DAY 30

SSC TIER 2 - 2025

TOPICS: ◙ History ◙ Polity ◙ Geography ◙ Economics ◙ Biology ◙ English ◙ C A

HISTORY

Mahatma Gandhi: Life, Contributions, and Timeline

▪ Harijan (1933): Published in English, with Gujarati

Personal Background
(Harijan bandhu) and Hindi ( Harijan Sevak)
● Full Name: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, born on editions to promote social reform.
October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat, India.
● Newspaper Contribution: Gandhi established Indian
● Parents: Father, Karamchand Gandhi; Mother, Putlibai Opinion in 1903 in Durban, South Africa, as a key
Gandhi. platform for the Natal Indian Congress.
● Honorary Titles:
▪ Mahatma (Great Soul), given by Rabindranath Education and Early Career
Tagore in 1917. ● Legal Training: Studied law in England from 1888,
▪ Nanga Fakir (Naked Ascetic), termed by Winston became a barrister, and returned to India in 1891.
Churchill in 1931. ● South Africa Tenure (1893–1914):
▪ Rashtrapita (Father of the Nation), conferred by ▪ Engaged by an Indian law firm in Durban in 1893.
Subhas Chandra Bose in a 1944 radio address
▪ Founded the Natal Indian Congress in 1894 to
from Singapore. combat racial discrimination against Indians.
● International Recognition: The United Nations ▪ Established Phoenix Settlement (1904) near
designated October 2 as International Non-Violence Durban, his first ashram-like community.
Day.
▪ Created Tolstoy Farm (1910) near Johannesburg to
● Influential Quote: Gandhi stated, "Be the change you practice communal living and Satyagraha.
wish to see in the world."
▪ Developed Satyagraha (nonviolent resistance),
● Global Influence: Albert Einstein admired Gandhi’s inspired by Ruskin’s work.
philosophy of non-violence.
▪ Led campaigns against the Asiatic Ordinance
● Recognition by Bose: Gandhi called Subhas Chandra (1906), Black Act (1907), and restrictions on Hindu
Bose a "patriot of patriots." marriages and Indian migration.
▪ Imprisoned in Johannesburg in 1908, his first
Literary and Editorial Works
incarceration.
● Influences: Inspired by John Ruskin’s Unto This Last,
▪ Awarded the Kaisar-i-Hind medal in 1915 for
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Leo
organizing an Indian Ambulance Corps during the
Tolstoy, the Bible, and the Bhagavad Gita.
Boer Wars, which he returned in 1920 in protest of
● Key Publications: the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
▪ Hind Swaraj (1909): Outlined his vision for self-
rule (Swaraj). Return to India and Political Beginnings

▪ My Experiments with Truth (1927): His ● Return: Arrived in India on January 9, 1915, aged 46,
autobiography detailing his life and principles. now celebrated as Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Non-
● Newspapers: Resident Indian Day).
▪ Indian Opinion (1903–1915): Founded in South ● Mentor: Gopal Krishna Gokhale, founder of the
Africa to advocate for Indian rights, published in Servants of India Society, advised Gandhi to travel
English, Gujarati, and briefly in Hindi and Tamil. India for a year to understand its people.
▪ In 1919 Gandhi started two newpapers, “Young ● Key Engagements:
India” and “Navjivan”. In Youn India newspaper ▪ Spoke at the inauguration of Banaras Hindu
Gandhi mentioned the values and ideals of University (BHU) in 1916, founded by Madan
constitution. Mohan Malaviya.

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 ▪ Established Satyagraha Ashram in 1915 at ● Event: General Reginald Dyer ordered troops to fire on
Kocharab, Ahmedabad, later relocated to a crowd protesting arrests, killing over 379 - 1500
Sabarmati River banks in 1917. (Indian estimates).
▪ Attended the Indian National Congress (INC) ● Aftermath:
Lucknow session in 1916, where Raj Kumar Shukla ▪ Gandhi returned his Kaisar-i-Hind medal in 1920.
invited him to address Champaran’s peasant ▪ Rabindranath Tagore renounced his Knighthood.
issues.
▪ The Hunter Commission (1919) investigated but
was criticized by Gandhi as a “whitewash.”
Key Satyagraha Movements in India
▪ Udham Singh assassinated Michael O’Dwyer in
Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
1940.
● Location: Champaran, Bihar.
● Issue: Tinkathia System forced indigo cultivation on Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922)
3/20th of farmers’ land, coupled with landlord
● Khilafat Movement:
exploitation.
▪ Started in 1919 to protest the Treaty of Sevres
● Key Event: Raj Kumar Shukla met Gandhi at the 1916
undermining the Turkish Caliph.
INC Lucknow session, urging him to address indigo
▪ Gandhi presided over the All-India Khilafat
farmers’ grievances.
Conference in Delhi, November 1919, fostering
● Outcome: India’s first civil disobedience movement led
Hindu-Muslim unity.
to the Champaran Agrarian Act, abolishing the
Tinkathia System and abwab taxes. ● Non-Cooperation Movement:
● Participants: Rajendra Prasad, J.B. Kripalani, Narhari ▪ Launched on August 1, 1920, integrating with the
Parekh, Barjkishore Prasad, Mazhar-ul-Haq and Khilafat Movement.
Anurag Narayan Sinha. ▪ Programs included boycotts of British goods,
● Notable Incident: Batak Mian thwarted a 1917 institutions, and titles, and promotion of Swadeshi
poisoning attempt on Gandhi’s life. and khadi.
▪ Key Institutions Founded: Jamia Millia Islamia,
Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)
Kashi Vidyapeeth, Bihar Vidyapeeth, Gujarat
● Location: Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
Vidyapeeth.
● Issue: Textile workers demanded a 35–50% wage
▪ Chauri Chaura Incident (February 5, 1922): A
increase after the plague bonus was discontinued.
violent clash in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, killed 22
● Gandhi’s Role: Invited by Anusuya Sarabhai, Gandhi
policemen, prompting Gandhi to halt the
mediated, advised a strike, and undertook his first
movement.
hunger strike.
▪ Gandhi was arrested on March 10, 1922, and
● Outcome: Mill owners agreed to a 35% wage hike,
sentenced to six years.
marking Gandhi’s first use of a hunger strike as a
protest tool. Salt Satyagraha (1930)
● Event: Gandhi led the Dandi March from Sabarmati
Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
Ashram (March 12–April 5, 1930) to protest the British
● Location: Kheda, Gujarat.
salt monopoly.
● Issue: Crop failure due to monsoon failure in 1918, yet
● Key Details: Accompanied by 78 followers, Gandhi
peasants faced high land revenue demands despite
defied the salt tax by collecting natural salt at Dandi;
famine code eligibility.
Sarojini Naidu advocated for women’s participation.
● Gandhi’s Role: Urged tax withholding, supported by
● Regional Effort: C. Rajagopalachari led the
Indulal Yajnik and Vallabhbhai Patel.
Vedaranyam Salt March in Tamil Nadu.
● Outcome: India’s first non-cooperation movement
● Viceroy: Lord Irwin served during this period (1926–
resulted in revenue collection only from those able to
pay. 1931).
● Movement End: The Civil Disobedience Movement,
Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919)
initiated with the Salt Satyagraha, ceased completely
● Background: The Rowlatt Act (1919) allowed in 1934.
imprisonment without trial, suspending habeas corpus
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)
(“No Daleel, No Vakil, No Appeal”).
● Agreement: Signed on March 5, 1931, between Gandhi
● Gandhi’s Response: Launched Satyagraha on April 6,
1919, denouncing the “Black Act” as the first and Lord Irwin, ending the Civil Disobedience
nationwide political movement. Movement.
● Key Reactions: Resignations by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, ● Outcome: Paved the way for Gandhi’s participation in
Madan Mohan Malaviya, and Mazhar-ul-Haq; arrests the Second Round Table Conference.
of Punjab leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal. Second Round Table Conference (1931)
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) ● Participation: Gandhi represented the INC in London,
● Date: April 13, 1919, during Baisakhi in Amritsar, September 1931, under Ramsay MacDonald’s
Punjab. presidency.

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 ● Outcome: Inconclusive, leading Gandhi to resume civil 1922 Halts Non-Cooperation Movement after Chauri
disobedience upon returning to India. Chaura; arrested.
Poona Pact (1932) 1930 Leads Salt Satyagraha (Dandi March).
● Context: Followed the Communal Award (1932), which 1931 Signs Gandhi-Irwin Pact; attends Second Round
proposed separate electorates for depressed classes. Table Conference.
● Agreement: Signed between Gandhi and B.R.
1932 Signs Poona Pact; founds Harijan Sevak Sangh.
Ambedkar, establishing joint electorates with 147
reserved seats for depressed classes. 1942 Launches Quit India Movement.
● Signatory: Madan Mohan Malaviya signed on Gandhi’s
behalf. ◙ Quick Revision:

Harijan Sevak Sangh (1932) Name Explanation

● Purpose: Founded by Gandhi to uplift depressed Mohandas Karamchand Led independence
classes and promote social equality. Gandhi movements
Quit India Movement (1942) Karamchand Gandhi Gandhi’s father
● Launch: Initiated on August 8, 1942, by the INC with Putlibai Gandhi Gandhi’s mother
the slogan “Do or Die.” Gave Gandhi “Mahatma”
Rabindranath Tagore
● Key Events: Aruna Asaf Ali hoisted the Indian flag at title
Gowalia Tank Maidan; Kushal Konwar was the
Winston Churchill Called Gandhi “Nanga
prominent martyr hanged.
Fakir”
● Alternate Name: Also known as the August Movement
or August Kranti. Subhas Chandra Bose Conferred “Rashtrapita”
title
Political Developments and Organizations Albert Einstein Admired Gandhi’s
● Swaraj Party (1923): philosophy
▪ Formed by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru to John Ruskin Inspired Gandhi’s
participate in council elections. Satyagraha
▪ Weakened after C.R. Das’s death in 1925.
Ralph Waldo Emerson Influenced Gandhi’s thought
● Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919):
▪ Introduced dyarchy, bicameral legislature, Henry David Thoreau Influenced Gandhi’s thought
separate electorates, and women’s voting rights. Leo Tolstoy Influenced Gandhi’s thought
▪ Criticized by the INC as “disappointing.” Gopal Krishna Gokhale Gandhi’s mentor
● Other Organizations:
Raj Kumar Shukla Invited Gandhi to
▪ Majdoor Mahajan founded by Gandhi in 1916:
Champaran
Focused on the labor movement in Ahmedabad.
▪ All-India Spinners Association (1925) and All-India Rajendra Prasad Champaran participant
Village Industries Association (1934): Promoted J.B. Kripalani Champaran participant
self-reliance and rural industries. Narhari Parekh Champaran participant
● Poorna Swaraj Resolution: Passed in 1929 at the
Barjkishore Prasad Champaran participant
Lahore INC session.
Mazhar-ul-Haq Champaran participant
◙ Key Timeline Anurag Narayan Sinha Champaran participant
Batak Mian Thwarted Gandhi’s
Year Event
poisoning
1888 Gandhi travels to England to study law.
Anusuya Sarabhai Invited Gandhi to
1893 Begins legal work in South Africa. Ahmedabad
1894 Founds Natal Indian Congress. Indulal Yajnik Kheda Satyagraha
1903 Launches Indian Opinion. supporter

1906 Initiates first Satyagraha in Transvaal. Vallabhbhai Patel Kheda Satyagraha

supporter
1915 Returns to India; establishes Satyagraha
Ashram. Mohammad Ali Jinnah Resigned over Rowlatt Act
Madan Mohan Malaviya Signed Poona Pact for
1917 Leads Champaran Satyagraha.
Gandhi
1918 Leads Ahmedabad Mill Strike and Kheda
Saifuddin Kitchlew Punjab leader arrested
Satyagraha.
Satyapal Punjab leader arrested
1919 Launches Rowlatt Satyagraha; Jallianwala Bagh
Massacre occurs. General Reginald Dyer Ordered Jallianwala
massacre
1920 Initiates Non-Cooperation Movement.

