Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

Social Work Statistics (10 POINTS) of the mountains of statistical data

unearthed;
1. Statistics and Social Work, ●​ Since conducting research means
Differences, Uses and Functions you have to make sense of all the
1 Remembering​ 2 Understanding data compiled, statistics are
2 Applying​ ​ 1 Analyzing enormously important for drawing
accurate conclusions about the
1.1. Understand the nature and topic being examined in research;
importance of statistics in social work (1 ●​ Possessing statistical knowledge
Understanding) helps grapes the latest empirical
research findings in social work to
Nature of Statistics stay up-to-date on the most
●​ To gather, analyze, and interpret effective intervention techniques.
numerical data related to social
work. Social Work Statistics
provides a way to understand 1.2. Identify the role that social statistics
various aspects of social work such play in social work practice (1
effectiveness of the Pantawid Remembering)
Program, number of unemployed,
and poverty Incidence How do social workers use statistics
●​ To identify patterns and ●​ Social workers use statistics to
relationships in data that can identify patterns and trends in
inform decision-making and population, to measure the
improve outcomes. It helps effectiveness of interventions, to
policymakers, social workers, and inform policy and program
researchers to understand the development, to evaluate
strengths and weaknesses of an outcomes.
intervention and make ●​ Examples includes;
evidence-based decisions to ○​ Identifying at-risk
improve it. population: Social workers
●​ It uses various statistical methods, may use statistics to
including inferential statistics, identify populations that are
descriptive statistics, correlation most likely to experience
analysis, regression analysis and poverty, abuse, neglect, or
other. other social problems.
●​ In short, the nature of social work ○​ Measuring the effectiveness
statistic is data driven, research of interventions: Social
oriented, and focused on improving workers may use statistics
social work intervention outcomes. to evaluate the effectiveness
of measuring the number of
Importance of Statistics in Social Work clients who improve their
●​ It is an essential tool that enables housing situation or the
social workers to draw a story out number of children who are
reunited with their families.

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

○​ Informing policy and population being studies which is

program development: called Inferential Statistics.
social workers may use
statistics to inform the Types of Descriptive Statistics
development of policies and 1.​ Distribution
programs designed to a.​ Concerns the frequency of
address social problems. each value.
○​ Evaluating outcomes: social 2.​ Central Tendency
workers may use statistics a.​ Concerns the averages of
to evaluate the outcomes of the value
interventions or programs, 3.​ Variability or Dispersion
such as measuring the a.​ Concerns how spread out
number of clients who find the value are.
employment or the number
of children who are
adopted. 1.4. Illustrate the application of
statistical functions, the tabular and
graphical presentations and the
1.3. Describe the various concepts of measures of central tendency (1
social statistics (1 Understanding) Applying)

Statistics (Exact Science used as a basis Statistical Functions

for policy formulation) ●​ several functions of statistics can
●​ It is the science and practice of be used in precision to each fact,
developing human knowledge comparing the values, testing
through the use of empirical data hypotheses, weather forecasting;
expressed in quantitative form. ●​ Statistics can help in improving the
●​ It is based on statistical theory reasoning skills that are necessary
which is a branch of applied to calculate uncertainty.
mathematics ●​ Beside this, the function of
●​ Within statistical theory, statistics is used for representing
randomness, and uncertainty are the facts in a definite form.
measured by probability theory
Tabular Presentation
Types of Statistics ●​ Table is a rectangular arrangement
●​ Statistical methods can be used to of data in which the data are
summarize or describe a collection positioned in rows and columns; a
of data, which is called Descriptive table that helps to repsent even a
Statistics. large amount of data that is
●​ The patterns in the data may be engaging, easy to read, and
modeled in a way that accounts for coordinated manner.
randomness and uncertainty in the ●​ Data is arranged in rows and
observation, then used to draw columns. The most significant
inferences about the process or benefit of tabulation is that it

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coordinates data for additional sidebar. The mark type is text, and
statistical treatment and decision the data is organized simply into
making. rows and columns.
2.​ Numerical Table
The analysis used in tabulation ●​ Are fundamental components of
1.​ Qualitative classification in-memory numeric data
●​ When the classification is done processing. Intel DAAL supports
according to traits such as physical heterogenous and homogenous
status, nationality, social status, numberic tables for dense and
etc., it is known as qualititative sparse data as follows, Array of
qualification. Structures (AOS), Heterogenous,
2.​ Quantitative classification Structure of Arrays (SOA)
●​ Data is classified on the basis of 3.​ Statistical Table
features that are quantitative in ●​ Show the values of the cumulative
nature. In other words, these distribution functions, probability
measures can be estimated functions, or probability density
quantitatively. functions of certain common
3.​ Temporal classification distributions presented as reference
●​ time becomes the categorizing tables for different values of their
variable and data are classified parameters.
according to time. Time maybe in
years, months, weeks, days, hours, According to the number of variables
etc. 1.​ One way table
4.​ Spatial classification ●​ Is a frequency table for a single
●​ When the categorization is done on categorical variable. You usually
the basis of location, it is known as construct this to test whether the
spatial classification. The place frequency counts differ from a
may be a country, state, district, hypothesised distribution using the
block, village or town, etc. Chi-Square goodness-of-fit-test.
You may also simply want to
What are the Three Limitations of a construct a confidence interval
Table around a proportion.
1.​ Lack Description 2.​ Frequency Table
2.​ Incapable of presenting individual ●​ Simply a t-chard or two-column
items table which outlines the various
3.​ Needs special knowledge possible outcomes and the
associated frequency observed in a
Types of Table sample.
According to the types of variables 3.​ Percentage Table
1.​ Textual Table ●​ In mathematics, percentage is a
●​ is also known as a crosstab, it is the number or ratio expressed as a
same view you would see from an fraction of 100. It is often denoted
Excel data source or by clicking using the percent sign (%),
the View Data button in the althought the abberavations pct and

