BIOMOLECULES

Ma. Trisha Nicole B. Valdez

SUBJECT TEACHER
What is a BIOMOLECULE?
• BIOMOLECULES are any of numerous
substances that are produced by cells and
living organisms. Biomolecules have a
wide range of sizes and structures and
perform a vast array of functions. They
consist mainly of the elements carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N).
The four major types of biomolecules are
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and
proteins.
BIOMOLECULE ELEMENT CONTENT
Carbohydrate carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
Protein and sulfur
Lipid carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
Nucleic Acid and phosphorus
What are
CARBOHYDRATES?
• Carbohydrates can be represented by the formula (CH2O)n,
where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. In other
words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in
carbohydrate molecules. This formula also explains the origin
of the term “carbohydrate”: the components are carbon
(“carbo”) and the components of water (hence, “hydrate”).
What are
CARBOHYDRATES?
• Carbohydrates play a vital role in our existence. Without
them, we will not be able to think nor move, no life activities
would be possible, and simply, life would not exist. Food that
is high in carbohydrates include fruits, sweets, rice, bread,
pasta, bean, potatoes, and cereals.
• In plants, carbohydrates are the major components of plant
tissues. It could be present in the cell content as sugar or
starch, or they could be associated with the cell wall
structure (e.g., cellulose).
• It is sometimes called saccharide, from the Greek word
sakcharon meaning sugar.
 TYPES OF
CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
The simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharides, or the
simple sugars. Unlike other types of sugars, monosaccharides
are the only sugar that can be absorbed and utilized by the
body. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are common examples
of simple sugars, each bearing the same molecular formula of
C6H12O6. Glucose is the most common monomer of
carbohydrates.
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Also known as dextrose, is the most important and also the most abundant
Glucose monosaccharide in nature. It is found in the bloodstream and provides the
immediate source of energy for the body’s cells and tissues.
Known as fruit sugar, as it is likely to be found in fruits. It is the sweetest among
Fructose
all sugars. It can also be found in the nectar flowers, molasses, and honey.
This sugar does not occur freely in nature. It is produced in the body through the
Galactose
digestion of disaccharide lactose.
MONOSACCHARIDES
In monosaccharides, the number of
carbons usually ranges from three to
seven. Most monosaccharide names
end with the suffix –ose. If the sugar
has an aldehyde group (the
functional group with the structure
R-CHO), it is known as an aldose, and
if it has a ketone group (the
functional group with the structure
RC(=O)R′), it is known as a ketose.
Depending on the number of
carbons in the sugar, they also may
be known as trioses (three carbons),
pentoses (five carbons), and or
hexoses (six carbons).
Structure and Classification
BASED ON THE NO. OF C ATOMS
TRIOSES (C3H6O3) –GLYCERALDEHYDE,
DIHYDROXYACETONE

TETROSE (C4H8O4) – ERYTHROSE,

THREOSE

PENTOSE (C5H10O5) – RIBOSE,

ARABINOSE

HEXOSES (C6H12O6) – GLUCOSE,

FRUCTOSE,
GALACTOSE

HEPTOSES (C7H14O7) – GLUCOHEPTOSE

Structure and Classification
BASED ON THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP

ALDOSE-GLYCERALDEHYDE,
GLUCOSE
KETOSE – DIHYDROXYACETONE,
FRUCTOSE
Structure and Classification
BASED ON THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP

