Gujarat Technological University

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad

A Project Report On
“Study On Analog To Digital & Digital To Analog
Converter”
Under subject of Design Engineering 2B
3160001 BE -, Semester-6th
Submitted by : Electrical

Sr. Name Of Student Enrollment

NO
1 Mahipal Chauhan 230433109004
2 Meet Jethva 230433109015
3 Kushal Vyas 230433109020
4 Saransh Talajiya 230433109042
5 Kashyap Thaker 230433109043

Faculty guide - Mr.Virenkumar Bharatbhai Pandya

Head of department - Mr.Bhavarth Vaidya
Academic year ( 2025-26)

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled
“Analog To Digital & Digital To Analog Converter ” has
been carried out by Kashyap Thaker, Kushal Vyas, Mahipal Chauhan,
Meet Jethva and Saransh Talajiya under my guidance in fulfilment of
the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering 6th
semester of Gujarat Technological University.

GUIDED BY: - HEAD OF DEPARTMENT: -

Mr. Virenkumar Bharatbhai Mr.Bhavarth Vaidya
Pandya

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 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the

dissertation, entitled in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
“B.E” in Dept. of Electrical Engineering and submitted to the
Department of Electrical Engineering in the Shantilal Shah Engineering
College, GUJRAT TECHONOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY is a record of my
own investigations carried under the Guidance of Mr Virenkumar
Bharatbhai Pandya, Department of Electrical Engineering.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Mahipal Chauhan 230433109004

Meet Jethva 230433109015
Kushal Vyas 230433109020
Saransh Talajiya 230433109042
Kashyap Thaker 230433109043

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are successive of “Electrical Engineering Department”

Shantilal Shah Engineering College.

We are indebted to number of individuals who have

contributed to this project. Their contribution in so many
different ways that we find it difficult to acknowledge them in
any other manner but alphabetically. We are greatly indebted to
Mr. V B. PANDYA SIR, the professor of Electrical Department for
his constant inspiration in making this report in particular we
wish to extend your appreciation to our project.

We thanks to Professor Mr. V B. PANDYA SIR for his support

and guidance and for patiently listening and solving our
problems we are thankful to the complete staff of Electrical
Department and our friends for their inspirational support.

At last we want to thank all those who have supported us

directly or indirectly making our path to make a successful
project.

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 ABSTRACT
The kit includes modules for an audio generator, power supply, sampling
pulse generation, low-pass filtering, and the main ADC/DAC
components. The ADC section converts analog input signals into digital
form using an ADC0800 IC, enabling precise signal representation in a
digital format. Conversely, the DAC section converts digital data back
into analog signals using a DAC0800 IC, highlighting the duality of
signal processing.

The trainer kit's design incorporates various subsystems, such as a

regulated power supply (±5V, ±15V), signal conditioning circuits, and
sampling functionality with adjustable frequency. This modular structure
allows students to study signal conversion processes systematically,
conduct experiments, and analyze outputs.

It also facilitates practical understanding of key concepts like resolution,

sampling rate, and reconstruction of analog signals. Its implementation
in a project enables us to develop skills in real-world applications of data
acquisition, embedded systems, and control systems, bridging the gap
between theoretical knowledge and practical execution.

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 Objective of the Project

The primary objective of this project was to refurbish an old and malfunctioning
ADC kit and make it fully operational again. The specific goals of the project
included:

1. Repairing and Replacing Faulty Components: Identifying and replacing

damaged or obsolete components in the kit to ensure it could function properly.
2. Improving Signal Conversion Accuracy: Ensuring that the ADC converted
analog signals into digital data with minimal errors and noise.
3. Testing and Validation: Ensuring that the refurbished kit met the expected
performance criteria, including resolution, sampling rate, and power
consumption.

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 INDEX

Sr No. Chapter Page No.

