Domains and Technologies in Wireless Communication

Wireless communication is used in multiple domains, employing different technologies based on

frequency, range, and application requirements.

1.Wireless Communication Domains

Personal Area Network (PAN): Short-range communication (up to a few meters) for
personal devices. Example: Bluetooth, ZigBee.
Local Area Network (LAN): Medium-range communication (up to 100 meters) within homes,
offices, or campuses. Example: WiFi (802.11 WLAN).
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): City-wide network for public access. Example: WiMAX.
Wide Area Network (WAN): Covers large geographical areas, including cellular networks.
Example: GSM, CDMA, 4G, 5G.
Satellite Communication: Long-distance global communication using satellites. Example: GPS,
satellite internet.

2.Technologies in Wireless Communication

Technology Descriptio Example
n Applications
Infrared (IR) Uses IR waves for short-range, line-of-sight
TV remote controllers, robotic
Communication communication. sensors.

Bluetoot Short-range wireless communication (2.4

Wireless headphones,
h GHz), with frequency hopping. smartwatches, IoT devices.

WiFi (802.11 Wireless local network for high-speed Laptops, smartphones, routers.
WLAN) internet.

ZigBe Low-power, short-range protocol (2.4 GHz

Smart home automation,
e or 900 MHz), often used in IoT. industrial sensors.

RF Communication Uses radio waves for short and long Mobile networks, walkie-talkies.
distances.

GSM/CDMA Mobile network technologies for voice and

2G, 3G, 4G, 5G cellular
data transmission. networks.

FHSS (Frequency HoppingSignal rapidly switches frequencies to avoid

Bluetooth, military
Spread interference. communication.
Spectrum)
DSSS (Direct Spreads signal over a wide frequency range
WiFi (802.11b), military
Sequence
Spread for security. applications.
Spectrum)

Examples of Wireless Devices

1. Infrared Devices: TV remote controls, IR sensors in robotics.
2. Bluetooth Devices: Wireless keyboards, smartwatches, Bluetooth speakers.
3. WiFi Devices: Laptops, smartphones, smart home systems.
4. ZigBee Devices: Smart home automation (smart bulbs, thermostats).
5. Cellular Devices: Mobile phones, GPS trackers, IoT modules.
6. RFID Tags: Contactless cards, inventory tracking systems.
7. Satellite Communication Devices: GPS devices, satellite phones.

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https://newhavendisplay.com/blog/serial-vs-parallel-communication/#:~:text=In%20a%20nutshell
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Serial and Parallel Communication in Embedded Systems

In embedded systems, communication between devices occurs in two ways: serial
communication and parallel communication. The choice depends on speed, distance, and
complexity requirements.

1. Serial Communication Devices

Serial communication transmits data one bit at a time over a single communication line. It is
widely used in embedded systems for long-distance and low-pin-count communication.
Examples of Serial Communication Devices
Communication
Device Use Cases
Protocol
Used in IoT, automation,
Microcontrollers UART, SPI, I2C
robotics
GPS Modules UART Location tracking
RF Modules (Bluetooth, WiFi,
UART, SPI Wireless communication
ZigBee)
Memory Devices (EEPROM, Flash
I2C, SPI Data storage
Memory)
Remote monitoring and
Industrial Sensors RS-232, RS-485
control
Types of Serial Communication
1. Synchronous Communication (Data + Clock Signal)
o SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)
o I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)
2. Asynchronous Communication (Only Data, No Clock)
o UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter)
o RS-232, RS-485

2. Parallel Communication Devices

Parallel communication transmits multiple bits simultaneously over multiple lines, making it
faster but requiring more pins.
Examples of Parallel Communication Devices
Communication
Device Use Cases
Standard
Microprocessors (Older
Parallel Buses Computer processors
CPUs)
Printers (Older models) Centronics (Parallel Port) Printing
RAM (Random Access High-speed data
DDR, SDRAM
Memory) access
LCD Displays 8-bit, 16-bit Parallel Embedded GUI
 Communication
Device Use Cases
Standard
Interface systems
High-speed
FPGA & DSP Devices Parallel Data Bus
computation
Types of Parallel Communication
1. Memory Bus Communication – Used in RAM, ROM, cache memory.
2. Peripheral Bus Communication – Used in connecting peripherals like LCDs, FPGAs.

3. Differences Between Serial and Parallel Communication in Embedded Systems

Feature Serial Communication Parallel Communication
Data
One bit at a time Multiple bits at a time
Transfer
Slower (but optimized in high-speed Faster due to simultaneous
Speed
protocols like USB 3.0) transmission
Number of
Fewer (1-4 lines) More (8, 16, 32 lines)
Wires
Shorter distances (within circuit
Distance Longer distances (up to several meters)
boards)
Complex (more wires, crosstalk
Complexity Simple
issues)
Wireless communication, low-speed High-speed computing, internal
Applications
peripherals (sensors, IoT) memory access

4. Which One is Better in Embedded Systems?

 For long-distance, low-pin-count applications → Serial Communication (e.g., UART, SPI,
I2C in IoT, automotive, industrial sensors).
 For high-speed, short-distance applications → Parallel Communication (e.g., RAM,
microprocessor buses, high-speed DSP operations).