Practical 1

Objective: Familiarization of Network Environment, Understanding and using

network utilities: ipconfig, netstat, ping, telnet, ftp, traceroute etc.

Theory:
ipconfig: It is a command-line tool used in Windows to display the network
configuration of the system. It shows details such as the IP address, subnet
mask, and default gateway for each network interface on your machine.
$ ipconfig

netstat: It is a command-line utility that displays network-related information,

such as network connections, routing tables, and network interface statistics. It's
useful for troubleshooting TCP/IP problems and managing and monitoring your
system's interfaces, routes, and connections.

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$ netstat

ping: It tests connectivity between two networked devices using ICMP (Internet
Control Message Protocol). It Measures round-trip time and packet loss
between source and destination.
$ping

telnet: It is a remote terminal emulator, used to connect to remote systems over

TCP/IP networks. Often used to test open ports or log into remote servers.

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$ telnet <IP address/domain name> <port>

ftp: It transfers files between a client and a server over a TCP-based network.
Can upload/download files to/from an FTP server.
$ ftp <IP address/domain name>

traceroute: It is a network diagnostic tool used to track the path data packets
take from your computer to a remote host across the internet. It shows each hop
along the way (routers or network nodes), along with the response time from
each hop. This can help identify where delays or failures occur in a network
connection.
$ traceroute <IP address/domain name>

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 Practical 2

Objective: Familiarization with Transmission media and tools: Co-axial cable,

UTP cable, Crimping tool, Connectors etc. Preparing the UTP cable for cross
and direct connection using crimping tool.

Theory:

1. Transmission Media:

Coaxial Cable:

● Structure: A coaxial cable consists of an inner conductor (usually

copper), surrounded by a layer of insulation, a metallic shield, and an
outer insulating layer.
● Usage: Coaxial cables are used for transmitting cable television signals,
internet services, and data in older LANs.
● Connector: Typically uses a BNC (Bayonet Neill–Concelman)
connector or F-type connector.
● Advantages: Good shielding against electromagnetic interference (EMI)
and radio frequency interference (RFI).
● Disadvantages: Bulkier and harder to install than UTP.

UTP Cable (Unshielded Twisted Pair):

● Structure: Composed of four twisted pairs of insulated copper wires,

with no additional shielding. The twists in the wire pairs help minimize
electromagnetic interference.
● Types of UTP Cables:
o Cat5e (Category 5e): Commonly used for Ethernet networks,
supports speeds up to 1 Gbps.

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 oCat6: Supports faster speeds (up to 10 Gbps) and is used for high-
speed networking.
● Usage: Primarily used in Ethernet networks for data transmission.
● Connector: Uses RJ-45 connectors.
● Advantages: Easy to install, cost-effective, widely used in networking.
● Disadvantages: Susceptible to EMI, lower range compared to fiber optic
cables.

2. Tools and Connectors:

Crimping Tool:

● A crimping tool is used to attach the RJ-45 connector to the UTP cable.
● The crimping tool pushes the metal contacts in the RJ-45 connector into
the wires of the cable, ensuring a proper electrical connection.
● It also crimps the plastic housing of the connector onto the cable for a
secure fit.

RJ-45 Connector:

● The RJ-45 connector is used with UTP cables to connect devices like
switches, routers, and computers in a network.
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 ● It consists of eight metal pins that correspond to the eight wires in the
UTP cable.

Preparing UTP Cable for Cross and Direct Connection :

Step 1: Collect Materials

● UTP cable (Cat 5e, Cat 6, or Cat 6a)

● Crimping tool
● RJ45 connectors (two per cable)
● Cable tester (optional, for testing connectivity)

Step 2: Strip the Cable

● Use the crimping tool to remove about 1-2 inches of the outer insulation
from both ends of the UTP cable, exposing the twisted wire pairs inside.

Step 3: Untwist and Arrange the Wires

● Untwist the wire pairs and arrange them according to the wiring standard
you are using:
● For straight-through cables, both ends should use the T568B standard.
● For crossover cables, one end should use T568A and the other end should
use T568B.

Step 4: Trim the Wires

● Evenly trim the ends of the wires so they are aligned and ready to be
inserted into the RJ45 connector.