GLYCERALDEHYDE DIHYDROXYACETONE
DISACCHARIDES
Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units bound together
by a covalent bond known as glycosidic linkage OR glycosidic
bond. The most common and most abundant disaccharide is
sucrose.
Disaccharides (di– = “two”) form when two monosaccharides
undergo a dehydration reaction (also known as a condensation
reaction or dehydration synthesis). During this process, the
hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide combines with the
hydrogen of another monosaccharide, releasing a molecule of
water and forming a covalent bond
DISACCHARIDES
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Sucrose (glucose Also known as “table sugar”, sucrose is mostly
and fructose) found in sugar beets and sugar.
Also known as “milk sugar”. Lactose is only found
in the milk of mammals. This includes cows,
Lactose (glucose
goats, and humans. Lactose is the same no
and galactose)
matter its source. However, the amount of lactose
is different.
Also known as maltobiose and “malt sugar”. It is
found naturally in a range of different foods (like
Maltose (glucose cooked sweet potato, pears and honey, for
and glucose) example) and also in a variety of manufactured
food stuffs like beer, bread, breakfast cereals and
high-maltose corn syrup.
OLIGOSACCHARIDE
Oligosaccharide are made by bonding together three or
more (3 to 15) monosaccharides bonded together.
POLYSACCHARIDES
Polysaccharides are major classes of biomolecules. They are long
chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller
monosaccharides. It is an example of a polymer – molecules
consisting of many similar units. These complex bio-macromolecules
functions as an important source of energy in animal cell and form a
structural component of a plant cell. There are two types:
homopolysaccharides (formed by the same type of monosaccharide)
and heteropolysaccharides (formed by different types of
monosaccharides).
NAME DESCRIPTION
Glycogen is the stored form of glucose in animals that's made up of many connected
Glycogen
glucose molecules.
Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units.
Starch
It is a natural component of most plants, including fruits, vegetables, and grains.
Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green
Cellulose plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it
to form biofilms. Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth.
 CHECKPOINT
Categorize the following carbohydrate compounds
based on their structural formula.
 Disaccharide (Sucrose) Monosaccharide (Glucose)

Oligosaccharide (Raffinose) Polysaccharide (Amylose)

PROTEIN
What are PROTEINS?
• A protein is a biomolecule composed of amino acids
joined together by peptide bonds. An amino acid is a
molecule consisting of the basic amino group (NH2), the
acidic carboxylic group (COOH), a hydrogen atom, and an
organic side group (R) attached to the carbon atom.
• Its monomer is amino acid. When water is removed, by
dehydration synthesis, amino acids become linked
together by a covalent bond referred to as peptide bond.
• A chain consisting of more than three amino acids is
referred to as a polypeptide.
AMINO ACIDS
PVT. MAT HILL

• Histidine
• Methionine
• Isoleucine
• Arginine
• Leucine
• Threonine
• Lysine
LEVELS OF
PROTEIN
STRUCTURE
Levels of Protein Structure
• PRIMARY STRUCTURE.
The protein ‘s primary
structure is the amino acid
sequence in its
polypeptide chain. If
proteins were popcorn
stringers designed to
decorate a Christmas tree,
a protein ‘s primary
structure is the sequence
in which various shapes
and varieties of popped
maize are strung together.
Levels of Protein Structure
• SECONDARY
STRUCTURE.
Secondary structure of
protein refers to local
folded structures that
form within a
polypeptide due to
interactions between
atoms of the
backbone.
Levels of Protein Structure
• TERTIARY STRUCTURE.
This structure arises from
further folding of the
secondary structure of
the protein. The tertiary
structure of proteins
represents overall folding
of the polypeptide
chains, further folding of
the secondary structure.
Levels of Protein Structure
• QUARTERNARY
STRUCTURE. This
structure is the most
complex and the
fourth classification of
protein structure as
shown in the
structural
arrangement of
hemoglobin.
ENZYMES
What are
ENZYMES?
• Enzymes are protein
molecules produced by
living cells as “instructed”
by genes on the
chromosomes.
• Metabolic reactions are
enhanced and regulated
by enzymes. They are
proteins that catalyze the
rate of biochemical
reactions.
How do enzymes work?
How do enzymes work?
• They are very specific (can
only exert its effect or act
on one particular
substance/substrate).
• The unique three-
dimensional shape of the
enzyme enables it to fit
the combining site of the
substrate, much like a key
fits into a lock.
Common Sources
of Protein
• poultry – chicken, turkey, duck, emu, goose, bush
birds
• fish and seafood – fish, prawns, crab, lobster,
mussels, oysters, scallops, clams.
• eggs and dairy products – milk, yoghurt
(especially Greek yoghurt), cheese (especially
cottage cheese)
CHECKPOINT
What are the most essential amino acids?
PVT. MAT HILL

