REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2021

A conceptual study on mode of action of Abhyanga

Samata1, Shaila Borannavar2, Ananta S. Desai3
1
Post Graduate Scholar, Dept. of PG Studies in Panchakarma, Govt. Ayurveda Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka,
India.
2
Associate Professor, Dept. of PG Studies in Panchakarma, Govt. Ayurveda Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka,
India.
3
HOD, Dept. of PG Studies in Panchakarma, Govt. Ayurveda Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

ABSTRACT
Ayurveda literally means ‘science of life’. According to Ayurveda the term health does not stand only
for the freedom from diseases but it is called as healthy only when a person’s mind, sense organs and
the soul are in a perfect state of equilibrium to endow happiness and the body is free from diseases.
So it is clear that maintaining a good health was for the longevity of life. Maharshi Charaka has used
the term ‘Samhanana’ to denote the compactness of body. A compact body is characterized by the
symmetrical and well divided bones, well-knit joints and well bound muscles and blood. An individual
having a compact body is very strong, otherwise he is weak. Thus a patient should be examined with
reference to his Samhanana or compactness of the body. This is the main reason for why Ayurveda
has given paramount importance on maintaining a positive health, either by following strict routine
daily life and doing particular things or by getting some therapeutic measures, like Rasayana,
Panchakarma etc. Abhyanga is the therapeutic intervention of Panchakarma in which the body is
treated with simple or medicated oil on particular body part according to need. Whenever there is a
discomfort or uneasiness over the body we unknowingly try to soothe it through massage.

Key words: Ayurveda, Abhyanga, Dinacharya, Samhanana, Panchakarma.

INTRODUCTION paramount importance among the Panchakarma as a

It’s always been mandatory for a physician to have subtype of Bahya Snehana and Poorvakarma for all
knowledge about the whole body, otherwise his the major Panchakarma therapeutic procedures. It
knowledge will be considered as incomplete. In olden has many qualities for what hardly there may be a few
days Abhyanga was one among the daily routine. It is classical texts of Indian origin that have not
mainly included in the Dinacharya because of it’s mentioned about its practice and qualities. In both
great importance on body like improving bodily therapeutic as well as preventive purpose is has been
growth and relieving stress etc. It has also got used with great results. But with the time changing
fast, Abhyanga has got the worldwide popularity as
Address for correspondence:
Dr. Samata
Ayurvedic massage. In the present era life is running
Post Graduate Scholar, Dept. of PG Studies in Panchakarma, Govt. very fast and to cope up with its ups and downs man
Ayurveda Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. has to run faster than his capacity. At present we are
E-mail: samatavaidurya123@gmail.com
reaching a point where we are becoming increasingly
Submission Date: 09/07/2021 Accepted Date: 16/08/2021
Access this article online more conscious of our bodies and the need to keep
Quick Response Code them in the best possible condition. Staying in the
Website: www.jaims.in best condition reflects in all our life’s activities.
Daily balancing of our physical state provides not only
Published by Maharshi Charaka maximum performance also a richer motional life. All
Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur,
Karnataka (Regd) under the license CC- these stress and tension of modern people attract
by-NC-SA them towards the easily accessible massage therapy

