Oxygenation

Powerpoint presentation by: Group 1

Oxygen (02)
• clear, odorless gas that constitutes
approximately 25-27% of the air we breathe.
• It is necessary for proper functioning of all
living cells.
Oxygenation
• Oxygenation is the process of delivering
oxygen to the body's cells and removing carbon
dioxide through the respiratory system. It is
essential for cellular metabolism and survival.

• O2 suplementation is used to increase the

oxygen saturation and increase oxygen delivery/
tissue perfusion to the vital organs
Ventilation vs. Oxygention
• Ventilation refers to the physical process of
moving air into and out of the lungs, essentially
the act of breathing. Oxygenation, on the other
hand, focuses on the delivery of oxygen from the
lungs to the tissues and cells in the body.

ventilation is the foundation for oxygenation

HYPOXEMIA

• Low oxygen level in the blood

• It happens when our PaO2 is less than
80mmHg
• the body will try to compensate by
increasing respirations and heart rate.
• hypoxemia leads to hypoxia
HYPOXIA

• low oxygen supply i the body tissues

• from uncompensated hypoxemia; the body
cannot adapt and get more oxygen
• low oxygen in the blood=low oxygen
delivery in the body tissues
Breathing and Coughing Exercises
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is
a health condition that affects an individual's
ability to breathe well. It's often associated with
other conditions such as emphysema and
chronic bronchitis.
• These can worsen with time, but practicing
breathing exercises can help you manage them.
• When you practice regularly, breathing exercises
can help you exert yourself les luring daily
activities.
Pursed lip breathingis best for performing strenuous activies, such
as climbing
Coordinated breathing can be performed when you’re exercising or
feeling anxious
It’s best to do this exercise with other daily breathing exercises that can be performed for 10
minutes at a time, 3 to 4 times per day.
A huff cough should be less tiring than a traditional cough, and it can
keep you from feeling worn out when coughing up mucus.
This technique can be more complicated than the other exercises, so
it’s best for a person with a little more practice under their belt. If
you’re having difficulty, talk to your doctor or respiratory therapist.
Postural Drainage

• a method of positioning the body to use

gravity to help drain secretions from
different parts of the lungs.
• clear mucus
• Improve lung function
• Prevent infection
Positions:
UPPER LOBE
APICAL SEGMENTS - The patient
should s i t up r i g ht , w i t h s l i g ht
variations according to the position
of the lesion which may
necessitate leaning slightly j
backward, forward or sideways.
The position is usually only
necessary for infants or patients
being nursed in a recumbent j
position, but occasionally may be
required if there is an abscess or
stenosis of a bronchus in the apical
region.
Positions:
ANTERIOR SEGMENTS -
The patient should lie flat
on his back with his
arms relaxed to his side;
the knees should be
slightly flexed over a
pillow.
Positions:
POSTERIOR SEGMENT
• Right - The patient should lie on his left side and then turn 450
on to his face, resting against a pillow with another supporting
his head. He r should place his left arm comfortably behind his
back with his right arm resting on the supporting pillow; the right
knee should be flexed.
• Left - The patient should lie on his right side turned 450 on to
his face with three pillows arranged to raise the shoulder 30cm
(i2in) from the bed. He should place his right arm behind his
back with his left arm resting on the supporting pillows; both the
knees should be slightly bent.
Positions:
Middle Lobe
LATERAL SEGMENT: MEDIAL
SEGMENT The patient should
lie on his back with his body
quarter turned to the left
maintained by a pillow under the
right side from shoulder to hip
and the arms relaxed by his
side; the foot of the bed should
be raised 35cm (14in) from the
ground. The chest is tilted to an
angle of 15°.Lingula
Positions:
SUPERIOR SEGMENT:
INFERIOR SEGMENT - The
patient should lie on his back
with his body quarter turned
to the right maintained by a
pillow under the left side from
shoulder to hip and the arms
relaxed by his side; the foot of
the bed should be raised
35cm (14m) from the ground.
The chest is tilted to an angle
of 15°.
Positions:
Lower Lobe
ANTERIOR BASAL
SEGMENTS - The patient
should lie flat on his back with
the buttocks resting on a pillow
and the knees bent; the foot of
the bed should be raised 46cm
(i8in) from the ground. The
chest is tilted to an angle of 20°
Positions:
POSTERIOR BASAL
SEGMENTS - The patient
should lie prone with his head
turned to one side, his arms in
a comfortable position by the
side of the head and a pillow
under his hips. The foot of the
bed should be raised 46cm
(i8in) from the ground. The
chest is tilted to an angle of
20°.
Positions:
LATERAL BASAL SEGMENT -
The patient should lie on the
opposite side with a pillow
under the hips and the foot of
the bed should be raised 46cm
(i8in) from the ground. The
chest is tilted to an angle of 20°.
Suctioning
• a technique used to clear secretions from the
airway to maintain a patent airway and improve
oxygenation.

