ENGLISH GRAMMAR PRIMARY

PARTS OF SPEECH
1. NOUNS
2. VERBS
3. ADJECTIVES
4. ADVERBS
5. PRONOUNS
6. PREPOSITIONS
7. CONJUNCTIONS
8. INTERJECTIONS
9. ARTICLES

1. NOUNS
A noun is a name.
Kinds of nouns
Proper nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Abstract nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Concrete and abstract nouns
Compound nouns.
A) Proper nouns
These are names of particular persons, places, organizations, events, holidays
1

Persons Places Organizations Events Holidays

John , London NASA World Cup Christmas
Peter, New York Harvard Olympics Halloween
Isaac Tokyo University Grammy Diwali
Malinzi Kampala Awards

Note proper nouns are written with a capital letter at the beginnig
Task
List any four examples of proper nouns according to their groups.
A) Names of people
…………………………………………………..................................
…………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………….
B) Names of places
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..
C) Names of organizations
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
D) Names of events
…………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
E) Names of holidays

1
 ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
B Common nouns
These are names of common things like: animals, plants, objects, food,
and Natural phenomena.
Examples
Animals/birds Plants Objects Food Natural
phenomena
cow, goat, pig maize, book, pen, posho, rice, The Sun,
cat, sheep, beans, pencil, matoke, The moon,
deer, lion, pawpaw, ruler, ink, yams, The stars
tiger, monkey yams, radio, cassava,
etc. millet, paper,
sorghum, basket,
potato, etc. etc.

Plurals and singulars of common nouns

Regular
Singular Plural
cat ………….
dog ……………..
book ……………….
chair ……………..
apple ………………
pen ……………..
pencil ……………..
paper ……………..
desk …………….
computer ……………..
Irregular plurals
child ………………
foot ………………….
tooth …………………
man ……………………
woman ………………….
mouse …………………
ox …………………
sheep ………………….
deer ………………….
fish ………………
etc
Plurals ending in “s” or “es”
bus ………………….
brush ………………….
dish ……………………
wish ……………………
fox ……………………
box ……………………
clock …………………..
rock …………………….
Common nouns ending in “y”
baby babies
city ………….
country ……………..
dictionary …………….
family ……………..
factory ………………..
galaxy …………………….
harmony …………………….
history ……………………
library ……………………
ally ……………………
army ……………………
lady ……………………
sky ……………………
monkey …………………….
key …………………..
donkey ………………….
tray …………………..
etc.
Masculine and feminine of some common nouns with their young ones,
home sound and collection
Animal Male Female Baby Group Home Sound
alligator bull cow hatchling bask nest bellow
aardvark boar sow cub pack burrow grunt
badger boar sow cub cede hole growl
bat male female pup colony roost pop
bear Boar sow cub sloth Den/cave pink
beaver Male female kitten lodge beavers utter
bee drone queen fry swarm hive buzz
beetle male female grub swarm land gibber
bird cock hen chick flock Cage/nest twitter
buffalo bull cow calf herd byre drone
camel bull cow calf flock desert nuzzling
cat Tom/gib molly kitten clan Basket/lair meow
e
cattle bull cow calf herd Byre/kraal boom
cheetah male female cub coalition savanna bleat
chicken roaster hen chick broad coop cluck
chimpanze black empress infant troop tree gibber
e beck
cockroach Male female nymph intrusion homes hiss
crocodile bull cow calf nest nest bellow
deer buck doe fawn Herd/mob grass bray
dog dog bitch pup gang kennel bark
dolphinarium
Dolphin bull cow calf school click
donkey jack jenny colt drove shed buzz
columbarium
dove cock hen squab flight coo
duck drake duck duckling team nest cackle
eagle male female eaglet brood eyrir squawk
elephant bull cow calf parade nest trumpet
fish male female fry school aquarium blub
fly male female maggot swarm cracks clang
fox dog vixen cub troop burrow bark
frog male female tadpole army forgery croak
giraffe bull cow calf herd safari cry
goat Billy nanny kid flock pen bleat
gorilla male female infant band nest grunt
grasshopper male female swarm grassland quack
horse stallion mare foal herd stable neigh
hyena dog bitch pup clan den bellow
kangaroo buck doe joey mob hollow chatter
leopard leopard leopardess cub leap safari growl
lion lion lioness cub pride den roar
monkey male female baby troop tree gibber
ostrich cock hen chick flock grassland bleep
owl owlet parliament owlery hoot
parrot cock hen chick company cage caw
penguin male female chick colony penguinery honk
pig boar sow piglet drove sty grunt
pigeon cock hen squab school loft coo
rabbit buck doe bunny colony hutch squeak
rat buck doe pup horde Nest/hole squeak
sheep ram ewe lamb flock shed bleat
snake male female snakelet nest snakery hiss
 sparrow cock hen chick host nest warble
spider male female spiderling cluster web hiss
squirrel buck doe pup scurry drey squeak
swan cob pen cygnet flock swannery hiss
tiger tiger tigress whelp ambush lair whistle
zebra stallion mare colt dazzle safari click

COLLECTIVE NOUNS
These are names given to a group of things, animals, birds, places, etc.
Examples of collective nouns
Armada of ships culture of bacteria
Army of caterpillars, frogs, soldiers deck of cards
Bank of circuits division of soldier
Battery of tests drove of cattle
Bed of clams, snakes fleet of airplanes, ships
Belt of asteroids flock of birds, sheep, goats
Bevy of beauties forest of trees
Bouquet of flowers gaggle of geese
Brood of hens herd of antelopes, buffaloes, deer
Caravan of camels hive of bees
Cete of badgers host of sparrow
Chain of islands knot of toads
Clan of hyenas leap of leopards
Class of students library of books
Clutter of cats litter of puppies, kittens
Clutch of chicks or eggs lodge of beavers
Company of actors mob of kangaroos
Colony of ants, bats, beavers, penguins murder of crows
Congregation of plovers, worshippers nest of mice
Corps of giraffes orchard of trees
Coven of witches pack of dogs, wolves
Crowd of onlookers panel of experts
Parliament of owls platoon of soldiers
Pod of whales pride of lions, peacocks
Quiver of arrows range of mountains
School of fish shrewdness of apes
Slate of candidates sloth of bears
Sounder of boars, pigs squad of players, soldiers
Stand of flamingoes team of horses, oxen, players
Thicket of trees tribe of monkeys, natives
Wad of bills, money wealth of information
Herd of zebras.

Activity
Give a collective noun to the group of the underlined words in the sentences
below.
1. The tourists came across a group of lions in the national park.
2. The little kids were surprised to see a collection of flamingoes at Lake
Bunyonyi.
3. A soldier was able to penetrate through many trees while fighting for
peace for his country.
4. A fisherman surprisingly hiked into many fish in a swamp.
5. A collection of apes was scared by the king of the jungle.
6. My father lost a collection of keys when he got an accident.
7. My uncle was able to clear a lot of bills at the hotel after our dinner.
8. We found a lot of pigs at the river bank when we had gone to fetch
water.
9. We found a lot of beautiful ladies at the wedding.
 10. A lot of crocodiles were displaced when the people carried out
drainage of the swamp.

Abstract nouns
These are nouns denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete
object.
Examples
Happiness, truth, honesty, etc.
Formation of abstract nouns.
Abstract nouns can be formed from verbs, adjectives or adverbs.
Abstract nouns from verbs.
Verb Abstract noun. Verb Abstract noun
Accept acceptance add addition
Admire admiration afford affordability
Allow allowance amuse amusement
Analyze analysis annoy annoyance
Appear appearance applaud applause
Appreciate appreciation approve approval
Argue argument arrange arrangement
Arrive arrival attend attention
Accede access admit admission
Attend attendance attract attraction
Avoid avoidance achieve achievement
Accomplish accomplishment acquire acquisition
Administer administration advance advancement
Apply application appoint appointment
Architect architecture assert assertion
Assess assessment believe belief
Authorize authorization behave behavior
Belong belongingness bless blessing
Blind blindness bore boredom
Calculate calculation clean cleanliness
Close closeness collect collection
Compare comparison compete competition
Complain complaint confess confession
Concentrate concentration confuse confusion
Connect connection correct correction
Consider consideration compel compulsion
Clarify clarification conduct conduction
Collaborate collaboration conclude conclusion
Conceptualize conceptualization consult consultation
Consolidate consolidation conserve conservation
Contract contraction convert conversion
Coordinate coordination create creation
Critique criticism customize customization
Deceive deception decide decision
Decorate decoration develop development
Disagree disagreement divide division
Disappear disappearance define definition
Delegate delegation detect detection
Determine determination direct direction
Distribute distribution diversify diversification
Divert diversion describe description
Document documentation educate education
Elect election eliminate elimination
Emphasize emphasis energize energy
Encourage encouragement enforce enforcement
Estimate estimation establish establishment
Examine examination evaluate evaluation
Execute execution expand expansion
Expedite expedition educate education
Embarrass embarrassment employ employment
Empty emptiness enjoy enjoyment
Enter entrance entertain entertainment
Excite excitement expect expectation
Explain explanation explode explosion
Facilitate facilitation forge forgery
Form formation formulate formulation
Found foundation fail failure
Generate generation govern governance
Graduate graduation guide guidance
Hate hatred identify identification
Ignore ignorance imagine imagination
Impress impression improve improvement
Include inclusion inform information
Instruct instruction intend intention
Interfere interference interrupt interruption
Introduce introduction invent invention
Invite invitation irritate irritation
Illustrate illustration implement implementation
Improvise improvisation describe description
Initiate initiation inspect inspection
Inspire inspiration install installation
Integrate integration interpret interpretation
Introduce introduction investigate investigation
Judge judgment justify justification
Know knowledge live life
Maintain maintenance manage management
Multiply multiplication manipulate manipulation
Meditate meditation modify modification
Motivate motivation navigate navigation
Negotiate negotiation object objection
Observe observation occur occurrence
Offend offense operate operation
Organize organization orient orientation
Originate origination participate participation
Perceive perception perfect perfection
Perform performance persuade persuasion
Predict prediction prepare preparation
Prescribe prescription process process
Procure procurement progress progression
Produce production publish publication
Promote promotion permit permission
Please pleasure possess possession
Prefer preference preserve preservation
Pretend pretention prevent prevention
Protect protection punish punishment
Qualify qualification recognize recognition
Recommend recommendation reconcile reconciliation
Recruit recruitment reduce reduction
Realize realization reflect reflection
Reject rejection relax relaxation
Remember remembrance remove removal
Reproduce reproduction retire retirement
Regulate regulation reinforce reinforcement
Rejuvenate rejuvenation renegotiate renegotiation
Respond response restore restoration
Revise revision satisfy satisfaction
Select selection seek sight
Separate separation serve service
Simplify simplification solve solution
Specify specification stimulate stimulation
Standardize standardization strengthen strength
Succeed success suggest suggestion
Supervise supervision settle settlement
Subtract subtraction suspend suspension
Tabulate tabulation terminate termination
Transform transformation translate translation
Terrify terror transport transportation
Unite unity upgrade upgradation
Validate validation verify verification
Warm warmth win victory

Abstract nouns from adjectives

Attractive attraction aggressive aggression
Ambitious ambition animated animation
Angry anger abundant abundance
Adorable adoration adventurous adventure
Amused amusement anxious anxiety
Arrogant arrogance adequate adequacy
Bald baldness beautiful beauty
Brave bravery bewildered bewilderness
Broad breadth brief brevity
Bitter bitterness bored boredom
Bright brightness clean cleanliness
Clever cleverness calm calmness
Curious curiosity clumsy clumsiness
Cautious caution charming charm
Clear clarity comfortable comfort
Condemned condemnation courageous courage
Cruel cruelty cute cuteness
Dead death deep depth
Defeated defeat defiant defiance
Depressed depression delightful delight
Determined determination democratic democracy
Different difference disgusted disgust
Distinct distinction disturbed disturbance
Doubtful doubt dull dullness
Distribute distribution dangerous danger
Devoted devotion dark darkness
Elegant elegance easy ease
Eager eagerness embarrassed embarrassment
Eloquent eloquence encouraging encouragement
Energetic energy enthusiastic enthusiasm
Envious envy excited excitement
Educated education expensive expense
Exuberant exuberance excellent excellence
Famous fame faithful faith
Foolish fool fine finesse
Glamorous glamour great greatness
Good goodness glorious glory
Grieving grief helpful help
Happy happiness healthy health
Hungry hunger humble humility
Important importance innocent innocence
Jealous jealousy joyous joy
Long length miserable misery
Mysterious mystery nervous nervousness
Narcissistic narcissism obedient obedience
Oppressive oppression outrageous outrage
Pessimistic pessimism polite politeness
Proud pride poor poverty
Powerful power perfect perfection
Pitiful pity resentful resentment
Repulsive repulsion real reality
Relieved relief rich richness
Rhythmic rhythm sane sanity
Sarcastic sarcasm selfish selfishness
Splendid splendor strong strength
Successful success scarce scarcity
Supportive support shy shyness
Tense tension true truth
Thundering thunder tender tenderness
Victorious victory wide width
Wise wisdom witty wit
Zealous zeal.

Activity
Use the correct form of the word given in brackets to complete the following
sentences
1. We always carry out regular …………………………………….. before writing
end of term exams.(revise)
2. His ………………………………….. was due continuous encouragement by
both teachers and parents.(succeed)
3. The weak child was given extra ……………………………… by the teacher
during classes throughout the term.(supportive)
4. He is looking forward to acquiring good …………………………………….at the
end of the term.(perform)
 2

5. We finally got the clear …………………………………….. about his

dismissal.(inform)
6. The teacher needed more ……………………………………….about my being
absent for a week.(clear)
7. The groom had already bought the …………………………………..
ring.(engage)
8. The teacher taught us about vehicle repair and ……………………………….. in
Primary five.(maintain)
9. The naughty boy knew the clear ………………………………………….. of the
word “ewe”.(pronounce)
10. Some pupils perform poorly because they were given a poor
…………………………….(found)

Countable and uncountable nouns

Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted while uncountable nouns are
those that can’t be counted.
Examples of countable nouns
Chairs, bottles, students, desks, pupils etc.
Examples of uncountable nouns.
Money, furniture, information, equipment, luggage.
Using of countable and uncountable
Use with countable nouns only
a a doctor, a pen, a meal, a class, a
college, a book.
many many cups, many books, many
libraries, many flights
few Few questions, few tables, few
apples, few holidays
A few A few questions , a few problems, a
few issues,

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Tel.+256704800081,+256770537484
 Use with uncountable nouns only
much much money, much time, much
food, much water, much energy
little Little trouble, little equipment,
little meat, little patience
a little bit of a little bit of confidence, a little bit
of sleep, a little bit of snow

Used with countable and uncountable

the countable the monkeys, the schools, the
teachers, the boats, the bananas
uncountable the cheese, the machinery, the
luggage, the grass, the knowledge
some countable some tables, some stores, some
grapes, some cities, some nurses
uncountable some time, some news, some bread,
some salt
any countable any forks, any socks, any bathrooms,
any waiters, any beliefs.
uncountable any advice, any soap, any
transportation, any homework
no countable no magazines, no chocolates, no
pilots, no rights, no markers
uncountable no trouble, no grass, no scenery, no
money, no furniture
a lot of countable a lot of animals, a lot of coins, a lot of
immigrants, a lot of babies
uncountable a lot of happiness, a lot of fun, a lot
of aggravation, a lot of help
lots of countable lots of computers, lots of buses, lots
of parties, lots of colleges
uncountable lots of cake, lots of ice cream, lots of
energy, lots of laughter
enough countable enough plates, enough onions,
enough restaurants, enough worries
uncountable enough courage, enough wisdom,
enough spaghetti, enough time
plenty of countable plenty of houses, plenty of concerts
 plenty of guitars,
uncountable plenty of oil, plenty of sugar, plenty
of cheese, plenty of space.