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centers for a time being relief. Around 250 types of commentators of many classics have tried their best
massage therapies are available all over the world. to provide some more explanation of this procedure.
Ayurveda has its own stand on the importance of Yet with the very advancement of modern science
Abhyanga. So, it is high time to show some light to those are insufficient now. In the present era,
this very much rejuvenating as well as relaxing natural stressful life pattern and for the urban people who
and powerful method of Abhyanga to establish some hate the ancient practice of daily oil massage, the
facts about it before the world. It has been said that need for getting easy relaxation through some
Abhyanga should be done in Anuloma direction i.e., in massage therapist has been highly increasing.[4] So,
the direction of hair growth. To give complete for the purpose of giving a crystal view about what
benefits of Abhyanga the knowledge about muscles the Abhyanga or Ayurvedic oil massage is and how it
(origin, insertion and course), joints and position of benefits us, is to be studied.
body posture is necessary. For this purpose,
Complete knowledge of Shadanga Sharir and its
massaging procedures along with-it anatomical
components like Asthi, Sira, Peshi, Twacha, Marma
explanation should be explained.[1-3]
and Dhamani Kandara etc. are of great importance.
The medium in Abhyanga is our skin, it is the largest As their knowledge is the base of any successful
surface area as compared to the other senses. Skin treatment. For this purpose, the physician must have
has the greatest capacity to receive different signals to acquire the knowledge of anatomy and physiology.
and to respond to them accordingly. Touch is the first Although there are different kinds of massage
of the senses to become functional. Touch is having procedures, the basic knowledge of human anatomy
both soothing and healing effect. One of the ancient is compulsorily needed for all fruitful therapies. In
techniques of touching, healing and curing that man classics as there no proper explanation of mode of
has practiced over the years is known in the name of action of Abhyanga, hence it has to be explained
massage. Even before that Hippocrates prescribed oil properly that how does our body react to the therapy
anointment, using medicated or non-medicated oil in of oil massage.
massage has been known since biblical times.
Importance of Twacha (Skin) in Abhyanga
Massage works on the body on both levels:
Acharya Vagbhata warns that the sense organs
▪ Physical should neither be strained very much nor should they
be fondled very much. In the first chapter of Charaka
▪ Psychological
Samhita section on principles one finds a description
Physical of how pain and pleasure inflict the body: “Excessive
Rubbing the body produces heat and increases blood use, non-use and inappropriate use of time, intellect
circulation, it affects the lymphatic system and and sense objects is the three-fold cause of both
supplies more nourishment to the blood. mental and physical diseases. Both body and mind are
the locations of diseases as well as pleasures. In a
Psychological
later section we find a description of this three-fold
Through touch, massage works on the nervous system cause of disease: “Too much indulgence in very hot
and affects the circulation of growth hormones. and very cold objects and in bath, massage, anointing,
Need for the Study etc. is excessive use of tactile objects; total abstinence
from them is negative use; and the application of
Our Samhitas (Ayurvedic classics) have sufficient tactile objects such as hot and cold etc. without the
descriptions about Abhyanga and its benefits. But usual order; and the touch of uneven surfaces, injury,
detailed explanation regarding the procedural dirty objects, organisms, etc. is perverted use of
techniques is not there as everything is described in tactile objects. In the section on anatomy, Charaka
Shloka format. Then with due course of time
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declares that contacting the organ of touch with mind The Sanskrit word Sneha means both “oil” and “love,”
gives rise to pleasure and pain experiences. According and the effects of Abhyanga are similar to the effect
to modern human physiology the skin functions as a of saturation with love. Both experiences can give a
major sense organ. There are millions of nerve deep feeling of stability, warmth and comfort. All the
endings underneath the skin which serve as receivers Ayurvedic classics have described the various benefits
for the body, keeping it informed of changes in the of Abhyanga along with its contra indications. There is
surroundings. Specialized receptors make it possible no such description about the procedure of Abhyanga
for the body to detect sensations of light touch except the commentary of Dalhana, who mentioned
(Meissner’s corpuscles) and pressure (Pacinian that Abhyanga should be applied in Anuloma
corpuscles) as well as pain, heat and cold. The (downward) direction. Again, in later period, Shri
emotional connection to sensory stimulation has long Kasture has described the specific movements of
been understood. The classical texts describe this Abhyanga in limbs and joints. He told that in the limb
stimulation of the senses as both normal and pleasing. Abhyanga should be practiced in the direction of hair
growth. This is probably because, it will do discomfort
Modern physiology gives another view of how touch
to the receivers as Abhyanga is applied in opposite
can help physiology by bringing pleasure through
direction of the hair growth, then it may cause
direct stimulation skin that is sensory organ of touch.
breaking of the hairs as well as. The logic behind
Limbic system mediates pleasure from touching which
circular movements over the joints may be the
causes the secretion of hormones physically
presence of lymph nodes and co-lateral venous
equivalent to health and happiness. Massage soothes
networks around the areas. Massing these are as may
the nervous system and the endocrine system mainly
be improving the lymphatic drainage as well as
the two true master systems of the body. Both
venous drainage of the respected areas.
Nervous and endocrine systems work as
communication systems connecting all cells with Abhyanga procedure has gained great significance in
information about what is happening in the body, the clinical practice, Considering these advantageous
which provides knowledge and instructions for control effects of this special maneuver in the promotion and
and integration. Massage or touching, from the maintenance of health in the healthy, as well as cure
perspective of modern physiology, has been found to of illness in diseased. This process of manipulating
increase secretion of growth hormone.[5] skin and muscles is highly recommended in Ayurveda
for routine practice even for a fit person who has the
Abhyanga in Ayurveda
conscious of happy healthy life. Acharya Charaka
Abhyanga is not just the simple application of oil and gives a simile that wooden wheel which becomes
massage as it is understood by most of the people. It smoother and stronger by proper application of oil in
involves therapeutic considerations such as Dosha a regular manner and thus prevents the wear and
(bio humors), Dhatu (tissues), Prakriti (constitution), tear, in the same way application of oil for body on a
pharmacological consideration. It can be beneficial for daily basis i.e., Abhyanga procedure prevents the
maintaining health and used as a medicine for certain degenerative changes of the body.[6]
disorders. It can be incorporated into a routine
According to Haris Johari the region of spine and head
appropriate for almost everyone. Abhyanga therapy
should be massaged as a unit as they develop in
is an ancient practice which predates the Vedic
embryonic life together as a unit. In the region of
period. Early humans use to practices these vital
pelvis to toes, the Prana or vital force flows
methods for maintaining the body to produce
downwards as the body pushes against the earth and
flexibility, strength, mobility, and memory which
the force of gravity with the legs. The upper limbs
interwoven with the macrocosm.[6]
form a co-ordinate whole to draw energy towards the
body. He explained that during back massage strokes