1. Analog To Digital Converter 10
1.1 EVALUATION OF IDEA 11
1.2 Types of Analog to Digital Converters 32
1.3 ADC Applications 36

2. Digital To Analog Convertor 37

2.1 weighted-resistor D/A converter 37
2.2 Binary ladder or R–2R ladder D/A Converter 39
Circuit
2.3 Segmented DAC 42
2.4 DAC Applications

3. Troubleshooting 44
3.1 Initial Assessment and Fault Identification 44
3.2 Component Replacement and Repair 45
3.3 Pricing 45

4. Conclusion 48
Reference 49

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Fig No. Fig Name Page No.
1. Dual Slope Analog to Digital Converter 33
2. Flash A/D Converter 33
3. Successive Approximation A/D Converter 34
4. Circuit diagram of a binary-weighted DAC 38
5. Circuit diagram of an R-2R Ladder DAC 40
6. A segmented digital-to-analog converter 42
7. Analog To Digital & Digital To Analog 46
Converter – ADCDAC100
8. Circuit Diagram Of Analog To Digital & Digital 47
To Analog – ADCDAC100

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SPECIFICATIONS

1. Power Supply requirement : 230V AC, 50 Hz

2. Built in IC based regulated Power supply -5 to +5 V DC/200 mA
3. Following parts provided on Single PCB with connecting
terminals. Analog to Digital converter. - IC ADC0800 - 1 No.
Digital to Analog converter. - IC DAC0800No.
4. Built in Audio Signal generator for digital conversion of audio
signal: 1KHz
5. Logic output Indicators : 8 LEDs provided for output level
indication.
6. High /Low switches : 8 Nos provided to apply 0 and 1 level
7. Active Low Pass Filter - Cut off Frequency 3.4 KHz.

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CHAPTER :- 1 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

Analog-to-Digital converter circuits. The analog-to-digital

converter is normally required at the input of a digital system for
the measurement or control of analog quantities. In A/D
converters, the input is an analog voltage and the output is a digital
code. A/D converters arc more complex and time-consuming than
D/A converters. The commonly used performance parameters of
an A/D converter are given below.
(i) Analog input voltage: This is the maximum
allowable input- voltage range.
(ii) Input impedance
(iii) Resolution: The number of bits of the digital output of
the A/D converter is known as its resolution. It is equal to
the resolution of the D/A converter which the A/D
converter contains. This is also known as the quantization
error which can be reduced by increasing the number of
bits in the D/A converter.
(iv) Accuracy: The accuracy of the A/D converter depends
upon, the accuracy of its circuit components, such as the
D/A converter, comparator and reference supplies. An
accuracy rating of 0.1% indicates that the A/D converter's
output may be off by 0.1% of the full-scale due to the non-
ideal components. This error is in addition to the
quantization error. The accuracy is generally temperature-
dependent.
(v) Conversion time: This is the time required for conversion
from an analog input voltage to the stable digital output.
This varies with the analog voltage. If the analog voltage
is increased, the conversion time also increases, also
depends upon the clock frequency and the number of bits

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 1.1 EVALUATION OF IDEA

AEIOU Summary
AEIOU stands for;
1.1.1 Activities
1.1.2 Environment
1.1.3 Interactions
1.1.4 Objects
1.1.5 Users
ACTIVITIES:
Activities states as a different-different activity done by
users in domain area during observation. It’s mentioned
here in canvas.

(Activities)

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ENVIRONMENT:
An environment state as the conditions feels by our senses.
This is mentioned here in canvas.

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13
INTREACTION:
Some Bad Season & Look Who Is
Questions...Interaction states as the relation between one
things to another it’s living or non-living thing. It’s
mentioned here in canvas.

(Interactions)

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OBJECTS:
Objects states as the equipment/device used by users for
performing activities. It’s mentioned here in canvas.

(Objects)

USERS:

Users states as the activity performer or who performing

any activities. It’s mentioned here in canvas.

(Users)
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Empathy Mapping/framework
Empathy canvas consist of four parts:-
1. User
2. Stakeholders
3. Activities
4. Story Boarding

User:

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(User)

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 Stakeholders:
Stakeholders related to all that who performing any
activity related to area.

(Stakeholders)

Activities:

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(Activities)

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 Storyboarding:

Story Broading consists of two parts:-

a) Happy Story
b) Sad Story

Happy Story: -
1- The happy story about our project is the assembly and working of the
converer was successful. Also this was completed in the first attempt.