Step 5: Insert Wires into the RJ45 Connector

● Insert the wires into the RJ45 connector with the clip facing away from
you, ensuring each wire goes into the correct slot.

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Step 6: Crimp the Connector

● Place the connector into the crimping tool and squeeze the handle to
secure the connector onto the cable, driving the metal pins into the wires
for proper connection.

Step 7: Repeat for the Other End

● Repeat the above steps for the other end of the cable.

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 Practical 3

Objective: Installation and introduction of simulation tool. (Packet Tracer)

Theory: Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool developed by Cisco

that allows users to create, configure, and test network topologies in a virtual
environment. It supports a wide range of Cisco devices and provides a graphical
interface where users can drag and drop routers, switches, PCs, and other
network components to design complex networks. Packet Tracer enables users
to simulate network configurations, protocols, and interactions, making it a
valuable tool for learning networking concepts, troubleshooting, and preparing
for Cisco certification exams like CCNA. With its interactive and real-time
simulation capabilities, it’s widely used in both educational settings and
professional training to practice network design and configuration without
needing physical hardware.
Installation Steps:
● Step 1: Visit the official Cisco Networking Academy website at Cisco
Packet Tracer.
● Step 2: Create a free account or log in if you already have one.
● Step 3: Navigate to the Resources section and download the appropriate
version for your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux).
● Step 4: Once the download is complete, run the installer and follow the
on- screen instructions to install the tool.
● Step 5: After installation, log in with your NetAcad credentials to start
using Packet Tracer. Now you are good to go with your packet tracer.
Key Features of Cisco Packet Tracer:
● Network Simulation: It allows you to design and simulate complex
networks with routers, switches, computers, and other networking
devices.
● Virtual Devices: You can configure routers, switches, and computers as
if you were working on real hardware.
● Multiuser Capability: Enables collaborative work by allowing multiple
users to interact within the same network.
● Learning and Training: It provides a platform to experiment with
configurations, explore scenarios, and understand network behaviors.
● Packet Tracing: You can analyze packet-level information, see how
traffic moves through your network, and view packet contents as they
traverse the network.
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 ● Practice for Cisco Certifications: Cisco Packet Tracer is a great way to
prepare for Cisco's CCNA or CCNP exams, as it allows for hands-on
practice with Cisco commands and configurations.

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 Practical 4

Objective: Build a simple network topology with routers, switches, and end
devices such as PCs or laptops. Configure IP addresses and confirm
connectivity between the devices using Packet Tracer.

Procedure:
Direct Connection Between End Devices:
Step 1: Setting Up Network Devices

● In Cisco Packet Tracer, place the PCs following the topology diagram.
● Connect the devices using crossover cables as needed.

Step 2: Configuring IP Addresses on the End Devices

● For each PC, navigate to Desktop > IP Configuration.

● Assign the following IP addresses:
o PC0: 192.168.20.10
o PC1: 192.168.20.11

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Step 3: Testing Connectivity

● Open the Command Prompt on each PC.

● Use the ping command to test connectivity.
● If the connection is successful, it will resemble the result shown in image.

Step 1: Setting Up the Devices

● Arrange the PCs and switch in Packet Tracer as shown in image

● Connect the PCs to the switch using straight-through Ethernet cables.

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Step 2: Configuring IP Addresses on the PCs

● Assign IP addresses to the PCs as per the previous procedure.

Step 3: Testing Connectivity Between Devices

● On each PC, open the Command Prompt and use the ping command to
verify successful communication, as shown in image.

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Direct Connection Between End Devices Using a Switch and Router:

Step 1: Set Up the Devices

● Arrange the Devices:

o In Packet Tracer, position two LANs with PCs, switches, and a
router, as shown in the image.
o Use straight-through Ethernet cables to connect the PCs to their
respective switches, and connect the switches to the router.

Step 2: Configure IP Addresses

● Assign IPs:
o On each PC, go to the Desktop tab > IP Configuration and assign
IP addresses.
o Example for PC1: IP = 192.168.30.10, Subnet Mask =
255.255.255.0, Default Gateway = the router’s IP for that LAN.
o Example for PC2: IP = 192.168.30.12, Subnet Mask =
255.255.255.0, Default Gateway = the router’s IP for that LAN.

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Set Default Gateways:

o Ensure the default gateway on the PCs matches the corresponding

IP of the router’s interface.