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

sometimes PC are also used. It has representing a fraction or

no unit of measurement. proportionate part of the whole. All
4.​ Proportion Table slices of the pie add up to make the
●​ Is a model for proportional whole equalling 100 percent and
reasoning. We can take a problem 360 degrees.
involving a multiplicative link or
proportional relationship between Measures of Central Tendency
two (or more) quantities and ●​ Estimate the center, or average, of
represent this on a ratio table, a data set. The mean, median, and
filling in rows or columns to arrive mode are three ways of finding the
at an answer. average.

Graphical Presentations MEAN (M)

●​ Is a visual display of data and ●​ Is the most commonly used method
statistical results. It is more often for finding the average.
effective than presenting data in ●​ To find the mean, simply add up all
tabular form. The types of graph response values and divide the sum
used depends on the nature of the by the total number of responses.
data and the statistical results. ●​ The total number of responses or
observation is called the N (or the
1.​ Histogram total population)
●​ A graphical distribution of data ●​ Formula : sum of all value divided
arranged into discrete groups. by the N or total population
Although similar in appearance to a MEDIAN
bar graph, a histogram deals with a ●​ Is the value that’s exactly in the
continous data. middle of a data set.
2.​ Bar Graph ●​ To find the median, order each
●​ A graphical display of categorical response value from the smallest to
data, in which values are shown as the biggest. Then, the media is the
horizontal or vertical bars. number in the middle.
3.​ Frequency Polygon ●​ If there are two numbers in the
●​ Is a graph that displays the data by middle, find their mean.
using lines that connect points MODE
plotted for the frequencies at the ●​ Is simply the most popular or most
midpoints of the classes. The frequent response values. A data
frequencies are represented by the set can have no mode, one mode,
heights of the points. or more than one mode.
4.​ Ogive ●​ To find the mode, order your data
●​ Is a graph that displays the set from lowest to highest and find
cumulative frequencies for the the response that occurs most
classes in a frequency distribution. frequently.
5.​ Pie Chart Number of Modes
●​ Represents a data in a circular for, ●​ One peak: unimodal
with each slice of the circle ●​ Two peaks: Bimodal

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●​ More than two peaks: multiple

modes
1.6. Utilize the normal and other
Distributions and Central Tendency distribution and standard scores (1
●​ A data set is a distribution of n Applying)
number of scos or values.
Normal Distribution (Gaussian
Distribution or probability bell curve)
1.5. Determine the ways of achieving ●​ Data is symmetrically distributed
variability and score transformations (1 with no skew. Most values cluster
Analyzing) around a central region, with
values tapering off as they go
Variance further away from the center.
●​ is the average of squared deviations ●​ The mean, median, and mode are
from the mean. exactly the same in a normal
●​ It reflects the degree of spread in distribution.
the data set. The more spread the ●​ A distribution is symmetric if its
data, the larger the variance is in left half is a mirror image of its
relation to the mean. right half.
●​ To find the variance, simply square
the standard deviation. The symbol Frequency Distribution
for variance is s2. ●​ A data set is made up of a
distribution of values, or scores. In
Measures of Variability tables or graphs, you can
●​ Give you a sense of how spread out summarize the frequency of every
the response values are. The range, possible value of a variable in
standard deviation and variance numbers or percentages.
each reflect different aspects of
spread. Standard Scores or Z-Score
1.​ Range ●​ A z-statistic or z-score, is a number
●​ Distance of values representing the result from the
●​ Give you an idea of how far apart Z-Test.
the most extreme response scores ●​ Calculate the probability of a score
are. occuring within our normal
●​ To find the range, simply subtract distribution
the lowest value from the highest ●​ Compare two scores that are from
value. different normal distributions.
2.​ Standard Deviation
●​ Is the average amount of variability SKEWNESS
in your data set. On average, it tells ●​ Is a measure of the assymtery of a
how far each score lies from the distribution.
mean. The larger the standard ●​ A distribution is assymetrical when
deviation, the more variable the its left and right side are not mirror
data set is. image.

