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Fish Behavior 1
Fish Behavior 1

Eco-ethology

Jacques Bruslé
Jean-Pierre Quignard
First published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
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or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the
CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the
undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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UK USA

www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2020

The rights of Jacques Bruslé and Jean-Pierre Quignard to be identified as the authors of this work have
been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2020930372

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-536-7
 Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Chapter 1. Habitats: Occupation, Protection and Exploitation . . . . . . . . 1

1.1. Diverse and unusual habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1. Psammophilous* habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2. Reef cavity habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3. Rocky habitats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.4. Plant habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.5. Zoohabitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.6. Intertidal* habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.7. Karst* habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.8. Intermittent habitats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.9. Habitats modified by other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.10. Manmade habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.11. Ecological niches not frequented by other species . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1.12. Seemingly unlimited pelagic habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.13. Temporal fluctuations in habitat occupancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.14. Ontogenic and/or physiological fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.15. An amphibious existence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1.16. An underground life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.1.17. Living in the abyss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2. Food: the use of trophic habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.2.1. Choose more or less energy-giving foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.2.2. Adopt original hunting methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.2.3. Use of cannibalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.2.4. Practice grazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
vi Fish Behavior 1

1.3. Individual and collective protective habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

1.3.1. Protecting oneself from environmental factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.3.2. Protecting oneself from congeners and competing species . . . . . . . . . 59
1.3.3. Protecting oneself from predators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1.3.4. Practicing the art of camouflage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.3.5. A safe resting phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
1.3.6. Owning and defending a territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
1.4. Breeding habitats (Volume 2, section 2.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Chapter 2. Strategies and Tactics for the Occupation of

Available Territories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.1. Faithfulness to habitat and birth site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.1.1. Remaining faithful to one’s habitat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.1.2. Loyalty to one’s birth site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.2. Habitat changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.2.1. The great migrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.2.2. Navigators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
2.2.3. Great travelers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.2.4. Divers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
2.2.5. Illegal migrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
2.2.6. Adapting to ambient hydrodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2.2.7. Overcoming an obstacle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
2.3. The colonization of new territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
2.3.1. Invaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
2.3.2. Western colonizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
2.3.3. Eastern colonizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
2.3.4. Invasions of tropical species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
2.3.5. Parasitic invasions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
2.3.6. A most unfortunate introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
2.3.7. Marine “aliens” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
2.3.8. Recent tropical peril . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
2.3.9. Marine reserves and fish farms:
habitats that facilitate migration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
2.3.10. Other colonization related to aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
2.3.11. Unexplained presence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Chapter 3. Communication and Social Life: Behaviors Related to Social

Interrelations between Congeners, Parasites and Predators . . . . . . . . . 147
3.1. Communication between partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.1.1. Accurate information signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
 Contents vii

3.1.2. Fast and efficient visual signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

3.1.3. Useful and precise olfactory signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.1.4. Substitution phenomena between sensory signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.1.5. Highly informative auditory signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.1.6. Remarkably discriminating electrical signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
3.1.7. Champions of neuroethology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
3.2. Neighborly warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.2.1. Beneficial altruism between congeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.2.2. Acoustic solidarity for defensive purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.2.3. A chemical alert for olfactory purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.2.4. A survival benefit linked to
competition between predators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
3.2.5. Anxiety disorders triggered by alarm substances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
3.3. Groups, shoals, swarms and masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.3.1. A simple convergence of interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.3.2. Artificial groupings of anthropogenic origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.3.3. Unity is strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3.3.4. Choice of association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3.3.5. Coordinated swimming under light conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
3.3.6. A defense: reducing vulnerability to predation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
3.3.7. Learning to be careful in social relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
3.3.8. Less need for security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3.3.9. Different motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3.3.10. Protection against parasites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3.3.11. Unique protection for females:
reducing sexual harassment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
3.3.12. Forming unisex communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
3.3.13. An energy goal: reducing the costs of movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
3.3.14. The advantage of a collective memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
3.3.15. Another objective: increasing opportunities for food . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
3.3.16. Who is the leader? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
3.3.17. A colonization strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
3.3.18. The role of collective education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3.3.19. A social life under cerebral neuroendocrine control . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3.4. Mutualists and parasites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3.4.1. A model of association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
3.4.2. Ectoparasites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
3.4.3. Endoparasites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
3.4.4. Accommodation of eggs by hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
3.4.5. Zoophile fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
3.5. Cleaners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
3.5.1. Removing parasites for “good customers” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
3.5.2. Unsustainable early skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
viii Fish Behavior 1