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Sad story:

1- An accident was occurred during the soldering of the circuit one of

our member felt a little burn during the circuit soldering.

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22
Ideation canvas /framework

Ideation Canvas are the second step of project. From the AEIOU
Summary canvas, you have an idea what are the people? In Ideation
canvas, you have to carry out this type of activities is related to your
project and people? What is the situation and location reguarding to
activities? Then after you find the possible sollution.

Ideation canvas consists of four parts:-

1) People
2) Activities
3) Situation/Context/Location
4) Props/Tools/objects/Equipmen

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People:

(People)

Activities:

(Activities)

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Situation/Context/Location:

(Situation/Context/Location)

Props/Tools/Objects/Equipment:

(Props/Possible Solutions)

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(Ideation Canvas)
Product Devloping Canvas
PDC consist of Eight parts :-
1) Purpose
2) People
3) Product Experience
4) Product Functions
5) Product Features
6) Components
7) Customer Revalidation
8) Reject/ Redesign/ Retain(Purpose)

(Purpose)

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People:

(People)

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Product Experience:

(Product Experience)

Product Functions:

(Product functions)

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Product Features:

(Product featuers)

Components:

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(Components)

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Customer Revalidation:

(Customer Revalidation)
Reject/Redesign/Retain:

(Reject/Redesign/Retain)

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(product devloping canvas)

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 1.2 Types of Analog to Digital Converters

ADC is available in different types and some of the types of analog to

digital converters include:
• Dual Slope A/D Converter
• Flash A/D Converter
• Successive Approximation A/D Converter
• Semi-flash ADC
• Sigma-Delta ADC
• Pipelined ADC

1.2.1 Dual Slope A/D Converter:-

In this type of ADC converter, comparison voltage is generated by using an
integrator circuit which is formed by a resistor, capacitor, and operational
amplifier combination. By the set value of V-ref, this integrator generates a
sawtooth waveform on its output from zero to the value V-ref. When the integrator
waveform is started correspondingly counter starts counting from 0 to 2^n-1 where
n is the number of bits of ADC.

Fig :-1 Dual Slope Analog to Digital Converter

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When the input voltage V-in equal to the voltage of the waveform, then the
control circuit captures the counter value which is the digital value of the
corresponding analog input value. This Dual slope ADC is a relatively medium
cost and slow speed device.

1.2.2 Flash A/D Converter :-

This ADC converter IC is also called parallel ADC, which is the most widely used
efficient ADC in terms of its speed. This flash analog to digital converter circuit
consists of a series of comparators where each one compares the input signal with
a unique reference voltage. At each comparator, the output will be a high state
when the analog input voltage exceeds the reference voltage. This output is further
given to the priority encoder for generating binary code based on higher-order
input activity by ignoring other active inputs. This flash type is a high-cost and
high-speed device.

Fig:-2 Flash A/D Converter

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 1.2.3 Successive Approximation A/D Converter :-
The SAR ADC a most modern ADC IC and much faster than dual slope and flash
ADCs since it uses a digital logic that converges the analog input voltage to the
closest value. This circuit consists of a comparator, output latches, successive
approximation register (SAR), and D/A converter.

Fig:-3 Successive Approximation A/D Converter

At the start, SAR is reset and as the LOW to HIGH transition is introduced, the
MSB of the SAR is set. Then this output is given to the D/A converter that
produces an analog equivalent of the MSB, further it is compared with the analog
input Vin. If comparator output is LOW, then MSB will be cleared by the SAR,
otherwise, the MSB will be set to the next position. This process continues till all
the bits are tried and after Q0, the SAR makes the parallel output lines to contain
valid data.
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 1.2.4 Semi-flash ADC :-
These types of analog to digital converts mainly works approximately their
limitation size through two separate flash converters, where each converter
resolution is half of the bits for the semi-flush device. The capacity of a single
flash converter is, it handles the MSBs (most significant bits) whereas the other
handles the LSB (least significant bits).