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●​ A distribution can have right ●​ The majority of data analyzed by

(positive), left (negative), or zero research's are actually samples, not
skewness. populations.
●​ Skewed to the right: the mean and
median are greater than the mode. Sex Disaggregated Data
●​ Skewed to the left: the mean and ●​ Data collected and tabulated
median are less than the mode. separately for women and men.
●​ Symmetric distribution: the
mean, median, and mode are the
same. 2.2. Relate probability theory and
inferential statistics (1 Analyzing)
SKEWED DISTRIBUTION
●​ More values fall on one side of the Inferential Statistics
center than the other, and the mean, ●​ Describe the many ways in which
median and mode all differ from statistics derived from observations
each other. One side has a more on samples from study populations
spread out and longer tail with can be used to conclude whether or
fewer scores at one end than the not those populations are truly
other. The direction of this tail tells different;
you the side of the skew. ●​ Sampling Error in Inferential
●​ In a positively skewed distribution, Statistics: the size of a sample is
there’s a cluster of lower scores always smaller than the population,
and a spread out tail on the right. so some of the population isn't
●​ In a negatively skewed distribution, captured by sample data. This
there’s a cluster of higher scores an creates sampling Error, which is
a spread out tail on the left. the difference between the true
population values (called
parameters) and the measured
2. Statistical Models sample values (called statistics).
2 Applying​ 2 Analyzing Hence, there is always some
uncertainty in inferential statistics.
2.1. Apply sampling distribution using Using probability sampling
sex disaggregated data (1 Applying) methods reduces this uncertainty.

Sampling Distribution Probability Theory

●​ Is a probability distribution of a ●​ Is used in inferential statistics to
statistic that is obtained through express the likelihood of observing
repeated sampling of a specific a particular score under a given
population. normal curve model.
●​ It describes a range of possible ●​ Inferential statistics uses
outcomes fo a statistic, such as the probability to determine how
mean or mode of some variable, of confident we can be that our
a population. conclusions are correct.

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●​ Is used to describe the behaviour of Regression Testing

random variables and inferential ●​ Is a type of testing in the software
statistics is used to make inferences development cycle that runs after
(implications) about populations every change to ensure that the
based on samples. hange introduces no unintended
breaks. Regression Testing
addresses a common issue that
2.3. Apply hypothesis testing in various developers face- the emergence of
forms such as ANOVA, Association (1 old bugs with the introduction of
Applying) new changes.
●​ It is called Analysis of Variance
Hypothesis Testing (ANOVA) to compare means of a
●​ Is a formal process of statistical continuous variable in two or more
analysis using inferential statistics. independent comparison groups.
The goal of hypothesis testing is to
compare populations or assess T-Test
relationships between variables ●​ Is a statistical test that is used to
using samples. compare the means of two groups.
●​ HYPOTHESES, or predictions are It is often used in hypothesis
tested using statistical tests. testing to determine whether a
●​ Is a statistical methods used to test process or treatment actually has an
whether a hypothesis is true or not. effect on the population of interest,
or whether two groups are different
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) from one another.
●​ Is a statistical method used to test
the association between a
non-binary categorical variable and 2.4. Integrate Chi-Square Test of
a quantitative variable while Independence, Pearson and Spearman
limiting the probability of a type 1 Tests (1 Analyzing)
error. The null hypothesis for
ANOVA is that the group means Chi-Square Test
are all equal. ●​ Is used to show whether or not
Z-Test there is a relationship between two
●​ Is a statistical test to determine categorical variables. It can also be
whether two population means are used to test whether or not a
different when the variance are number of outcomes are occurring
known and the sample size is large. in equal frequencies or not, or
It is a hypothesis test in which the conform to a known distribution.
z-statistic follows a normal ●​ Was also developed by Karl
distribution. A z-statistic or Pearson.
z-score, is a number representing ●​ The Chi-Square test of
the result from the Z-Test. independence checks whether two
variables are likely to be related or
not. The test gives us a way to

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decide if our idea is plausible or

not.

Pearson Correlation Coefficient

●​ Measures the linear correlation
between two variables X and Y. It
has a value between -1 and 1 where
1 indicates a perfect positive
correlation, and 0 indicates no
correlation at all.

Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient

●​ Is a non-parametric measure of the
monotonicity of the relationship
between two data sets. Unlike the
Pearson correlation coefficient, the
Spearman rank correlation
coefficient does not assume that
both datasets are normally
distributed.

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

Social Work Research 1 (10 POINTS) and programs that can address
social problems and promote social
1. Overview of Social Work Research justice.
1 Remembering​ 2 Understanding
1 Applying​ ​ 1 Analyzing
1.3. Explain the concepts, principles,
1.1. Define Social Work Research (1 and ethics of research (1
Remembering) Understanding)
●​ The study of the relationship of
social workers with their clients - Principle of Research Ethics
individuals, groups, or A.​ Do good (known as beneficence)
communities through interaction, B.​ Do no harm (known as
their natural relationships and non-malfeasance)
functioning within the
organizational structure of social In practice, a researcher need to:
agencies. A.​ Obtain informed consent from
●​ The systematic investigation into potential research participants;
the problems in the field of social B.​ Minimise the risk of harm to
work participant;
●​ Theoretical point re-examines the C.​ Protect their anonymity and
special body or knowledge, confidentiality;
concepts and theories D.​ Avoid using deceptive practices ;
●​ Utilitarian or practical viewpoint, and
tries to evolve a systematize theory E.​ Give participants the right to
and valid concepts to understand withdraw from your research.
the efficacy of different methods or
interventions of social work to find PRINCIPLE ONE: Minimising the risk
out innovative interventions or of harm
alternate treatments. ●​ Types of harm that participants
can be subjected to
○​ Physical Harm to
1.2. Differentiate social work research participants
from other forms of research (1 ○​ Psychological Distress and
Analyzing) Discomfort
●​ While social science research is ○​ Social Disadvantage
geared towards theory building and ○​ Harm to participants
acquisition of knowledge, social Financial Status
work research focuses on the ○​ Invasion of participants
utilitarian aspect of research. Privacy and Anonymity
●​ Social research process seeks to ●​ In order to minimize the risk of
gain a better understanding of harm, you should think about
human behaviour. The Social Work ○​ Obtaining informed consent
research process seeks to use this from participants
knowledge to develop interventions