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must be applied in upward direction as the opposite treatment and they are suppressing the urges of
movement will be applicable only for sex play. Here Mutra, Shakrit, Shukra, Adhovata, Vamathu, Kshut,
we can analyze that the reason behind the directions Nidra, Shramaswasa etc.
of downward strokes may be the pattern of the
3. Seasons wise Abhyanga:
muscle shape, as they are mostly linear in shape in the
limbs and their insertions are also in the distal part of Abhyanga is advised to protect the body from the
the limbs, so the massage manipulations are biting cold of Hemant Ritu. Similarly extreme cold as
performed in downward direction to enhance the well as dry weather is characteristic of Shishira Ritu.
muscular blood circulation. In the back region the Abhyanga is beneficial in this season to counteract
direction for massage is upward, may be because, the detrimental effect of the cold weather.
here also the insertions of the muscles are superior to 4. Abhyanga in different diseases:
the origin, so the reason for massaging the back in
Abhyanga is mainly indicated in Vata predominant
upward direction is the same as of the limb massage.
diseases. Abhyanga (Oleation) along with Swedana
Methods of Abhyanga (sudation) brings down the painful and deformed
The patient is undressed to minimum clothes and body parts due to aggravated Vata into normalcy. The
asked to sit in the Dhara table upright and oil is simile given by Acharya Vagbhata about Abhyanga is
applied to the entire body from scalp to soles. He/she worth explaining here. Vagbhata says that proper
is then made to lie on his/her back and this position is Snehana and Swedana given to an lifeless dry stick will
ideal for anointing oil to the chest and abdomen and help to bend the seme, then what to say about the
anterior aspect of the limbs. Face is also best living body. Some of the diseases in which Abhyanga
manipulated in the same position. After this patient is is indicated in Ayurveda are enlisted below
told to rest on his/her left side. Right side of the back, Contraindications of Abhyanga
trunk, right shoulder, right arm and outer side of the
Abhyanga is an efficient therapeutic as well as health
right hip and lower limb are easily accessible in this
promoting procedure. In spite of these therapeutic
position. Right lateral position is just opposite of left
benefits Abhyanga is not ideal to practice in the
lateral position. In prone position the patient is
following conditions like; from Aama condition),
advised to rest on his/her abdomen. The back,
Saamadosha (having vitiated dosha in Aama state),
buttocks, posterior side of the limbs and sole are
Navajwara (suffering from fever of short duration),
easily treated with oil in this position.
Santarpana Samutha Roga (diseases caused by over
Indications of Abhyanga nourishment), Agnimaandya (suffering from impaired
1. Abhyanga as a daily routine: digestive activity).

It has been included in the Dinacharya (daily routines) Indications of Abhyanga Contraindications of Abhyanga
by our Acharyas to improve the progress in health in
1.Vata Vyadhi, 2.Shwayathu, 1.Kaphagrastha (suffering from
hale and healthy. Regular practice of Abhyanga is
3.Kushta Kaphaja disorders).
mainly advocated for the purpose to maintain the
physical fitness on daily basis. 4.Switra, 5.Rajayakshma, 2.Ajeerna (suffering from
6.Twagasrita indigestion)
2. Abhyanga in trivial manifestations:
Natural urges need to be voided as and when they 7.Dahajwar, 8.Mutrakricha 3.Krita Samshodhana (for whom
(Vatika) underwent Shodhana
manifest, otherwise they causes Imbalance of Dosha
Procedure)
and produce symptoms. Suppressing these urges will
produces certain symptoms. Among these some of 9.Vriddhi (Vatika), 10.Gulma 4.Aama (suffering from Aama
the symptoms Abhyanga has been advised for the