1.2.5 Sigma-Delta ADC :-

Sigma Delta ADC (ΣΔ) is fairly a recent design. These are extremely slow as
compared to other kinds of designs however they offer the maximum resolution
for all kinds of ADC. Thus, they are extremely compatible with high-fidelity
based audio applications, however, they are normally not utilizable wherever
high BW (bandwidth) is required.

1.2.6 Pipelined ADC :-

Pipelined ADCs are also known as sub ranging quantizers which are related in
concept to successive approximations, even though more sophisticated. While
successive approximations grow through every step by going to the next MSB,
this ADC uses the following process.

• It is used for a coarse conversion. After that, it evaluates that change toward
the input signal.
• This converter acts as a better conversion by allowing for a temporary
conversion with a range of bits.
• Usually, pipelined designs offer a center ground among SARs as well as flash
analog to digital converters by balancing its size, speed & high resolution.

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1.3 ADC Applications :-

You can use ADC in the following applications;

• Signal processing
• Data acquisition
• Medical appliances
• Consumer electronics

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 CHAPTER :- 2 DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

All physical phenomena, such as voltage, temperature, pressure, velocity, etc.

occur in nature on an analog basis. This means that these variables can assume
any value. These variables are continuous and arc known as analog variables.
There are many advantages in processing these signals in the digital form.
Therefore, it is frequently required to convert data from the analog to digital or
digital to analog form. analog to digital conversion are known as A/D con- The
circuits used for converters, and for digital to analog conversion as D/A
converters. In any system normally the A/D converter is used at the input and the
D/A converter at the output. However, since the D/A converter is also required in
an A/D*converter, here the D/A converter is discussed first. Normally, two types
of D/A converters are used, These are

(i) weighted-resistor D/A converter

(ii) R-2R ladder network D/A converter.

2.1 weighted-resistor D/A converter :-

You’ll need a current source or resistor to convert each digital input bit in this
DAC. The resistors have a connection across the summing point and inputs. And
through a summing amplifier circuit, you’ll generate the output.

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 Fig:-4 Circuit diagram of a binary-weighted DAC

From the diagram above, we can note the following;

• First, existing components include an operational amplifier, a feedback
resistor, and four other resistors connected at the op-amp’s input terminal.
• The resistors at the op-amp’s terminal are variable resistors.
We will use the equation below to get the output voltage of the summing
amplifier circuit.
Vo = –R (DR+ C2R +B4R+ A8R)
Therefore;
The letters D, C, B, and A are digital inputs with different values. A is at the
LSB, whereas D is at the MSB.
V = Output analog voltage

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Advantages :

• It is Simple in Construction.
• It provides fast conversion.

Disadvantages:

• This type requires large range of resistors with necessary high precision
for low resistors.
• Requires low switch resistances in transistors.
• Can be expensive. Hence resolution is limited to 8-bit size.

2.2 Binary ladder or R–2R ladder D/A Converter Circuit :-

A binary ladder DAC has two resistor values, 2R and R. However, its conversion
speed often reduces because of parasitic capacitance.
Further on, the input bit controls the switch between the inverting input and the
ground of the op-amp. After the binary information gets into the resistors (2R),
you’ll obtain the output at the bottom of the binary ladder.

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 Fig:-5 Circuit diagram of an R-2R Ladder DAC
The formula for getting the output voltage of the binary ladder is as follows;
Vo = –R × (D2R+ C4R +B8R+ A16R)

-R-2R Digital-to-Analogue Converter, or DAC, is a data converter which use

two precision resistor to convert a digital binary number into an analogue output
signal proportional to the value of the digital number

Compared to the R-2R DAC, the binary weighted digital-to-analogue converter

has an analogue output voltage which is the weighted sum of the individual
inputs. Thus it requires a large range of precision resistors within its ladder

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network, making its design both expensive and impractical for most DAC’s
requiring lower levels of resolution.

As the binary weighted DAC is based on a closed-loop inverting operational

amplifier using summing amplifier topology, this type of data converter
configuration may work well for a D/A converter of a few bits of resolution. But
a much simpler approach is using a R-2R resistive ladder network to construct a
R-2R Digital-to-Analogue Converter requires only two precision resistances.