3.5.3. Flexibility under neurohormonal control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

3.5.4. A sometimes dishonest job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
3.5.5. A clownfish that acts as a cleaner… or a
cleaner-turned clownfish? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
3.6. Helpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
3.6.1. Social cooperation in parental care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
3.6.2. Helpers able to escape their servitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
3.6.3. Behavioral gender differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
3.7. Selection of sexual partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
3.7.1. A major concern for any progenitor:
choosing a partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
3.7.2. Social learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
3.7.3. Most importantly, avoid choosing the wrong partner . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
3.7.4. How can the best partners be identified? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
3.7.5. Initial choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
3.7.6. Varying preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
3.7.7. Copying others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
3.7.8. The desire for novelty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
3.7.9. Females who refuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
3.7.10. Reconstituted couples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
3.7.11. No choice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
3.8. Sexual conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
3.8.1. Conflicting interactions between sexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
3.8.2. Intrasexual conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
3.8.3. Incompatibility between ecotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
3.8.4. Who will win this conflict? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
3.8.5. A conflict that ends in divorce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
3.9. Joint provision of parental care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
3.10. Competitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
3.10.1. Be a good observer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
3.10.2. A competition for space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
3.10.3. Competition for food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
3.10.4. Sexual competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
3.10.5. Competition for nest building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
3.10.6. Sperm competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
3.10.7. Females intervening to their advantage in
sperm competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
3.10.8. Cases of social deprivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
3.10.9. Love or war or love and war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
3.10.10. Females in competition using physical arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
3.10.11. Chemical weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
 Contents ix

3.10.12. Dominance expressed through fecal olfactory signals . . . . . . . . . . 223

3.10.13. A peaceful solution for escaping competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
3.10.14. Cases of non-aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
3.11. Sense of family and recognition of familiar congeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
3.11.1. The value of recognizing “blood ties” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
3.11.2. Interfamilial crossbreeding in spite of genetic barriers . . . . . . . . . . . 226
3.11.3. Known congeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Species Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Summary of Volume 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

 Preface

Fish, our distant cousins, are able to perform a considerable number of daily
tasks to survive, having conquered all aquatic environments, in all climates and at all
latitudes and depths.

They are the vertebrates most widely used by humans: fisheries exploit stocks of
wild fish populations and carry out intensive fish farming, making fish, in number
and mass, the most consumed of all vertebrates. They also occupy an important
place in aquariology and are used as experimental models in scientific research
(second only to mice). However, the general public’s perception remains limited,
particularly with regard to their sensitivity, “well-being” and cognitive abilities.
Contemporary ichthyologists have a fairly high level of scientific information that
can shed new light on the actual behavioral potential of fish.

Observations of animal behavior have long focused on species that are familiar to
us and considered worthy of interest, such as birds (parrots, titmice, swallows or
wild geese) and, in particular, mammals, especially those to whom we are most
closely related (gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, etc.) or who live near us (horses) or
in our homes (cats and dogs). The enthusiasm they inspire justifies the success of
circuses and zoos. Fish, although they arouse a certain curiosity, especially among
anglers and aquarists, rarely receive the attention they deserve, being reduced to the
unflattering status of “inferior vertebrates”, beings who seem devoid of language,
memory and apparent sensitivity. It is an unflattering and erroneous public
perception, linked to the fact that we communicate little with them, separated as we
are by such distinct natural environments.

Scientists, through observations and experiments published in credible

international journals and from whom the authors of this book take their inspiration,
bear witness to the surprising abilities of fish. Abilities that are not so far removed
xii Fish Behavior 1

from those of other vertebrates, and even humans with similar characteristics
because they are derived and inherited from these “fish ancestors”.

This book consists of two volumes that provide data of 630 species cited,
originating from more than 1,500 bibliographical references. It provides new
information on recent achievements in the field of ichthyology. These data reveal that
our distant cousins are well endowed with cognitive abilities and a potential for
memorization and innovation that explains their remarkable capacity to adapt to
often difficult environments.

“Ordinary” fish are capable of doing extraordinary things. Some of them are not
only great travelers able to orient themselves using the sun and navigate through
terrestrial geomagnetism, but are also capable of adopting sophisticated behaviors.
Some are subtle hunters or breeders who call upon collective strategies, clever
architects and builders of complex nests designed to protect their eggs, courageous
fighters willing to sacrifice their lives to defend their offspring and cooperative
beings united with a shared goal or producing descendants. Some are even talented
imitators anxious to perhaps deceive their partners or predators, Machiavellian
strategists, clever courtiers, flamboyant seducers and great lovers. They also
demonstrate memory and calculation skills, and the ability to play, use tools and
even indulge in artistic creation. Finally, they can sometimes even be good models
that can inspire advances in technology and human health.