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

○​ Protecting The anonymity ther research requires of them if

and confidentiality of they are being deceived.
participants ●​ Deception is sometimes a
○​ Avoiding deceptive necessary component of covert
practices when designing research which can be justified in
your research some cases. Covert research
○​ Providing participants with reflects research where the identify
the right to withdraw from of the observer and the purpose of
your research at any time. the research is not known to the
PRINCIPLE TWO: Obtaining informed participants.
consent PRINCIPLE FIVE: Providing the right
●​ Participants should understand that to withdraw
○​ The are taking part in ●​ Research participants should
research and what the always have the right to withdraw,
research requires of them at any stage in the research process.
●​ Participants should be volunteers, When a participant choose to
taking part without having been withdraw from the research
coerced and deceived process, he should not be pressured
PRINCIPLE TREE: Protecting or concerned in any way to try and
anonymity and confidentiality stop them from withdrawing.
●​ Protecting anonymity and ●​ If your adviser or ethics committee
confidentiality of research expect you to complete and ethics
participants is another practcal consent form, it is likely that you
component of research ethics will have to let participants know
●​ Participants will typically only be that they have the right to withdraw
willing to volunteer information at anytime.
especially information of a private
or sensitive nature, in the
researcher agrees to hold such 1.4. Describe the social worker as a
information in confidence. researcher (1 Understanding)
●​ While it is possible that research
participants may be hurt in some 1.5. Relate the common ways of
way if the collection methods used knowing the word and the basic ethical
are somehow insensitive, there is practices in social work research (1
perhaps a greater danger that harm Applying)
can be caused once data has been
collected. 2. Overview of the Research Process
PRINCIPLE FOUR: Avoiding deceptive 3 Applying​ 2 Analyzing
practices
●​ Deceptive practices fy in the face 2.1. Use the research process in
of informed consent. How can a identifying the research problem,
participants know that they are formulating the hypothesis (1 Applying)
taking part in research and what
Characteristics of the Research Process

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●​ It is a problem-solving activity 2.5. Utilise common research designs,

○​ It involves the application research methodologies for data
of the scientific method in collection and analysis (1 Applying)
investigating a problem Research Design
○​ Conclusions made from the 1.​ Qualitative Research
research process are based ○​ is a means for exploring
on empirical evidence or and understanding the
observed facts meaning individuals or
○​ It is an activity which is groups ascribe to a social or
SYSTEMATIC-OBJECTI human problem. The
VE-REPRODUCIBLE process of research involves
emerging questions and
2.2. Apply the theoretical conceptual procedures, data typically
framework, and the review of related collected in the participant's
literature in a study (1 Applying) setting, data analysis
inductively building rom
2.3. Distinguish the distinctive flow in particulars to general
each step of the research process (1 themes, and the researcher
Analyzing) making interpretations of
the meaning of the data.
Research Process in Identifying a 2.​ Quantitative Research
Problem ○​ Is a means for testing
1.​ Identifying the Problem objective theories by
a.​ Finding the issue or examining the relationship
formulating a research among variables. These
question is the first step. A variables, in turn, can be
well defined research measured, typically on
problem will guide the instruments, so that
researcher through all numbered data can be
stages of the research analyzed using statistical
process, use some procedures.
approaches to get insight 3.​ Mixed Method Research
into a topic and gain a ○​ Is an approach
better understanding of it.
i.​ A preliminary
survey
ii.​ Case studies
iii.​ Interview

2.4. Examine some common research

designs, research methodologies for data
collection and analysis (1 Analyzing)

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

Social Work Research 2 (10 POINTS)

1. Ways of research instrumentation,

data gathering, data tabulation, and
data analysis
3 Understanding​ 2 Applying
2 Analyzing

1.1. Demonstrate appreciation of

collecting data in a gender sensitive
manner and under the New Normal (2
Applying)

1.2. Distinguish data gathered in terms

of data analysis and data processing (2
Analyzing)
1.3. Identify ways of research
instrumentation, data gathering, data
tabulation, and data analysis (3
Understanding)

2. Research Presentation
2 Applying​ 1 Analyzing

2.1 Distinguish research undertaken in a

coherent, logical, and meaningful
manner with their theoretical and
analytical framework (1 Analyzing)

2.2. Demonstrate the validation and

dissemination of research findings of a
research report (2 Applying)