Examples of uncountable nouns

General Food Subjects Abstract
Homework Food Mathematic Advice
Equipment Flour Economics Help
Luggage Meat Physics Fun
Clothing Rice Ethics Recreation
Furniture Cake Civics Enjoyment
Machinery Bread Art Information
Gold Ice cream Architecture Knowledge
Silver Cheese Music News
Cotton Toast Photography Patience
Glass Pasta Grammar Happiness
Jewelery Spaghetti Chemistry Progress
Perfume Butter History Confidence
Soap Oil Commerce Courage
Paper Honey Engineering Education
Wood Soup Politics Intelligence
Petrol Fish Sociology Space
Gasoline Fruit Psychology Energy
Baggage Salt Vocabulary Laughter
Hair Tea Archaeology Peace
traffic coffee Poetry Pride

weather sports languages Activities

Thunder Golf English Swimming
Lightning Tennis Portuguese Walking
 Snow Baseball Hindi Driving
Rain Basketball Arabic Jogging
Sleet Soccer Japanese Reading
Ice Football Korean Writing
Head Cricket Spanish Listening
Humidity Hockey French Speaking
Hail Rugby Russian Cooking
Wind Chess Italian Sleeping
Light Poker Hebrew Studying
Darkness bridge Chinese working
Activity
Give the plural form of the following words
1. equipment …………………………………..
2. luggage ……………………………………..
3. clothing ……………………………………..
4. eating …………………………………….
5. furniture …………………………………….
6. information ……………………………………..
7. deer …………………………………….
8. sheep ………………………………………
9. goose ……………………………………..
10.foot ………………………………………
Concrete nouns
These are nouns denoting a material object rather than an abstract quality. Eg
dog, sheep, pen, desk, etc.
Compound nouns
These are nouns that are made up of more than one word.
They are of three categories ie closed compound nouns, open compound
nouns and hyphenated compound nouns.
Examples of closed compound nouns
Afternoon, airplane, airport, armpit, arrowhead, babysitter, backbone,
background, backpack, ballpark, ballroom, barbershop, barefoot, baseball,
basketball, bathtub, bedroom, bedtime, birthday, blackbird, blacksmith,
blueberry, blueprint, boardwalk, bobcat, bodyguard, bookshelf, bookworm,
briefcase, bulldozer, butterfly, cardboard, everybody, everyone, someone,
somebody, nobody, wherever, whenever, whoever, everyday etc.

Examples of open compound nouns

Head teacher, jump rope, high school, upside down, Post Office, dining room,
living room, coffee table, new moon, ice cream, bow tie, race car, space
shuttle.
Examples of hyphenated compound nouns.
Father-in-law, mother-in-law, sister-in-law, brother-in-law, in-laws, right-
handed, left-handed, back-and-forth, hand-picked, send-off, high-speed,
runner-up, all-in-one, ready-made, twenty-one (2-digit numbers greater than
20), two-thirds (fractions), etc.

Task
Give the plural form of the given words.
1. Father-in-law
2. Mother-in-law
3. Sister-in-law
4. Half-sister
5. In-law

2. Verbs
A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being.
Examples of verbs
eat, run, jump, skip, laugh, walk, ………………………………, ………………………….,
…………………, …………………………., ………………………..,
…………………….,……………………………….,
Kinds of verbs.
Regular verbs
Irregular verbs3
Tenses
Tense is the change of a verb according to time.
Kinds of tenses
Present tense, past tense, and future tense. (These are further divided into
four other patterns ie;
-present simple
-present continuous
-present perfect
-present perfect continuous.
The use of verbs in tenses
Regular verbs.
Base form Present Continuous Past tense Past perfect
accept
add
admire
advise
afford
agree
alert
allow
amuse
announce
annoy
answer
applaud
appreciate
approve
arrive
ask
attempt

3
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Tel.+256704800081,+256770537484
attend
avoid
bake
bang
bat batted
bathe
battle
beam
beg
behave
belong
bleach
blind
blink blinked
blot blotted
blush
boast
boil
bolt
bomb
book
bore
bounce
brake
branch
burn
buzz buzzed
calculate
call
camp
carry
carve
choke
collect
command
communicate
compare
fear
fetch
fix
flash
flap
flood
fold
flower
fool
force
form
found
frame
frighten
gather
gaze
glue
grab
grate
grease
grin grinned
grip gripped
groan
guard
guess
guide
hammer
hand
handle
happen
harm
heat
help
hug
hum
hunt
ignore
imagine
impress
improve
include
increase
influence
inform
instruct
intend
interest
invent
irritate
jog
join
joke
judge
juggle
jump
jump
kick
kiss
love
manage
march
mark
match
measure
meddle
melt
mend
mine
miss
mix
move
muddle
nail
name
need
nest
nod
notice
number
object
observe
obtain
occur
offend
offer
open
owe
own
pack
pass
peep
perform
permit
phone
pine
place
plan
plant
play
please
plug
point
poke
polish
pop
pray
preach
precede
press
pretend
prevent
prick
print
produce
program
promise
provide
pull
pump
punish
push
question
race
radiate
receive
record
reflect
refuse
regret
remain
remember
remind
remove
report
reproduce
request
retire
reduce

rhyme
rob
rock
roll
rub
ruin
rule
rush
sail
satisfy
save
serve
settle
shade
shave
shelter
shiver
shock
shop
shrug
sigh
sign
sip
ski
skip
slow
smash
smell
smoke
snatch
sneeze
sniff
snore
snow
soothe
sound
spell
spill
spoil
spray
sprout
squeeze
stain
stamp
stare
start
stay
steer
step
stir
snitch
stop
store
strap
stroke
stuff
subtract
suck
suffer
suit
support
surprise
surround
suspect
suspend
switch
talk
tame
tap
telephone
tempt
test
thank
thaw
tick
tickle
tie
time
tip
touch
tour
tow
trace
trade
train
transport
trap
travel
treat
tremble
trick
trip
trot
trouble
trust
tug
tumble
 turn
twist
type
undress
unfasten
untie
unpack
use
vanish
visit
wail
walk
wait
wander
waste
watch
water
whine
wave
whip
whirl
wipe
wish
wobble
wonder
work
worry
wrap
wreck
wrestle
x-ray
yawn
yell
zip
zoom
4

4
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Tel.+256704800081,+256770537484
Irregular verbs.
Base form Present Continuous Past tense Past perfect
arise arises arising arose arisen
be being was/were been
beat beats beating beat beaten
become becomes becoming became become
begin begins beginning began begun
bend bends bending bent bent
bite bites biting bit bitten
bleed bleeds bleeding bled bled
blow blows blowing blew blown
break breaks breaking broke broken
bring brings bringing brought brought
broadcast broadcasts broadcasting broadcast broadcast
build builds building built built
burn burns burning burnt/burned -do-
burst bursts bursting burst burst
buy buys buying bought bought
catch catches catching caught caught
choose chooses choosing chose chosen
come comes coming came come
cost costs costing cost cost
creep creeps creeping crept crept
cut cuts cutting cut cut
deal deals dealing dealt dealt
dig digs digging dug dug
do does doing did done
draw draws drawing drew drawn
dream dreams dreaming dreamt dreamt
drink drinks drinking drank drunk
drive drives driving drove driven
eat eats eating ate eaten
fall falls falling fell fallen
feed feeds feeding fed fed
feel feels feeling felt felt
fight fights fighting fought fought
find finds finding found found
fly flies flying flew flown
forbid forbids forbidding forbade forbidden
forget forgets forgetting forgot forgotten
forgive forgives forgiving forgave forgiven
freeze freezes freezing froze frozen
get gets getting got gotten
give gives giving gave given
go goes going went gone
grow grows growing grew grown
hang(cloth) hangs hanging hung hung
hang(kill) hangs hanging hanged hanged
have having had had
hear hears hearing heard heard
hide hides hiding hid hidden
hit hits hitting hit hit
hold holds holding held held
hurt hurts hurting hurt hurt
keep keeps keeping kept kept
kneel kneels kneeling knelt knelt
know knows knowing knew known
lay(eggs) lays laying laid laid
lay(bed) lays laying laid laid
lead leads leading led led
learn learns learning Learnt/learned -do-
leave leaves leaving left left
lend lends lending lent lent
let lets letting let let
lie(deceive) lies lying lied lied
lie(rest) lies lying lay lain
light lights lighting lit lit
lose loses losing lost lost
make makes making made made
mean means meaning meant meant
meet meets meeting met met
pay pays paying paid paid
put puts putting put put
read reads reading read read
ride rides riding rode ridden
ring rings ringing rang rung
rise rises rising rose risen
run runs running ran run
say says saying said said
see sees seeing saw seen
sell sells selling sold sold
send sends sending sent sent
set sets setting set set
sew sews sewing sewed sewn
seek seeks seeking sought sought
saw saws sawing sawed sawn
sow sows sowing sowed sown
smooth smooths smoothing smoothed smoothed
shake shakes shaking shook shaken
shine shines shining Shone/shined Shone/shined
shoot shoots shooting shot shot
show shows showing showed shown
shrink shrinks shrinking shrank shrunk
shut shuts shutting shut shut
sing sings singing sang sung
sink sinks sinking sank sunk
sit sits sitting sat sat
sleep sleeps sleeping slept slept
slide slides sliding slid slid
smell smells smelling smelt smelt
speak speaks speaking Spoke spoken
spell spells spelling spelled/spelt spelled/spelt
spend spends spending spent spent
spill spills spilling Spilt/spilled Spilt/spilled
spit spits spitting spat spat
split splits splitting split split
spoil spoils spoiling spoilt spoilt
spread spreads spreading spread spread
spring springs springing sprang sprung
stand stands standing stood stood
steal steals stealing stole stolen
stick sticks sticking stuck stuck
swear swears swearing swore sworn
sweep sweeps sweeping swept swept
swell swells swelling swelled swollen
swim swims swimming swam swum
swing swings swinging swung swung
take takes taking took taken
teach teaches teaching taught taught
tear tears tearing tore torn
tell tells telling told told
think thinks thinking thought thought
understand understands understanding understood understood
wake wakes waking woke woken
weep weeps weeping wept wept
win wins winning won won
write writes writing wrote written

APPLYING VERBS IN SENTENCES

A) The present simple tense
Use the correct form of the verb given in brackets to complete the following
sentences.
1. It always …………………………………….hard to excel when you are
undisciplined.(become)
2. The naughty boy often ……………………………………….whenever he
faints.(bleed)
3. They always …………………………..their lunch when they are tired.(eaten)
4. The young sometimes……………………………nice pictures in her Art
book.(draw)
5. She normally …………………………………….her book after dinner.(reading)
6. The baker …………………………………..the tins after baking everyday.(wash)
7. UBC radio ……………………………………news at 09:00 pm
everyday.(broadcast)
8. He always …………………………………….his work in time to spare time for
playing.(do)
9. That man sometimes ……………………………..his vehicle carelessly.(drive)
10.The cow …………………………….its calf in the evening after grazing.(feed)
B) Present continuous
Use the correct form of the word given in brackets to complete the
following sentences.
 5

1. The tailor is ……………………………… the buttons on my new shirt.(put)6

2. The children are ……………………………the rope in the playground.(skip)
3. Our maid is …………………………………….the sitting room now.(mop)
4. Brenda is …………………………………at the balcony of the main house.(sit)
5. The farmer is ……………………………in his garden now.(dig)
6. The birds are ……………………………….away.(fly)
7. The driver is ………………………………….off now.(set)
8. The carpenter is …………………………………..the nails into the wood.(hit)
9. The tailor is …………………………….the cloth into small pieces.(cut)
10.That young boy is …………………………to his father.(lie)
C) The present perfect tense.
Here, we use “has” and “have” with the main verb in the past perfect tense.
Has is used with singular subjects while have is used with plural subjects
Examples
1. The boys have gone home.(go)
2. The teacher has gone home.(go)
Task
Use the present perfect tense with the main verb given in the brackets o
complete the following sentences.
1. The old man ……………………………………….. off.(drive)
2. The children ………………………………………..very nice cartoons.(draw)
3. The sick boy …………………………………………at the desk for two hours.(lie)
4. The teacher ……………………………………………two new charts in our
classroom.(hang)
5. Two suspects …………………………………………themselves in the police
cell.(hang)
6. The old woman has confidently ……………………..to the police officer.(lie)
7. The members of parliament ……………………………………….to Adjuman for
a state burial.(fly)
8. The cat ……………………………………all the milk.(drink)