Jacques BRUSLÉ
Jean-Pierre QUIGNARD
January 2020
 Introduction

Those of you who are interested in the natural world and are curious to better
understand animal behavior, in all its capacity to surprise and be misunderstood, will
probably be satisfied to be able, thanks to this book, to learn what fish really are.
They deserve much better than their current, hardly flattering, status as “inferior
vertebrates”.

Advancing knowledge in the field of fish ethology requires abundant scientific

literature consisting of numerous publications in international journals that
constantly provide new data to contribute to enriching our view of the behavior of
these “conquerors of the aquatic world”, who are rich in their biodiversity and never
cease to amaze us.

The authors of this book, academics who have devoted their careers to
icthyological studies, have made extensive use of the most recent data in order to
present a broad overview of the knowledge acquired in the field of behavior related
to fish feeding, protection, social interrelationships and reproduction. This is based
on the most representative and original examples cited among the 30,000 species
currently listed, but only a few of them have given rise to field observations and
laboratory experiments. Recent technological advances in human penetration of the
underwater world (submarines, bathyscaphes, etc.) and in situ observation of fish
(video cameras, acoustic markers, satellite telemetry, etc.), as well as laboratory data
(samples, video images, etc.), have led to the development of new technologies.
Those acquired through the use of advanced technologies applied to fish (radioactive
isotopes, magnetic resonance, genetic sequencing, etc.) have greatly contributed to
providing a modern perspective on their remarkable strategies and surprising
behaviors.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 Museum
At park headquarters the National Park Service has established an
official information office and museum which is open daily throughout
the main travel season. Here park visitors may secure information
and free publications regarding this and other national parks. The
museum exhibits cover such subjects as geology, biology, archeology,
and history. The Zion-Bryce Natural History Association maintains a
stock of publications, maps, and transparency slides which are for
sale at reasonable prices in the museum. They are designed to assist
in a better understanding and appreciation of the region.
 Free Public Campgrounds
An attractive public auto camp, maintained by the Government, is
open from about April 15 to November 15; however, these dates vary
according to weather conditions. Pure water and sanitary
conveniences are provided, and groceries and campers’ supplies may
be purchased at the Bryce Camp store. Camping is limited to 30 days
a year for each party.

For those not carrying their own equipment and desiring to visit the
park after the closing dates of the lodge and camp, there are camps
near the park where accommodations can be found at any time of
the year.
 Accommodations
An attractive lodge is operated by the Utah Parks Co. from about May
30 to September 25. It consists of a central building and cabins. The
cabins are standard and deluxe types, the latter having private bath,
porch, and fireplace.

11
 Roads connecting Bryce Canyon, Zion, Grand Canyon, and
Cedar Breaks

12

Bryce Canyon Lodge (Union Pacific Railroad photo)

Meals are served in the lodge dining room.

There is also a cabin development which is open from about May 1 to

October 30. Here are available a cafeteria, food store, and sleeping
cabins. The cabins are equipped with electricity, running water,
double beds, table, sink, shelves, and chairs.

As prices are subject to change from season to season, no rates are

included in this booklet, but they may be obtained from the Utah
Parks Co., Cedar City, Utah.
 Transportation
Motorbus transportation and all-expense tours to Zion, Bryce Canyon,
and Grand Canyon (North Rim) National Parks, Kaibab National
Forest, and Cedar Breaks National Monument are furnished by Utah
Parks Co., Cedar City, Utah, during the summer season and by special
arrangement during the remainder of the year. An automobile trip
from Bryce Canyon Lodge to Inspiration Point, Bryce Point, Paria
View, Natural Bridge, and Rainbow Point and return is offered during
the summer.
 Saddle Horses
Saddle horses may be hired by the hour or day. Daily escorted trips
are made into the canyon and to Natural Bridge. Special guide 13
service, if available, may also be obtained. Riding outfits for
women may be rented at the lodge.
 Post Office and Communication Service
Bryce Canyon Lodge is provided with post office, telegraph, and long-
distance telephone service. The post office address during the
summer season when the lodge is operating is Bryce Canyon National
Park, Utah.
 Miscellaneous Services
Fountain service is available in the lodge. Photographs of Bryce may
be purchased here, and laboratories are maintained for developing
and printing.