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

Social Welfare Policies, Programs and

Services (30 POINTS) Ways to Responds to Unmet Needs and
Problems
1. Social Welfare Principles and 1.​ Individual and Group Effort
Concepts ○​ These refere to systematic
3 Understanding​ 4 Applying and voluntary efforts
3 Analyzing undertaken by individuals
and or groups in response to
1.1. Discuss relevant concepts and the unmet needs of people
principles in social welfare and social in a community.
work (2 Understanding) 2.​ Major Societal Institutions
○​ The family, the church, the
Concepts of Social Welfare government, cooperatives,
and labor unions are major
Social Welfare institutions.
●​ Organized concern of all people for 3.​ Social Agency
all people - Gertrude Wilson ○​ Whether under public or
●​ Organized system of social services private auspices, a social
and institutions, designed to aid agency is a major provision
individuals and groups to atain for helping people with
satisfying standards of life and their problems.
health - Walter Friedlander
●​ Includes those laws, programs, Two Views or Conceptions of Social
benefits and services which assure Welfare/Models
or strengthen provisions for 1.​ Residual
meeting social needs recognized as ○​ temporary, offered during
basic to the well-being of the emergency situations and
population and the better withdrawn when the regular
functioning of the social order - social system (the family
Elizabeth Wickenden and the economic) is again
●​ The organized social arrangements working properly.
which have as their direct and 2.​ Institutional
primary objectives the well-being ○​ Sees social welfare as a
of people in a social context. It proper, legitimate function
includes the broad range of policies of modern society.
and services whciha re concerned
with various aspects of people’s
lives- their income, security, health, Social Welfare Programs
housing, education, recreation, 1.​ Social Security
cultural traditions among others ○​ Set of compulsory measures
- The pre-conference working instituted to protect the
committee for the XVth individual and his family
International Conference on Social (ex. GSIS, SSS, PAG-IBIG,
Welfare PhilHealth)

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

2.​ Personal Social Service ○​ Refers to a fair and

○​ Provision of direct services equitable division of
in collaboration with resources, opportunities,
workers from government and privileges in society.
and voluntary agencies (ex. Originally a religious
Counseling, Therapy, concept, it has come to be
Rehabilitation) conceptualized more
3.​ Public Assistance loosely as the just
○​ materials/concrete organization of social
aids/supports provided, institutions that deliver
usually by government access to economic
agencies, to people who benefits. It’s also referred to
have no income or means of as distributive justice. -
support for themselves. United Nations
Simply called Welfare ○​ Social Justice is the view
that everyone deserves
Social Welfare Goals equal economic, political
1.​ Humanitarian and Social Justice and social rights and
Goals opportunities. Social
○​ Rooted in the democratic workers aim to open the
ideal of social justice, and doors of access and
is based on the belief that opportunity for everyone,
man has the potential to particularly those in
realize himself greatest need. - NASWEI
2.​ Social Control Goal 2.​ Human Rights
○​ Based on the recognition ○​ Are rights inherent to all
that needy, deprived or human bngs, regardless of
disadvantaged group may race, sex, nationality,
strike out, individually or ethnicity, language,
collectively, hence society religion, or any other status
therefore has to secure itself - United Nations
against the threat to life, ○​ Refers to those rights that
property, and political are considered universal to
stability in the community. humanity, regardless of
3.​ Economic Development Goal citizenship, residency
○​ Places priority on those status, ethnicity, gender, or
programs designed to other consideration - IFSW
support increases in the 3.​ Collective Responsibility
produces goods and ○​ The convention whereby
services. individual members of the
government are held
Social Welfare Principles accountable for the actions
1.​ Social Justice and decisions of the
government as a whole

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highlights the reality that which makes use of scientific

individual human rights can knowledge and skills as bases for
only be realized on a engaging people in problem
day-to-day basis if people solving.
take responsibility for each ●​ Is a profession that is “primarily
other and the environment, concerned with organized social
and the importance of service activity aimed to facilitate
creating reciprocal and strengthen basic relationship in
relationships within the mutual adjustment between
communities - IFSW individuals and their social
4.​ Respect for Diversity environment for the good of the
○​ Understanding that human individual and society, and by the
beings are equal use of social work methods.
participants ina common
ethical world by virtue of Social Functioning
their human status, all the ●​ A person in relation that person’s
while recognizing each social situation
individual uniquenes and ●​ Is the relation between the coping
differences - UNICEF activity of people and the demand
○​ The fact, condition, or from the environment - Harriet
practice of including or Bartlett
involving people from a ●​ Means the interaction between the
range of different soci and individual and his situation or
ethnic background, and of environment (Person in
different genders, sexual Environment)
orientations, etc.
Social Functioning Problems
Concept of Social Work 1.​ Personal Inadequacies
○​ What makes it difficult for
Social Work a man to cope with the
●​ Is the profession which is demands of his
concerned with man’s adjustment environment (Physiological
to his environment (social Factors)
functioning) 2.​ Situational Inadequacies
●​ Is a practiced-based profession and ○​ The lack of resources and
an academic discipline that opportunities in society.
promotes social change and 3.​ Both Personal and Situational
development, social cohesion, and Inadequcies
the empowerment and liberation of
people. - Internation Definition of
Social Work
●​ Is not a hit-or-miss or Social Work Guiding Principles
trial-and-error method of helping ●​ Acceptance
people, but a professional service