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 Michael O’Dwyer Targeted by Udham Singh My Experiments with Truth
1927
published
Udham Singh Assassinated O’Dwyer
1929 Poorna Swaraj Resolution passed
Sarojini Naidu Salt Satyagraha
participant 1930 Salt Satyagraha launched
March 12–April 5,
C. Rajagopalachari Led Vedaranyam Salt Dandi March dates
1930
March
78 Salt Satyagraha followers
Lord Irwin Signed Gandhi-Irwin Pact
1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed
Ramsay MacDonald Presided over Round Table
March 5, 1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact date
Conference
September 1931 Second Round Table Conference
B.R. Ambedkar Signed Poona Pact
Poona Pact signed; Harijan Sevak
Aruna Asaf Ali Hoisted flag in Quit India 1932
Sangh founded
Kushal Konwar Quit India martyr 1933 Harijan newspaper launched
C.R. Das Founded Swaraj Party 1934 Civil Disobedience Movement ends

Motilal Nehru Co-founded Swaraj Party 1942 Quit India Movement launched
August 8, 1942 Quit India Movement start date

Number Explanation 147 Reserved seats in Poona Pact

October 2, 1869 Gandhi’s birth 35–50% Ahmedabad wage increase demand

1888 Gandhi studies law in England 35% Ahmedabad wage hike outcome

1891 Gandhi returns to India 3/20th Tinkathia System land portion

1893 Gandhi begins work in South Africa 22 Chauri Chaura policemen killed
1894 Natal Indian Congress founded 1926–1931 Lord Irwin’s viceroy tenure

1903–1915 Indian Opinion published 1944 Bose’s “Rashtrapita” address

1904 Phoenix Settlement founded
1906 First Satyagraha in Transvaal
1907 Campaign against Black Act
1908
1909
Gandhi’s first imprisonment
Hind Swaraj published
POLITY
1910 Tolstoy Farm established
1914 Gandhi leaves South Africa
Returns to India; Satyagraha
1915 Amendment Part 4
Ashram founded
1916 Speaks at BHU inauguration
Key Articles and Schedules
1917 Champaran Satyagraha launched
Ahmedabad and Kheda ● Article 21A: Right to education (86th Amendment,
1918 2002).
Satyagrahas
● Article 368: Amendment procedure with simple,
1919 Rowlatt Satyagraha launched
special, or special + state ratification majorities.
April 6, 1919 Rowlatt Satyagraha start date
● Ninth Schedule: Protects laws from judicial review (1st
April 13, 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Amendment, 1951).
379–1500 Jallianwala Bagh death toll ● Tenth Schedule: Anti-defection provisions (52nd
1919 Hunter Commission formed Amendment, 1985; strengthened by 91st, 2003).
November 1919 Khilafat Conference in Delhi ● Part IX: Panchayati Raj institutions (73rd Amendment,
Non-Cooperation Movement 1992).
1920 ● Part IV-A: Fundamental Duties (42nd Amendment,
launched
Non-Cooperation Movement start 1976).
August 1, 1920 ● Part IX-B: Cooperative societies (97th Amendment,
date
2011).
1922 Non-Cooperation Movement halted
● Eighth Schedule: Languages (21st, 71st, 92nd, 96th
February 5, 1922 Chauri Chaura incident
Amendments).
March 10, 1922 Gandhi arrested
Comments on the Amending Process
1923 Swaraj Party formed
All-India Spinners Association ● K.C. Wheare: The amending process’s variety is wise
1925 and unique.
founded
● Granville Austin: The process is one of the
Constitution’s most well-conceived aspects.

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 ◙ Other Amendments: Amendment
Detail
Amendment Name
Detail
Name 32nd
Provided special provisions for
Removed upper population limit per Amendment Act,
2nd Amendment Andhra Pradesh’s tribal areas.
Lok Sabha constituency (Article 81) 1973
Act, 1952
for flexible representation. 33rd Ensured MP/MLA resignations are
Expanded Parliament’s power to Amendment Act, voluntary, verified by Speaker
3rd Amendment 1974 (Articles 101, 190).
regulate essential commodities
Act, 1954
(Entry 33, Concurrent List). 34th
Added more state land reform laws
Clarified compensation for property Amendment Act,
4th Amendment to the Ninth Schedule.
acquisition (Article 31); protected 1974
Act, 1955
certain laws under Article 31A. Provided Legislative Assembly and
37th Amendment
Council of Ministers for Arunachal
6th Amendment Regulated taxes on inter-state trade Act, 1975
Pradesh.
Act, 1956 (Seventh Schedule, Article 286).
38th Made Emergency declarations
Extended SC/ST/Anglo-Indian seat
8th Amendment Amendment Act, immune from judicial review (later
reservations in legislatures to 1970
Act, 1960 1975 modified).
(Article 334).
39th Shielded high office election
Prevented challenges to
Amendment Act, disputes from judicial review; added
11th Amendment presidential/vice-presidential
1975 laws to Ninth Schedule.
Act, 1961 elections due to electoral college
vacancies (Articles 54, 55). 41st Amendment Raised State PSC members’
Act, 1976 retirement age to 62.
15th Raised High Court judges’ retirement
Amendment Act, age to 62; amended judicial 43rd Restored judicial review powers,
1963 provisions (Articles 124, 217). Amendment Act, reversing some 42nd Amendment
16th Restricted anti-national activities 1977 provisions.
Amendment Act, (Articles 19, 84, 173) to protect 45th
Extended SC/ST/Anglo-Indian
1963 national integrity. Amendment Act,
reservations to 1990 (Article 334).
Protected additional land reform 1980
17th Amendment
laws via Article 31A and Ninth 46th
Act, 1964 Enabled taxation of consignment in
Schedule. Amendment Act,
inter-state trade (Articles 269, 286).
18th 1982
Clarified Parliament’s power to form
Amendment Act, 47th Amendment Added more state land reform laws
new states/UTs (Article 3).
1966 Act, 1984 to the Ninth Schedule.
20th
Validated irregular district judge 48th
Amendment Act, Extended President’s rule in Punjab
appointments (Article 233). Amendment Act,
1966 due to militancy.
1984
22nd Enabled autonomous states like
49th
Amendment Act, Meghalaya within Assam (Article Recognized Tripura’s tribal areas
Amendment Act,
1969 244A). under Sixth Schedule.
1984
23rd Extended SC/ST/Anglo-Indian
53rd
Amendment Act, reservations to 1980; adjusted tribal Added Article 371G for Mizoram’s
Amendment Act,
1969 area reservations (Article 334). special provisions.
1986
Affirmed Parliament’s power to
24th 54th
amend Fundamental Rights; made Increased salaries of Supreme
Amendment Act, Amendment Act,
President’s assent to amendments Court/High Court judges.
1971 1986
mandatory.
55th
28th Added Article 371H for Arunachal
Abolished ICS officers’ privileges; Amendment Act,
Amendment Act, Pradesh’s statehood provisions.
regulated their service conditions. 1986
1972
Reserved seats for STs in Nagaland,
29th 57th Amendment
Added Kerala land reform laws to the Meghalaya, Mizoram, Arunachal
Amendment Act, Act, 1987
Ninth Schedule. Pradesh assemblies.
1972
58th
30th Limited compensation in property Authorized Hindi translation of the
Amendment Act,
Amendment Act, acquisition to market value (Article Constitution.
1987
1972 31).

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 Amendment Amendment
Detail Detail
Name Name
59th Enabled Emergency in Punjab for 90th
Reserved seats for STs in Assam’s
Amendment Act, terrorism; amended President’s rule Amendment Act,
tribal autonomous areas.
1988 provisions. 2003
63rd 98th
Repealed 59th Amendment’s Punjab Provided special provisions for
Amendment Act, Amendment Act,
Emergency provisions. Hyderabad-Karnataka (Article 371J).
1989 2012
64th
Amendment Act, Extended President’s rule in Punjab.
1990 ◙ Quick revision:
66th Number Explanation
Added more state land reform laws
Amendment Act, 21A Article for education right (86th Amendment)
to the Ninth Schedule.
1990 368 Article for amendment procedure
67th 2026 Delimitation freeze (84th Amendment)
Further extended President’s rule in
Amendment Act, 16(4A) Article for SC/ST promotions (77th
Punjab.
1990 Amendment)
68th 31 Article for property rights (4th, 30th
Extended President’s rule in Punjab
Amendment Act, Amendments)
up to five years.
1991 31A Article for land reforms (4th, 17th
70th Amendments)
Included Delhi and Pondicherry in 54 Article for presidential elections (11th
Amendment Act,
presidential electoral college. Amendment)
1992
55 Article for electoral college (11th Amendment)
Reserved seats for STs in Arunachal
75th Amendment 81 Article for Lok Sabha constituencies (2nd
Pradesh’s Legislative Assembly
Act, 1994 Amendment)
(Article 332).
84 Article for anti-national activities (16th
76th
Included Tamil Nadu’s reservation Amendment)
Amendment Act,
law in Ninth Schedule. 101 Article for MP resignations (33rd Amendment)
1994
124 Article for judicial provisions (15th
77th Amendment Enabled reservation in promotions Amendment)
Act, 1995 for SCs/STs (Article 16(4A)). 173 Article for anti-national activities (16th
Amendment)
78th Amendment Added more state land reform laws
Act, 1995 to Ninth Schedule. 190 Article for MLA resignations (33rd
Amendment)
79th 217 Article for judges’ retirement age (15th
Extended SC/ST/Anglo-Indian
Amendment Act, Amendment)
reservations to 2010 (Article 334).
1999
233 Article for district judge appointments (20th
80th Implemented new tax-sharing Amendment)
Amendment Act, scheme based on Tenth Finance 244A Article for Meghalaya autonomy (22nd
2000 Commission. Amendment)
81st Amendment Allowed carry-forward of unfilled 269 Article for inter-state trade (46th
Act, 2000 SC/ST reserved vacancies. Amendment)
286 Article for trade taxes (6th, 46th
82nd Amendments)
Relaxed qualifying marks for SC/ST
Amendment Act,
promotion candidates. 332 Article for ST reservations (75th Amendment)
2000
334 Article for SC/ST reservations (8th, 23rd, 45th,
83rd 79th Amendments)
Exempted Arunachal Pradesh from
Amendment Act,
SC reservation in assembly. 371G Article for Mizoram provisions (53rd
2000
Amendment)
84th 371H Article for Arunachal Pradesh provisions
Froze constituency delimitation until
Amendment Act, (55th Amendment)
2026 (2001 census).
2001 371J Article for Hyderabad-Karnataka provisions
87th Amendment Extended delimitation freeze based (98th Amendment)
Act, 2003 on 2001 census. 62 High Court judges’ retirement age (15th, 41st
Amendments)

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 enhancing organic
synthesis techniques.