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Step 4: Verify Connectivity:

● Ping to Test:
o Open the Command Prompt on PC1.
o Run the ping command to check the connection with a PC on the
other LAN.
o A successful ping will confirm that the two LANs are properly
connected.

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 Practical 5

Objective: To configure a DHCP server on a router or a dedicated DHCP server

device. Assign IP addresses dynamically to devices on the network and verify
successful address assignment. (Using packet Tracer)

Procedure:
Step 1: Device Setup and Connections

1. Open Packet Tracer.

2. Add Devices:
o Place the necessary devices (routers, switches, and end devices)
into the workspace according to the layout in the provided diagram
(refer to Image).
3. Connect Devices:
o Use straight-through Ethernet cables to link the devices together
(PCs to switches, and switches to the router).

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Step 2: Configure the Router as a DHCP Server Assign IP address to the router
and open CLI in router type following commands.
Router>enable
Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# interface GigabitEternet0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# ip dhcp pool MY_POOL
Router(dhcp-config)# network 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0
Router(dhcp-config)# default router 192.168.20.1
Router(dhcp-config)# exit
Router(config)# exit

Router# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

write memory
Building configuration…
[OK] Router#

Step 3: Verify DHCP Configuration

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Now send DHCP request from the end devices (although it is automatically send)
Desktop > ip config > select DHCP
It should return DHCP request successfully.

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 Practical 6

Objective: To configure a local DNS server to resolve domain names within a

network. (Using packet Tracer).

Procedure:
Step 1: Set Up the Devices
1. Open Packet Tracer.
2. Add the following devices to the workspace:
● 3 End Devices (e.g., PCs)
● 1 Switch
● 2 Server
Step 2: Assign a static IP address to the server
● Click on the server, open the “Config” tab, and then select
“Settings.”
● Set the IPv4 Address to 192.168.2.1.
● Ensure the Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0.

Step 3: Assign DNS server IP on the end devices :

● On each desktop, open the “Desktop” tab, select “IP Configuration,” and
set the DNS server IP to 192.168.10.1.
● Desktop > ip config > DNS server (192.168.2.1)

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Step 4: Configure DNS Settings on the Server
1) Click on the server, go to the “Services” tab, and select “DNS.”
2) Add DNS records by specifying the following:
● Name: google.com
● Address: 192.168.2.2

Step 5: Configure the Web Server:

1. Select the web server.
2. Go to the Desktop tab and click on IP Configuration. Assign:
● IP Address: 192.168.2.2
● Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
● DNS Server: 192.168.2.1.

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 3. Go to the Services tab, and click on HTTP. Ensure the HTTP service is ON.

Step 5: Test the DNS Server Configuration :

1) Verify DNS resolution:
● On each desktop, open the web browser.
● Enter the domain name (google.com) in the address bar.
● Ensure that the web page loads correctly, indicating that DNS
resolution is working.

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 Practical 7

Objective: To analyse complete TCP/IP protocol suite layer’s headers using

Wire Shark.

Theory: The TCP/IP model is a layered networking framework that facilitates

communication over the internet. Each layer within the TCP/IP protocol suite
contains a header with critical information necessary for network
communication. In this guide, we will use Wireshark, a network protocol
analyzer, to capture network traffic and inspect the structure of various TCP/IP
protocol headers.
The layers of the TCP/IP model are as follows:
1. Link Layer (Ethernet)
2. Internet Layer (IP)
3. Transport Layer (TCP/UDP)
4. Application Layer (HTTP, DNS, etc.)
Step 1: Install and Set Up Wireshark:
● Download and install Wireshark from the official website.
● Launch Wireshark after installation.
Step 2: Start Capturing Network Traffic:
1. Select a Network Capture
2. Begin Capturing
3. Generate Network Activity
4. Stop Capturing
Step 3: Analyze the Captured Packets:
1. Wireshark organizes the captured packets according to the TCP/IP model
2. Inspect the headers at different layers
Step 4: Examine IP (Internet Layer) Header:
● Source IP address
● Destination IP address

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 ● Header length
● Time to Live (TTL)
Step 5: Examine TCP (Transport Layer) Header:
● Source port o Destination port
● Sequence number
● Acknowledgment number
● Flags (e.g., SYN, ACK)

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