5
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 9. Our head teacher …………………………………….two new school buses.(buy)
10.All the candidates ……………………………………..their birth certificates to
prepare for the forthcoming PLE registration.(bring)
D) The present perfect continuous tense.
Here, we use has and have + been with the main verb in the progress form.
I.e ………………….has/have been playing cards.
Use the correct form of the verb given in the brackets to complete the
following sentences in the present perfect continuous tense.
1. That company ………………………………….for the last ten years.(advertise)
2. Different radio stations …………………………………………the abduction of the
of prime minister’s daughter.(pronounce)
3. That old man ………………………………………….that company for over five
years.(manage)
4. It is Peter who …………………………………………….your novel.(carry)
5. That girl ………………………………………..since morning.(cry)
6. The cat ………………………………………under the bed since yesterday.(hide)
7. They …………………………………………..their bicycles since morning.(ride)
8. It ………………………………………………strongly for the last three days.(shine)
9. The school cook ………………………………………………….firewood since ten
o’clock in the morning.(split)
10.Don’t give that girl more porridge because she ………………………………….
It.(spill)
The past tense
A) The past simple tense.
This tens is used to talk about the events that happened in the past.
There isn’t any helping/auxiliary verb needed while making sentences in the
past simple tense.
Examples
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the word given in
the brackets.
1. The baker baked a very tasty cake last week.(bake)
2. The farmer docked all his ewes last Friday.(dock)
3. The sick dog ate all the food that was given to it.(eat)
Task.
Use the correct form of the verb given in the brackets to complete the
following sentences in the past simple tense.
1. All the birds ……………………away when they saw a scare crow.(fly)
2. The newly elected prefects ……………………..in last week.(swear)
3. The bride …………………………a very nice wedding gown at the
party.(wear)
4. The angry boy ……………………..his friend’s book into pieces.(tear)
5. The old woman …………………………a very nice basket last
weekend.(weave)
6. The careless driver ………………………..a car which was in poor mechanical
condition.(drive)
7. The snake ……………………………..him last night.(bite)
8. He ………………………..his friend because of a pen last evening.
9. The president happily ……………………….hands with our head teacher
when our school qualified for international sports Olympics.(shake)
10.All the pupils …………………………………………when we went on our school
study tour.(swim)
B) The past continuous tense.
Here, we chiefly use the auxiliary verbs “was” and “were” with the main verb
in the continuous form.
“was” is used with singular subjects while “were” is used with plural
subjects.
Examples.
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the word given in
the brackets.
1. The carpenter was still making our desks.(make)
2. The farmers were still sowing their seeds by the time we started
touring.(sow)
3. The children were playing football by the time the visitors arrived
home.(play)
Task.
Complete the following sentences using the given verb in the brackets
correctly.
 1. The prison guard was …………………………..the prisoners to always be
honest.(told)
2. The police officers were …………………………………the prisoners different
vocational skills by the time the judge reached the court of law.(taught)
3. The farmer was …………………………………his cattle for grazing by the time
it started raining.(taken)
4. The girls were …………………………………..by the time their mother came
back.(swung)
5. The balloon was …………………………………..when the boy continued
pumping pressure into it.(swollen)
6. The seamstress was ………………………………..my dress by the time I
reached her workshop.(sewn)
7. The boys were ……………………………….the letters to their parents.(sent)
8. The baker was still ……………………………………up by the time the
customers reached the bakery.(woken)
9. The orphans were …………………………………..when the cortege was
carrying their father’s body to the grave.(wept)
10.The headmaster was …………………………….letters to our parents by the
time we left for home.(written)

C) The past perfect tense.

Here, we chiefly use the auxiliary verb “had” with the main verb in the past
participle tense.
Examples.
Complete the following sentences correctly using the given verb in the
brackets.
1. The mechanic had repaired our bicycle by the time we left the
garage.(repair)
2. The baker had already baked his birthday cake by the time the day
reached.(bake)
3. The journalist had already published the announcement in the
newspaper by the time the lost child was discovered.(publish)
Task.
Complete the following sentences correctly using the given verb in the
brackets in the past perfect tense.7
1. The graduands …………………………………………the cake by the time the
guest of honor arrived.(cut)
2. The farmer ………………………………………his cow by the time the
veterinarian arrived.(slaughter)
3. The minister ……………………………………………..to London by the time the
private jet landed.(fly)
4. The journalist ……………………………………rescued by the time police
arrived.(be)
5. The carpenter ……………………………………..the furniture by the time the
owner wanted to use it.(varnish)
6. The mortuary assistant ………………………………………..the late Munoz’s
body by the time it was taken for burial.(embalm)
7. The builder …………………………………………an epitaph at the latte’s grave
head stone by the time it was picked.(write)
8. The Indians ………………………………………………….the Ugandan boy’s body
by the time the relatives claimed for it.(cremate)
9. The government …………………………………………the body by the time the
family members arrived.(exhume)
10.The president …………………………………………….evacuated by the time the
mob reached his home.(be)

D) The past perfect continuous tense.

Here, we chiefly use had + been + main verb in the continuous tense.
Examples.
1. The teachers had been working hard in the past 30days.(work)
2. I had been studying English for three years before I moved to the
US.(study)
3. They had been travelling around the world for six months before they
settled I Paris.(travel)
Task.

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Use the correct form of the verb given in the brackets to complete the
following sentences correctly.
1. He had not been………………………..for months before he joined the
gym.(exercise)
2. We had not been ……………………………breakfast for a week before we
started making time for it.(eat)
3. He had been …………………………….tennis for two hours before he got
tired.(play)
4. We had been …………………………………for the bus for 30 minutes before it
finally arrived.(wait)
5. Had you been ………………………………for the exam before you felt
confident?(study)
6. Had she been ………………………………………on the project before she got
stuck?(work)
7. Had they been …………………………………together before they got
lost?(travel)
8. Hadn’t you been …………………………..tired before you took a break?(feel)
9. Hadn’t they been ………………………………each other before they broke
up?(see)
10.Hadn’t he been ………………………………….soccer before he got
injured?(play)

The future tense.

This tense is used to talk about events that are likely to happen after the
present time.
The future simple tense.
Here we use will and shall as the auxiliary verbs with the main verb in the
base form.
Will is used with; You
It
She
He will
They
 Peter and John

Shall is used with;

I shall
We

Examples
1. I will attend the meeting tomorrow.(attend)
2. I will not attend the party tonight.(attend)
3. Will you attend the wedding?(attend)
4. Won’t you be able to make it to the meeting?(be)
Task
Use the correct form of the word given in the brackets to complete the
following sentences in the future simple tense.
1. She …………………………………………… from university next year.(graduate)
2. They ……………………………………………..to Europe for their
honeymoon.(travel)
3. We …………………………………….a new house next month.(buy)
4. He ………………………………………his new job on Monday.(start)
5. They ………………………………………to Asia this month.(not travel)
6. She……………………………………….able to make it to concert.(not be)
7. …………………………………….the wedding?(you attend)
8. ………………………………………..enough money to buy a piece of land?(we
have)
9. ……………………………………….able to speak at the concert?(he be)
10.He ………………………………………..able to fix the project on time.(not be)

The future continuous tense.

Here, we use “will” and “shall” + be + main verb in the progress form.
Examples.
1. I will be studying for my exam tomorrow night.(study)
 2. She will be working as a doctor in a few years.(work)
3. I will not be attending the meeting tomorrow.(attend)
4. Will he be playing soccer for a professional team soon?(play)
Task
Complete the following sentences correctly in the future continuous tense
with the verb given in the brackets.
1. They ……………………………………………around the world next year.(travel)
2. We ………………………………………………to the new house next
month.(move)
3. They ………………………………………….to Europe this summer.(not travel)
4. He …………………………………………….basketball tomorrow.(not play)
5. He ………………………………………….dinner at home tonight.(not eat)
6. What ……………………………………..at 8:00am tomorrow?(you do)
7. When ……………………………………..our advertisement?(publish)
8. How ………………………………………..to the new house next month?(we
move)
9. Why ………………………………………………….soccer for a professional team?(
he play)
10.She …………………………………………………….her luggage at dawn.(tie)

The future perfect tense.

Here, we use will + have + main verb in the past perfect tense.
Examples.
1. I will have finished my project by next Friday.(finish)
2. I will not have done my holiday work by Monday next week.(do)
3. Will they have travelled to five countries by the end of this
year?(travel)
Task.
Complete the following sentences using the verb given in the brackets in the
future perfect tense.
1. What …………………………………………………doing by the end of five
years?(she be)
2. He …………………………………………..primary seven by next year.(complete)
 3. They ………………………………………by the time the visitors reach.(arrive)
4. Musa ………………………………………….his garden by the time it starts
raining.(dig)
5. The herdsman ……………………………………………..the calf home by the time
you reach.(carry)
6. We …………………………………………………………the case to police by Friday
next week.(report)
7. It …………………………………………….raining by next month.(start)
8. The ………………………………………………our books by tomorrow
morning.(mark)
9. The patient ………………………………………………..by the time the doctor
arrives.(die)
10.The chef ……………………………………………….the food by the time you reach
home.(serve)

The future perfect continuous tense

Here, we use “have + been + verb (ing)”

Examples
1. I will have been studying English for three years by next June.
2. She will have been working as a doctor for five years by the end of
2025.
3. They will have been travelling around the world for six month by the
time they return home.
4. We will have been living in this house for ten for years by next year.
5. He will have been playing soccer for fifteen years by the time he retires.
Task
Construct five meaningful sentences using the future perfect continuous tens
e.
1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8

OPPOSITES OF VERBS.
Verb Opposite Verb Opposite
run stop jump fall
push pull give take
buy sell borrow lend
create destroy build demolish
open close lock unlock
come go arrive depart
enter exit ascend descend
rise fall Move/leave stay
advance retreat proceed return
speak listen talk Be silent
write erase read ignore
agree disagree accept reject
propose oppose suggest refuse
love hate like dislike
enjoy endure laugh cry
smile frown cheer depress
encourage discourage praise criticize
know ignore understand misunderstand
believe disbelieve remember forget
learn unlearn discover conceal
realize ignore recognize misrecognize

ADJECTIVES.
An adjective is a word that modifies, or describes a noun or pronoun.it tells
us more about the noun or pronoun, such as its size, shape, color,
temperature, or other characteristics.
Examples of adjectives include; big, small, sad, blue, red, hot, cold etc.
Kinds of adjectives.
1. Descriptive adjectives –describe a noun’s quality or characteristic; e.g.
red car, happy child

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 2. Quantitative adjectives –indicate the quantity of a noun; e.g. three
dogs, some water.
3. Demonstrative adjectives –points out a specific noun; e.g. this book,
that house.
4. Possessive adjectives –shows ownership or possession; e.g. my phone,
their car.
5. Interrogative adjectives –used in questions to ask about a noun; e.g.
what color? Whose jacket?
6. Indefinite adjectives –refer to an unspecified noun; e.g. any person,
several options.
7. Distributive adjectives –refer to members of a group individually; e.g.
each student, every day.
8. Comparative adjectives –compares two nouns; e.g. bigger house, more
expensive car.
9. Superlative adjectives –compares three or more nouns; e.g. biggest
house, more expensive car.
10.Proper adjectives –derived from a proper noun and used to describe it;
e.g. Chinese cuisine, Shakespearean play.

Comparison of adjectives.
Comparative Superlative
Positive
slow slower slowest
fast faster fastest
short shorter shortest
sad sadder saddest
clever cleverer cleverest
simple simpler simplest
friendly friendlier friendliest
energetic More energetic Most energetic
beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
expensive More expensive Most expensive
famous More famous Most famous
important More important Most important
difficult More difficult Most difficult
popular More popular Most popular
good better best
bad worse worst
ill worse worst
little less least
much more most
far farther farthest
green greener greenest
juicy juicier juiciest
ripe riper ripest
rude ruder rudest
sincere sincerer sincerest
tiny tinnier tinniest
worldly worldlier worldliest
heavy heavier heaviest
raw rawer rawest
risky riskier riskiest
shy Shyer/shier Shyest/shiest
thick thicker thickest
wild wilder wildest
young younger youngest
happy happier happiest
itchy itchier itchiest
rich richer richest
rough rougher roughest
thirsty thirstier thirstiest
wise wiser wisest
full fuller fullest
lazy lazier laziest
noisy noisier noisiest
salty saltier saltiest
warm warmer warmest
oily oilier oiliest
polite politer politest
sorry sorrier sorriest
strange stranger strangest
tough tougher toughest
wealthy wealthier wealthiest
hungry hungrier hungriest
quick quicker quickest
sharp sharper sharpest
tall taller tallest
weird weirder weirdest
needy needier neediest
smoky smokier smokiest
sore sorer sorest
tasty tastier tastiest
light lighter lightest
foolish More foolish Most foolish
rusty rustier rustiest
sane saner sanest
small smaller smallest
weak weaker weakest
plain plainer plainest
spicy spicier spiciest
strong stronger strongest
ugly uglier ugliest
wet wetter wettest
mad madder maddest
cruel crueler cruelest
skinny skinnier skinniest
nice nicer nicest
soft softer softest
sour sourer sourest
thin thinner thinnest
cold colder coldest
proud prouder proudest
slim slimmer slimmest
stingy stingier stingiest
sweaty sweatier sweatiest
easy easier easiest
long longer longest
shallow shallower shallowest
soon sooner soonest
windy windier windiest
steep steeper steepest
neat neater neatest
smelly smellier smelliest
hot hotter hottest
quiet quieter quietest
shiny shinier shiniest
fat fatter fattest
old Older/elder Oldest/eldest
safe safer safest
funny funnier funniest
late later latest
nice nicer nicest
dear dearer dearest
low lower lowest
short shorter shortest
strict stricter strictest
worthy worthier worthiest
poor poorer poorest
true truer truest
naughty naughtier naughtiest
smooth smoother smoothest
soft softer softest
messy messier messiest
pure purer purest
narrow narrower narrowest
rare rarer rarest
hard harder hardest
icy icier iciest
roomy roomier roomiest
silly sillier silliest
black blacker blackest
moist moister moistest
sleepy sleepier sleepiest
great greater greatest
kind kinder kindest
clean cleaner cleanest
mild milder mildest
scary scarier scariest
cool cooler coolest
many more most
pretty prettier prettiest
large larger largest
high higher highest
modern More modern Most modern
greedy greedier greediest
guilty guiltier guiltiest
hairy hairier hairiest
harsh harsher harshest
interesting More interesting Most interesting
dry drier driest
dull duller dullest
dumb dumber dumbest
dusty dustier dustiest
early earlier earliest
easy easier easiest
faint fainter faintest
fair fairer fairest
fancy fancier fanciest
bitter bitterer bitterest
bloody bloodier bloodiest
blue bluer bluest
bold bolder boldest
brave braver bravest
brief briefer briefest
bright brighter brightest
broad broader broadest
busy busier busiest
calm calmer calmest
cheap cheaper cheapest
classy classier classiest
clear clearer clearest
clumsy clumsier clumsiest
crazy crazier craziest
creamy creamier creamiest
curly curlier curliest
crispy crispier crispiest
curvy curvier curviest
cute cuter cutest
damp damper dampest
dark darker darkest
few fewer fewest
fierce fiercer fiercest
filthy filthier filthiest
fine finer finest
firm firmer firmest
fit fitter fittest
flat flatter flattest
fresh fresher freshest
gentle gentler gentlest
gloomy gloomier gloomiest
grave graver gravest
deadly deadlier deadliest
deep deeper deepest
dense denser densest
difficult More difficult Most difficult
dirty dirtier dirtiest

The positive degree.