CHEMISTRY Reconciled Dalton's

atomic hypothesis with
Gay-Lussac's results on
Amedeo the combination of
8 1811
Avogadro volumes, introducing the
Scientists and Their Discoveries concept of molecules
and shaping modern
Ex gas laws.
Scientist(s) Discovery Year Observed the zigzag
No.
Discovered the movement of colloidal
particles (Brownian
hydrogen isotope
Harold motion), a phenomenon
(deuterium), earning the Robert
1 1934 9 that confirmed 1827
C. Urey 1934 Nobel Prize and Brown
atomic theory and
impacting isotopic
chemistry. influenced the
development of
Created the Left-Step
statistical mechanics.
Periodic Table (LSPT)
Charles based on electron Discovered the atomic
2 1920s number based on X-ray
Janet arrangements, offering
an alternative periodic wavelength, providing a
classification. Henry more accurate ordering
10 1913
Moseley of elements in the
Showed heating silver
periodic table and
cyanide with ammonium
advancing atomic
Friedrich chloride produced urea,
3 1828 physics.
Wohler challenging the vital
Described the
force theory in organic
hypothesis that equal
chemistry.
volumes of different
Developed the theory of
gases contain an equal
combustion as a Amedeo
11 number of molecules, a 1812
chemical reaction with Avogadro
cornerstone for
oxygen, excluding
determining molecular
Antoine phlogiston theory, and 18th
4 weights and Avogadro's
Lavoisier established the Century
constant.
foundation for modern
chemical understanding Developed the process
through meticulous of applying a thin layer
experiments. of metallic silver to
Justus von create the first mirror, a
Formulated the Law of 12 1835
Liebig technique that
Conservation of Mass,
revolutionized glass
demonstrating that
Antoine- manufacturing and
mass remains constant
s5 Laurent 1789 decorative arts.
in chemical reactions, a
Lavoisier Recognized for
principle that underpins
discovering inert
stoichiometry and
chemical balance. gaseous elements in air
Sir William and determining their
Discovered the fullerene 13 1904
Robert Ramsay place in the periodic
allotrope of carbon, a
F. Curl, system, significantly
unique spherical carbon
Harold expanding the periodic
6 structure, paving the 1985
W. Kroto, table's scope.
way for advancements
Richard Formulated the equation
in nanotechnology and
E. Smalley C = KPgas (Henry’s Law),
material science.
offering insights into
Observed the peroxide
William gas solubility in
Morris effect in adding 14 1803
Henry liquids and its
S. Kharasch, reagents to unsaturated
7 1933 applications in diverse
Frank compounds, providing a
fields like medicine and
R. Mayo key exception to
diving.
Markovnikov's rule and

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 Developed the principle Revised the nebular
of holography to hypothesis, proposing a
improve electron solar nebula of
Dennis microscope resolution, Otto hydrogen, helium,
15 1947 23 1950
Gabor introducing a Schmidt and dust, shaping
groundbreaking method modern theories
for three-dimensional of planetary
imaging. formation.
Observed radiation Discovered molecular
emission from a glass chirality, observing
tube filled with low- mirror-image crystals,
Late
Philipp pressure gas when Louis laying the foundation
16 19th 24 1848
Lenard voltage was applied, Pasteur for modern
Century
contributing stereochemistry and its
foundational knowledge applications in
to cathode ray research. pharmacology.
Predicted the Bose- Introduced the idea of a
Einstein condensate relationship between
(BEC) based on molecular geometry and
Sidgwick and
Albert Satyendra Nath Bose's 25 the number of valence 1940s
17 1924 Powell
Einstein quantum formulation, electrons, contributing
theorizing a novel state to the development of
of matter with profound VSEPR theory.
quantum implications. Introduced the Pauling
Redefined a model scale for
predicting molecular electronegativity,
shapes based on Linus setting fluorine
26 1932
Nyholm and electron-pair repulsion, Pauling at 4.0, providing a
18 1957
Gillespie refining the Valence quantitative measure
Shell Electron Pair for chemical bonding
Repulsion (VSEPR) strength.
theory. Proposed that aromatic
Synthesized urea from compounds must have
ammonium cyanate, an an odd number of
Friedrich inorganic compound, 27 Erich Huckel electron pairs (4n + 2 1931
19 1828
Wohler marking a pivotal rule), establishing a key
moment in overturning principle in organic
vitalism in chemistry. chemistry.
Published the atomic Discovered that
theory to explain diborane reacts with
chemical reactions, aldehydes and ketones
Herbert 20th
proposing that all 28 to produce alcohols,
20 John Dalton 1808 C. Brown Century
matter consists of pioneering new
indivisible atoms, a synthetic routes in
cornerstone of modern organic chemistry.
chemistry. Experimentally
Showed that air produced the first Bose-
contains the element Einstein condensate
Lord argon, previously with Eric Cornell,
29 Carl Wieman 1995
Rayleigh, unknown, enhancing our confirming Einstein's
21 1894
William understanding of theoretical predictions
Ramsay atmospheric with groundbreaking
composition and noble experiments.
gases. Found an empirical
Proposed nucleophilic relationship between
Edward
substitution reactions the half-life of alpha
Davies Hans Geiger,
of alkyl halides, 30 decay and the energy of 1911
22 Hughes, 1937 John Nuttall
advancing organic emitted alpha particles,
Christopher
chemistry with new advancing nuclear
Ingold
reaction mechanisms. physics.

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 Received the Nobel Prize standardizing chemical
for research in the notation.
stereochemistry of Reformed the Lewis
Vladimir
31 organic molecules and 1975 concept, introducing the
Prelog
reactions, deepening Irving term ‘covalent bond,’
insights into molecular 41 1919
Langmuir enhancing the
asymmetry. understanding of
Published 'Methods of chemical bonding.
Chemical Nomenclature' Synthesized organic
with rules for naming compounds like formic
Antoine
32 chemical compounds, 1787 Marcellin acid, methane, and 19th
Lavoisier 42
standardizing chemical Berthelot acetylene from their Century
terminology still in use elements, advancing
today. synthetic chemistry.
Published a method for Shared the Nobel Prize
the synthesis of acetic for developing boron-
Herbert
Hermann acid, a natural product, and phosphorus-
33 1845 43 C. Brown, 1979
Kolbe contributing to the containing reagents,
Georg Wittig
development of organic revolutionizing organic
synthesis techniques. synthesis methods.
Awarded the Nobel Prize Co-invented the
Edwin M.S.
for discoveries in the cyclotron to investigate
Mattison Livingston,
chemistry of 44 nuclear structure, a key 1934
34 McMillan, 1951 Ernest
transuranium elements, tool in particle
Glenn Lawrence
expanding the periodic acceleration research.
T. Seaborg
table beyond uranium. Discovered the
Organized elements by hydrogen isotope
atomic weight using a Harold (deuterium), earning the
AEB de 45 1934
cylinder with a C. Urey 1934 Nobel Prize and
35 1862
Chancourtois circumference of 16 impacting isotopic
units, an early precursor chemistry.
to the periodic table. Created the Left-Step
Recognized the 4n + 2 Periodic Table (LSPT)
rule for aromatic Charles based on electron
compounds, providing a 46 1920s
Janet arrangements, offering
36 Erich Huckel 1931
mathematical basis for an alternative periodic
aromaticity in organic classification.
chemistry. Showed heating silver
Received the Davy Medal cyanide with ammonium
John for the discovery of the Friedrich chloride produced urea,
Alexander periodic law of chemical 47 1828
37 1887 Wohler challenging the vital
Newland elements, introducing force theory in organic
the law of octaves. chemistry.
Introduced the concept
of antiparticles,
revolutionizing particle ◙ OTHER DISCOVIERS
38 Paul Dirac 1930
physics with the
prediction of Scientists and Their Discoveries
antimatter. Ex
Understood the Scientist(s) Discovery Year
No.
molecular structures of
Established the law of
Alfred inorganic substances,
39 1893 conservation of mass,
Werner developing coordination Antoine
1 proving that mass is neither 1789
chemistry and its Lavoisier
created nor destroyed in
applications.
chemical reactions.
Discovered cerium,
Early Isolated oxygen gas and
Jacob thorium, and selenium,
40 19th Joseph demonstrated its role in
Berzelius and devised modern 2 1774
Century Priestley supporting combustion and
element symbols,
respiration.

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 Discovered calcium and Glenn T. Discovered plutonium and
Humphry 19 1940
3 magnesium through 1808 Seaborg other transuranium elements.
Davy
electrolysis of their oxides.
Friedrich Proposed the ring structure
Introduced the dualistic 20 August of benzene, explaining 1865
Jöns Jacob theory of electrochemistry, Kekulé aromatic compounds.
4 1811
Berzelius explaining compound
Elucidated the structure of
formation. Emil
21 sugars and proteins, 1891
Fischer
Proposed the atomic theory, introducing stereochemistry.
John
5 suggesting all matter is made 1803
Dalton Developed the Grignard
of indivisible atoms. Victor
22 reagent, a versatile tool in 1900
Grignard
Hypothesized that equal organic synthesis.
Amedeo volumes of gases contain
6 1811 Synthesized indigo dye and
Avogadro equal numbers of molecules
Adolf von contributed to the
under the same conditions. 23 1880
Baeyer understanding of cyclic
Developed the concept of compounds.
Svante electrolytic dissociation,
7 1887 Determined the structure of
Arrhenius explaining conductivity in Richard
24 chlorophyll, advancing plant 1915
solutions. Willstätter
biochemistry.
Created the periodic table, Invented nylon, a synthetic
Dmitri organizing elements by Wallace
8 1869 25 polymer, revolutionizing 1935
Mendeleev atomic weight and predicting Carothers
materials science.
new ones.
Developed the concept of
Isolated fluorine by chemotherapy, synthesizing
Paul
Henri electrolyzing potassium 26 1909
9 1886 Ehrlich Salvarsan for syphilis
Moissan bifluoride, a highly reactive
treatment.
element.
Discovered catalysts for
Discovered helium, neon, and
William Karl polyethylene production,
10 argon, identifying the noble 1895 27 1953
Ramsay Ziegler enhancing polymer
gases.
chemistry.
Proposed the nuclear model
Ernest Traced the path of carbon in
11 of the atom based on alpha 1911 Melvin
Rutherford 28 photosynthesis, identifying 1957
particle scattering. Calvin
the Calvin cycle.
Developed a quantum model
Achieved the first total
12 Niels Bohr of the atom, explaining 1913 Robert B.
29 synthesis of strychnine, a 1954
hydrogen's spectral lines. Woodward
complex alkaloid.
Formulated the electron-pair
Gilbert N. Determined the structure of
13 theory, introducing the 1916 Dorothy
Lewis 30 vitamin B12 using X-ray 1956
concept of the covalent bond. Hodgkin
crystallography.
Invented the Haber process
Fritz Developed the Wittig
14 for synthesizing ammonia 1909 George
Haber 31 reaction, a key method for 1954
from nitrogen and hydrogen. Wittig
synthesizing alkenes.
Formulated the third law of
Walther Elias Pioneered retrosynthetic
15 thermodynamics, relating 1906
Nernst 32 James analysis for designing 1967
entropy to absolute zero.
Corey organic synthesis routes.
Established the nature of the
Linus Co-formulated the
16 chemical bond using 1939 Roald
Pauling 33 Woodward-Hoffmann rules 1965
quantum mechanics. Hoffmann
for pericyclic reactions.
Discovered deuterium by
Developed asymmetric
Harold fractionally distilling liquid K. Barry
17 1931 34 epoxidation, enabling 1980
Urey hydrogen. Discovery in 1931, Sharpless
synthesis of chiral molecules.
Nobel Prize awarded in 1934
Advanced quantum chemistry
Demonstrated nuclear fission John A.
35 with computational methods 1970
18 Otto Hahn by bombarding uranium with 1938 Pople
for molecular orbitals.
neutrons.

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 mechanical equivalent of
heat.

