGMET? Issued? Valid? Why are they issued? Significant Weather Information Issued for:
Severe Turbulence not associated with T-
storms Widespread dust storms and
volcanic ash Severe Icing Valid for 4 hours

What are the in-flight illusions? Inversion – Abrubt change in altitude creates
the illusion of tumbling backwards
Coriolis – Rapid head movement causes the
illusion of accelerating or turning Elevator –
An updraft causes the pilot to think that
aircraft is in a climb. Pilot reacts by forcing
the nose down inducing a dive.
False Horizon – Sloping cloud formations or
obscured horizons confuse the pilot into
misaligning with the horizon.
Leans – Abrubt recovery from a roll can
mislead pilot into thinking aircraft is in a turn
in the opposite direction.
Autokinesis – At night, stationary lights may
 appear to be in motion. Pilot may lose
control of aircraft trying to align it with
“moving” light.
Graveyard Spiral – In a prolonged constant
rate turn, sensation of the turn is not felt. In
recovery to straight and level, the pilot may
sense a turn in the opposite direction and
pull back on the yoke, only tightening the
spiral. Somatogravic – Rapid acceleration
causes the illusion of the being in a nose up
attitude. Rapid deceleration will have the
opposite effect.
What is hypoxia? Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in
the body

What is hyperventilation? It is an abnormal increase in the breathing

rate that leads to a deficiency of carbon
dioxide. This is usually brought on by stress
or fear while flying and often begins
subconsciously
 Attitude indicator
 Displays pitch from artificial horizon
line in degrees (long lines: 10°, short:
5°)
 Displays roll from bank index in
degrees (10°, 20°, 30°, 60°)
 The width of the wings of the
symbolic aircraft and the dot in the
center of the wings represent a pitch
What is the name of Instrument above,
change of approximately 2°
And please write the all lines representing bank and
pitch in degrees? By referencing the miniature airplane
and the artificial horizon, the pilot can
Please circle the information received from this tell if he is flying level or in a banked
instrument? or climbing turn

Pitch/bank/angle of climb/descent
a)pitch b)yaw c)bank d)roll rate e)rate of
climb/decsent f) angle of climb/descent g)slip/skid
Describe the basic differences of the following Altitude The vertical distance of an object
altimetry term? measured from mean sea level.
Flight Level (FL)A surface of constant
Altitude?
atmosphere pressure which is related to a
Height? specific pressure datum, 1013.2hPa, and is
Flight level? separated from other such surfaces by
Elevation? specific pressure intervals.
Elevation or Height The vertical distance of
a level, a point, or an object considered as a
point, measured from a specified datum.
 The airspeed indicator is part of the pitot-
static system, a differential pressure system
that measures both dynamic air pressure
from the pitot tube and static pressure from
a static port,
White Arc

The white arc on airspeed indicators depicts

what is proper name of this instrument? And basic the normal flap operating range. Inside of
operating principles? the white arc, full flaps can be used. The top
Describe the color’s meaning in the instrument? of the white arc indicates the highest speed
white,green,yellow arcs and red line? at which flaps can be extended during flight,
and operating at speeds outside of the white
arc with flaps down can be unsafe.
- If it has 2 scales what is the diffrences as Green Arc
depicted in picture?
The green arc on an airspeed indicator
represents the normal operating range of the
- Is the Flaps retracted stall speed shown on airplane.
Indicator?
Yellow Arc

The yellow arc is a cautionary range of

airspeeds. It is advised that pilots only
operate in the yellow arc in calm air. Flying
at speeds in the caution range during
turbulence can be unsafe.

Red Line

At the top of the yellow arc is a red line,

which represents the maximum allowable
airspeed for the airplane.

-Outer scale is MPH,inner scale is

KNots

- Yes, it is the begining of green arc

approx 47 knots

Geographic north (also called "true north")

is the direction towards the fixed point we
What is the difference in true north and magnetic
call the North Pole. Magnetic north is the
north?
direction towards the north magnetic pole,
which is a wandering point where the
Earth's magnetic field goes vertically down
into the planet
 VOR ;VOR/DME
(VHF omnidirectional Range)

What is the chart marking symbol?