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○​ Respecting the client under the differential use of

any circumstances principle and methods in
○​ Meeting the client assistinge ach toward a
non-judgmentally better adjustment,... Based
○​ It does not mean approval upon the right of human
of deviant behaviour but beings to be individual and
dealing with the client as he to be treated not just a s a
is in reality. human being but as this
○​ Acceptance also means that human being with his
we recognize that people personal differences
have strengths and ○​ Tells us to appreciate that
weaknesses, and capacities no persons are alike
and limitations ●​ Confidentiality
●​ Participation ○​ Provide the client
○​ The client is there, and has protection, within the limits
a part in the entire of the law
problem-solving process ○​ Letters requesting
○​ He participates in planning information about the client
ways of resolving the are not prepared without the
problem client first giving his
○​ The worker builds upon the permission
client’s stngth and utilizes ○​ Prerequisite of its privacy
them ●​ Worker’s Self-Awareness
●​ Self-Determination ○​ The social worker is always
○​ The individual who is in conscious that her role is to
economic, personal, or make use of her
social need, has the right to professional relationship
determine what his needs with her client in a way that
are and how they should be will ehance primarily the
met client’s development
○​ Client is capable of ○​ Self-discipline is curical to
self-help the principle of
○​ A client develops or regains self-awareness
self-respect and ●​ Client-Worker Relationship
self-confidence when he ○​ Social work
realizes that he is able to problem-solving takes place
solve his own problems within a meaningful worker
○​ It presupposes the worker’s client relationship
role in helping her client ○​ It should have the element
reach a decision of being controlled and
●​ Individualization purposive
○​ The recognition and ○​ PURPOSE denotes the
understanding of each object for which something
client’s unique qualities and exist

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

○​ DIRECTION refers to 1.2. Show the importance of social

where the relationship welfare and social work concepts to
between worker and client social work practice (2 Applying)
should move in order to
achieve its purpose
Two Concepts 1.3. Distinguish various social welfare
1.​ Ambivalence (Bleuler) perspectives such as social protection,
○​ The human mind functions social development, and social welfare
in a dualistic way, that (3 Analyzing)
conflicts between its
opposing tendencies Social Protection
○​ Conflicting feelings
○​ Hindi ka maka-decide kung Social Development
ano ang gusto mo ●​ Refers to the conservation,
2.​ Transference (Freud) protection, development or
○​ Client unconsciously improvement of human beings be
attributes to the social they individuals, families, groups,
worker the characteristics or communities.
of some important or
powerful person in his life Social Welfare
3.​ Counter-Transference
4.​ The worker unconscious response
to the client’s unconscious 1.4. Apply social welfare perspectives in
transference implementing social welfare policies,
●​ Non-Judgmental Attitude programs and services (2 Applying)
○​ Based on the belief that all
people have the right to be Social Welfare Perspectives
treated with respect, 1.​ Neoliberalism
regardless of their ○​ is a policy model that
circumstances encompasses both politics
●​ Purposeful Expression of and economics. It favors
Feelings enterprise and seeks to
○​ The recognition of the transfer the control of
client’s need to express his economic factors from the
feelings freely, especially government to the private
his negative feelings sector
●​ Controlled Emotional ○​ Processes privatization and
Involvement markertization now
○​ This involves the capacity dominate, with the ideal of
to empathize with clients citizenship being eroded in
without becoming favor of incentivizing
emotionally overwrought employment and abolishing
so-called welfare
dependency

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

2.​ Globalization ●​ It is a development perspective and

○​ It is the increased process that is participatory and
interconnectedness and empowering, equitable,
interdependence of people's sustainable, free from violence,
and countries. respectful of human rights,
○​ It is generally understood to supportive of self-determination
include two inter-related and actualization of human
elements; the opening of potential.
international borders to ●​ It seeks to achieve gender equality
increasingly fast flows of as a fundamental value that should
goods, services, finance, be reflected in development
people and ideas; and the choices and contends that women
changes in institutions and are active agents of development,
policies at national and not just passive recipients of
international levels that development.
facilitate or promote such
flows Effects of GAD to Social Welfare
3.​ Sustainable Development Goals ●​ Work on more than one level
○​ A development that meets (practical and strategy needs) to
the needs of the present bring about change in gender
without compmising the relations
ability of future generations ○​ Social workers, working
to meet their own needs together with policymakers,
○​ Calls for concerted efforts are looking at the practical
towards building an needs of the gender,
inclusive, sustainable, and developing strategic action
resilient future for people to deliver programs and
and the planet services responsive to their
○​ For sustainable presented issue
development to be ●​ Work in a participatory way with
achieved, it is curical to men and women make sure you
harmonize three core involve men because it takes men
elements; economic growth, as well as women to change gender
social inclusion, and social relations
protection. ○​ Working with both genders
4.​ Gender and Development ensure inclusivity in the
decision-making process,
1.5. Explain how the knowledge of balancing perspectives and
gender perspective contribute to the opinions to address social
development of social welfare policies, issues concerning gender
programs and services (1 relations
Understanding) ●​ Equal treatment for men and
women, disregarding biases and
Gender and Development stereotypes