PHYSICS Dr.
Founded
Association
the
for
Indian
the
12 Mahendra Cultivation of Science, 1876
Ex Lal Sircar advancing fundamental
Scientist(s) Discovery Year
No. research in basic sciences.
Formulated Snell’s Law of Published groundbreaking
refraction, stating that the papers on relativity,
Willebrord Albert
1 ratio of sines of angles of 1621 13 quantum theory, and 1905
Snellius Einstein
incidence and refraction is Brownian motion, celebrated
constant (refractive index). in the World Physics Year.
Discovered electromagnetic Invented the reflecting
induction, showing a telescope, using a curved
Isaac
Michael changing magnetic field 14 mirror to focus light, 1668
2 1831 Newton
Faraday induces an electromotive improving astronomical
force in a conductor. Nobel observations.
prize in 2001 Generated and confirmed the
Heinrich
Eric A. existence of electromagnetic
Achieved Bose-Einstein 15 Rudolf 1886
Cornell, waves, validating Maxwell’s
condensation in dilute gases Hertz
Wolfgang electromagnetic theory.
3 of alkali atoms, creating a 1995
Ketterle, Carl
new state of matter at near Invented the electromagnetic
Carl E. Friedrich
absolute zero. telegraph, enabling long-
Wieman Gauss,
16 distance communication 1833
Discovered that an electric Wilhelm
using electromagnetic
Hans current deflects a compass Eduard
signals.
4 Christian needle, demonstrating that 1820 Weber
Oersted current produces a magnetic Discovered the photoelectric
field. effect, observing that
Discovered that current- Heinrich ultraviolet light on electrodes
17 1887
Andre- carrying wires attract or Hertz changes voltage, ejecting
5 Marie repel each other, 1820 electrons. (explained by
Ampere establishing principles of Einstein in 1905)
electromagnetism. Defined the horsepower unit
Discovered ultraviolet rays as 33,000 foot-pounds of
Johann James
by observing chemical 18 work per minute, 1782
6 Wilhelm 1801 Watt
reactions beyond the violet standardizing power
Ritter
end of the visible spectrum. measurement for engines.
Described the regular Jean Discovered that any periodic
swinging motion of a Baptiste wave can be represented as
19 1822
Galileo pendulum, governed by Joseph a sum of sine and cosine
7 1602
Galilei gravity and momentum, Fourier waves (Fourier series).
foundational for Created the Albany magnet, a
timekeeping. powerful electromagnet
Joseph
Confirmed Maxwell’s 20 lifting 750 pounds, 1830
Henry
theories by producing and advancing electromagnetic
Heinrich
8 detecting radio waves, laying 1886 technology.
Hertz
the foundation for wireless Discovered eddy currents,
communication. Leon induced currents in
21 1851
Established Ohm’s Law, Foucault conductors perpendicular to
Georg relating electric current, a changing magnetic field.
9 1827
Simon Ohm voltage, and resistance (( V = Conducted the Michelson-
IR )) in conductors. Albert A.
Morley experiment to detect
Michelson,
Invented the voltaic pile, the 22 the luminiferous ether, 1887
Edward W.
Alessandro first chemical battery, finding no evidence,
10 1800 Morley
Volta producing continuous supporting relativity.
electric current. John Developed the theory of
James Established the relationship Bardeen, superconductivity,
23 1957
11 Prescott between mechanical work 1843 Leon explaining zero electrical
Joule and heat, determining the Cooper, resistance in certain

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 Robert materials at low ◙ Other discoveries
Schrieffer. temperatures. Ex Scientist
Proposed the wave nature of Discovery Year
Louis No. (s)
matter, suggesting particles Proposed the wave theory of
24 Victor de 1924
like electrons exhibit wave- Christiaan
light, suggesting light
Broglie 1 1678
like properties. Huygens
propagates as waves.
Discovered cosmic radiation,
Victor Demonstrated interference of
high-energy particles from
25 Francis 1912 Thomas light, supporting the wave
outer space, impacting 2 1801
Hess Young nature of light using double-
atmospheric physics.
slit experiment.
Demonstrated 14 space
Augustin Developed the theory of
lattices, describing regular
Auguste 3 -Jean diffraction, explaining light 1818
26 arrangements of points in 1848
Bravais Fresnel bending around obstacles.
space based on symmetry
and geometry. Discovered the law of
electromagnetic induction
Developed the theory of
Michael (Faraday’s Law), stating that
Hideki nuclear forces, proposing 4 1831
27 1935 Faraday induced EMF is proportional
Yukawa the exchange of mesons to
to the rate of change of
explain nuclear interactions.
magnetic flux.
Proposed that a magnet
Andre- Formulated electromagnetic
exerts an equal and opposite
28 Marie 1820 James theory, unifying electricity and
force on a current-carrying
Ampere 5 Clerk magnetism into equations 1865
conductor, per Ampere’s Law.
Maxwell predicting electromagnetic
Found an empirical
Hans waves.
relationship between the
Geiger, Established the concept of
half-life of alpha decay and Evangeli
29 John 1911 atmospheric pressure, using a
the energy of emitted alpha 6 sta 1643
Mitchell mercury barometer to
particles.( Geiger-Nuttall Torricelli
Nuttall measure it.
law)
Invented the mercury Formulated Pascal’s principle,
Evangelista barometer, measuring stating that pressure applied
30 1643 Blaise
Torricelli atmospheric pressure using 7 to a confined fluid is 1647
Pascal
a column of mercury. transmitted equally in all
Discovered the fifth star in directions.
Robert the Trapezium asterism in Discovered the universal law
31 1664
Hooke Orion, advancing stellar of gravitation, stating that
observations. every mass attracts every
Isaac
Measured the force between 8 other mass with a force 1687
Charles- Newton
electric charges using a proportional to their product
32 Augustin 1785 and inversely proportional to
torsion balance, formulating
Coulomb the square of their distance.
Coulomb’s Law.
Invented the vacuum pump, Proposed the Doppler effect,
demonstrating the absolute explaining the change in
Otto von Christian
33 vacuum and measuring air 1650 9 frequency of waves due to 1842
Guericke Doppler
pressure for weather relative motion between
prediction. source and observer.
Discovered the Raman effect, Formulated Boyle’s Law,
where scattered light stating that the pressure of a
34 C.V. Raman 1928 Robert
changes wavelength due to 10 gas is inversely proportional 1662
Boyle
molecular interactions. to its volume at constant
Discovered the Zeeman temperature.
effect, the splitting of Discovered Charles’s Law,
Pieter
35 spectral lines in a magnetic 1896 stating that the volume of a
Zeeman Jacques
field, advancing atomic 11 gas is proportional to its 1787
Charles
physics. absolute temperature at
Max Karl Introduced the concept of constant pressure.
Ernst energy quanta, founding Joseph
36 1900 Established Gay-Lussac’s Law,
Ludwig quantum theory, explaining Louis
12 stating that the pressure of a 1802
Planck blackbody radiation. Gay-
gas is proportional to its
Lussac

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 Ex Scientist Ex Scientist
Discovery Year Discovery Year
No. (s) No. (s)
absolute temperature at orbits and quantized energy
constant volume. levels.
Laid the foundation for the Proposed the quantum theory,
second law of Max stating that energy is emitted
Sadi 26 1900
13 thermodynamics, introducing 1824 Planck or absorbed in discrete
Carnot
the concept of a reversible packets called quanta.
heat engine. Developed the special theory
Introduced the concept of Albert of relativity, introducing
27 1905
Rudolf entropy, quantifying the Einstein concepts like time dilation and
14 1850
Clausius disorder in a thermodynamic length contraction.
system. Formulated the general theory
Albert
Established the absolute 28 of relativity, describing gravity 1915
William Einstein
temperature scale (Kelvin as the curvature of spacetime.
Thomson
15 scale), defining absolute zero 1848 Discovered radium and
(Lord Marie
as the point of no molecular 29 polonium, advancing the study 1898
Kelvin) Curie
motion. of radioactivity.
Formulated Newton’s first law Discovered radioactivity,
of motion, stating that an Henri
Isaac 30 observing spontaneous 1896
Becquerel
16 object remains at rest or in 1687 emission from uranium salts.
Newton
uniform motion unless acted Identified alpha and beta
upon by an external force. Ernest
particles in radioactive decay,
Formulated Newton’s second 31 Rutherfo 1899
distinguishing their
Isaac law of motion, stating that rd
17 1687 properties.
Newton force equals mass times Discovered the neutron, a
acceleration (F = ma). James
32 neutral particle in the atomic 1932
Chadwick
Formulated Newton’s third law nucleus.
Isaac of motion, stating that for Otto
18 1687 Discovered nuclear fission,
Newton every action, there is an equal Hahn,
and opposite reaction. observing that uranium-235
33 Fritz 1938
Developed Bernoulli’s splits into lighter nuclei upon
Strassm
principle, stating that an neutron bombardment.
Daniel ann
19 increase in fluid speed 1738 Demonstrated controlled
Bernoulli Enrico
decreases its pressure or nuclear chain reaction, paving
34 1942
potential energy. Fermi
the way for nuclear reactors.
Discovered the principle of Developed wireless telegraphy,
buoyancy, stating that an Guglielmo
Archime ~250 35 using radio waves for long- 1895
20 object in a fluid experiences Marconi
des BCE distance communication.
an upward force equal to the
Alexander Invented the telephone,
weight of the displaced fluid.
36 Graham enabling voice transmission 1876
Developed the incandescent Bell over electrical wires.
Thomas
light bulb, producing light
21 Alva 1879 Established the principle of
from electrical energy using a
Edison Thomas superposition, stating that
filament. 37 1801
Young waves combine to form a
Discovered X-rays, observing resultant wave.
Wilhelm
22 their ability to penetrate 1895
Röntgen Formulated Huygens’
materials and produce images.
principle, stating that every
Discovered the electron, Christian
38 point on a wavefront acts as a 1678
J.J. identifying it as a negatively Huygens
23 1897 source of secondary spherical
Thomson charged particle in cathode
waves.
ray experiments.
Developed the Crookes tube,
Proposed the nuclear model of William 1870
Ernest 39 demonstrating cathode rays
the atom, with a dense, Crookes s
24 Rutherfo 1911 and their properties.
positively charged nucleus
rd Formulated the plum pudding
surrounded by electrons. Joseph
model of the atom, proposing
Niels Developed the Bohr model of 40 John 1904
25 1913 electrons embedded in a
Bohr the atom, explaining electron Thomson
positively charged sphere.

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 Q583.The child put a ladder on the wall and climbed up.
(a) above the wall
ENGLISH GRAMMAR (b) over a wall
(c) No improvement
(d) against the wall
Correct Answer: (d) against the wall
SENTENCE IMPROVEMENT
Explanation:
● Option (a) above the wall: Incorrect, as "above the
Q581.Four people were injured after a car suddenly came
wall" implies the ladder is over the wall, not positioned
for a halt in outer Delhi.
for climbing.
(a) came to a halt
● Option (b) over a wall: Incorrect, as "over a wall"
(b) No substitution required
suggests the ladder is across the wall, not placed for
(c) come to a halt
climbing up.
(d) came for the halt ● Option (c) No improvement: Incorrect, as "on the wall"
Correct Answer: (a) came to a halt is incorrect; a ladder is typically placed "against the
Explanation: wall" for climbing.
● Option (b) No substitution required: Incorrect, as The underlined phrase "on the wall" is incorrect; "against the
"came for a halt" is incorrect; "came to a halt" is the wall" is the correct preposition for positioning a ladder to
correct idiom for stopping suddenly. climb. The corrected sentence is: "The child put a ladder
against the wall and climbed up."
● Option (c) come to a halt: Incorrect, as "come"
(present) doesn’t match the past tense "were injured"
Q584.I bet you can’t beat me by chess .
in the sentence.
(a) on chess
● Option (d) came for the halt: Incorrect, as "came for
(b) in the chess
the halt" implies purpose, not the action of stopping,
(c) at chess
and "the" is unnecessary.
(d) No improvement
The underlined phrase "came for a halt" is incorrect; "came to
Correct Answer: (c) at chess
a halt" is the correct idiom for a sudden stop. The corrected
sentence is: "Four people were injured after a car suddenly Explanation:
came to a halt in outer Delhi." ● Option (a) on chess: Incorrect, as "beat me on chess"
is incorrect; "at chess" is the standard preposition for
Q582.Our new accountant fall short in my expectations . games.
(a) fall short on ● Option (b) in the chess: Incorrect, as "in the chess" is
(b) falls short of incorrect; "chess" doesn’t take "the," and "in" is wrong
(c) No substitution required for this context.
(d) falls short in ● Option (d) No improvement: Incorrect, as "by chess" is
Correct Answer: (b) falls short of incorrect; "at chess" is the correct preposition for
playing a game.
Explanation:
● Option (a) fall short on: Incorrect, as "fall short on" is The underlined phrase "by chess" is incorrect; "at chess" is the
correct preposition for competing in a game like chess. The
incorrect; "fall short of" is the correct preposition for
corrected sentence is: "I bet you can’t beat me at chess."
expectations.
● Option (c) No substitution required: Incorrect, as "fall
Q585.I have been working with children before, so I know
short in my expectations" is incorrect; "of" is the
what to expect.
standard preposition here.
(a) am working
● Option (d) falls short in: Incorrect, as "falls short in" is
(b) have worked
incorrect for expectations; "falls short of" is the
(c) work
correct phrase.
(d) No improvement
The underlined phrase "fall short in my expectations" is Correct Answer: (b) have worked
incorrect; "falls short of" corrects the preposition and
Explanation:
matches the singular "accountant." The corrected
sentence is: "Our new accountant falls short of my ● Option (a) am working: Incorrect, as "am working"
expectations." (present continuous) doesn’t match the past context
"before" in the sentence.