• Histidine
• Methionine
• Isoleucine
• Arginine
• Leucine
• Threonine
• Lysine
NUCLEIC
ACIDS
What are NUCLEIC ACIDS?
• NUCLEIC ACIDS are large biomolecules that play
essential roles in all cells and viruses. A major function
of nucleic acids involves the storage and expression of
genomic information.
• Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
Each is made up of: nitrogenous base, pentose sugar,
and phosphate group.
• Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the
information cells need to make proteins. A related type
of nucleic acid, called ribonucleic acid (RNA), comes in
different molecular forms that play multiple cellular
roles, including protein synthesis.
• Nucleic acids are found in all living things, including the
foods you eat, like meat, fish, seafood, legumes, and
mushrooms.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated DNA) is the molecule that
carries genetic information for the development and functioning
of an organism. DNA is made of two linked strands that wind
around each other to resemble a twisted ladder — a shape
known as a double helix. Each strand has a backbone made of
alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups.
Attached to each sugar is one of four bases: adenine (A),
cytosine (C), guanine (G) or thymine (T). The sequence of the
bases along DNA’s backbone encodes biological information,
such as the instructions for making a protein or RNA molecule. A
codon is a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that
corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during
protein synthesis.
The following is a sequence of DNA. Some bases are missing.
Fill them in.

A C
T G

G A A G G C G T T
Ribonucleic acid (abbreviated RNA) is a nucleic acid
present in all living cells that has structural similarities
to DNA. Unlike DNA, however, RNA is most often
single-stranded. An RNA molecule has a backbone
made of alternating phosphate groups and the sugar
ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA.
Attached to each sugar is one of four bases: adenine
(A), uracil (U), cytosine (C) or guanine (G). Different
types of RNA exist in cells: messenger RNA (mRNA),
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). In
addition, some RNAs are involved in regulating gene
expression.
• Messenger RNA (mRNA): a type of RNA molecule that travels
from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where
the information in the copy is used for a protein product.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA): an adaptor molecule composed of
RNA, typically 73-93 nucleotides in length that brings amino
acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the
growing protein.
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): the RNA component of the ribosome
and a cell’s protein factory in all living cells. It provides a
mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and
interacts with tRNA.
CODONS • A codon is a sequence of three
DNA or RNA nucleotides that
corresponds with a specific amino
acid or stop signal during protein
synthesis.
• The start codon is the initial set of
codons in an mRNA transcript that
is translated by a ribosome. In
eukaryotes, the most common
start codon is AUG which codes for
methionine. The stop codon is a
termination codon that signals to
stop a protein translation process.
This codon disassociates the
ribosomal subunits, and thus
disrupts the amino acid chain.
UAG, UAA and UGA are the
standard stop codons.
ANTICODON
• An anticodon is a
trinucleotide
sequence located at
one end of a
transfer RNA (tRNA)
molecule, which is
complementary to a
corresponding
codon in a
messenger RNA
(mRNA) sequence.
CHECKPOINT
How do DNA and RNA differ from each other?
What are LIPIDS?
• LIPIDS are a broad group of organic compounds
which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble
vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides,
phospholipids, and others. The functions of lipids
include storing energy, signaling, and acting as
structural components of cell membranes.
• Commonly consumed oils are canola, corn, olive,
peanut, safflower, and soy.
Types of Lipids
• TRIGLYCERIDES. Triglycerides, also known as
triacylglygerols, are triesters of fatty acids with
glycerol. This type of lipid is commonly found in
both plants and animals and is composed mainly
of hydrogen and carbon.
• Solid triglycerides are classified as fats, while
liquid triglycerides are classified as oils.
Types of Lipids
• STEROLS. Sterols are among the many lipids
with no fatty acids. They differ in the number,
position, and type of their functional groups,
but all have a rigid backbone of four fused-
together carbon rings
• Cholesterol is the most common type in the
tissues of animals. Remodeling cholesterol, it
makes into vitamin D, steroids, and bile salts.
Types of Lipids
• STEROIDS. Cholesterol is a steroid and is
one of the most plentiful lipids in our
bodies. It is produced by the liver to meet
our body’s needs. Other steroids act as
hormones, like testosterone, progesterone,
and estrogen. Some athletes and body
builders use steroids to build their muscles.
Types of Lipids
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The
third type of lipids is
phospholipids, a major
component of cell
membranes. Its molecule is
composed of two fatty
acids, a glycerol unit and
phosphate group, and a
polar molecule.
CHECKPOINT
What are the three (3) types of lipids?
TO SUM IT UP