This degree is used to describe only one particular noun, pronoun or group.
Examples.
1. John is very smart.
2. He is very clever.
3. They were very smart in their work.
4. The teachers are very kind.
Task
Underline the adjectives used in the following sentences.
1. He is a very naughty boy.
2. She is a very naughty artist.
3. It was a very difficult test.
4. The sky is very clear today.
5. My dad bought a very expensive car last week.
Application of positive degree in sentences.
The use of ….as….as…. .
Join the following sentences using …………..as…………….as……….
1. My sweater is nice. Your sweater is also nice
My sweater is as nice as yours.
2. My cousin’s jacket is very classy. My nephew’s jacket is also very classy.
 3. The mountain is very steep. The hill is also very steep.9
4. A cup is very cheap. A plate is also very cheap.
5. His face is not gloomy. Her face is gloomy.
6. The boy is very short. The girl is short.
7. Our house is very nice. Their house is nice.
8. Their car is very expensive. Moses’ car is expensive.
9. The exam was very simple. The test was difficult.
10.The game was very interesting. The show was interesting.
11.The nurses are very kind. The doctors are kind.
The comparative degree.
We use this degree while comparing two different things. We the
comparative “than” to show the comparison.
Examples.
1. The food is saltier than the sauce.
2. My work is neater than hers.
3. Today is hotter than yesterday.
4. An airplane is faster than a bus.
5. This chimney is smokier than that one.
Task.
Use the correct form of the word given in the brackets to complete the
following sentences.10
1. The bumble bee bean has ………………………….friends than the panda
beanz.(little)
2. The Fu Man Chu has got a …………………………….mustache than his
brother.(good)
3. A pineapple is …………………………………….than an orange.(juice)
4. Ali is …………………………………than Adam.(energy)
5. I got a………………………………….grade than Lena.(low)
6. My niece is the ……………………………………….of the two girls.(beautiful)
7. Of the two boys, Jonah is the ………………………………….(clever)
8. Of the two mistakes, the first one was the ………………………….(grave)
9. Budin village is …………………………….than Butongole village.(swamp)
10.Of the two girls, Faith and hope, Faith is the …………………………….(friend)

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10
Join the following sentences using ……………than…………….
1. Walking alone at night is very risky but walking alone during day time is
risky.
2. Girls are very shy, but boys are shy.
3. Salmon fish is very oily. Sprat fish is oily.
4. Our headmaster is very famous in the community. Our class teacher is
infamous in the community.
5. Primary seven boys are very energetic. Primary six boys are energetic.
6. Millet seeds are very tiny. Sorghum seeds are tiny.
7. My mathematical set is good. Your mathematical set is very good.
8. My niece is very friendly. My nephew is friendly.
9. The witness was very sincere. The criminal was sincere.
10.Elijah is handsome, but his brother is handsomer.

Parallel increase.
Using ………..the……………….. , the…………
We use the above pattern to show that a change in one situation brings a
change in another.
Here we use two clauses where each starts with article “the” followed by an
adjective in the comparative degree.
Examples.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using the definite article “the”.
1. We drove farther. We became tired.
The farther we drove, the more tired we became.
2. If you eat a lot of food, you will grow fat.
The more food you eat, the fatter you will grow.
3. We worked hard. We performed well.
The harder we worked, the better we performed.
Task.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using the definite article “the”.
1. If you go high, it becomes cool.
2. The police chief talked a lot. I understood less.
3. We became very wise when we read a lot of books.
 4. The photo will become clearer if the journalist moves closer to it.
5. The traveler went far and far. He became thirsty and thirsty.
6. The plant became weak when it grew tall.
7. You will drive well if you make a lot of practice.
8. I became more thankful to God as I grew old.
The superlative degree.
The superlative degree is used to compare more than two things, nouns, or
pronouns.
Examples.
1. She is the most beautiful woman in the room.
2. He is the tallest basketball player on the team.
3. This is the sweetest cake ii have ever tasted.
4. She is the most intelligent student I the class.
5. He is strongest athlete on the team.
6. She sings the most beautifully of all the contestants.
7. He runs the fastest of all the runners.
Task.
Use the correct form of the word given in the bracket to complete the
following sentences.
1. They work the …………………………….of all the teams.(efficient)
2. She drives the………………………………of all the drivers.(careful)
3. He writes the …………………………………..of all the writers.(clear)
4. He is the ………………………………………..teacher in the
school.(experienced)
5. What is the …………………………………….book I can buy from your
library?(interesting)
6. The DJ played the …………………………………….song for the party.(worthy)
7. He is our …………………………………brother in the family.(old)
8. School going children like the ……………………………watches.(fancy)
9. A lion is the ………………………………….animal in the jungle.(fierce)
10.Of the three boys, Joel is the ……………………………….(sane)
Opposites of adjectives.
Adjective Opposite Adjective Opposite
rich poor fat thin
Long/tall short high low
Lazy industrious male female
north south first last
fast slow modern traditional
nice nasty cloudy Sunny/clear
intelligent stupid interesting boring
sick healthy early late
curly straight full empty
off on cold hot
wide narrow clean dirty
good bad married single
happy Sad/unhappy pretty Plain/ugly
Easy/simple difficult front back
polite Rude/impolite far near
east west wet dry
big small black white
round square sweet Sour/bitter
alive dead beautiful Ugly/handsome
cheap expensive left right
old New/young light heavy
quiet noisy safe dangerous
soft hard true false
brave cowardly hot cold
strong weak kind unkind
Clean dirty bright dull
bright dim Closed open

Other opposites.
Word Opposite Word Opposite
absent present absurd sensible
abundant scarce accidental intentional
accuse defend accurate inaccurate
admit deny advance retreat
after before alien native
alone together always never
amuse bore anger kindness
applaud boo asleep awake
beg offer below above
Buy sell careful careless
cease begin civilian military
condemn praise crooked straight
dead alive deep shallow
Destroy/demolish Create/build drunk sober
enemy friend evil good
exhale inhale fail succeed
fat skinny fertile Barren/infertile
floor ceiling former latter
funny serious generous stingy
genuine fake guilty innocent
humble arrogant husband wife
illegal Lawful/legal import export
indoor outdoor inferior superior
joy grief king queen
lock unlock majority minority
merciful cruel moist dry
nervous calm obey disobey
original copy patient impatient
permit forbid positive negative
private public push pull
question answer quick slow
reckless cautious rival friend
sane insane servant master
simple complex slavery freedom
solid gas spend save
stranger friend sudden gradual
suffix prefix tame wild
temporary permanent thaw freeze
tough tender unique common
vacant occupied victory defeat
villain hero war peace
whisper ……………………… strengthen ……………………
triumph …………………….. precious ……………………..
dull ………………………. naked ……………………….
dangerous ……………………… worried ………………………
stationary ……………………. proud ………………………

Proper adjectives.
Proper adjectives are a type of adjective that is derived from a proper noun
such as a name of an organization or title. They are used to describe a noun
or pronoun and provide more information about its characteristics, origin or
association.
Examples of proper adjectives.
Nationality: American, Ugandan, British, Chinese, Ghanaian, Indian etc.
Place: new York, London, Parisian, Australian etc.
Historical: Victorian, Renaissance, Medieval etc.
Cultural: Greek, Roman, Islamic, Buddhist etc.
Institutional: Harvard, Oxford, Google, Microsoft etc.
Task.
Make a list of some common countries in the world with their nationalities.
Adverbs.
An adverb is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or
other adverb or a word group expressing a relation of time, place,
circumstance, manner, cause, degree etc.
Adverbs can be classified into six main types and these are;
- Adverbs of manner. Describe how an action is performed e.g. quickly,
slowly, happily

- Adverbs of time. Specify when an action takes place e.g. now, then,
soon, later, yesterday.

- Adverbs of place. Indicate where an action is happening e.g. here,

there, everywhere, inside, in the latrine.

- Adverbs of frequency. Indicate how often an action happens e.g.

always, often, sometimes, weekly.

- Adverbs of degree. Modify the intensity or degree of an action e.g.

very, extremely, too, enough,
 - Conjunctive adverbs. These are words that connect and show the
relationship between two clauses or sentences e.g. however,
nevertheless, meanwhile, therefore, thus, moreover.
e.tc.

Examples of adverbs.
Equally, occasionally, weekly, smartly, boldly, cowardly, swiftly, chiefly,
handsomely, lovely, etc.
11

Formation of adverbs.
Some adverbs can be formed from adjectives, nouns and some verbs ie.
Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb
able ably active actively
abnormal abnormally absentminded absentmindedly
accidental accidentally acidic acidly
actual actually adventurous adventurously
angry angrily annual annually
anxious anxiously arrogant arrogantly
awkward awkwardly bad badly
bashful bashfully beautiful Beautifully
bitter bitterly bleak bleakly
blind blindly blissful blissfully
boastful boastfully bold boldly
brave bravely brief briefly
bright brightly brisk briskly
broad broadly busy busily
calm calmly careful carefully
careless carelessly cautious cautiously
certain certainly cheerful cheerfully
clear clearly clever cleverly
close closely coaxing Coaxingly
colourful colourfully common commonly
continual continually cool coolly
correct correctly courageous courageously
cross crossly cruel cruelly

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curious curiously day daily
dainty daintily dear dearly
deceiving deceivingly delightful delightfully
deep deeply defiant defiantly
deliberate deliberately diligent diligently
doubtful doubtfully easy easily
elegant elegantly energetic energetically
enormous enormously enthusiastic enthusiastically
equal equally Even evenly
exact exactly excited excitedly
extreme extremely fair fairly
faithful faithfully famous famously
fierce fiercely foolish foolishly
fortunate fortunately ferocious ferociously
frank frankly free freely
frightful frightfully full fully
furious furiously general generally
generous generously gentle gently
glad gladly gleeful Gleefully
graceful gracefully grateful Gratefully
great greatly greedy greedily
hasty hastily healthy healthily
heavy heavily helpful helpfully
helpless helplessly high highly
honest honestly hopeless hopelessly
hour hourly hungry hungrily
immediate immediately innocent innocently
inquisitive inquisitively instant instantly
intense intensely intent intently
interesting interestingly inward inwardly
irritable irritably jagged jaggedly
jealous jealously joshing joshingly
joyful joyfully jubilant jubilantly
judgmental judgmentally just justly
keen keenly kidding kiddingly
kindhearted kindheartedly kind Kindly
kissing kissingly knavish knavishly
knowing knowingly knowledgeable knowledgeably
lazy lazily natural Naturally
light lightly near nearly
like likely neat Neatly
limp limply nasty Nastily
live lively nervous nervously
longing longingly nice nicely
loose loosely noisy Noisily
loving lovingly obedient obediently
loud loudly odd Oddly
loyal loyally offensive offensively
mad madly official Officially
majestical majestically open Openly
meaningful meaningfully optimistic optimistically
Mechanical mechanically Overconfident overconfidently
merry merrily owlish owlishly
miserable miserably painful painfully
mocking mockingly partial partially
month monthly patient patiently
mortal mortally Perfect perfectly
most mostly physical physically
mysterious mysteriously polite politely
playful playfully quaint quaintly
polite politely quarrelsome quarrelsomely
poor poorly queer queerly
positive positively questionable questionably
potential potentially questioning questioningly
powerful powerfully quick quickly
prompt promptly quiet quietly
problematic problematically quirky quirkily
proper properly quizzical quizzically
punctual punctually rapid rapidly
rare rarely ready readily
real really reassuring reassuringly
reckless recklessly regular regularly
reluctant reluctantly repeated repeatedly
reproachful reproachfully restful restfully
righteous righteously rightful rightfully
rigid rigidly rough Roughly
rude rudely sad sadly
safe safely scarce scarcely
scary scarily searching searchingly
sedate sedately seeming seemingly
selfish selfishly separate separately
serious seriously shaky shakily
sharp sharply sheepish sheepishly
shrill shrilly shy shyly
silent silently sleepy sleepily
slow slowly smooth smoothly
soft softly solemn solemnly
solid solidly speedy speedily
stealthy stealthily strict strictly
successful successfully sudden suddenly
surprising surprisingly suspicious suspiciously
sweet sweetly swift swiftly
sympathetic sympathetically tender tenderly
tense tensely terrible terribly
thankful thankfully thoughtful thoughtfully
tight tightly tremendous tremendously
triumphant triumphantly true truly
truthful truthfully ultimate ultimately
unabashed unabashedly unaccountable unaccountably
unbearable unbearably unethical Unethically
unexpected unexpectedly unfortunate unfortunately
unimpressive unimpressively unnatural unnaturally
unnecessary unnecessarily utter utterly
uplifting upliftingly upward upwardly
urgent urgently useful usefully
useless uselessly usual usually
vacant vacantly vague vaguely
vain vainly valiant valiantly
vast vastly verbal verbally
vicious viciously victorious victoriously
violent violently vivacious vivaciously
voluntary voluntarily warm warmly

weak weakly weary wearily

Wet wetly whole wholly
Wild wildly willful willfully
Wise wisely woeful woefully
wonderful wonderfully worried worriedly
wrong wrongly yawning yawningly
Year yearly yearning yearningly
yielding yieldingly youthful youthfully
zealous zealously zestful zestfully

Task.
Use the correct form of the word given in the brackets to complete the
following sentences.
1. The police officer walked more ………………………………than the traffic
police officer.(hurry)
2. She approach the new project ……………………………….(zest)
3. The naughty boy………………………………opened the novel.(zeal)
4. She did the work ………………………………than we expected.(beautiful)
5. The witness entered the court ……………………………………………..than the
suspect.(worry)
6. The thieves ………………………………..entered the widow’s cottage.(steal)
7. She raised an eyebrow and…………………………gave him a hug.(skeptical)
8. The judge ………………………………..looked into the defiler’s face.(quiz)
9. He walked into the meeting room………………………………., knowing that
he was late.(sheep)
10.The reckless driver who caused an accident……………………………looked at
the traffic police officer.(guilty)
11.The dog …………………………………….attacked the mailman.(ferocious)
12.The storm …………………………………swept through the town, causing
widespread destruction.(vicious)
13.The journalist ………………………………….interviewed the orphan about the
death of her parents.(verbal)
14.She …………………………………………….believed that she would get the job,
despite the tough competition.(optimistic)
15.The team played ……………………………………even when they were behind
in the game.(buoyant)
Opposites of adverbs.
Adverb Opposite Adverb Opposite
quickly slowly early late
Soon later immediately eventually
politely rudely kindly Cruelly
wisely foolishly optimistically pessimistically
carefully carelessly often rarely
usually seldom always never
frequently infrequently very barely
extremely mildly highly slightly
almost hardly here there
near far inside outside
fast slow rapidly gradually
above below swiftly sluggishly
briskly leisurely certainly doubtfully
definitely indefinitely clearly unclearly
confidently uncertainly arrogantly calmly
bashfully carelessly awkwardly carefully
curiously enormously dearly especially
crossly elegantly coaxingly deliberately

Task.
Rewrite the following sentences giving the opposite of the underlined words.