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 ● Option (c) work: Incorrect, as "work" (present) The underlined phrase "on the advices of his parents" is
doesn’t align with the past experience indicated by incorrect; "to the advice" corrects the preposition to "to" and
"advices" to uncountable "advice." The corrected sentence is:
"before."
"He turned a deaf ear to the advice of his parents."
● Option (d) No improvement: Incorrect, as "have been
working" (present perfect continuous) suggests
Q588.She was smiling but looking pleased about
ongoing action, but "have worked" is better for past
something.
experience.
(a) but look
The underlined phrase "I have been working" is less (b) so looking
precise; "have worked" (present perfect) better indicates (c) No improvement
past experience with children. The corrected sentence (d) and looked
is: "I have worked with children before, so I know what to
Correct Answer: (d) and looked
expect."
Explanation:
Q586.I wouldn’t dream to raise the price. ● Option (a) but look: Incorrect, as "but look pleased" is
(a) to rise incorrect; "look" (base form) doesn’t match the past

(b) to raising tense "was smiling."

● Option (b) so looking: Incorrect, as "so looking
(c) of raising
pleased" is incorrect; "so" doesn’t fit, and "looking"
(d) No improvement
doesn’t match the tense.
Correct Answer: (c) of raising
● Option (c) No improvement: Incorrect, as "but looking
Explanation: pleased" creates a tense mismatch with "was smiling";
● Option (a) to rise: Incorrect, as "dream to rise the "and looked" is better.
price" is incorrect; "rise" is intransitive, and "dream of The underlined phrase "but looking pleased" is incorrect; "and
raising" is the correct structure. looked" corrects the tense to past ("looked") and uses "and" for
● Option (b) to raising: Incorrect, as "dream to raising" coordination. The corrected sentence is: "She was smiling and

is incorrect; "dream" takes "of" followed by a gerund, looked pleased about something."

not "to."
Q589.She ran out of her house from frightening.
● Option (d) No improvement: Incorrect, as "dream to
(a) No improvement
raise" is incorrect; "dream of raising" is the standard
(b) from fright
phrase.
(c) by frightening
The underlined phrase "to raise the price" is incorrect; "of (d) in fright
raising" is the correct structure after "dream," as "dream"
Correct Answer: (d) in fright
takes "of" with a gerund. The corrected sentence is: "I wouldn’t
dream of raising the price." Explanation:
● Option (a) No improvement: Incorrect, as "from
Q587. He turned a deaf ear on the advices of his frightening" is incorrect; "frightening" is a
parents . verb/adjective, but a noun like "fright" is needed.
(a) to the advice ● Option (b) from fright: Incorrect, as "from fright"
(b) on the advice implies because of fright, but "in fright" better

(c) No improvement indicates her state while running.

● Option (c) by frightening: Incorrect, as "by frightening"
(d) at the advices
implies she was frightened by something, but the
Correct Answer: (a) to the advice
context suggests her emotional state.
Explanation:
The underlined phrase "from frightening" is incorrect; "in
● Option (b) on the advice: Incorrect, as "turned a deaf fright" is the correct phrase to describe her state of fear while
ear on the advice" is incorrect; the correct preposition running. The corrected sentence is: "She ran out of her house
is "to." in fright."

● Option (c) No improvement: Incorrect, as "on the

advices" is incorrect; "to the advice" corrects the Q590.Can you advice to me on this matter?
preposition and noun form. (a) advise me
● Option (d) at the advices: Incorrect, as "at the advices" (b) advise to me
is incorrect; "advice" is uncountable, and "at" is the (c) No improvement
wrong preposition. (d) advising me
Correct Answer: (a) advise me

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 Explanation: The underlined phrase "But for their valour" is correct,

● Option (b) advise to me: Incorrect, as "advise to me" is meaning "if not for their valour," and fits the hypothetical
structure. The corrected sentence is: "But for their valour, they
incorrect; "advise" doesn’t take "to" in this context, just
would have been defeated."
the object "me."
● Option (c) No improvement: Incorrect, as "advice to
Q593.Lenovo has launched ThinkPad XI Fold, the world’s
me" is incorrect; "advice" is a noun, but "advise" (verb)
first foldable laptop which is claimed to be so
is needed here.
durable as its other devices .
● Option (d) advising me: Incorrect, as "can you advising
(a) to be most durable as
me" is incorrect; "advise" (base form) is needed after
(b) No improvement
"can."
(c) to be very durable as
The underlined phrase "advice to me" is incorrect; "advise me"
(d) to be as durable as
corrects "advice" to "advise" (verb) and removes the
Correct Answer: (d) to be as durable as
unnecessary "to." The corrected sentence is: "Can you advise
me on this matter?" Explanation:
● Option (a) to be most durable as: Incorrect,
Q591.She was so tall to reach the top shelf. as "most durable as" is incorrect; "most durable"
(a) No improvement needs "of," and "as…as" is the correct comparison
(b) so tall that structure.
(c) too tall for ● Option (b) No improvement: Incorrect, as "so durable
(d) tall enough to as its other devices" is incorrect; "as durable as" is the
Correct Answer: (d) tall enough to standard comparison phrase.
● Option (c) to be very durable as: Incorrect, as "very
Explanation:
durable as" is incorrect; "as…as" is needed for equal
● Option (a) No improvement: Incorrect, as "so tall to
comparison, not "very."
reach" is incomplete; "so…that" or "tall enough to" is
needed for proper structure. The underlined phrase "to be so durable as its other devices"

● Option (b) so tall that: Incorrect, as "so tall that reach is incorrect; "to be as durable as" corrects "so…as" to the
proper comparison "as…as." The corrected sentence is:
the top shelf" needs a clause like "she could reach," not
"Lenovo has launched ThinkPad XI Fold, the world’s first
just "reach."
foldable laptop which is claimed to be as durable as its other
● Option (c) too tall for: Incorrect, as "too tall for reach
devices."
the top shelf" is incorrect; "too tall to reach" would
imply inability, not ability. Q594.The rising prices of essential food items have placed
The underlined phrase "so tall to reach" is incorrect; "tall a weighty burden on the poor.
enough to" correctly indicates she has sufficient height to (a) No improvement
reach the shelf. The corrected sentence is: "She was tall (b) enormous
enough to reach the top shelf."
(c) trivial
(d) lightest
Q592.But for their valour, they would have been defeated.
Correct Answer: (b) enormous
(a) But about their
(b) Because of their Explanation:

(c) No improvement ● Option (a) No improvement: Incorrect, as "weighty

(d) Except with their burden" is correct but can be improved; "enormous" is

Correct Answer: (c) No improvement a more common adjective for burden.

● Option (c) trivial: Incorrect, as "trivial burden" means
Explanation:
small, which contradicts the negative impact of rising
● Option (a) But about their: Incorrect, as "but about prices on the poor.
their valour" is incorrect; "but for" is the correct
● Option (d) lightest: Incorrect, as "lightest burden"
phrase meaning "if not for."
means the least heavy, which is the opposite of the
● Option (b) Because of their: Incorrect, as "because of intended meaning.
their valour" changes the meaning to a reason for
The underlined phrase "weighty burden" can be improved;
success, not a hypothetical condition.
"enormous burden" is a more commonly used term to describe
● Option (d) Except with their: Incorrect, as "except with
a significant load. The corrected sentence is: "The rising prices
their valour" is incorrect; "but for" is the standard of essential food items have placed an enormous burden on
phrase for this conditional. the poor."

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 Q595.India has lost a veteran actor with the deceased of Explanation:
Shriram Lagoo. ● Option (a) be arriving soon: Incorrect, as "promised
(a) No improvement better days be arriving soon" is incorrect; "to arrive" is
(b) bereavement the correct infinitive form.
(c) expired ● Option (b) to arriving soon: Incorrect, as "to arriving"

(d) demise is incorrect; "to" takes the base form "arrive," not
"arriving."
Correct Answer: (d) demise
● Option (c) No improvement: Incorrect, as "to be arrive
Explanation: soon" is incorrect; "be arrive" is grammatically wrong,
● Option (a) No improvement: Incorrect, as "deceased of needing "to arrive."
Shriram Lagoo" is incorrect; "deceased" is an
The underlined phrase "to be arrive soon" is incorrect; "to
adjective/noun, but "demise" (noun) fits better.
arrive soon" corrects "be arrive" to the proper infinitive
● Option (b) bereavement: Incorrect, as "bereavement of "arrive." The corrected sentence is: "The Prime Minister has
Shriram Lagoo" implies the loss felt by others, not his promised better days to arrive soon."
passing.
● Option (c) expired: Incorrect, as "expired of Shriram Q598.I am fond with eating out occasionally.
Lagoo" is incorrect; "expired" is less formal and doesn’t (a) fond on
fit the structure. (b) No improvement

The underlined phrase "deceased of Shriram Lagoo" is (c) fond in

incorrect; "demise" is the correct noun for death in this formal (d) fond of
context. The corrected sentence is: "India has lost a veteran Correct Answer: (d) fond of
actor with the demise of Shriram Lagoo."
Explanation:
● Option (a) fond on: Incorrect, as "fond on eating out"
Q596.China’s economy has grown rapidly since it
is incorrect; "fond" takes the preposition "of," not "on."
embarked on the path of economic liberalisation.
● Option (b) No improvement: Incorrect, as "fond with
(a) No improvement
eating out" is incorrect; "with" is the wrong preposition
(b) arises rapidly
for "fond."
(c) grow rapidly
● Option (c) fond in: Incorrect, as "fond in eating out" is
(d) grew rapid
incorrect; "in" is not the correct preposition for "fond."
Correct Answer: (a) No improvement
The underlined phrase "fond with eating out" is incorrect;
Explanation: "fond of" is the correct preposition for expressing liking. The
● Option (b) arises rapidly: Incorrect, as "arises rapidly" corrected sentence is: "I am fond of eating out occasionally."
(present) doesn’t match "since it embarked" (past), and
"arises" is wrong for growth. Q599.He has to atone his sins .
● Option (c) grow rapidly: Incorrect, as "grow rapidly" (a) No improvement
(base form) doesn’t match "has" in present perfect; (b) atone to
"has grown" is correct. (c) atone for
● Option (d) grew rapid: Incorrect, as "grew rapid" is (d) atone from
incorrect; "rapidly" (adverb) is needed, and past tense Correct Answer: (c) atone for
doesn’t fit with "since."
Explanation:
The underlined phrase "has grown rapidly" is correct, using ● Option (a) No improvement: Incorrect, as "atone his
present perfect "has grown" with "since" and the adverb sins" is incorrect; "atone" requires the preposition "for"
"rapidly." The corrected sentence is: "China’s economy has with sins.
grown rapidly since it embarked on the path of economic
● Option (b) atone to: Incorrect, as "atone to his sins" is
liberalisation."
incorrect; "to" is not the correct preposition for "atone"
in this context.
Q597. The Prime Minister has promised better days to be
● Option (d) atone from: Incorrect, as "atone from his
arrive soon.
sins" is incorrect; "from" doesn’t fit with "atone" when
(a) be arriving soon
referring to sins.
(b) to arriving soon
The underlined phrase "atone his sins" is incorrect;
(c) No improvement
"atone for" is the correct phrase for making amends for
(d) to arrive soon
sins. The corrected sentence is: "He has to atone for his
Correct Answer: (d) to arrive soon sins."