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

○​ Social workers do not treat ●​ Is any piece of legislation that

one gender superior than alters the administration of welfare
the other. In assessing the services to the public.
needs, the worker looks
upon the presented need
with careful consideration Legal Bases that authorize the DSWD to
of their gender roles and provide the framework for Social
experiences related to it. Welfare Standards Development
1.​ RA 4373 An act to regulate the
2. Social Welfare Policies, Policy practice of Social Work and the
Making Process and Implementation Operations of Social Work
3 Understanding​ 4 Applying Agencies in the Philippines and
3 Analyzing for Other purposes, regulates and
provides for high quality and
2.1. Explain the framework and generic ethical and professional standards
steps of policy making in the context of for practice of social workers and
the local, national, and global registration and accrediation of
framework (3 Understanding) social work agencis as stated in
Section 8 and 23 of the Act
Policy Formulation Respectively
1.​ Problem Identification 2.​ RA 5416 Providing for
2.​ Problem Analysis Comprehensive Social Services for
3.​ Informing the Problem Individuals and Groups in Need of
4.​ Developing Goals Assistance, Creating the
5.​ Building Public Support Department of Social Welfare
6.​ Enunciation or Legislation mandates the DSWD to set
7.​ Implementation standard and policies to insure
8.​ Monitoring and Evaluation effective implementation of public
and private social welfare
programs and accredits institutions
2.2. Demonstrate the finance component and organizations, public and
of policy making such as funding private, engaged in social welfare
sources and budgeting processes in the activity including the licensing of
Philippine context (3 Applying) child caring and hld placement
institutions and provide
consultative services thereto
2.3. Distinguish Social Welfare 3.​ EO 123 Reorganising the MSSD
legislations and legal instruments that now referred to as the DSWD
form as bases for the formulation and which provides for a balanced
implementation of Philippine social approach to welfare intervention
welfare policies and programs (3 while it seeks to address the needs
Analyzing) and interests of the population not
only during crisis situations but
Social Welfare Legislation

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

more importantly at the time when 3.1. Identify certain tools for Policy
it could be prevented. Analysis (1 Remembering)
4.​ EO 292 Administrative Code of
1997 which renamed the Ministry 3.2. Apply the tools of Analysis in Policy
to Department, reiterates the basic Analysis and Development (4 Applying)
mandate and the structural and
functional authority of DSWD 3.3. Identify some ethical issues in social
under EO 123. It also directed the work applicable to policy making (2
DSWD to set standards; accredit Remembering)
and monitor performance of all
social welfare activities in both 3.4. Examine the tools of analysis to
public and private sectors improve policy development (3
5.​ EO 15 Redirecting the Functions Analyzing)
and Operations of the DSWD set
standards, accredit and provide
consultative services to instiutions,
organizations and persons engaged
in social welfare activities and
monitor performance of
institutions, organizations and
persons engaged in social welfare
activities both public and private.
6.​ PD 603 Child and Youth Welfare
Code amended states that no
private, natural of judicial shall
establish any child welfare agency
without first securing a license
from the DSWD. This law also
provides that the DSWD may, after
notice and hearing, suspend and
revoke the license of a child
welfare agency on grounds it has
stipulated.

2.4. Apply social welfare laws and

policies in the implementation of social
welfare programs and services (1
Applying)

3. Tools for Policy Analysis

3 Remembering​ 4 Applying
3 Analyzing

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

Social Welfare Agency Administration towards the effectiveness and

(20 POINTS) success of the organization of
which they are members.
1. Concepts, Principles, Theories and ○​ Leadership occurs at all
Issues Related to Social Administration, level of organization
Social Work and Social Welfare ○​ Coordination, cooperation,
Administration and participation are the
3 Understanding​ 4 Applying means for achieving the
3 Analyzing organizational goals.
Elements of Organization
1.1 Identify the concepts, principles, 1.​ Organization
theories, models, objectives and ○​ Is the setting up of the
functions of social administration, social framework or structure of
work administration, and social welfare the different units of the
administration (2 Remembering) system to carry out or
perform distinct tasks for
Administration the attainment of the goals
●​ Herman Stein described the of administration. An
concept of administration as the organization comes into
process of defining and attaining being when:
the objectives of the organization ■​ There are persons
through a system of coordination able to
and cooperative effort. communicate with
Characteristics of Administration each other
1.​ Administration is a human ■​ Who are willing to
enterprise that involves the activity contribute action;
of people in the organization and
2.​ It is continuous, dynamic process ■​ To accomplish a
for a common purpose or goal that common purpose
is pursued through an 2.​ Management
uninterrupted, continuing ○​ Is the activity that allocates
interactive activity between and and utilize resources to
among people in vertical and achieve the goals of the
horizontal positions in the organization
organization
3.​ The resources of people and Social Administration
materials are harnessed and ●​ Focuses on policies, planning and
coordinated to achieve administration of goods and
organizational goals services related to political, social
4.​ Leadership is implicit in and economic institutions
administration. Leadership has ●​ Determines the allocation of
been defining as the ability of an national resources to social welfare
individual to influence, motivate, needs.
and enable other to contribute

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

Social Work Administration carried out. It is an instrument of

●​ A secondary method of social work society, established through
concerned with the provision and government initiative or through
distribution of societal resources to voluntary efforts to achieve a social
enable people to meet their needs goal
and fulfil their potentials towards
empowerment Types of Social Welfare Agency
●​ As a secondary method, is based 1.​ Governmental or Public
upon the principles and techniques Agencies
of administration in general but ○​ Organizations supported by
addressed to specific social work public funds or taxes
tasks of defining and solving 2.​ Private or Voluntary Agencies
Human problems and satisfying ○​ Organizations supported by
human needs (Friedlander) private contributions or
Importance of Social Work donations or income from
Administration service.s these are
●​ It is the keystone for maximizing popularly referred to as
the effectiveness of social work non-governmental
programs in the solution of social organizations. (Now Civil
problems and in the betterment of Society Organization)
social conditions for all people 3.​ Semi governmental or
●​ Provides the framework for social quasi-governmental
work practice that relates it to other organizations
agency functions. The quality of ○​ Organizations that receive
social work practice is greatly some form of subsidy,
influenced by social work either in cash or kind from
administration the government.