Curio stores, specializing in Indian handicraft, are operated. Curios,

post cards, and other items may be obtained at the cabin camps,
which also carry a complete line of foodstuffs.
Trails lead to the fantastically eroded formations (Union
Pacific Railroad photo)

14
Motorists park on overlook for view of Cedar Breaks
Garage service, including storage and repairs, is provided near 15
Bryce Lodge during the main season. A regular service station,
located on the highway near the lodge, furnishes gasoline, oil, tires,
and batteries from approximately May 1 to October 30. Garages and
service stations outside the park usually operate throughout the year.

A registered nurse is on duty at the lodge when it is in operation.

 Cedar Breaks National Monument
Twenty miles east of Cedar City, within the Dixie National Forest,
where the high plateau breaks away to the west, is a great
amphitheater called Cedar Breaks, in the Pink Cliffs formation. The
more spectacular part of the formation was established as a national
monument by proclamation of President Franklin D. Roosevelt on
August 22, 1933, and placed under the administration of the National
Park Service. The monument embraces an area of 6,172.20 acres of
federally owned land.

While Cedar Breaks is cut from the same geological formation as

Bryce Canyon, there is a marked difference between these two scenic
areas. There are not countless numbers of outstanding temples,
spires, and minarets in the Cedar Breaks bowl, but Cedar Breaks is on
a more gigantic scale and has a greater variety of tints. The Pink
Cliffs here have a thickness of nearly 2,000 feet, and 47 different
shades of color have been distinguished.

The heavily forested rim attains an altitude of 10,700 feet. The cliffs
are white or orange at the top, breaking into tints of deep rose and
coral. The high elevation also affords an excellent distant view of
mountains and desert.

The Utah Parks Co. has provided a comfortable lodge with an

attractive dining room, lobby, and rest rooms. Sleeping
accommodations are available in cabins operated in connection with
the lodge. Groceries, campers’ supplies, gasoline, and oil may be
procured. Cedar Breaks Lodge is open from about June 1 to
September 20.

A free public campground is maintained where water, cooking

fireplaces, and fuel are furnished.
The season of accessibility varies with weather conditions, but is
usually from early June to the first of November. On account of the
high altitude, snows persist until late spring. During the summer
season, the National Park Service maintains an information office and
small museum near the parking area at Point Supreme.
Cedar Breaks
 “Let no one say, and say it to your shame, 16
That all was beauty here until you came.”
National parks are established “to conserve the scenery and the
natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for
the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as
will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.”
Please cooperate in maintaining and protecting this park. The
following observations are made for your guidance:

Preservation of Natural Features.—Trees, flowers, vegetation,

rocks, mineral formations, or any animal, bird, or other life may not
be disturbed, injured, or destroyed; and formations, rocks, and other
natural features may not be defaced by writing, carving, or otherwise
marring them. Since the park is a sanctuary for wildlife, hunting and
the use of firearms are prohibited.

Camping.—Camp only in established campgrounds. Keep your

camping area clean. Be Careful With Fire. Lunching and picnicking are
permitted only in public auto camp.

Disorderly Conduct.—Proper conduct is required of all visitors for

the benefit of others who are entitled to get the fullest possible
enjoyment from the park.

Pets.—If you are carrying a dog, cat, or other pet, you may take it
into and through the park provided it is at all times kept on leash or
otherwise under physical restrictive control. Pets are not permitted in
public buildings or on trails.

Trails.—Do not attempt to make short cuts; to do so you may

endanger yourself as well as others using the trails. Before
attempting more difficult trails seek advice from a park ranger.

Automobile Regulations.—(a) Permit.—A charge of $1 for each

automobile is made at Bryce Canyon and Zion National Parks. One
permit is good for both parks, and may be used during the remainder
of the year in which issued. Trailer fee, $1 additional.

(b) Careful driving.—The roads in the park are built purely for scenic
purposes, not as high-speed thoroughfares. Observe speed limits and
the usual rules of the road; keep to right; do not park on curves;
pass cars going in the same direction only when the road ahead is
clear and the vision unobstructed. The speed limit in the park is 35
miles per hour.

Park Rangers.—The park rangers are employed to help and advise

visitors as well as to enforce regulations. When in doubt, ask a
ranger.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,

Washington 25, D. C.—Price $3.75 per 100 copies

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

REPRINT 1952 O-F—980327
 Footnote

[1]
Condensed from “A Geologic and Geographic Sketch of Bryce
Canyon National Park” by Herbert E. Gregory.
 Transcriber’s Notes
Silently corrected a few typos.
Retained publication information from the printed edition: this
eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.
In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
_underscores_.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BRYCE CANYON
NATIONAL PARK, UTAH (1952) ***

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