1. Their team almost lost the march.

2. The headmaster curiously asked the girl where she slept.
3. The man reluctantly answered the interview.
4. My dad rarely goes to town by his bicycle.
5. The applicant optimistically entered the manager’s office.
6. The driver was seriously condemned by the traffic police officer
because of his curiosity.
7. My calf was very sick by the time I went home.
8. The careless child lost the original copy of his document.
9. The congregation misunderstood the minister’s explanation.
10.All the pupils should know the meaning of their names.

PRONOUNS.
Pronouns are words that replace a noun in a sentence, making it easier to
refer to people, places, things, and ideas without repeating their names.
Kinds of pronouns.
1. Personal pronouns
2. Possessive pronouns
 3. Reflexive pronouns
4. Demonstrative pronouns
5. Interrogative pronouns
6. Indefinite pronouns
7. Distributive pronouns
8. Reciprocal pronouns
Personal pronouns.
These pronouns refer to individuals or groups, and they change form
depending on their grammatical function (subject, object, possessive)
First person: I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours.
Second person: you, your, yours
Third person: he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs.

Possessive pronouns.
These pronouns show ownership or possession. E.g. Mine, yours, his, hers,
theirs, its, ours.

Reflexive pronouns.
These pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence. E.g. myself,
yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

Demonstrative pronouns.
These pronouns point out specific people, places, or things. E.g. This, that,
those, these.

Interrogative pronouns.
These pronouns are used to ask questions. E.g. Who, what, which, whom,
whose.

Indefinite pronouns.
These pronouns refer to non-specific people, places or things. E.g. Someone,
something, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, everyone, everything.

Distributive pronouns.
These pronouns refer to individual members of a group. E.g. each, every,
either, neither.
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Reciprocal pronouns.
These pronouns express mutual actions or relationship. E.g. each other, one
another.
Task.
Fill the blank spaces with a suitable pronoun to complete the sentence.
1. …………………………..lost my pen when we went to the playground.
2. Where have …………………………put my bag?
3. I found ……………………………playing with my doll.
4. This is ……………………..pen. It belongs to me.
5. I think this is …………………………house according to the direction they
gave us.
6. The baby ……………………………….spilled the porridge.
7. That woman …………………………….caused the divorce.
8. ………………………… misplaced chair?
9. They had to put ………………………………….in the right place.
10.You should respect ………………………………in the society.

Relative pronouns.
Relative pronouns are words that introduce a dependent clause, also known
as a relative clause, which provides more information about a noun or
pronoun in the main clause.
Examples of relative pronouns.
Who, whom, which, that, whose, where, when.
The use of ……..who……..

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“Who” is a relative pronoun used to connect two sentences when the noun
being described is a person.
Examples.
Join the following sentences using …….who…………..
1. Here is the boy. He wrote an interesting article.
The boy who wrote an interesting article is here.
2. The teacher thanked the boy. The boy filled the difficult crossword
puzzle.
The teacher thanked the boy who filled the difficult crossword puzzle.
3. Egesa has talked to the cartoonist. The cartoonist has drawn an exciting
cartoon.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Activity.
Join the sentences below using ……………….who………………..
1. Mukasa is the boy. He took away my magazine.
2. The manager is looking for the boy. The boy can draw good cartoons.
3. Angiano talked to the journalist. The journalist works with Budde
Newspaper.
4. The police are looking for the journalist. The journalist published false
information.
5. This is the girl. She likes making paper flowers.
6. Mr. Musonda is the teacher. He taught us about Print Media.
7. That is the columnist. She writes for The Orumuri Newspaper.
8. A man edited our school magazine. Have you seen the man?

The use of ………………whom……………………….

“Whom” is a pronoun that is used as the object of a verb or preposition.
If the noun or pronoun has been described, we use two commas to punctuate
the sentence.
If there is a preposition in the sentences given, it is written before whom ie.
For whom, about whom, to whom, between whom, etc.
Examples.
Join the following sentences using………………whom…………………..
1. The brown man has died. I told you about him yesterday.
The brown man, about whom I told you yesterday, has died.
2. That is the man. I stay with that man.
That is the man with whom I stay.
3. Those are the girls. I sit between those girls in class.
Those are the girls between whom I sit in class.

Activity.
1. Saw the pastor in the market. We spoke to him earlier.
2. My sister is leaving for Harvard University. I admire her.
3. That is the boy. I sat with him in a taxi when we were going to Hoima.
4. I gave my school fees to the brown teacher. She has gone home.
5. The bank manager has been robbed of all his property. I met him at the
bank.
6. The mechanic is not around. I gave him my bicycle to repair.
7. The journalist has been arrested. I reported him for publishing false
news.
8. That is the teacher. We travelled with her to our vacation.
9. The lame journalist is admitted in the hospital. I helped him last week.
10.The tall American tourist has been killed by a lion. I greeted him at the
gate.
The use of “…………..which…...” “............that ………………..”
“Which” is used to introduce a dependent clause (relative clause) that
provides more information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause.
We use two commas if the subject has been described.
Examples
1. My friend read articles. The articles were in The Daily Star newspaper.
The articles which my friend read were in The Daily Star newspaper.
The articles that my friend read were I The Daily Star newspaper.
2. A cartoon appeared in the newspaper. The cartoon excited my
classmates.
 A cartoon which appeared in the newspaper excited my classmates.
A cartoon that appeared in the newspaper excited my classmates.
3. Kaitesi gave me a newspaper. The newspaper had exciting cartoons.
4. I filled a crossword. The crossword was not easy at all.
5. Milly bought a magazine. The magazine had difficult crossword puzzles.
6. Jumna read a pullout. The pullout had our PLE results.
7. The teacher drew a picture on the chalkboard. The picture was very
amusing.
8. My dad bought a new car. It was red in colour.
9. Mummy bought for me a shirt. It had five buttons.
10.My uncle bought a new radio. It was wireless.
11.The flash got lost. It had information that was captured on the
teacher’s wedding.
12.The truck has been towed to the police station. It caused an accident.

The use of ………………..whose……………..

We use “whose” to show that something belongs to the person or thing
mentioned.
We use two commas is the person or thing has been described.
Examples.
Rewrite the following sentences using ………………whose…………………..
1. Here comes the prefect. His article appeared in our school magazine.
Here comes the prefect whose article appeared in our school magazine.
2. Haaland is the sportsman. His photo was seen on the back page.
Haaland is the sportsman whose photo was seen on the back page.
3. The girl’s newspaper was stolen. The girl cried bitterly.
4. We have seen the news reporter. Her phone was used to call the police.
5. Wekesa whispered to the editor. The editor’s editorials are very
interesting.
6. I have seen the lady. Her photo was published in today’s newspaper.
7. The journalist’s camera was stolen. Have you seen the journalist?
8. The journalist reported the matter to the police. His notebook was
torn.
9. The children could not interpret the cartoon. Its caption was missing.
10.We saw the boy. The boy’s photo was used in the school
advertisement.
PREPOSITIONS.
Prepositions are words or group of words used to link nouns, pronouns, and
phrases to other words in a sentence.
Examples of prepositions.
At, in, on, between, above, under, beside, beneath, of, by, in front of, next to,
instead of.
Kinds of prepositions.
a) Prepositions of location.
In, on, at, by, with, under, above, over.
b) Prepositions of directions
To, from, up, down, in, out, through.
c) Prepositions of time.
At, on, during, before, after
d) Prepositions of movement.
To, from, up, down, in, out, through, across, along, around, past.
e) Other prepositions.
About, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before,
behind, below, beside, between, by, down, during, for, from, in, inside,
into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, opposite, out, outside, over, past, since,
through, till, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, via, with,
within, without.

How prepositions are used.

TIME
in -Months -In August
-Years -In 1996
-Time of the day -in the evening
-Centuries and -in the 19th century
historical periods
 -after a certain period Mystic market closes in
of time two hours

at -Time of days -at 02:30

-Noon, night and -at night
midnight -at breakfast
-names of mealtime -I learnt how to use a
-age computer at 12
on -days of the week -on Friday
since -from a period of time -I have been a student
up to the present(when since 2004
it started)
for How long a period of I have been a student
time has been. here for two years.
from……to……… The beginning and end My appointment is
of a period of time. from 02:00 to 03:00pm.
until A period of time to a I cannot go dancing
specific period in time. until I finish reading
this chapter.
by In the sense of “at the -You must return your
latest” book by latest April 21st
Due date. -My essay is due by the
end of this week.

Place.
in -when something is in a -in class
place -in the book
-to refer to bigger -in a vehicle
places -in Kampala
at -located at a specific -At the library
place -at a concert/party
-for events -at the bank, at school
-smaller places.
on -being on a surface -I left the keys on the
-for a certain side table
-for a floor in a building -my apartment is on
-for public transport the fourth floor
-for television, radio -I forgot my phone on
the bus
 -you can hear my
brother on the radio
to -moving towards a -Every morning, I take a
specific place bus to campus.
from -For the origin or -I used carrots from my
starting point garden.
-I received a suspicious
email from my bank.
-I will be on vacation
from January 31st for a
week.
towards -moving indirection of -I suddenly saw a dog
something running towards me.

across -moving from one side There is a coffee shop

to another but “in across the street.
something”. I swam across the lake.
between -a place “in the middle” -I standing between my
of two or more friend and his parents.
separate people or The gap between the
things. poor and rich keeps
growing.

Connections.
of -between two noun The keyboard of my
phrases to show that computer is pink.
the first belongs to or is Richard is the son of
part of the second. Audrey/He is a good
-to say how people are friend of mine.
related.
with -Between two noun -I spilled coffee on the
phrases when the computer with a pink
second is a particular keyboard.
feature of the first. -I think Sarah is
-to say that people or studying with Tara/I
things are together went to a workshop
-for the specific thing with my friend.
used to perform an -My roommate killed a
action spider with a book.
 by When we to describe My roommate saved
an action in a more my life by killing a
general way. spider.

Task.
Complete these texts using these prepositions “in, on, at, for, of, with,
between, before, about.
Student : When are your office hours?
Instructor : I am available to meet …………….you…….Thursday……….13:30.
Student : I have class…………..that time. Can we meet ………lunch?
Instructor : is it urgent?
Student : Yes, I have some questions to ask you………..the mid-term exam.
Instructor : You can come ……..my office………11:00. Does that work …….you?
Student : Yes, thank. Can you remind me, where is your office?
Instructor : My office is ………the third floor………room A321……….. The David
Turpin building.
Student : Thank you very much! See you then.

CONJUNCTIONS.
A conjunction is a word that connects words or phrases, or clauses together
in a sentence.
Types of conjunctions.
Coordinating conjunctions.
Subordinating conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions.
The connect words or phrases or clauses of equal importance.
Examples of coordinating conjunctions.
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so –FANBOYS
The use of …………….and…………….
It is used to connect two words or phrases or clauses.
Examples.13
Join the following sentences using……….and……
1. I like reading books. I also enjoy watching movies.
I like reading books, and I also enjoy watching movies.
2. The boy is sick. The girl is sick.
The boy and the girl are sick.
3. I prefer going to town on foot. I also prefer riding around.
I prefer going to town on foot, and I also prefer riding around.
4. She is very bright. She is also very honest.
She is very bright and honest.

Task.
Join the following sentences using ……….and………….
1. I like playing football. I also enjoy spectating matches.
2. Peter is a lazy pupil. Mary is also a lazy pupil.
3. The fruit was juicy. The fruit was delicious.
4. Stella was a bright pupil. Atim was a bright pupil.
5. The dog drinks milk. The cat drinks milk.
6. She my guardian. She is my benefactor.
7. Musa is going to the market. Ali is going to the market.
8. My parents were absent. I was absent.
9. I don’t eat fish. I don’t eat meat.
10.Mary has a red bag. Stella has a red bag.

The use of ……..but……..

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“But” is a coordinating conjunction used to connect words, phrases or clauses
that contrast or show unexpected shift in idea.
Examples.
Join the following sentences using …….but……….
1. My phone was in my bag. I thought I had lost it.
I thought I had lost my phone, but it was in my bag.
2. I wanted to go to the beach. It was raining.
I wanted to go to the beach, but it was raining.
3. Jane is my sister. Andrew is my cousin.
Jane is my sister, but Andrew is my cousin.

Task.
Join the following sentences using ………..but……….....
1. Joshua went to the shop. He did not buy anything.
2. My father has a car. He doesn’t know how to drive.
3. The mechanic was around. He did not repair my bicycle.
4. She is very smart. She is struggling in Maths.
5. Although he is very rich, he doesn’t have a smart phone.
6. All the work was done, however, it was not submitted.
7. The patient did not complete the treatment, yet he was admitted.
8. The teacher did not mark our homework, yet we submitted our books.
9. I went to the store yet bought nothing.
10.I love reading books, yet, I haven’t had time lately.

The use of …………….or……………

Join the following sentences using ………….or………….
1. Mummy is going to the market. Daddy is going to the market.
Mummy or daddy is going to the market.
2. I am going to the movie. I am staying home tonight.
I am going to the movie or staying home tonight.
3. The new policy will benefit the employees. The new policy will benefit
the contractors.
The new policy will benefit the employees or the contractors.
Note: we use a comma before “or” when connecting three or more items in a
list. I.e. I love reading books. I love writing stories. I love learning new
languages.
 I love reading books, writing stories, or learning new languages.

