Method of seed production tomato

Method of seed production

Seed to Seed
Stages of seed production
Tomato is a self-pollinated crop, hence either three or four generation model could be
adopted as below
Varieties
Breeder seed → Foundation Seed → Certified Seed
 Breeder seed → Foundation Seed I → Foundation Seed II →Certified Seed
Hybrids
Breeder seed → Foundation Seed → (Multiplication of parental lines) Certified Seed
(Production of F1 hybrids)
Varieties
Indeterminate varieties

 Pusa Ruby, Solan Gola, Yaswant (A 2), Sioux, Marglobe, Naveen, Ptom 9301,
Shalimar 1, Shalimar 2. Angurlata, Solan Bajr, Solan Sagun, Arka Vikas and Arka
Saurbh.
Determinate varieties
Roma (EC 13513), Rupali, MTH 15, Ptom 18, VL 1, VL 2, HS 101, HS 102, HS 110, Pusa Early
Dwarf, Pusa Sheetal, Floradade, Arka Meghli, CO.1, CO.2, CO.3 (Marutham), PKM.1, Py1,
Hybrids
COTH 1, 2 and 3 Pant Hybrid 2, Pant Hybrid 10, Kt 4. Pusa Hybrid l 4, Arka Shreshta, Arka
Vardan, Arka Abhijit, Navell 1 &2 (Sandoz), Rupali, Sonali, MTH 6
Season
It is highly suitable both for kharif (May – June) and rabi season (November - December)
Land requirement
Selection of suitable land for tomato seed production is important where the previous
crop should not be the same variety to avoid the contamination due to volunteer plants.
Isolation requirement
For Seed production of tomato, varieties require minimum of 50 M for foundation seed
and 25 M for certified seed.
 For hybrid seed production, it requires minimum of 200 M for foundation
(parental line increase) and 100 M for certified hybrid seeds.
Seed rate
i) Varietal seed production– 300 to 400 g/ha
ii) F1 hybrid seed production Male parent 25 g/ha; Female parent 100 g/ha.
Seed Treatment
The seed required for one hectare are to be inoculated with Azosprillum.
  For this, the seeds should be first mixed with the required quantity of rice gruel
and then with 150 g of Azosprillum after shade drying it can be used for sowing.
Nursery

 Sow the seeds in raised nursery bed of 20 cm height, in rows of 5 cm gap and
covered with sand.
 Eight and ten nursery beds will be sufficient to transplant in one acre.
 Apply 2 kg of DAP 10 days before pulling out of seedling.
Transplanting
Transplanting should be done with the seedlings are 20 25 days old, preferably at evening
time.
Spacing
It varies with varieties from 60 x 30cm to 60 x 45 cm and In hybrid seed production 90 x
60 cm for female parent and 60 x 45 cm for male parent.
Planting ratio
For hybrid seed production, the female and male parents are normally planted in the ratio of 12:1 or
12:2.

Manuring

 After thorough preparation of a field to fine tilth, apply 25 tons of FYM per ha.
 Apply 100 : 100: 100 Kg of NPK/ha of which, 50% of the N is applied as basal
dressing and remaining 50% of N as top dressing in two split doses at just
before flowering and fruit formation stages.
Roguing
The roguing should be done based on the plant characters (determinate / indeterminate),
leaf, branching and spreading characters and also based on fruit size, shape and colour.
The plants affected by early blight, leaf spot and mosaic (TMV) diseases should be
removed from the seed production field.
Specific field requirements
Factors Foundation Certified

Off types – variety (max) 0.1 % 0.2%

Hybrid (max) 0.01% 0.05%

Plants affected by seed borne diseases (max) 0.1 % 0.5%

Pest and disease management

Pests
Fruit borer -Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura (common for both)
 Simultaneously growing 40 days old American tall marigold and 25 days old tomato
seedlings @ 1:16 rows.
i. Setting up pheromone traps @ 12/ha.
ii.Collection and destruction of damaged fruits and grown up caterpillars.
iii.Spraying of endosulfan 35 EC 2 ml/lit or carbaryl 50 WP 2 g/lit or Bacillus
thuringiensis 2g/lit or quinalphos 2.5 ml/lit.
iv. Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 50000/ha release coinciding
with flowering time and based on ETL.
For Helicoverpa armigera: H.a.NPV 1.5 x 1012 POBs/ha.
For Spodoptera litura: S.l. NPV 1.5 x 1012 POBs/ha. Providing poison bait with
carbaryl 1.25 kg, rice bran 12.5 kg, jaggery 1.25 kg and water 7.5 lit.
Serpentine leaf miner
Spraying Neem Seed Kernel Extract 50 g/lit.
Whitefly

Installation of yellow sticky traps to attract the adult.