Why is Oxygenation Important?

-Administering 100% oxygen before suctioning
helps prevent a decrease in oxygen saturation
during the procedure.
Types of Suctioning:
• Oropharyngeal:
Insert the catheter through
the mouth, along the side of
the mouth toward the
trachea. Advance the
catheter 3 to 4 inches to
reach the pharynx
Types of Suctioning:
• Nasopharyngeal:
Gently insert the catheter
through the naris and along
the floor of the nostril
toward the trachea. Roll the
catheter between your
fingers to help advance it.
Advance the catheter
approximately 5 to 6 inches
to reach the pharynx.
Types of Suctioning:

• Tracheostomy:
Insert the catheter into
the patient’s
tracheostomy tube using
your sterile hand without
applying suctioning
Oxygen Administration Methods

Nasal Cannula:
Delivers oxygen
through two prongs
placed in the nostrils.
Flow rates typically
range from 1 to 6
liters per minute.
Oxygen Administration Methods
MASK METHOD
A method of oxygen delivery using a
mask that covers both the nose an
mouth.

1. Simple Face Mask

• Flow rate: 5-10 lpm
• O2 concentration: 40-60%
• used to moderate oxygen needs.
Oxygen Administration Methods
2. Non-rebreather mask
• Flow rate: 10-15 lpm
• O2 concentration: up to
100%
• For critically ill patients
requiring high concentration
oxygen.
Oxygen Administration Methods

3. Venturi mask
• delivers precise
oxygen
concentrations
• Ideal for patients who
require controlled
oxygen therapy.
Oxygen Administration Methods
Endotracheal tube (ETT)
• A flexible tube inserted through
the mouth into the trachea to
maintain a patent airway an
deliver oxygen directly to the
lungs.
• common used during surgical
procedures or in emergency
situations when a patient
cannot breathe inependently.
Oxygen Administration Methods
Tracheostomy
• A surgically created opening
in the trachea where a tube is
inserted to assist with
breathing and oxygenation.
• Indicated for long term
ventilation or when upper
airway obstruction is present.
ex. after a stroke or trauma
Pulse Oximeter
• used to measure oxygen saturation in the body
ex. how much of the hemoglobin in the blood is
carrying the oxygen.

NORMAL RANGES: 95-100%

HYPOXEMIA: below 95%
Pulse Oximeter
"Pulse" is the rythmic contraction and expansion of an artery.

"Oximeter" is the instrument used to measure the proportion of

oxygenated hemoglobin in pulsating blood vessels.

A pulse oximeter machine shows the % of O2 saturation and

pulse rate.
Pulse Oximeter

fingertip wrist-worn
oximeter oximeter

tabletop
hanheld oximeter
oximeter
Pulse Oximeter
PROCESS CAN BE TWO TYPES:
1. Transmittance Type Pulse Oximetry
2. Reflectance Type Pulse Oximetry
Pulse Oximeter
Components of a Pulse Oximeter

• The optical probe is the sensor unit responsible for detecting the physiological signals
from the body. It consists of two light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that emit light at specific
wavelengths—typically red light at around 660 nanometers and infrared light at around
940 nanometers.

• The second key component is the circuit module, which processes the raw signals
received from the optical probe. This module includes amplifiers, filters, and an analog-
to-digital converter (ADC) to clean, strengthen, and digitize the signals.

• the display unit presents the processed information in a user-friendly format. It shows
the calculated SpO₂ value, the pulse rate, and sometimes a plethysmographic waveform
that represents the pulsatile blood flow.
Pulse Oximeter
Advantages:
• Pulse oximetry is particularly convenient for noninvasive continuous measurement of
blood oxygen saturation.
• It is possible that it can also be used to detect abnormalities in ventilation.
• Portable battery-operated pulse oximeters are useful for pilots operating in a non-
pressurized aircraft above10,000 feet.

• Limitations:
• It is not a substitute for blood gases checked in a laboratory.
• In severe anemia, the blood will carry less total oxygen, despite the hemoglobin being
100% saturated.
• Since pulse oximetry only measures the percentage of bound hemoglobin, a falsely high
or low reading will occur when hemoglobin binds to something other than oxygen.