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condition) impregnated in it takes specific duration and the same

is detailed in the following lines (Table 1).
11.Madatyaya (Vatika), 5.Saamadosha (having vitiated
12.Jeernajwara Dosha in Aama state) Table 1: Shows the Abhyanga Kaala (Penetrating
time of oil) of different Dhatu of the body.
13.Sheetajwar, 14.Rakta Pitta, 6.Navajwara (newly manifested
fever) SN Name of the Dhatu (body tissue) Penetrating time of oil

14.Rakta Pitta, 15.Vata Rakta 7.Santarpana Samuttha Roga 1. Roma Kupa 300 Maatra (95 sec)
(diseases caused by over
nourishment). 2. Twak 400 Maatra (133sec)

16. Hidma, 17.Kasa and 8.Agnimaandya (suffering from 3. Rakta 500 Maatra (160sec)
Shwasa impaired digestive activity)
4. Mamsa 600 Maatra (190sec)
Therapeutic utility of Abhyanga
5. Meda 700 Maatra (228sec)
Abhyanga is not merely application of oli and
maneuvers rather it maintains the excellence of body 6. Asthi 800 Maatra (240 sec)
tissues, if the oil applied is according to the nature of
the patient. So, it is recommended in 7. Majja 900 Maatra (280sec)

normal persons for routine daily practice. Further,

Kaala for Abhyanga (time for procedure)
when the oil is selected according to disease specific
in the diseased, it cures the diseases also. Preparation of the patient: Early morning hours are
ideal for Abhyanga Karma. The patient should be in
These are the some of the useful effects like -
empty stomach and the food that is consumed in the
Mrijaprada (cleanses dirt), Varnaprada (improves the
previous day should be digested properly.
body complexion), Twakdardhyakara (improves the
elasticity of skin), Vyadhikshamatwa (restore Different postures of Abhyanga
the natural immunity), Jarahara (rejuvenates body Commonly employed postures for Abhyanga are as
tissues, promotes health and prevents aging process), follows:
Vatahara (alleviates Vata Dosha), Kaphahara
(alleviates Kapha Dosha), Abhighata Sahyatva (helps 1. Sitting upright with knees extended
to sustain the post trauma effect if any), Kleshasaha 2. Supine position
(helps to overcome anxiety as well as stress),
3. Left lateral position
Shramahara (relaxes muscle and relieves fatigue),
Balavan (improves the physical strength), Dhatupushti 4. Supine position
Janana (promotes the excellence of body tissues), 5. Right lateral position
Priyadarshana (beautifies the body figure), Swapna
Kara (induces sound sleep), Drishti Prasadakar 6. Supine position
(improves eyesight), Pushtikara (nourishment the 7. Sitting upright with knees extended
body tissues), Ayushkara ( promotes one’s life span).
Alternative postures are:
Absorption of Sneha
1. Sitting upright with knees extended
The oil applied to the body surface in different
2. Supine position
procedures of Abhyanga, were absorbed and
distributed to the whole body and show systemic or 3. Left lateral position
generalized effect. The absorption as well as 4. Right lateral position
distribution of the oil with the herbal ingredients

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5. Prone position that Abhyanga helps to improve the quality of skin by