 Spraying of dichlorvos 76 WSC @ 1 ml/lit or triazophos 40 EC 2
ml/lit or fish oil rosin soap 25 g/lit. or dimethoate 2 ml/lit or methyl
demeton 25 EC 2 ml/lit along with wetting agent.
Removing alternate weed host Abutilon indicum
Nematode

 Application of Carbofuran 3 G at 10 g/sq.m at sowing and 1 kg a.i./ha in the main

field one week after transplanting.
 Treating the seeds with antagonistic fungi Trichoderma viride at 4 g/kg seed along
with pressmud at 5 kg/m2 for nematode disease complex
Diseases
Damping off (nursery)

 Treating the seeds with Trichoderma viride 4 g/kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens 10

g /kg of seed 24 hours before sowing. Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens as
soil application @ 2.5 kg/ha mixed with 50 kg of FYM Stagnation of water should
be avoided. Drenching with Copper oxychloride at 2.5 g/lit at 4 lit/sq.m.
Leaf spot

 Spraying of Zineb or Mancozeb 2 g/lit.

Leaf curl

 Spraying systemic insecticides like Methyl demeton or Monocrotophos or

Dimethoate at 2 ml/lit to kill the insect vector, whitefly.
Tomato spotted wilt virus
Carbofuran 3 G 1 kg a.i./ha in nursery at sowing and second application at 1.25 kg a.i./ha
10 days after transplanting in mainfield and three sprays of triazophes 35 EC 1.5 ml/lit @
25, 40, 55 days after transplanting.

Hybrid seed production

Hand emasculation and pollination in chilli is difficult since the flowers are minute. Hence
use of male sterile lines can also be employed for hybrid seed production.

Emasculation and Pollination

Emasculation may be done either early in the morning or in the previous afternoon
before opening of flower and petals still covering the anthers and stigma. With the help
of a pair of forceps the petals are parted carefully and the anthers are removed
separately. The emasculated flower buds are protected by thin cotton wad or bag or by
thin cloth loosely wrapped around the branch, enclosing leaves and flowers and securely
fastened.
 Pollen collection is normally done late in the morning. Pollens from the previously
protected flowers may be collected by a vibrator or after plucking the flowers
from intended male parents, and gently tapped by finger for the collection of
pollens in a petridish or watch glass.
 The best time of pollination is early morning or late afternoon of the following
day of emasculation. Pollination may be done by touching the freshly dehisced
anthers to the stigma by forceps, by dusting pollens over the stigma or by
transferring the pollens with brush or needle very carefully. The petals may be
cut off to facilitate pollination. Bagging of the flowers should be done to prevent
pollen contamination.
Use of male sterility
Both genic and cytoplasmic – genic male sterility have been reported. The first public
sector hybrid CH 1 was developed at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana by utilizing
male sterile in MS – 12. This male sterile line has been developed by utilizing the male
sterile line introduced from France. At IIHR, Bangalore, three cytoplasmic and genic male
sterile lines have been identified from Korean hybrids and indigenous sources.
Harvesting and processing
Harvesting should be done in different pickings. First and last two pickings can be
harvested for vegetable purpose. The well ripened fruits with deep, red colour alone
should be collected in each picking. After harvest, fruit rot infected fruits are to be
discarded. The harvested pods are to be dried under shade for one (or) two days and
then under sun for another 2 or 3 days. Before drying pods are to be selected for true to
type and graded for seed extraction. The seed are extracted from graded dried pods. The
pods are taken in gunny bag and beaten with pliable bamboo sticks. The seeds are
cleaned by winnowing and dried to 10% moisture content over tarpaulin. Then seeds are
processed with BSS 8 wiremesh screens. For large scale seed extraction, the TNAU model
chilli seed extractor may be used.
Seed storage
Seeds obtained from the first picking stored well for a longer time than those obtained
from fifth and sixth pickings. The rate of deterioration was also faster in seed obtained
from the later pickings. The seeds stored in PAFP pouches recorded higher germination
for thirty months after storage as compared those in cloth bags.
Seed Yield
100 to 200 kg/ha
Seed Standards (Variety & Hybrid)
Factors Foundation Certified

Pure seed (mini) 98% 98%

Inert matter (maxi) 2% 2%

Other crop seeds (maxi) no/kg 5/kg 10/kg

Weed seeds (maxi) no/kg 5/kg 10/kg

Germination (mini) 60% 60%

Moisture (maxi) 8% 8%

For VP container (maxi) 6% 6%

Isolation distance required for the production of foundation and certified seeds of various crops
Isolation in metres
Sl. No. Name of group (Crops)
Foundation Certified
1 Cole crops
Cabbage 1600 1000
Cauliflower 1600 1000
Chinese cabbage 1600 1000
Knol-khol 1600 1000
2 Fruit Vegetables
Brinjal 200 100
Capsicum (chillies) 400 200
Tomato 50 25
Okra 400 200
3 Bulbous vegetables
Garlic 10 5
Onion 1000 500
4 Root vegetables
Beetroot 1600 800
Carrot 1000 800
Radish 1600 1000
Turnip 1600 1000
5 Tuber vegetables
Sweet potato 10 5
Potato 10 5
6 Rhizomatous vegetables
Ginger 10 5
Turmeric 10 5
7 Legume vegetables
Cluster bean 50 25
Cowpea 50 25
Peas 10 5
8 Leafy vegetables
Amaranths 400 200
Beet leaf 1600 1000
Coriander 800 400
Fenugreek 50 25
Lettuce - -
 Spinach 1600 1000
9 Cucurbits (All crops) 1000 500