Task.
Join the following sentences using…………or………………..
1. Your parcels are sealed properly. Our envelopes are sealed properly.
2. An aerogram was sent to Musa. A telegram was sent to Musa.
3. Solomon may stamp the letters. Solomon may envelop the letters.
4. Sango bought a stamp from the post office. Asiimwe bought a stamp
from the post office.
5. Nankya may write a friendly letter. Chebet may write a friendly letter.
6. The address is part of a letter. The date is part of a letter.
7. The postman is absent. The postman is very busy.
8. Sheila will receive a parcel this evening. Sheila will receive an email
this evening.
9. The envelope looks torn. The envelope looks old.
10.The friends sell stamps. The two friends sell fountain pens.

The use of …………..so…………………….

“So” is a versatile conjunction that can be used in various ways to connect
words, phrases or clauses.
Examples.
The following sentences Join using …………….so ……………..
1. I am tired. I am going to bed.
I am tired, so I am going to bed.
2. I am hungry. I am going to eat something.
I am hungry, so I am going to eat something.
3. I am studying hard. I want to get good grades.
I am studying hard, so I can get good grades.
Task.
1. I am excited for the party. I’ve been preparing all week.
2. She is staying home from work because she is not feeling well.
 3. The boy reached the examination center late. He missed the first paper.
4. The artiste was very cute. She attracted the audience’s attention.
5. The test was very hard. We all failed to score good grades.
6. The day was very hot. We stayed indoor.
7. It was raining heavily. The visitors did not come.
14
8. The bus fares were very high. We didn’t go for Christmas.

The use of ………..nor…………………….

“Nor” is a conjunction used to indicate a negative condition or to connect two
negative clause.
Invert the subject-verb order. After “nor”, the subject verb order is often
inverted.
Examples.
1. I don’t like coffee. I don’t like tea.
I don’t like coffee, nor do I like tea.
2. He is not going. He is not interested.
He is not going, nor is he interested.
3. I don’t have a car. I don’t have a driver’s license.
I don’t have a car, nor do I have a driver’s license.
Task.
Join the following sentences using ……….nor…………….
1. I don’t like reading books. I don’t like reading newspapers.
2. My father is not a police officer. He is not a teacher.
3. That doctor doesn’t eat meat. He doesn’t eat fish too.
4. We didn’t go to the market. We didn’t go to the supermarket.
5. He did not slap her and neither did he kick her.
6. My niece and my cousin don’t eat meat.
7. He doesn’t have a bicycle. He doesn’t know how much it costs.
8. That driver is not careful. He doesn’t care about other road users.

The use of …………..for…………………………..

14
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“For” is used to indicate a reason, explanation, or purpose. Depending on the
context, you may use “for” instead of “since”, “as”, or “because”.
Examples.
1. I am going to gym. I need to stay active.
I am going to gym, for I need to stay active.
2. She is learning a new language since she wants to travel abroad.
She is learning a new language, for she wants to travel abroad.
3. He is working overtime because he wants to pay off his debt.
He is working overtime, for he wants to pay off his debt.

Task.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using ……………for…………
1. My dad didn’t buy for me a gift on my birthday because I performed
poorly.
2. I didn’t go to the market since it was raining heavily.
3. The farmer docked all the ewes because he wanted them to mate.
4. Pamela is revising hard. She wants to get better grades.
5. The mechanic didn’t repair my car because I didn’t pay him.
6. She passed the interview because she was disciplined.
7. My mother is saving some money. She wants to buy a piece of land.
8. They got an accident. Their vehicle was in poor mechanical condition.

The use of ………………….yet……………

“Yet” is used to indicate a contrast, surprise, or unexpected twist.
You can use “but” instead of “yet”. For this case, “yet” is used the same way
we use but.
Task.
Join the following sentences using ………..yet……….....
1. Joshua went to the shop. He did not buy anything.
2. My father has a car. He doesn’t know how to drive.
3. The mechanic was around. He did not repair my bicycle.
4. She is very smart. She is struggling in Math.
5. Although he is very rich, he doesn’t have a smart phone.
6. All the work was done, however, it was not submitted.
 7. The patient did not complete the treatment, but he was admitted.
8. The teacher did not mark our homework, but we submitted our books.
9. I went to the store but bought nothing.
10.I love reading books, but I haven’t had time lately.

Subordinating conjunctions.
These are words that connect a dependent clause [a clause that cannot stand
alone] to an independent clause [a clause that can stand alone]
They introduce a subordinate clause and indicate the relationship between
the two clauses.
How to use subordinating conjunctions.
1. Use them to connect clauses: subordinating conjunctions connect a
dependent clause to an independent clause.
2. Indicate the relationship: choose the subordinating conjunction that
indicates the relationship between the two clauses.
3. Use correct punctuations: use a comma to separate the subordinate
clause from the independent clause, unless the subordinate clause
comes first.
Examples of subordinating conjunctions.
 Because  Since  After  Before
 As if  As  As though  Even if
much as
 Although  Though  Unless  Until
 If only  Supposing Whenever
 Wherever  whereas
 Whoever  In case  As long as As soon as
 Or else  And so  And  None
neither
 Immediately  As  While  When
 Neither of  One of
 Even though  In order  Rather  So that
to than
 Provided  Despite  In spite  So as
that

The use of “…………………………because…………”, “…………..since……….”

“Because”, “since” are used to introduce a reason or variations.
Examples.
Join the following sentences using “………….because……”, “…….since……”
1. I am tired. I didn’t sleep well
I am tired because I didn’t sleep well.
I am tired since I didn’t sleep well.
2. I went to the dairy. I needed milk.
I went to the dairy because I needed milk.
I went to the dairy since I needed milk.
The use of ….because of…………….
This one is used to introduce a noun or a noun phrase that explains a reason.
Examples.
1. We arrived late. The traffic was very heavy.
We arrived late because of the heavy traffic.
2. He caused the accident. He was very careless.
He caused the accident because of his carelessness.
3. He is not bothered. He is very clever.
He is not bothered because of his cleverness.

Task.
Join the following using;
a) ………..because…………
b) …………since…………….

1. My mother wanted to go out of the house. My mother needed an

umbrella.
2. Bemba needs money. He wants to travel to Arusha.
3. Luke is crying. He has lost his pen.
4. Nankya missed the bus. She reached the bus station late.
5. Angello can speak Latin fluently. She grew up in Italy.
6. She refused to eat the food. It was very hot.
7. She became the last in class. She did not study well.
8. The boy was very hungry. He ate all the food.
9. We didn’t submit our books to the teacher for marking. The teacher
refused to teach us.
 10.He wanted to finish his homework. He slept late.
Join the following using ……because of………….
1. The head prefect was sent home. The school demand him a lot of
school fees.
2. The patient was discharged. His condition was mild.
3. He discovered a lot of things. He is very curious.
4. The flight delayed. He missed the pick-up.
5. My mum is loved by many people. She is very kind.

The use of “although”, “even though”, and “though”.

All the above structures are used in the same way with “despite the fact
that”, “in spite of the fact that” and “but” to mean on the other hand.
Examples.
A) Although…..
It can be used both at the beginning and within the sentence.
1. In spite of the fact that Tom was very intelligent, he failed to
convince his opponents in the debate.
 Although Tom was very intelligent, he failed to convince his
opponents in the debate.
 Tom failed to convince his opponents in the debate although
he was very intelligent.
2. The timekeeper rang the bell to stop the speaker. The speaker
continued giving views.
 Although the timekeeper rang the bell to stop the speaker, he
continued giving the views.
 The speaker continued giving the views although the
timekeeper rang the bell to stop him.
Task.
Join or rewrite the following sentences using the given structures both within
and at the beginning.
a) Although
b) Even though
c) Though.
1. The motion was very educative, but the audience didn’t like it.
2. John spoke very well. John is in Primary three.
3. The speaker amused the audience. The chairperson didn’t laugh at all.
 4. Peter made a mistake. He did not apologize.
5. The girls debated very well. They did not win the debate.
6. Our teacher was sick. He managed to brief us before the debate.
7. The chef was very active, but there was almost no order in the house.
8. Last Friday’s debate was very hot, but very few floor speakers were
allowed.

The use of “despite” and “in spite of”.

“Despite” and “in spite of” are both prepositions that indicate contrast or
contradiction. They are often used interchangeably. Both “despite” and “in
spite of” can be used before a noun or a gerund [ing form]
They, “despite” and “in spite of” are followed by “the fact that” if not a noun
or a gerund. They can be used both at the beginning and within the sentence.
They are both used to mean; although, even though, though, but.
Examples.
1. I am going to the party despite the rain.
2. She got the job in spite of having no experience.
3. He is happy in spite of his illness.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using “in spite of”
1. It was raining. The children went out to play.
 In spite of the fact that it was raining, the children went out to
play.
 The children went out to play in spite of the fact it was raining.
 The children went out to play in spite of the rain.
2. Birungi went on fast although she loved food.
 In spite of the fact that Birungi love food, she went on fast.
 Birungi went on fast in spite of the fact that she loved food.
 Birungi went on fast in spite of her love for food.
Task.
Rewrite the following sentences using the given structures both at the
beginning and within the sentence.
a) Despite…..
b) In spite of …….
1. Although the car was moving at a high speed, the man jumped off.
2. The woman danced a lot although she was pregnant.
 3. Although the police was on alert, the party members went on with the
rally.
4. The boy completed the term though he had no school fees.
5. The child did a lot of mistakes even though power was on.
6. The child was given hard food although he had no teeth.
Rewrite the following using “……….despite………” and “…….in spite of…….”
Without using “the fact that”.
7. Although he was complaining, nobody listened to him.
8. He was highly paid. He did not buy anything at home.
9. Kasozi jumped the highest although he was very heavy.
10.Suzan did not stop fighting although his father was around.
11.Although Sharon was weak, she went for the dance.
12.Although the lamp had enough fuel, it did not give bright light.

The use of “immediately”, “as soon as”.

We use these structures to show that something happens/happened at the
very moment another action is/was completed.
They carry the same meaning as shortly after, just after, hardly, when, as soon
after, thereafter, the moment.
They can be used both at the beginning and within the sentences. When used
at the beginning, a comma is applied to separate the two clauses.
Examples.
Rewrite the following sentences using;
a) Immediately
b) As soon as
1. The seamstress started sewing my dress after taking my
measurements.
 The seamstress started sewing my dress as soon as she took my
measurements.
 As soon as the seamstress took my measurements, she started
sewing my dress.
 The seamstress started sewing my dress immediately she took
my measurements.
 Immediately the seamstress took my measurements, she started
sewing my dress.
2. The moment the tailor made my dress, I picked it.
  I picked my dress as soon as the tailor made it.
 As soon as the tailor made my dress, I picked it.
 I picked my dress immediately the tailor made it.
 Immediately the tailor made my dress, I picked it.
Answer the following as shown above.
1. I took my pair of shorts to the tailor just after it got torn.
2. Keller saw a nice shirt in the shop. He paid for it as soon after.
3. The seamstress bought a new sewing machine. She then made my
dress.
4. Sharon pierced her finger with a needle the moment she removed the
thimble.
5. Shortly after my father got his jacket from the tailor, he wore it.
6. Lulu ironed his pair of trousers after patching it.
7. The tailor took my measurements. He recorded them in his diary.
8. Nyangoma wore his uniform after getting it from the tailor.

Using before/after.
“Before” and “after” are both used to connect two clauses.
Before means earlier than a particular time or event while after means when
a particular event or time has passed.
Examples.
Rewrite the following sentences using ………after………
1. I read the new words before opening the dictionary.
 I opened the dictionary after reading the new words.
2. Tom started using a dictionary. Tom’s spoken English improved.
 Tom’s spoken English improved after he had started using a
dictionary.
3. The word guess comes before guide in the dictionary.
 The word guide comes after guess in the dictionary.

Task.
Rewrite the following sentences using……………after……………..
1. The word teach comes before teacher in the dictionary.
2. The librarian put the books in the shelves before locking the library.
 3. We shall iron our new shirts before wearing them.
4. The baker opened the bakery. He cleaned the tins.
5. The teacher introduced the lesson. He taught us about using a
dictionary.
6. The driver started the engine. He drove off.
7. Mummy prepared tea. She served the visitors.
8. The farmer ploughed the garden. He sowed the seeds.
9. The headmaster opened the office. He asked the boy to clean it.
10.The candidates received the answer booklets. They started answering
immediately.
Rewrite the following sentences using……..before……………….
1. The word teacher comes after teach in the dictionary.
2. The librarian locked the library after putting the books in the shelves.
3. We shall wear our new shirts ironing them.
4. The baker opened the bakery. He cleaned the tins.
5. The teacher introduced the lesson. He taught us about using a
dictionary.
6. The driver started the engine. He drove off.
7. Mummy prepared tea. She served the visitors.
8. The farmer ploughed the garden. He sowed the seeds.
9. The headmaster opened the office. He asked the boy to clean it.
10.The candidates received the answer booklets. They started answering
immediately.
The use of ……….or else……………….
We use the above statement pattern to mean the same as “otherwise” or “if
not”.
The speaker uses the above pattern to tell you the listener what would
happen if the given situation is not fulfilled. Model verbs “must” or “should”
are used.
Examples.
Re write the following sentences using………………or else……………
1. If we don’t keep time, we shall not resent all our views.
We must keep time, or else we shall not present all our views.
2. If the secretary does not get the notebook, he will not record the
points.
The secretary must get the notebook, or else he will not record the
points.
 3. Unless we go to the market, we shall not get what we want.
We must go to the market, or else we shall not get what we want.
Task.
Rewrite the following sentences using………….or else……………
1. If you do not write well, you will fail this work terribly.
2. The opposers need to explain their points well if they are to win the
debate.
3. Unless the timekeeper rings the bell, I will not conclude my
presentation.
4. If Kimora is not chosen as the main speaker, he may not attend the
debate.
5. Unless we prepare ourselves, we shall not present well during the
debate.
6. The chairman will not send you out if you do not violate the debate
rules.
7. If you do not defend your point, the secretary will not record it.
8. If you don’t dress smartly, you will not be allowed to take part in the
debate.

The use of…………. and so…………….

We use and so in affirmative sentences before an auxiliary verb followed by a
subject.
The pattern is used to add to what was mentioned before in the same
sentence.
When no helping verb is used in the sentence, use the appropriate verb “do”.
Examples.
1. Both Tom and James like listening to music.
Tom likes listening to music and so does James.
2. The cartoons were interesting. The film was interesting.
The cartoons were interesting and so was the film
3. Tom went to the market. He also went to the shop.
Tom went to the market and so did he go to the shop.
4. Mummy prepared the food. She also prepared the sauce.
Mummy prepared the food and so did she prepare the sauce.
Task.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using …………….and so…………….
1. Daddy bought both a table and a chair.
2. My cousin visited both her friend and her teacher.
3. The DJ was smiling from ear to ear. The actress was smiling from ear to
ear.
4. The master of ceremonies is a very active guy. The chief guest is a very
active guy.
5. Apio has watched the news. Doreen’s sisters have watched the news.
6. Margret is good at reading adverts. Namakula is good at reading
adverts as well.
7. Both you and I must enter the studio tonight.
8. Anyakuni has a compact disc. We have a compact disc too.
9. Both the Chinese and the Germans are good at repairing radios.
10.You are a smart candidate. I am a smart candidate too.