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 Q600. I have not completed the letter yet. (3) relief payments of Rs. 5,000 each,
(a) yet not completed (4) to those who injured in the fire accident
(b) yet not complete Answer: (4) to those who injured in the fire accident
(c) No improvement ● Corrected Sentence: The government granted relief
(d) completed not yet payments of Rs. 5,000 each to those who were injured
in the fire accident.
Correct Answer: (c) No improvement
● Explanation: The error is in "who injured in the fire
Explanation: accident." The verb "injured" lacks "were" to form the
● Option (a) yet not completed: Incorrect, as "I have yet passive "were injured," as "those" were acted upon.
not completed" is incorrect; "have not…yet" is the Adding "were" corrects the verb form. Relative clauses
standard word order. describing states require proper auxiliary verbs.
● Option (b) yet not complete: Incorrect, as "I have yet ● Example: Aid was given to those who were hurt. (Not
not complete" is incorrect; "completed" (past Aid was given to those who hurt.)
participle) is needed with "have."
● Option (d) completed not yet: Incorrect, as "I have Q823.Sentence: You are required to give an explanation
completed not yet" is incorrect; "not…yet" should for your conduct within two days of the receipt of
precede the verb for proper negation. this letter.
Options:
The underlined phrase "I have not completed the letter yet" is
(1) No error,
correct, with proper present perfect tense and word order for
"not…yet." The corrected sentence is: "I have not completed the (2) You are required to give an explanation,
letter yet." (3) for your conduct within two days,
(4) of the receipt of this letter
Answer: (1) No error
● Explanation: There is no error. "You are required" is
Spot the error correct, "to give an explanation for your conduct" is
proper, and "within two days of the receipt of this
letter" is clear. The sentence is sound. Prepositional
Q821.Sentence: I really do regret not to learn to play the
phrases for time limits are correctly structured.
violin when I had so many opportunities to learn and
● Example: Submit the report within a week of receiving
practise in school.
this notice. (Not Submit the report within a week of
Options:
receive this notice.)
(1) No error,
(2) I really do regret, Q824.Sentence: The ruins of the spillway are a vital clue
(3) not to learn to play the violin, to the epic struggle that unfold as generations of
(4) when I had so many opportunities to learn and Khmer engineers coped with a water system that
practise in school grew complex and unruly.
Answer: (3) not to learn to play the violin Options:
● Corrected Sentence: I really do regret not learning to (1) The ruins of the spillway are a vital clue,
play the violin when I had so many opportunities to (2) to the epic struggle that unfold,
learn and practise in school. (3) as generations of Khmer engineers coped with a
● Explanation: The error is in "not to learn to play." The water system,
verb "regret" takes a gerund ("learning"), not an (4) that grew complex and unruly
infinitive ("to learn"). Replacing "to learn" with Answer: (2) to the epic struggle that unfold
"learning" corrects the verb form. Verbs like "regret" ● Corrected Sentence: The ruins of the spillway are a
require gerunds for actions regretted. vital clue to the epic struggle that unfolded as
● Example: I regret not studying harder. (Not I regret not generations of Khmer engineers coped with a water
to study harder.) system that grew complex and unruly.
● Explanation: The error is in "that unfold." The verb
Q822.Sentence: The government granted relief payments "unfold" is incorrect; past tense "unfolded" is needed
of Rs. 5,000 each to those who injured in the fire for the historical narrative. Replacing "unfold" with
accident. "unfolded" corrects the tense. Past events require past
Options: tense verbs.

(1) No error, ● Example: The artifacts reveal a story that unfolded

centuries ago. (Not The artifacts reveal a story that
(2) The government granted,
unfold centuries ago.)

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 Q825.Sentence: Bobby learnt the alphabets at the age of ● Example: The pianist played beautifully. (Not The
two. pianoist played beautifully. )
Options:
Q828.Sentence: Who do you think I met?
(1) Bobby learnt the,
Options:
(2) at the age of two,
(1) Who,
(3) No error,
(2) No error,
(4) alphabets at the
(3) do you think,
Answer: (4) alphabets at the
(4) I met?
● Corrected Sentence: Bobby learnt the alphabet at the
Answer: (2) No error
age of two.
● Corrected Sentence: Who do you think I met?
● Explanation: The error is in "the alphabets." The term
"alphabets" is incorrect; "the alphabet" (singular) ● Explanation: The error is in "Who." The pronoun "Who"
refers to the set of letters. Replacing "alphabets" with is incorrect because it is the subject of the clause, but
"alphabet" corrects the noun form. "Alphabet" is here it should be the object of the verb "met," requiring

singular when referring to the letter system. the objective case "Whom." Replacing "Who" with
"Whom" corrects the pronoun case for standard usage.
● Example: She learned the alphabet early. (Not She
learned the alphabets early. ) ● Example: Whom did you see? (Not Who did you see?)

Q826.Sentence: The sum and substance of this poem is as Q829.Sentence: Just outside my house are a playground
follows. for school boys and girls.

Options: Options:

(1) of this poem, (1) Just outside my house,

(2) No error, (2) are a playground,

(3) The sum and substance, (3) No error,

(4) is as follows (4) for school boys and girls

Answer: (2) No error Answer: (2) are a playground

● Corrected Sentence: The sum and substance of this ● Corrected Sentence: Just outside my house is a

poem is as follows. playground for school boys and girls.

● Explanation: There is no error. "The sum ● Explanation: The error is in "are a playground." The

and substance" is a correct idiomatic phrase, "of this verb "are" is incorrect; "is" is needed for the singular
poem" is a proper prepositional phrase, and subject "a playground." Subject-verb inversion after a
"is as follows" is standard for introducing a prepositional phrase does not affect agreement.

summary. The sentence is grammatically sound. Replacing "are" with "is" corrects the verb. Singular

Idiomatic phrases like "sum and substance" are used subjects take singular verbs.
correctly. ● Example: Near the school is a park. (Not Near the

● Example: The essence of the argument is as follows. school are a park.)

(Not The essence of argument is as follows. )
Q830.Sentence: He can be a basketball player since he is

Q827.Sentence: I watched how the pianoist used her left tall like a mule.

hand. Options:

Options: (1) He can be,

(1) I watched how, (2) he is tall like a mule,

(2) the pianoist, (3) No error,

(3) No error, (4) a basketball player since

(4) used her left hand Answer: (2) he is tall like a mule

Answer: (2) the pianoist ● Corrected Sentence: He can be a basketball player

● Corrected Sentence: I watched how the pianist used since he is very tall.

her left hand. ● Explanation: The error is in "he is tall like a mule." The

● Explanation: The error is in "the pianoist." The word simile "like a mule" is inappropriate and unclear for
"pianoist" is incorrect; the correct term is "pianist." height; a simpler phrase like "very tall" is
Replacing "pianoist" with "pianist" corrects the correct. Replacing "tall like a mule" with "very tall"

spelling. Correct spelling is essential for specific corrects the idiom. Comparisons should be clear and

professions. relevant.

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 ● Example: She can be a model since she is very tall. (Not Q834.Sentence: We have finished our work three hours
She can be a model since she is tall like a giraffe. ) ago and have been waiting for you since then.
Options:
Q831.Sentence: It is not advisable to take heavy luggages
(1) three hours ago and have been waiting,
while on a journey.
(2) We have finished our work,
Options:
(3) for you since then,
(1) to take heavy luggages,
(4) No error
(2) while on a journey,
Answer: (1) three hours ago and have been waiting
(3) No error,
● Corrected Sentence: We finished our work three
(4) It is not advisable
hours ago and have been waiting for you since
Answer: (1) to take heavy luggages then.
● Corrected Sentence: It is not advisable to take heavy
● Explanation: The error is in "have finished our work
luggage while on a journey. three hours ago." The present perfect "have finished"
● Explanation: The error is in "heavy luggages." The noun is incorrect with a specific past time ("three hours
"luggage" is uncountable and does not take a ago"); simple past "finished" is needed. Replacing "have
plural form. Replacing "luggages" with "luggage" finished" with "finished" corrects the tense. Present
corrects the noun form. Uncountable nouns remain perfect is used for unspecified times.
singular. ● Example: I finished the task yesterday. (Not I have
● Example: Pack light luggage for the trip. (Not Pack finished the task yesterday. )
light luggages for the trip.)
Q835.Sentence: Many a man want to be rich quickly.
Q832.Sentence: A bird in the tree is worth two in the bush.
Options:
Options: (1) rich quickly, (2) want to be,
(1) A bird in the tree,
(3) Many a man, (4) No error
(2) two in the bush,
Answer: (2) want to be
(3) No error, ● Corrected Sentence: Many a man wants to be rich
(4) is worth quickly.
Answer: (3) No error ● Explanation: The error is in "want to be." The verb
● Explanation: There is no error. The sentence is a "want" is incorrect; "wants" is needed for the singular
variation of the proverb "A bird in the hand is worth subject "Many a man." Replacing "want" with "wants"
two in the bush," with "tree" instead of "hand." The corrects the verb agreement. "Many a" constructions
structure is grammatically sound, with "A bird" are singular.
as the subject, "is worth" as the verb, and "two in the ● Example: Many a student wants success. (Not Many a
bush" as the complement. Proverbs allow minor student want success.)
variations.
● Example: A dollar saved is worth two spent. (Not A Q836.Sentence: The Russian ambassador’s whereabouts is
dollar save is worth two spent. ) not known to anyone.
Options:
Q833.Sentence: Several guests noticed Mr. Sharma falling
(1) No error,
back in his chair and gasping for breath.
(2) The Russian ambassador’s,
Options:
(3) not known to anyone,
(1) falling back in his chair,
(4) whereabouts is
(2) Several guests noticed Mr. Sharma,
Answer: (4) whereabouts is
(3) and gasping for breath,
● Corrected Sentence: The Russian ambassador’s
(4) No error whereabouts are not known to anyone.
Answer: (4) No error
● Explanation: There is no error in the sentence. "The
● Explanation: There is no error. "Several guests noticed" Russian ambassador’s" is a correct singular
is correct, "Mr. Sharma falling back in his chair" uses possessive form. "Whereabouts" used as both singular/
a participle phrase, and "and gasping for breath" is plural based on the context, as "whereabouts" is
parallel. The sentence is sound. Participle phrases treated as a singular noun when referring to the
describe simultaneous actions. location or circumstances of a single person in formal
● Example: They saw the child running and shouting. English. "Not known to anyone" is a correct passive
(Not They saw the child run and shout. ) construction. The sentence is grammatically correct.