Social Welfare Administration

●​ Refers specifically to the 1.3. Demonstrate how gender, culture,
administrative process in the social and emerging crisis situations such as
welfare agency, the formulation of the Covid-10 Pandemic influence social
its policies and plans, and their administration and management
implementation into programs and functions, structures and processes (2
services for specific client groups. Applying)

1.2. Distinguish between the type of 1.4. Describe the different approaches,
social administration applied in skills, and values needed in performing
government and non-government administrative functions (1
welfare agencies (2 Analysing) Understanding)

Social Welfare Agency 1.5. Differentiate the scope and levels of

●​ Is a structured framework within supervisory functions (1 Analyzing)
which the administrative tasks are

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

1.6. Apply administrative, teaching, f.​ Helping the supervisee deal

educational, super-peer, coaching, with job related stress
mentoring, etc. (2 Applying) g.​ Developing attidues and
feelings in the workers
which are conducive to job
Role and Function of Supervisor performance
●​ Supervisor is a mid-position in a
social agency or in a department 2. Social Work Administration and
whose main function is to provide Supervision and the Evolution of
a social work service. Management Theories
1.​ Teaching 3 Understanding​ 4 Applying
a.​ Planning - supervisor has 3 Analyzing
to plan work experience for
a supervisee which will 2.1. Explain the various theories and
give him the opportunity to models of management related to social
learn and to progress as a work administration (2 Understanding)
worker
b.​ Providing a climate for 2.2 Demonstrate how social theories on
learning - supervisor management are applied to a typical
teaches sensitivity to the social welfare agency (2 Applying)
needs of the worker at both
the intellectual and feeling 2.3. Discuss the various roles and
level which enable the functions of a Social Work
worker to integrate feeling Administrator (1 Understanding)
and intellectual functioning
in the practice of social ●​ Social workers will be employed in
work; a social welfare agency.
2.​ Helping ●​ Study, review and understand the
a.​ Supporting and sustaining concepts, principles, theories and
the worker through stressful issues related to Social Work
situations Administration, Social work, and
b.​ Providing a positive climate Social Welfare Administration.
for learning ●​ Be able to explain and apply the
c.​ Managing the supervisory different theories and models of
relationship in a helping management related to social work
way administration
d.​ Making sure of what he
knows about people and
their behavior in working 2.4. Distinguish the various leadership
with others and management styles among social
e.​ Helping workers to identify work administrators in both public and
and modify feelings and private spheres (2 Analyzing)
other obstacles which are
impeding their progress

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

2.5. Apply the concepts, principles,

approaches, types, and models of social
work supervision (2 Applying)

2.6. Relate the value and importance of

the use of supervision and the
application of the supervisory process (1
Analyzing)

Social Work Supervision

●​ Enabling workers and students to
perform ther functions under the
guidance of the supervisor
●​ Meaningful learning process
experienced by supervisor and
supervisee
●​ Both develop their knowledge,
skills and attitudes
●​ Process is aimed at development of
creativity
●​ As supervisee gain competence,
better quality of service is achieved

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

Social Welfare Project/Program progress and change and

Development and Management (20 adapt accordingly.
POINTS) 6.​ Evaluation
○​ Assess the performance of
1. Perspectives of social welfare project the project against
development and management, objectives
meanings and concepts ○​ IMPACT ASSESSMENT -
3 Understanding​ 4 Applying analyze the long-term wider
3 Analyzing social change in relation to
the project
1.1 Discuss the various perspectives on
social welfare project development and 1.4. Demonstrate skills in the use of told
management (2 Understanding) for project identification, project
planning, project program
1.2. Relate the importance of social implementation, project program
welfare project development and monitoring and project or program
management (3 Analyzing) evaluation (2 Applying)

1.3. Explain the Project Management 1.5. Demonstrate beliefs in the logic and
Cycle (1 Understanding) rigours of managing projects (2
Applying)
Project Management Cycle
1.​ Problem Needs Identification 2. The project management cycle
○​ Gather information, 3 Understanding​ 4 Applying
examine the context, 3 Analyzing
understanding problems,
causes and effects. Find out 2.1. Explain the Project Management
who is involves, and what Cycle (2 Understanding)
their capacities are
2.​ Project Designing/Planning 2.2. Apply tools for project
○​ Set aim and objectives, identification and planning,
decide on activities, implementation, monitoring, and
develop a evaluation (2 Applying)
plan/budget/proposal
3.​ Appraisal 2.3. Discuss the importance of tools of
○​ Critically assess all aspects analysis in implementing project
of the project development and management (1
4.​ Implementation Understanding)
○​ Conduct/delivery/implemen
tation of project activities 2.4. Demonstrate use of the tools of
5.​ Monitoring analysis in project development and
○​ Collect and analyze management (2 Applying)
information throughout the
life of the project to assess

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 Social Welfare Policies, Programs and Services

2.5. Based on identified needs and

problems, analyze the community using
the Harmonized Gender and
Development Guidelines in coming up
with a Project Proposal (3 Analyzing)

Jay-Vee Alisdan, RSW