The use of ………………and neither……………………….

We use the pattern above in negative sentences to mean “also not”.
The helping verb agrees with the nearest subject.
Examples.
1. The mechanic did not buy the microphone. He did not buy the wires
too.
The mechanic did not buy the microphone and neither did he buy the
wires.
2. You must not shout from the studio. He must not shout from the studio
either.
You must not shout from the studio and neither must he.
3. Mummy is not a Moslem. She is not a catholic.
Mummy is not a Moslem and neither is she a catholic.
4. Jonah doesn’t know how to read. He doesn’t know how to write.
Jonah doesn’t know how to read and neither does he know how to
write.
Task.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using………..and neither……………
1. The DJ did not increase the volume, the video editor did not increase
the volume.
 2. The talk show was not interesting. The second scene of the party was
not interesting either.
3. The MC will not carry the CD. He will not carry the DVD player.
4. Jack does not like adverts. He does not like announcements.
5. The MC won’t need a microphone. The VJ won’t need a microphone.
6. Hereon will not miss the talk show. Lydia will not miss the talk show.
7. Neither Suzan nor Rachael wanted to mop.
8. You should not turn off the radio. Masala should not turn off the radio.

Using ………………………..needn’t ……………………..

(Present) subject + needn’t + infinitive.
We use needn’t to mean that something is not necessary.
Examples.
Rewrite the sentences using ………….needn’t……..
1. It is not necessary for you to switch off the DVD.
You needn’t switch off the DVD.
2. The DJ should not play loud music.
The DJ needn’t play loud music.
Task.
Rewrite the sentences using ………….needn’t……..
1. That boy teases his friends, but it is not good.
2. It is not necessary for father to lock the television set in his room.
3. It is not necessary for young children to watch wrestling.
4. Rose should no disconnect the television set.
5. He sheds tears in front of the camera although it is not necessary.
6. It is not necessary for Julia to translate the newscaster’s words.
7. It not necessary for Birungi to adjust the aerial.
8. The video jockey should not copy the bad dance strokes.

Using …………..needn’t …………………. (Past)

Subject + needn’t + have + past participle verb…
Examples.
 1. It was not necessary for the video jockey to play such boring music.
The video jockey needn’t have played such boring music.
2. Jenipher switched off the radio although it was not good.
Jenipher needn’t have switched off the radio.
Task.
Rewrite the sentences using ………….needn’t……..
1. Kapere shouldn’t have slammed the master of ceremonies.
2. It was not necessary for the chef guest to sit on the smallest chair on
the function.
3. It was not necessary for the DJ to eject the CD before it started playing.
4. Jjagwe mustn’t have written on my compact disc.
5. The baby touched the extension cable although it was not good.
6. It was not necessary for the pop star to fight from the studio.
7. KBS TV broadcast fake news although it was not good.
8. They shouldn’t have changed the music because the revelers were still
dancing.

Using ………………….necessary…………….....
The structure is used in negative sentences and questions to mean that it
is/was not needed/good.
Examples.
1. The naughty escaped from school, but it was not good.
It was not necessary for the naughty boy to escape from school.
Was it necessary for the naughty boy to escape from school?
2. He sleeps late, but it not good for his health.
It is not necessary for him to sleep late.
Is it necessary for him to sleep late?
Task.
Use “necessary” to rewrite or join the following sentences as shown above.
1. They shouldn’t have served the food late.
2. The boys were not smart for the debate, but it degraded them.
3. Our parents should not mistreat us whenever wrong them.
4. Our school bursar demands some pupils school fees, but it is not good
at all.
5. That herdsman mistreats animals, but it is not good.
 6. We oughtn’t to have disturbed our patron.
7. It was not good for our headmaster to miss our leavers’ party.
8. The maid tortured the baby, but everybody judged her.

Using ……………………..in order……/………so as…………..

“In order to” has the same meaning as “so as to”.
They are both used to express purpose.
We can use “in order” with preposition “for” to show a purpose that involves
action by somebody or something else.
“In order to” can be used both at the beginning and within the sentence.
Examples.
Rewrite the following sentences using; in order to/ so as………….
1. School children should keep away from strangers. This helps to avoid
abduction.
School children should keep away from strangers in order to avoid
abduction.
In order to avoid abduction, children should keep away from strangers.
School children should keep away from strangers so as to avoid
abduction.
2. Parents should guide children against immoral dancing. This act
embarrasses the nation.
Parents should guide children against immoral dancing in order to
avoid embarrassing the nation.
In order to avoid embarrassing the nation, parents should guide
children against immoral dancing.
Parents should guide children against immoral dancing so as to avoid
embarrassing the nation.
Task.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using;
a) In order to……………..
b) …………..in order to……
1. The police work day and night. They want to keep peace in our
communities.
 2. Mzee Kakande takes his children to a good school. He wants them to
acquire descent education.
3. The army work day and night. They want all Ugandans to be secure.
4. School children should be fed well. This will help to reduce the impact
of nutritional diseases.
5. Jongen went to Lukaya Police Station. He wanted to report a suspected
thief in community.
6. The headmaster called an emergency assembly. He wanted to warn
pupils about the dangers of early marriages.
7. Our class teacher made a large banner. She wanted to educate pupils
about their rights.
8. The class monitor went to school early. He wanted to organize a class
meeting.

Rewrite or join the following sentences using …………so as………..

1. The police work day and night. They want to keep peace in our
communities.
2. Mzee Kakande takes his children to a good school. He wants them to
acquire descent education.
3. The army work day and night. They want all Ugandans to be secure.
4. School children should be fed well. This will help to reduce the impact
of nutritional diseases.
5. Jongen went to Lukaya Police Station. He wanted to report a suspected
thief in community.
6. The headmaster called an emergency assembly. He wanted to warn
pupils about the dangers of early marriages.
7. Our class teacher made a large banner. She wanted to educate pupils
about their rights.
8. The class monitor went to school early. He wanted to organize a class
meeting.
Using “in order that” and “so that”.
The conjunctions “so that” and “in order that” are often used interchangeably
to indicate purpose or intention. They both connect to subordinate clause to
a main clause, showing the purpose or goal of the action described in the
main clause.
Examples.
Rewrite the following sentences using “so that” and “in order that”.
1. I am studying hard because I want to get good grades.
I am studying hard in order that I may get good grades.
I am studying hard so that I may get good grades.
2. He studying French. He wants to go to France.
He is studying French in order that he may go to France.
He is studying French so that he can go to France.
3. The teacher boarded a taxi. He wanted to reach school on time.
The teacher boarded a taxi in order that he might reach school on time.
The teacher boarded a taxi so that he could reach school on time.
Task.
Answer the following as shown above.
1. Mummy goes to the market daily since she wants to sell all her crafts.
2. The boy is studying hard because he wants to achieve good grades in
his final exams.
3. The farmer docked all his ewes. He wanted them to mate well.
4. The government has improved its security so as to protect people with
their property.
5. Daddy bought a car. He wanted to ease transport to work.
6. All the people in our village are working hard. They want to live a
better life.
7. The old man bought a radio. He wanted to get news updates in his
area.
8. Our village chief sold his cow. He wanted to renovate his house.
9. The CEO has employed more workers. He wants to have his company
run smoothly.
10.The government has discontinued all the corrupt officers. It wants its
people to have fair justice.
Using …………as well as……………….
When two subjects are joined together using “as well as”, the verb always
agrees to the first subject.
Examples.
 1. The doctor, together with the nurses, asks endless questions before
admitting a patient.
The doctor, as well as the nurses, asks endless questions before
admitting the patient.
The nurse, as well as the doctor, ask endless questions before admitting
the patient.
2. My cow and your goat have drunk contaminated water.
My cow, as well as your goat, has drunk contaminated water.
3. The animals were taken to the zoo. They were also taken to the game
park.
The animals were taken to the zoo as well as to the game park.
4. The farmer planted maize. He also planted cassava.
The farmer planted maize as well as cassava.
Task.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using “as well as”.
1. A poor drainage system affects not only humans, but also the
environment.
2. The two poachers killed the elephant and its calves.
3. You can dispose of rubbish in dustbins and in rubbish pits.
4. The 2005 tsunami caused death and massive destruction.
5. Poaching causes death of animals. Poaching causes extinction of
animals.
6. The severe drought killed both wild birds and domestic ones.
7. Smoking is dangerous to the smoker. Smoking is dangerous to the non-
smoker.
8. Both my mum and my dad are rich.
9. It rains both in December and in April.
10.Both cows and goats eat grass.

Using ………….whereas………………
We use whereas to talk about two ideas where one contrasts with other and
is therefore unexpected.
Examples.
1. Mrs. Mukama rears a lot of cattle although she does not take milk.
 Whereas Mrs. Mukama rears a lot of cattle, she does not take milk.
Mrs. Mukama does not take milk whereas she rears a lot of cattle.
2. A cow is an animal, but it also needs protection.
Whereas a cow is an animal, it also needs protection.
A cow also needs protection whereas it is an animal.
3. All the ewes fell sick although the shepherd had vaccinated them.
4. Animals are not human beings, but they need our protection.
5. The farmer used a lot of capital. He has not made much profit.
6. The vermin attacked my pigs although I sprayed the whole sty.
7. The game wardens arrest poachers every day, but animals are killed
constantly in the parks.
8. The herder doesn’t have market for milk. The herder gets enough milk
from his cattle.
9. The workers were paid. They did not buy anything.
10.The tourists were given direction. They still got lost.
Using “much as”.
We use the conjunction above to join sentences that express contrasting
ideas.
Examples.
Rewrite the following sentences using “much as”.
1. A dog is an animal, but it also needs protection.
Much as a dog is an animal, it also needs protection.
A dog also needs protection much as it is an animal.
2. Kivumbi is a tycoon, but he does not pay school fees for his children.
Much as Kivumbi is a tycoon, he does not pay school fees for his
children.
Kivumbi does not pay school fess for his children much as he is a
tycoon.
3. We did not have enough money. We were allowed to enter the national
park.
4. Despite the fact that animals do not talk, they need our protection.
5. Kibeedi committed a capital offence, but he was acquitted.
6. My nanny is hardworking, but she denies her children food.
 7. My animal died after a couple of days though the veterinarian had
treated it properly.15
8. Safari is a vegetarian, but he rears a lot of cattle.
9. The poacher was not convicted in spite of the fact that the warden
found him killing the animal.
10.Mummy kept food for us although we had annoyed her.

Using …………going to……………….

Going to is used to express the near future.
Examples.
Rewrite the following using ………………..going to……………….
1. Andrew will travel to Kigali in December.
Andrew is going to travel to Kigali in December.
2. Sami’s sister will pick coffee berries tomorrow.
Sami’s sister is going to pick coffee berries tomorrow.
3. The actress will entertain my guests at my birthday party.
The actress is going to entertain my guests at my birthday party.
Answer the following.
1. Myra will visit her relatives during the holidays.
2. Uncle Boaz will travel to Mombasa this holiday.
3. Nante will clean the kraal.
4. We will celebrate Kimalyo’s birthday party with you.
5. Ssembatya will pick his report card from the class teacher.
6. Sangoma will board the first bus to Bujumbura.
7. The head boy will address the assembly before the term begins.
8. Angiano will clean the dining room this evening.
9. The candidates will make fantastic holiday plans.
10.Will you behave well during the holidays?
Using ………….likely……………………………….
“Likely” is also used the same way we use “going to”

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Compiled by Gerald Kubigogo Ephraimu email; geraldkubigogo@gmail.com.
Tel.+256704800081,+256770537484
Examples.
1. Mirembe may learn about letter writing this week.
Mirembe is likely to learn about letter writing this week.
2. The postmaster might deliver my parcel today.
The postmaster is likely to deliver my parcel today.
Task.
Answer the following using ………….likely……………..
1. Myra will visit her relatives during the holidays.
2. Uncle Boaz will travel to Mombasa this holiday.
3. Nante will clean the kraal.
4. We will celebrate Kimalyo’s birthday party with you.
5. Ssembatya will pick his report card from the class teacher.
6. Sangoma will board the first bus to Bujumbura.
7. The head boy will address the assembly before the term begins.
8. Angiano will clean the dining room this evening.
9. The candidates will make fantastic holiday plans.
10.Will you behave well during the holidays?

Using …………………look forward to/looking forward to………………….

The above structures are used to show that one is expecting or waiting for
something especially with a feeling of pleasure.
Look forward to/looking forward to are followed by the verb in the present
continuous (-ing) e.g. sitting, meeting, writing, dirtying, dyeing etc.
Examples.
1. She expects to meet her parents after her final exams.
She looks forward to meeting her parents after her final exams.
She is looking forward to meeting her parents after her final exams.
2. The candidates are eager to attend the briefing this afternoon.
The candidates look forward to attending the briefing this afternoon.
The candidates are looking forward to attending the briefing this
afternoon.
Task.
Attempt the following as shown in the examples above.
1. We hope to excel in our end of February test.
2. The school chaplain is eager to pray for the candidates on Friday.
3. Patel is eager to score aggregate four in his beginning of term exam.
4. Tamale will fill the registration forms with great excitement.
5. The teachers are eager to brief the examinees.
6. We will pass our Mock examination with flying colours.
7. Erima is eager to write well during this week’s test.
8. Anjuna is eager to get good results in the exam.

Using ………ought to…………………………………

“Ought to” is used to show that it is necessary or important to do something.
The negative of “ought to” is “ought not to” and the short form of “ought not
to” is “oughtn’t to”
“Ought to” is used to mean should, must, need to, have to, supposed to, had
better, etc.
In sentences, “ought to” is followed by an infinitive.
Examples.
Rewrite the following sentences using ………………ought to………………..
1. Motorists have to stop whenever they see red traffic lights.
Motorists ought to stop whenever they see red traffic lights.
2. Passengers should not close vehicle windows if it is not raining.
Passengers oughtn’t to close vehicle windows if it is not raining.
3. Motorists should not drive along Kisoro Road if it is not renovated.
Motorists ought not to drive along Kisoro Road if it is not renovated.
Task.
Rewrite the following sentences using ………………ought to………………..
1. Pedestrians should always walk on the right side of the road.
2. All road users should obey traffic rules.
3. We are supposed to treat cyclists and pedestrians with respect.
4. Drivers have to slow down whenever they are driving through busy
areas.
 5. Herdsmen shouldn’t mistreat animals.
6. Vehicles in poor mechanical conditions shouldn’t be allowed on the
road.
7. The DJ shouldn’t play loud music at night.
8. All the candidates should make their holiday plans.
9. School going children shouldn’t disrespect elder.
10.Cremation shouldn’t be allowed in Uganda.