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 ● Example: Their whereabouts are unknown. (Not Their Q840.Sentence: This is Johns book on the table.
whereabouts is unknown.) Options:
(1) No error,
Q837. Sentence: A study is going underway to determine
(2) John’s book,
the exact concentration of lead in the water supply.
(3) on the table,
Options:
(4) This is
(1) to determine the exact concentration,
Answer: (2) John’s book
(2) No error,
● Corrected Sentence: This is John’s book on the
(3) of lead in the water supply,
table.
(4) A study is going underway
● Explanation: The error is in "Johns book." The
Answer: (4) A study is going underway
possessive "Johns" lacks an apostrophe; "John’s" is
● Corrected Sentence: A study is underway to
correct. Replacing "Johns" with "John’s" corrects the
determine the exact concentration of lead in the water possessive form. Possessive nouns require an
supply.
apostrophe.
● Explanation: The error is in "is going underway." The ● Example: This is Mary’s pen. (Not This is Marys pen.)
phrase "going underway" is incorrect; "is underway" is
the standard expression for an ongoing process. Q841.Sentence: It is not advisable to take heavy luggages
Removing "going" corrects the idiom. "Underway" is an while travelling these days.
adjective, not a verb phrase. Options:
● Example: The project is underway. (Not The project is (1) No error,
going underway.) (2) to take heavy luggages,
(3) It is not advisable,
Q838.Sentence: The childrens were happy when the film
(4) while travelling these days
started.
Answer: (2) to take heavy luggages
Options:
● Corrected Sentence: It is not advisable to take heavy
(1) The childrens, (2) when the film started,
luggage while travelling these days.
(3) No error, (4) were happy
● Explanation: The error is in "heavy luggages."
Answer: (1) The childrens
The noun "luggage" is uncountable and does not take
● Corrected Sentence: The children were happy when the
a plural form. Replacing "luggages" with "luggage"
film started.
corrects the noun form. Uncountable nouns remain
● Explanation: The error is in "The childrens." The plural
singular. (Note: This is similar to Q831, likely a
"childrens" is incorrect; the correct plural of "child" is
repeated question.)
"children." Replacing "childrens" with "children"
● Example: Carry light luggage when travelling. (Not
corrects the noun form. Irregular plurals must be
Carry light luggages when travelling. )
accurate.
● Example: The children played outside. (Not The Q842.Sentence: An ancients considered that knowledge
childrens played outside.) had its limits.
Options:
Q839.Sentence: His new job necessitated his getting up at
(1) had its limits,
six.
(2) No error,
Options:
(3) that knowledge,
(1) No error,
(4) An ancients considered
(2) His new job,
Answer: (4) An ancients considered
(3) getting up at six,
● Corrected Sentence: The ancients considered that
(4) necessitated his
knowledge had its limits.
Answer: (1) No error
● Explanation: The error is in "An ancients considered."
● Explanation: There is no error. "His new job" is correct,
The article "An" is incorrect, and "ancients" should be
"necessitated" is appropriate, and "his getting up at
"the ancients" (definite article for a specific group).
six" uses a possessive pronoun with a gerund correctly.
Replacing "An ancients" with "The ancients" corrects
The sentence is sound. Gerunds after verbs like
the article and noun. Definite articles are used for
"necessitate" often take possessive forms.
specific groups.
● Example: Her success required her working hard. (Not
● Example: The ancients valued wisdom. (Not An
Her success required her work hard. )
ancients valued wisdom.)

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 Q843.Sentence: Despite the speed in which he was driving Q846.Sentence: The children are driving me to distraction
he couldn’t reach on time. today.
Options: Options:
(1) Despite the speed, (1) No error,
(2) No error, (2) distraction today,
(3) in which he was driving, (3) The children are,
(4) he couldn’t reach on time (4) driving me to
Answer: (3) in which he was driving Answer: (1) No error
● Corrected Sentence: Despite the speed at which he was ● Explanation: There is no error. "The children
driving, he couldn’t reach on time. are" is correct, "driving me to distraction" is an
● Explanation: The error is in "in which he was driving." idiomatic phrase meaning extreme annoyance, and
The preposition "in" is incorrect; "at" is used with "today" is clear. The sentence is sound. Idiomatic
"speed" in relative clauses (e.g., "at which"). Replacing expressions like "drive to distraction" are correctly
"in" with "at" corrects the preposition. "At" is used with used.
"speed" in such contexts. ● Example: His antics are driving me to despair. (Not His
● Example: The rate at which she works is antics are drive me to despair.)
impressive. (Not The rate in which she works is
impressive.) Q847. Sentence: Thoughts about the slaughtered children
is uppermost on my mind.
Q844.Sentence: Being a very cold I could not go out for a Options:
morning walk. (1) is uppermost on my mind,
Options: (2) slaughtered children,
(1) for a morning walk, (3) Thoughts about the,
(2) No error, (4) No error
(3) Being a very cold, Answer: (1) is uppermost on my mind
(4) I could not go out ● Corrected Sentence: Thoughts about the slaughtered
Answer: (3) Being a very cold children are uppermost on my mind.
● Corrected Sentence: It being very cold, I could not go ● Explanation: The error is in "is uppermost."
out for a morning walk. The verb "is" is incorrect; "are" is needed for the
● Explanation: The error is in "Being a very cold." The plural subject "Thoughts." Replacing "is" with "are"
phrase is incorrect; "It being very cold" (absolute corrects the verb agreement. Plural subjects take
construction) is needed to indicate the reason. Also, "a plural verbs.
very cold" lacks a noun; "cold" is an adjective. Adding ● Example: Ideas about peace are important. (Not Ideas
"It" and rephrasing corrects the structure. Absolute about peace is important.)
constructions clarify conditions.
● Example: It being late, we left early. (Not Being a late Q848.Sentence: The luxuries of the riches are maintained
we left early.) by depriving the poor of their dues.
Options:
Q845.Sentence: This is the girl whose brother is a doctor. (1) The luxuries of the riches,
Options: (2) the poor of their dues,
(1) is a doctor, (3) are maintained by depriving,
(2) This is the girl, (4) No error
(3) No error, Answer: (1) The luxuries of the riches
(4) whose brother ● Corrected Sentence: The luxuries of the
Answer: (3) No error rich are maintained by depriving the poor of their
● Explanation: There is no error. "This is the dues.
girl" is correct, "whose brother" is a proper ● Explanation: The error is in "the riches." The term
relative clause, and "is a doctor" is accurate. "riches" (meaning wealth) is incorrect; "the rich"
The sentence is grammatically sound. (people) is intended. Replacing "riches" with "rich"
Relative pronouns like "whose" correctly link to corrects the noun. "The rich" refers to wealthy people.
possessives. ● Example: The wealth of the rich grows daily. (Not The
● Example: That’s the man whose car was stolen. (Not wealth of the riches grows daily.)
That’s the man which car was stolen. )

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 Q849.Sentence: They brought to themself this disaster. Q850.Sentence: Everybody wants to enjoy habitual peace
Options: in mind.
(1) No error, Options:
(2) to themselves, (1) peace in mind,
(3) this disaster, (2) No error,
(4) They brought (3) Everybody wants to,
Answer: (2) to themselves (4) enjoy habitual
● Corrected Sentence: They brought this disaster upon Answer: (1) peace in mind
themselves. ● Corrected Sentence: Everybody wants to enjoy
● Explanation: The error is in "to themself." The pronoun habitual peace of mind.
"themself" is incorrect; "themselves" is the plural ● Explanation: The error is in "peace in mind."
reflexive pronoun for "they." Also, "brought upon" is The idiom is "peace of mind," not "peace in mind."
more idiomatic than "brought to" for causing a Replacing "in" with "of" corrects the idiomatic
disaster. Replacing "to themself" with "upon expression. Standard idioms require precise
themselves" corrects the pronoun and idiom. Reflexive prepositions.
pronouns match subject number.
● Example: She seeks peace of mind. (Not She seeks
● Example: They blamed themselves for the error. (Not peace in mind.)
They blamed themself for the error. )

ENGLISH VOCABULARIES

IDIOMS AND PHRASES

S.NO WORD MEANING EXAM

1306 Pulling someone's leg Teasing or joking with someone. SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1307 Put one’s foot in one’s mouth Accidentally say something embarrassing or upsetting SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1308 Raise the bar Set a higher standard of achievement SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1309 Receive a new lease of life Become active or energetic again after a tough time SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1310 Rift in the lute A small problem that ruins harmony or peace SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1311 Rock the boat Cause problems or disturb a stable situation. SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1312 Run out of steam To lose impetus or enthusiasm and stop doing SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
something // To exhaust one’s energy
1313 Running around in circles Being very busy but not achieving anything useful. SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1314 Sharp practice Engaging in dishonest or unethical behavior, SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
especially in business
1315 Showed a clean pair of heels Ran away quickly. SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1316 Sow wild oats Engage in rebellious or irresponsible behavior SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
(esp. youth).
1317 Spinning one's wheels Putting in effort without results. SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1318 Square peg in a round hole A misfit in the environment SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1319 Stab someone in the back Betray someone secretly SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1320 Stand one's ground Stay firm on your opinion or position SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1321 Strain every nerve Make every possible effort SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1322 Swim with the tide Agree with the majority or go along with popular SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
opinion
1323 Take it with a grain of salt Be doubtful about its truth or reliability. SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1324 Take the heat Face criticism or pressure SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1

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 S.NO WORD MEANING EXAM
1325 Taste of your own medicine Getting the same bad treatment you give others. SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1326 The life and soul of the party A person who brings energy, fun, and enthusiasm SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
to social gatherings.
1327 The whole ball of wax Everything related to a situation or topic. SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1328 Throw a fit Get extremely angry suddenly SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1329 Thrown out of gear Out of order or not functioning properly SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1330 Tick all the boxes Meet all the necessary conditions or requirements SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1331 To accept the gauntlet To accept or respond to a challenge SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1332 To add fuel to fire Worsen an already bad situation. SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1333 To be on the same page Agree or think the same way SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1334 To blow one’s own horn To brag or boast about oneself SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1335 To cut down Reduce something (e.g., cost, time, consumption) SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1336 To eat crow To admit you were wrong, especially after SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
being confident.
1337 To face the music Accept the consequences or criticism for SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
one's actions
1338 To get on one's nerves To irritate, annoy, or provoke someone persistently SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1339 To hold good To remain valid or true over time. SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1340 To jump out of one's skin To be suddenly and extremely shocked or scared. SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1341 To lose one’s head Lose control or become overly emotional SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1342 To pick holes in To find fault with someone or their work unnecessarily. SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
someone's coat
1343 To scratch one’s head To feel confused and try hard to figure SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
something out.
1344 To take stock of Carefully assess a situation SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1345 To turn over a new leaf To start fresh and change one's behavior SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
for the better.
1346 Too close for comfort So close that it causes anxiety or fear SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1347 Turn a blind eye Ignore something on purpose SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1348 Turn over a new leaf Begin a new and better way of behaving SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1349 Turned the corner Improved after a difficult time SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1
1350 Under duress Under pressure or threat. SSC MTS 2024 TIER -1

ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION

S.NO IDIOM MEANING EXAM

871 Mansion Big house SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023

872 Eternal Something that lasts forever SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023

873 Transitory Something that is temporary or not lasting for a long time SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023

874 Memorable Something that is worth remembering SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023

875 Pertinent Something that is relevant or related to the current SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023
situation or topic

876 Viscosity Measure of a fluid's resistance to flow SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023

877 Community Group of people living in the same area or sharing SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023
common interests

878 Deck Open, flat surface of a ship or boat where people SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023
can walk or stand

879 Cabin Small room or compartment on a ship or boat for SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023
sleeping or staying

880 Channel Navigable passage of water, such as a river or sea route SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023

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 S.NO IDIOM MEANING EXAM

881 Illicit Notorious for smuggling, prohibited by law SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023

882 Licit Lawful or legal; allowed by law SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023

883 Chaste Pure or abstaining from sexual activity; morally pure SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023
884 Legitimate Lawful or valid; conforming to the law SSC SELECTION POST PHASE (XI) 2023

885 Garbled Confused and distorted; unclear SSC CGL Tier II 2019

886 Intelligible Able to be understood; comprehensible SSC CGL Tier II 2019

887 Serenity State of being calm, peaceful, and untroubled SSC CGL Tier II 2019
888 Misadventure Death caused by a person accidentally while SSC CGL Tier II 2019
performing a legal act without negligence