NDB(Non Directional Beacon)

What is the chart marking symbol?

What are the dangers flying in clouds or limited Because the clouds surrounds ground
visibility ,Visual refefences are lost,and besides
visibility? flying in the clouds can result icing on Aircraft
surfaces so static system errors can occur,
Besides flying without visual refences and
horizon ,some disoriantation(spatial
disorientation) can occur like illusions etc
To sum up;
- Visual references lost
- Icing,Pilo static system errors
- Illusions
In this conditions when spatial
disorientation occur always should trust
the instruments of aircraft instead of our
senses.
Type of transponder occurs in identification
friend or foe systems in military aviation and
What is the name of the device shown on picture? in air traffic control secondary surveillance
Describe the operating princible of instrument? radar (beacon radar) systems for general
What is the diffrence between ON & ALT ? aviation and commercial aviation. , it cannot
always estimate the altitude of an
aircraft. Secondary radar(SSR) overcomes
these limitations but it depends on a
transponder in the aircraft to respond to
interrogations from the ground station to
make the plane more visible.
Depending on the type of interrogation, the
transponder sends back a transponder
What is function of IDENT button? code (or "squawk code", Mode A) or altitude
information (Mode C) to help air traffic
controllers to identify the aircraft and to
maintain separation between planes.

ON-Just sends position information

ALT-Sends also altitude information

-Ident button: In order to help ATC identify

an aircraft on their screen, they may ask the
aircraft to "ident." The pilot presses
a button on their transponder, and the
controller can verify that the aircraft they are
talking to is the one they are looking at on
the screen.
 It is called as “Compass deviation
card”

Because campass is effected with the

instruments of A/C magnetism, a
deviataion table card is located for
corrected magnetic heading

What is the name of the paper card below

magnetic compass and what is it for?
Approx 165 radial,

According to the VOR/NAV indicator ,please

report which radial your Aircaft is on?
250 radial,

According to the VOR/NAV indicator ,please

report which radial your Aircaft is on?
Localizer is on course
Glide slope is below us means aircraft is
high so should increase rate of descent,

According to the indicator , determine the position

of Aircraft for localizer and glide slope.and what to
do for correction?
What are the holding entry procedures? Direct,paralel,teardrop
What is the inbound and outbount timing below
1 minute,
14000 feet ?
What are you expected to do on an instrument If you are in VFR conditions, you should
flight when two-way communications has been land as soon as practical.  If you are in
lost? IMC then your ROUTE should be as
follows:  By the route assigned in the
last ATC clearance.  If being radar
vectored, by the direct route from the
point of radio failure to the fix, route, or
airway specified in the vector clearance.
 In the absence of an assigned route or
a route that ATC has advised may be
expected in a further clearance by the
route filed in the flight plan.  If in IMC,
your ALTITUDE should be at the highest
of the following altitudes for the route
segment being flown:  The Altitude
assigned in the last ATC clearance
received
What is the basic difference between a precision A precision approach will provide vertical
approach and a non-precision approach? guidance.

What is the sensitivity differences between the Full scale deflection represents at least
CDI tuned to a VOR and a CDI tuned to a LOC? 10° when tuned to a VOR and only 2.5°
when tuned to the localizer.

What are the standard weather requirements to Precision approach – 2 miles visibility
file an airport as alternate? and 600’ ceiling Nonprecision approach
– 2 miles visibility and 800’ ceiling

What is a STAR? Standard Terminal Arrival Procedures

are designed to leave the en route
structure and bring the pilot to a NAVAID
or fix (usually an IAF) to begin an
approach.
What is RVR? Runway Visual Range is the maximum
distance that runway lights or markings
can be made out from a specific point on
the runway. It is measured by
transmissometers that are mounted on
top of 14 foot towers and the value is
given in hundreds of feet.