Using “None of” and “Neither of”.

The above patterns are used in negative statements to mean “no one” of the
two or more.
Examples.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using: None of and neither of.
1. All the candidates attended the briefing.
None of the candidates missed (did not attend) the briefing.
Neither of the candidates missed (did not attend) the briefing.
2. All the teachers were smart for the party.
None of the teachers was shabby (not smart) for the party.
Neither of the teachers was shabby (not smart) for the party.
3. I ate the food. You ate the food.
None of us did not eat food.
Neither of us did not eat the food.
4. All the boys came to school late today.
None of the boys came to school early today.
Neither of the boys came to school early today.
Task.
Rewrite or join the following sentences as shown above in the examples.
1. All the parents for the candidates attended the meeting.
2. All the girls did not wash their uniforms yesterday.
3. She submitted her book for marking. I submitted my book for marking.
4. Both the boys and the girls missed the morning lesson.
5. They all completed their holiday work yesterday.
6. She missed the trip to Bundibugyo. He missed the trip to Bundibugyo.
7. All the girls paid their money for the leavers’ party.
 8. We are going on a tour. They are going on a tour.
9. All the guests have left.
10.All the visitors have eaten the food.

The use of while, when, as.

We use the above structures when talking about two different actions taking
place at the same time.
They can be used both at the beginning and within the sentence.
Examples.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using while, when, as.
1. The bus was moving. The conductor collected the fare.
While the bus was moving, the conductor collected the fare.
The conductor collected the fare while the bus was moving.
When the bus was moving, the conductor collected the fare.
The conductor collected the fare when the bus was moving.
As the bus was moving, the conductor collected the fare.
The conductor collected the fare as the bus was moving.
Task.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using while, when, as.
1. I lost my ticket. I was walking to the train station.
2. A traffic officer stopped our bus. We were travelling to Bushenyi.
3. We were on our journey to Soroti. We saw a lot of vehicles along the
road.
4. I was washing clothes. Mother was feeding the baby.
5. Sam was riding a bicycle. He had an accident.
6. The driver hooted endlessly. He was starting a journey to Malaba.
7. We were travelling to Lira. Our taxi developed a mechanical fault.
8. I was packing clothes. My brother, Joram was polishing shoes.

The use of “unless”.

We use “unless” when we want to mean “if not”. We use the future simple
tense with unless to give a warning of what might happen if a certain
condition is not fulfilled.
“Unless” can be used both at the beginning and within the sentence.
Examples.
1. Your letter will not be posted. You must fix a postage stamp.
Your letter will not be posted unless you fix a postage stamp.
Unless you fix a postage stamp, your letter will not be posted.
2. You will not know Joy’s telephone number. You must look it up in the
directory.
You will not know Joy’s telephone number unless you look it up in the
directory.
Unless you look up Joy’s telephone number in the directory, you will
not know it.
3. You cannot own a private box. You must be registered.
You cannot own a private box unless you are registered.
Unless you are registered, you cannot own a private box.
Task.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using “unless”.
1. Aisha will not go to the post office if she does not get permission.
2. If you do not have the key, you cannot open the letter box.
3. If you don’t go to the post office, you cannot get a new stamp.
4. You cannot understand what is written in the letter. You must know
how to read.
5. You cannot receive the parcel. It must be addressed to you.
6. He will not attend the party if you don’t send him an invitation card.
7. If you don’t give me your address, I will not write to you.
8. If you don’t register your letter, it might get lost.
9. If I do not get my salary, I will not be able to pay for the box rental.
10.If he doesn’t go to town, he will not buy a new directory.
The use of ………..just………..
The pattern above is used in the present perfect to mean a short time ago.
It is followed by a past participle verb.
Just appears between a helping verb and a main verb.
Examples.
Rewrite the sentences below using …………….just……………….
1. Namuli got married a few days ago.
Namuli has just gotten married.
2. My niece gave birth to a baby boy a while ago.
My niece has just given birth to a baby boy.
3. The visitors left a while ago.
The visitors have just left.
Task.
Rewrite the sentences below using …………….just……………….
1. Tom’s cousin has arrived for the meeting.
2. Kenny’s stepbrother was introduced a few weeks ago.
3. Was your cousin given the invitation in the recent past?
4. My sister attended a family meeting recently.
5. Grandma told us an interesting fairy a few days ago.
6. My elder sister gave birth to triplets few hours ago.
7. My aunt wove a mat for my brother three days ago.
8. The family postponed the party recently.
9. The farmer docked all his ewes few weeks ago.
10.The candidates made their holiday plans a few days ago.
Using “whenever”.
We can use the conjunction whenever to connect two clause or phrases.
It is used to mean “every time that”.
When whenever begins a sentence, a comma is put before introducing the
second phrase.
Examples.
Rewrite the sentences using “whenever”.
1. Every time I find a strange word, I refer to the dictionary.
Whenever I find a strange word, I refer to the dictionary.
I refer to the dictionary whenever I find a strange word.
2. Go to the library each time you want to borrow a book.
 Whenever you want to borrow a book, go to the library.
Go to the library whenever you want to borrow a book.
Task.
Rewrite the following sentences using “whenever”.
1. Jane learns a new word each time she opens a dictionary.
2. Every time you want to find synonyms, refer to a thesaurus.
3. Ochola excels in exams each time he revises his books.
4. Nakimera carries her diary each time she visits a library.
5. Aisha wears her best dress each time she celebrates her birthday.
6. The school organizes a spelling bee each time the term comes to an
end.
7. Every time Mangen goes to a stationer’s, he buys a fountain pen.
8. You will learn new abbreviations every time you open a dictionary.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS.
These are conjunctions that work in pairs to connect phrases, words, or
clauses of equal importance. They help to show relationship between the
connected elements, such as contrast, comparison, or addition.
Examples of correlative conjunctions.
Both ……………and…….
Either………..or………..
Hardly……….when……….
Neither………..nor………
No sooner…………..than………….
Not only……………but also…………
So…….as…………..
Rather………than……………
Such…………….that…………..
So……..that…………..
Barely…………..when……….
Scarcely………………when…………..
Prefer…………to………..
Like ……………more than……..
Whether ………………or…………….
Just as ………………….so………………
Interested…………than…………
Enough to
The use of “both……and…..”
This conjunction is used with plural nouns to mean “the two” or “the one” as
well as the other. Both goes hand in hand with “and”. It can be used both in
negative and positive sentences. Both can be used within the sentences and
at the beginning.
If it is used to show possessions or ownership, the sentence ends with the
word “each” to show that each side has the same amount.
Examples.
Join the following sentences using “both”.
1. That man has a bow. That man has an arrow.
That man has both a bow and an arrow.
2. Bob has been imprisoned. Daniel has been imprisoned.
Both Bob and Daniel have been imprisoned.
Bob and Daniel have been both imprisoned.
3. My dad has a car. My uncle has a car.
Both my dad and my uncle have a car each.
My dad and my uncle both have a car each.
Task.
Join the following sentences using “both” as shown above.
1. The woman has gone to the police station. The man has gone to the
police station.
2. The OC has the report. The OC has the statement.
3. The robbers have guns. Murderers have guns.
4. Thomas will not withdraw the case. Philip will not withdraw the case.
 5. Makindye division has a court of law. Nakawa division has a court of
law.
6. Your court has a magistrate. Our court has a magistrate.
7. Joan has a knife. Jane has a knife.
8. The traffic officer owns four whistles. The traffic warden owns four
whistles.
Separate the following sentences joined using both.
1. Both Bonny and Benedict have gone to the barracks.
2. Both Anne and Liz haven’t reported the case.
3. The security officers have both guns and arrows.
4. Both Mike and Michael have a bicycle each.
The use of “either…….or……”
We use “either…or…..” to show that one of the two things mentioned will
happen.
We use the “future simple tense” with “either….or….” to show that we are
not sure which one of the two things will happen in the future.
We can also use either while giving a piece of advice to someone; to let them
know what may happen if a certain condition is not fulfilled.
It can be used both at the beginning and within the sentence.
We use it at the beginning when the subjects are different, and we use it
within when the subjects are the same.
Examples.
1. Sandra will send you a letter. Sandra will send you a telegram.
Sandra will send you either a letter or a telegram.
2. Among will buy an aerogram. She will buy a newspaper.
Among will buy either an aerogram or a newspaper.
3. If the teacher doesn’t spell the words, he will write them.
The teacher may spell or write the words.
4. If she doesn’t use the school address, she will use the home address.
She may use either the school address or the home address.
5. Juma will go to town. Mary will go to town.
Either Juma or Mary will go to town.
 6. Farmers should irrigate their crops, or else they won’t harvest much
yields.
Farmers should either irrigate their crops or won’t harvest much yields.
7. The government should establish free schools if it wants to promote
literacy.
The government should either establish free schools or won’t promote
literacy.
Task.
Rewrite the following using…..either…..or…………
1. The pupils mopped the dining hall. The pupils mopped the dormitories.
2. The school should improve its welfare for pupils. It won’t have its
enrollment increased
3. The pupils should come to school earl. They will continue missing some
work.
4. The policeman may tell you to stand. The policeman may tell you to
squat.
5. Askaris use both guns and arrows.
6. The two boys swept the compound. The two boys played all day.
7. Some people can make you cry and laugh as well.
8. Bruce acts in films. Bruce acts in skits.
9. The woman should report to police. The man will continue torturing
her.
10.The judge may convict the suspect. The judge may acquit the suspect.
Rewrite the following beginning: Either………..or………..
1. Pokolo should pick the letter. His mother should pick the letter.
2. Daddy will buy a new car. Mummy will buy a new car.
3. If Paul doesn’t go to the market, Nankya will.
4. If the pupils don’t use the cab, then the teachers will use it.
5. If the matrons don’t mop the dormitory, the pupils will mope it.
6. Musa slapped the boy. Calvin slapped the boy.
The use of hardly.
Hardly is used to show events that happened one after the other. It is
followed by the first action. “Hardly” means not longer than and it is always
attached with “when”. It is used interchangeably with no sooner
…………..than, scarcely……..when and barely…………….when……..
Examples.
Rewrite the following sentences using: Hardly………….when…………
1. The customer ate the meat. She paid money to the cashier.
 Hardly had the customer eaten the meat when she paid money
to the cashier.
 The customer had hardly eaten the meat when she paid money
to the cashier.
 No sooner had the customer eaten the meat than she paid
money to the cashier.
 The customer had no sooner eaten the meat than she paid
money to the cashier.
 Barely had the customer eaten the meat when she paid money
to the cashier.
 The customer had barely eaten the meat when she paid money
to the cashier.
 Scarcely had the customer eaten the meat when she paid money
to the cashier.
 The customer had scarcely eaten the meat when she paid money
to the cashier.
Task.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using “hardly” both at the beginning
and within the sentence.
1. The cashier sat behind the counter. The diner paid all the money.
2. The chef entered the kitchen. He lit fire.
3. The chief guest reached the conference room. The master of
ceremonies recognized him.
4. The customer sat at the big table. The waiter welcomed him.
5. The boss made an order and then his wife slapped him.
6. The tall waiter gave me a bill and I paid some money to the cashier.
7. The customers said their prayers. They started eating the food.
8. As soon as I reached the counter, the cashier greeted me.
9. The new waitress ran into hiding immediately she saw a customer
10.The teacher asked for the homework just after he greeted us.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using “barely” both at the beginning
and within the sentence.
1. The cashier sat behind the counter. The diner paid all the money.
2. The chef entered the kitchen. He lit fire.
3. The chief guest reached the conference room. The master of
ceremonies recognized him.
4. The customer sat at the big table. The waiter welcomed him.
5. The boss made an order and then his wife slapped him.
6. The tall waiter gave me a bill and I paid some money to the cashier.
7. The customers said their prayers. They started eating the food.
8. As soon as I reached the counter, the cashier greeted me.
9. The new waitress ran into hiding immediately she saw a customer.
10.The teacher asked for the homework just after he greeted us.
Rewrite or join the following sentences using “scarcely” both at the
beginning and within the sentence.
1. The cashier sat behind the counter. The diner paid all the money.
2. The chef entered the kitchen. He lit fire.
3. The chief guest reached the conference room. The master of
ceremonies recognized him.
4. The customer sat at the big table. The waiter welcomed him.
5. The boss made an order and then his wife slapped him.
6. The tall waiter gave me a bill and I paid some money to the cashier.
7. The customers said their prayers. They started eating the food.
8. As soon as I reached the counter, the cashier greeted me.
9. The new waitress ran into hiding immediately she saw a customer.
The teacher asked for the homework just after he greeted us. Rewrite or join
the following sentences using “no sooner” both at the beginning and within
the sentence.
1. The cashier sat behind the counter. The diner paid all the money.
2. The chef entered the kitchen. He lit fire.
3. The chief guest reached the conference room. The master of
ceremonies recognized him.
4. The customer sat at the big table. The waiter welcomed him.
5. The boss made an order and then his wife slapped him.
6. The tall waiter gave me a bill and I paid some money to the cashier.
 7. The customers said their prayers. They started eating the food.
8. As soon as I reached the counter, the cashier greeted me.
9. The new waitress ran into hiding immediately she saw a customer.
10.The teacher asked for the homework just after he greeted us.
The use of “neither…….nor...”
The above pattern is used in negative sentences. It can be used both at the
beginning and within the sentence depending on the sentences given.
When the subjects are different, it begins the sentence and when the
subjects are the same, it is used within the sentence.
In this pattern, the verb agrees with the subject nearest to it.
Examples.
1. The moon is not bright. The stars are not bright.
Neither the moon nor the stars are bright.
Neither the stars nor the moon is bright.
2. Pupils are not smart. The teacher is not smart.
Neither pupils nor the teacher is smart.
Neither the teacher nor pupils are smart.
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Compiled by Gerald Kubigogo Ephraimu email; geraldkubigogo@gmail.com.
Tel.+256704800081,+256770537484