889 Fortitude Courage in pain or adversity SSC CGL Tier II 2019

890 Interminable Endless or apparently endless (often used hyperbolically) SSC CGL Tier II 2019

891 Laconic Using very few words SSC CGL Tier II 2019
892 Interim The intervening time SSC CGL Tier II 2019

893 Concise Brief but comprehensive SSC CGL Tier II 2019

894 Malicious Intended to do harm SSC CGL Tier II 2019

895 Maestro Distinguished conductor or performer of classical music SSC CGL Tier II 2019

896 Layman Person without professional or specialized knowledge SSC CGL Tier II 2019
in a particular subject

897 Radiology Science dealing with X-rays and other high-energy radiation SSC CGL Tier II 2019

898 Nephrology Branch of medicine dealing with the physiology and SSC CGL Tier II 2019
diseases of the kidneys

899 Neurology Related to nerves and the nervous system SSC CGL Tier II 2019

900 Pathology Science of the causes and effects of diseases SSC CGL Tier II 2019

SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

S.NO WORD MEANING SYNONYM ANTONYM EXAM

Irritation,
The state of being
1016 VEXATION Annoyance, Peace, Contentment SSC MTS 2024
annoyed
Exasperation

Wanting great quantities Ravenous, Insatiable,

1017 VORACIOUS Satiated, Satisfied SSC MTS 2024
of food Gluttonous

Showing great energy or Eager, Fervent, Indifferent, Apathetic,

1018 ZEALOUS SSC MTS 2024
enthusiasm Devoted Unenthusiastic
to detect or recognize Recognize, Ignore, Overlook, SSC MTS 2024, SSC
1019 DISCERN
something clearly Distinguish, Perceive Misinterpret CHSL 2021
acting quickly without Rash, Hasty, Cautious, Considerate, SSC MTS 2024, SSC
1020 IMPETUOUS
thought Reckless Thoughtful CPO 2022

Deceptive, Dishonest, SSC MTS 2024,SSC CGL

1021 FRAUDULENT involving deception Honest, Genuine, Truthful
Corrupt 2023

Inexpressible,
Too great to be expressed Expressible, Definable, SSC MTS 2024,SSC
1022 INEFFABLE Indescribable,
in words Articulable CHSL 2022
Unutterable

Short-lived, Permanent, Lasting, SSC MTS 2024,SSC CPO

1023 EPHEMERAL lasting for a short time
Transitory, Fleeting Enduring 2023

Concerned with beauty or Unattractive,

1024 AESTHETIC Artistic, Elegant SSC Steno 2018
the appreciation of beauty Unappealing

Inclined to give way to Submissive, Stubborn, Rigid,

1025 YIELDING SSC Stenographer 2019
others Compliant, Flexible Unyielding

to make someone very Infuriate, Anger,

1026 ENRAGE Calm, Soothe, Pacify SSC Stenographer 2024
angry Provoke

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 S.NO WORD MEANING SYNONYM ANTONYM EXAM

situated at the back or

1027 HIND Rear, Back, Posterior Front, Foremost, Leading SSC Stenographer 2024
rear

an exclusive right or Privilege, Right, Obligation, Duty,

1028 PREROGATIVE SSC Stenographer 2024
privilege Advantage Requirement

Reclining, Lying
1029 RECUMBENT lying down or reclining Upright, Standing, Active SSC Stenographer 2024
down, Resting

Immoral,
Reckless or deliberate
1030 WANTON Unrestrained, Justified, Careful SSC Stenographer 2024
without regard
Senseless

Dilemma,
a state of confusion or Certainty, Clarity, SSC Stenographer
1031 QUANDARY Predicament,
uncertainty Resolution 2024, SSC CGL 2024
Uncertainty

the establishment or
Beginning, Origin, End, Conclusion, SSC Stenographer
1032 INCEPTION starting point of an
Commencement Termination 2024, SSC CGL 2024
institution or activity

resolutely fearless; Fearless, Brave, SSC Stenographer

1033 INTREPID Timid, Cowardly, Fearful
dauntless Dauntless 2024, SSC CGL 2024

Showing courage and

1034 Gutsy Bold, Brave, Spirited Timid, Cowardly, Fearful SSC Selection Post 2024
determination

Feeling afraid about Afraid, Anxious,

1035 Fearful Brave, Calm, Fearless SSC Selection Post 2024
something Nervous

Spineless, Faint-
1036 Cowardly Lacking bravery Courageous, Bold, Heroic SSC Selection Post 2024
hearted, Weak

Extremely impressive or Breathtaking,

1037 Stunning Ordinary, Dull, Common SSC Selection Post 2024
beautiful Striking, Dazzling

Hideous,
Beautiful, Attractive,
1038 Ugly Very unattractive Unappealing, SSC Selection Post 2024
Pretty
Repulsive

Horrifying, Ghastly, Lovely, Pleasant,

1039 Hideous Extremely frightening SSC Selection Post 2024
Monstrous Charming

Specialized language used

by a specific group, often Slang, Lingo, Clarity, Simplicity,
1040 Jargon SSC Selection Post 2024
hard for others to Vernacular Plainness
understand

A powered vehicle used for

transporting people or
1041 Automobile Vehicle, Car, Motor Bicycle, Cart, Foot SSC Selection Post 2024
goods, commonly called a
car

Short piece of writing on Article, Composition,

1042 Essay Speech, Novel, Poem SSC Selection Post 2024
a particular subject Paper

Nasty, Spiteful,
1043 Mean Unkind or unpleasant Kind, Pleasant, Generous SSC Selection Post 2024
Malicious
Sorrow, Mourning,
1044 Grief Deep sorrow or sadness Joy, Happiness, Comfort SSC Selection Post 2024
Anguish
Ease, Solace,
1045 Relief Feeling of comfort Distress, Pain, Burden SSC Selection Post 2024
Alleviation

Sprightly, Energetic,
1046 Frisky Playful and full of energy Lethargic, Calm, Subdued SSC Selection Post 2024
Bouncy
Ecstasy, Elation,
1047 Felicity Intense happiness Grief, Despair, Anguish SSC Selection Post 2024
Rapture
Another person or other
Peer, Companion,
1048 Fellow being living creature considered Stranger, Foe, Outsider SSC Selection Post 2024
Kin
in relation to oneself

State of being private and Privacy, Retreat, Exposure, Publicity,

1049 Seclusion SSC Selection Post 2024
away from other people Solitude Openness

Preparedness,
State of being fully Unpreparedness,
1050 Readiness Willingness, SSC Selection Post 2024
prepared for something Hesitation, Delay
Alertness

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 PHRASAL VERB

S.NO VERB MEANING

291 Stand out To be noticeably better
292 Stand up To be valid
293 Step down To resign
294 Step up To increase
295 Sent for To call someone for help
296 Take after To be similar to a relative, imitate in behaviour
297 Take aback To surprise
298 Take down To write
299 Take off To fly plane, to put off clothe
300 Take on To accept a new responsibility

CURRENT AFFAIRS

Union Budget 2025-26: Key Highlights

Presented by: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on February 1, 2025

Context: First full budget of PM Narendra Modi’s third term, themed around Sabka Vikas (inclusive development) to
achieve Viksit Bharat by 2047.
Prepared by: Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, per Article 112 (Annual Financial Statement).
Fiscal Target: Fiscal deficit set at 4.4% of GDP for FY 2025-26, with a revised 4.8% for FY 2024-25, emphasizing fiscal
prudence.

Core Principles of Viksit Bharat

● Zero poverty
● 100% quality school education
● Accessible, affordable, comprehensive healthcare
● 100% skilled labor with meaningful employment
● 70% women in economic activities
● India as the global “food basket” through agricultural advancements

◙ Four Engines of Growth

The budget identifies Agriculture, MSMEs, Investment, and Exports as growth drivers, fuelled by reforms and inclusivity.

1. Agriculture
• Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana: Targets 100 low-productivity districts to enhance crop productivity,
diversification, irrigation, storage, and credit access.
• Rural Prosperity and Resilience Programme: Focuses on skilling youth/women, technology adoption, and
investment for small/marginal farmers and landless families.
• Pulse Self-Reliance Mission: 6-year plan for Tur, Urad, and Masoor, with NAFED/NCCF procuring all farmer
produce for 4 years.
• Other Initiatives: Programs for vegetables/fruits, high-yielding seeds, and a 5-year cotton productivity mission.
• Kisan Credit Card: Loan limit raised from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh under modified interest subvention.

2. MSMEs
• Contribution: MSMEs account for 45% of India’s exports, vital for economic growth.
• Policy Boost: Investment limit for MSME classification increased 2.5x, turnover limit doubled; enhanced credit
guarantee cover.

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 • Entrepreneurship Scheme: Term loans up to ₹2 crore for 5 lakh first-time entrepreneurs from women, SCs, and
STs over 5 years.
• Global Toy Hub: Scheme to promote India as a toy manufacturing hub under Made in India.
• National Manufacturing Mission: Supports small, medium, and large industries to strengthen Make in India.

3. Investment
• In People:
▪ 50,000 Atal Tinkering Labs in government schools over 5 years.
▪ Bharatnet for broadband in rural secondary schools and health centers.
▪ Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme for digital Indian language books.
▪ 5 National Centres of Excellence for skilling; ₹500 crore AI Centre for education.
▪ Gig workers to receive identity cards, e-Shram registration, and PM Jan Arogya Yojana healthcare.
• In Economy:
▪ ₹1.5 lakh crore in 50-year interest-free loans to states for capex and reforms.
▪ Second Asset Monetization Plan (2025-30) to raise ₹10 lakh crore.
▪ Jal Jeevan Mission extended to 2028 for rural water supply.
▪ Urban Challenge Fund with ₹1 lakh crore for city development.
• In Innovation:
▪ ₹20,000 crore for private sector R&D.
▪ National Geospatial Mission for urban planning.
▪ Gyan Bharatam Mission to conserve 1 crore manuscripts.

4. Exports & Reforms

• Exports:
▪ Export Promotion Mission to aid MSMEs in global markets.
▪ BharatTradeNet: Digital platform for trade documentation and financing.
▪ Support for domestic manufacturing to integrate with global supply chains.
▪ National Framework for Global Capability Centres in tier-2 cities.
▪ Upgraded air cargo infrastructure for horticultural exports.
• Reforms:
▪ Taxpayer-friendly measures: faceless assessment, taxpayer charter, self-assessment.
▪ “Trust first, scrutinize later” approach in tax administration.
▪ FDI in insurance raised from 74% to 100% for companies investing fully in India.
• Financial Sector:
▪ High-Level Committee to review non-financial regulations.
▪ Investment Friendliness Index for states in 2025.
▪ Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) to enhance regulations.
▪ Jan Vishwas Bill 2.0 to decriminalize over 100 legal provisions.

Direct Tax Proposals

• New Tax Slabs (New Regime):
▪ ₹0–4 lakh: Nil
▪ ₹4–8 lakh: 5%
▪ ₹8–12 lakh: 10%
▪ ₹12–16 lakh: 15%
▪ ₹16–20 lakh: 20%
▪ ₹20–24 lakh: 25%
▪ Above ₹24 lakh: 30%
• Exemptions: No tax up to ₹12 lakh; salaried individuals exempt up to ₹12.75 lakh with a ₹75,000 standard deduction.
• Revenue Impact: ₹1 lakh crore revenue loss due to tax relief.
• Middle-Class Focus: Simplified TDS/TCS, voluntary compliance, reduced compliance burden to boost employment
and investment.

Other Key Points

• Expenditure: Total expenditure for FY 2025-26 estimated at ₹50.65 lakh crore, up 7.4% from FY 2024-25’s revised
₹47.16 lakh crore.
• Nuclear Energy Mission: ₹20,000 crore for small modular reactor R&D.
• Healthcare: 200 day-care cancer centers in 2025-26; 10,000 new medical seats.
• UDAN 2.0: Modified scheme to connect 120 new destinations, serving 4 crore passengers in 10 years.
• Capital Expenditure: ₹11.21 lakh crore for FY 2025-26, slightly up from ₹11.11 lakh crore in FY 2024-25.

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