getting digested by the Bhrajaka Pitta.
After smearing the oil, each part of the body is
massaged one after the other. Therapist moves his RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
palms on patient`s body surface in a direction similar
to the orientation of hair in these parts. This is the Detailed description of Abhyanga and its explanations
general principle of Abhyanga technique. are not available in the main classics of Ayurveda. One
of the reasons for this maybe it is written in Sutra
Absorption through skin form and we are unable to decode it and second
In humans, mainly subcutaneous absorption occurs major being missing of many manuscripts. As the time
from the body surface that to through the hair passed by the commentators have tried their best to
follicles occurs. But the follicles in humans occupy a establish their thoughts about the Abhyanga on the
very small a portion of the total integument to be of basis of the main texts. Specifically rubbing improves
concerned matter. Absorption through the sweat the females’ complexion and gives a cheerful
gland and sebaceous glands generally appears to be appearance, beauty, cleanliness, and suppleness to
minor. When the medicament is rubbed on the female form. Friction mechanism pacifies Vata,
vigorously, the total quantity of substance (medicated cures itches, rashes and eruptions due its action.
or non-medicated oil) that is forced into the hair Therefore, by the Law of similarity and dissimilarity
follicles and glands is increased. Rubbing also forces the heat generated in this fashion balances the cold
some material through the stratum corneum without Vata and also helps liquefy impurities which block
molecular dispersion and diffusion through the physiology and the motion of rubbing provides the
barrier. By this explanation we can say that massaging impetus for moving the impurities to the channels of
the skin with some oil may help in the absorption of it elimination. Acharya Sushruta has described 107
through skin layers. points (Marmas) in the Sharir Sthana 6th chapter.
These are most lively in expressing the connection of
Role of Bhrajaka Pitta in mode of action of
Consciousness (our most fundamental nature) to
Abhyanga
physiology. It is said that touching these vital points
Bhrajaka Pitta is located in the skin. It imparts the can have both good and bad results. Proper Abhyanga
characteristics of color and luster, so it is termed as over these points (including such exercise as
Bhrajaka. Acharya Charaka has also described that Yogasana) helps dissolve stresses or remove blocks
normal Pitta is basic cause for production of normal accumulated there. Removing stress improves
and abnormal color of the skin as well as the normal physiology directly. Sushruta also explains that
and abnormal temperature of the body. The explained the effects of rubbing with characteristic
variations in the colour of the skin are the functions of emphasis upon the Pitta value that rubbing and
the Bhrajaka Pitta which is presenting in the skin. friction tend to dilate the orifice of the (superficial)
Arunadutta the Commentator of Ashtanga Hridaya ducts and increase the temperature of the skin.
has described the Bhrajaka Pitta and its functions like
Balanced physiology is the best means of preventing
Deepana and Pachana. The substances applied on the
disease and health can mean longer life. Acharya
skin by Abhyanga, Lepana and Parisheka are being
Charaka states that appetite is normalized by sesame
absorbed and assimilated by the Bhrajaka Pitta. Thus
oil application. Appetite and digestion go
Abhyanga, Parisheka etc. do their action properly only
hand-in-hand. Appetite is the normal or healthy desire
after being digested by Bhrajaka Pitta, as no
for food but hunger is variable according to
substance can act properly without digestion.
digestion. If digestion is too speedy then hunger can
Commentator Acharya Indu stated that roughness and
become voracious, for example. Digestion is such an
hardness of skin is reduced after proper Abhyanga
important process according to Ayurveda; it is
procedure, so from the above explanation we can say
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regarded as the root of all health. The digestive fire bringing more oxygenated blood and nutrients to the
actually determines how well sesame oil can be area which in turn reduces muscle fatigue and
utilized by the body through Bhrajaka Pitta. As we soreness. This increase in circulation also aids the
have seen above sesame oil helps to promote removal of toxins and waste products from the
balanced functioning, by balancing Vata, the wind muscle. It relieves muscular tightness, fatigue,
that fans the fire is balanced (Samana); by balancing stiffness and spasms.
Pitta the digestion of the food is balanced (Pachana);
and by balancing Kapha the food is appropriately
CONCLUSION
moistened and loosened for digestion (Kledana). All the benefits of Abhyanga are directly or indirectly
Thus, Abhyanga also contributes to a qualitatively related with the stimulation of autonomic nervous
better life by promoting many side-benefits. The system and central nervous system. Anatomical
functioning of the sense organs benefits from the knowledge of body is quite beneficial while
lubricating and releasing actions of sesame oil. attempting the process of Abhyanga. Abhyanga
Sensitivity is proportionate to proper functioning. The should be done in Anuloma (to the direction of hair
sesame oil makes tissue stronger and more flexible. growth) to prevent any damage to the hair roots. It is
This means that the senses can work efficiently. The practiced in circular movements in the joints to
fact that dirt, toxins and other stresses are released facilitate the lymph drainage and venous drainage as
by the presence of sesame oil means that these most of the lymph nodes are situated in the joint
“filters”, which cloud perceptions, cease to impair spaces and collateral venous networks are also there
sensitivity and accuracy of sensory experience. in the joint regions so circular movements help in
Therefore, to expect good hearing, taste, healthy emptying the vessels. In total regular practices of
sensitivity to touch, vision and smell from regular Abhyanga improves one’s health.
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How to cite this article: Samata, Shaila Borannavar,

Ananta S. Desai. A conceptual study on mode of action
of Abhyanga. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2021;4:208-
215.

Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None

declared.

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