The R-2R resistive ladder network uses just two resistive values. One resistor
has the base value “R”, and the second resistor has twice the value of the first
resistor, “2R”, no matter how many bits are used to make up the ladder network.

So for example, we could just use a standard 1kΩ resistor for the base resistor
“R”, and therefore a 2kΩ resistor for “2R” (or multiples thereof as the base value
of R is not too critical). Thus the resistive value of 2R will always be twice the
value of the base resistor, R. That is 2R = 2*R. This means that it is much easier
for us to maintain the required accuracy of the resistors along the ladder network
compared to the previous weighted resistor DAC. But what is a “R-2R resistive
ladder network” anyway.

Advantages:

* Only two resistor values are used in R-2R ladder type.

* It does not need as precision resistors as Binary weighted DACs.

* It is cheap and easy to manufacture.

Disadvantages:

* It has slower conversion rate.

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2.3 Segmented DAC :-
Segmented DAC is a type of DAC whose design bases its specifications on
performance. It’s a combination of two or more DACs since it requires no
architecture. For instance, you’ll combine thermometer-coded DAC with Binary
weighted DAC, then separate the input binary code into two segments.

Fig:-6 A segmented digital-to-analog converter

The binary-weighted structure will work in LSB, while thermometer-coded DAC
applies in MSB. In that way, you’ll have a compact chip.
In addition, as the input bits increase, the encoder size grows. Therefore, you’ll
need more interconnections and switches.

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 Advantages:

* It doesn’t take much space

*This is compatible with variety of USB device

* better dynamic and static performance

Disadvantages:

* Segmented DAC can be complex, especially in clock synchronization

2.4 DAC Applications :-

You can use DAC in the following applications;
• Digital potentiometers,
• The Digital data acquisition systems,
• Digital signal processing, like in audio editing,
• Digital power supplies for microcontrollers.

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 Chapter 3 : Troubleshooting

3.1 Initial Assessment and Fault Identification :-

The initial phase of the refurbishment process involved a detailed evaluation of

the current ADC kit. Previously utilized in academic projects, the kit had been
inactive for a considerable period. We began by conducting a comprehensive
inspection and identifying the fault location by disassembling the kit and
examining various parameters with a multi meter. With assistance from our sir,
we checked the board for physical damage, including burnt components, broken
traces, or absent parts.

We identified several issues during the assessment:

- Damaged Capacitors: Some capacitors were leaking or had visibly degraded,

affecting the stability of the analog signal.

- Corroded Pins and Connectors: Some of the connectors used to interface the
kit with external devices had corrosion, which led to intermittent connections.

- Damage input cord: The input power cord is damaged and malfunctioning,
resulting in the ADC/DAC kit failure.

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 3.2 Component Replacement and Repair :-

After identifying the faulty components, we proceeded with the following repair and
replacement steps:

- Capacitor Replacement: We replaced the damaged capacitors with new ones

of the appropriate ratings. This ensured that the signal conditioning and filtering
were functioning properly.

- Supply Cord Replacement: We replaced the malfunctioning supply cord with

a new and compatible wire. We choose a higher rating cord so that next time it
do not burn. This supply cord was chosen due to its reliability, availability, and
compatibility.

- Connector Repair: Corroded connectors were cleaned using a contact cleaner

and, where necessary, replaced with new connectors. This ensured reliable signal
transmission between the kit and external devices.

3.3 Pricing :-

Sr No. Name Of Components Price (INRs)

1 Capacitor 50/-
2 Resistor 40/-
3 IC 0800 900/-
4 LED Light 25/-
5 Input Wire 15/-

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Fig:-7 Analog To Digital & Digital To Analog Converter – ADCDAC100

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Fig:-9 Circuit Diagram Of Analog To Digital & Digital To Analog –
ADCDAC100

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 Chapter :- 4 Conclusion:-

This project successfully refurbished a non-functional ADC kit and

restored it to operational condition. Through careful replacement of
damaged components, and thorough testing and helped with the respected
sir we were able to make the ADC work efficiently. The project not only
helped us gain practical experience in circuit repair and troubleshooting
but also provided valuable insights into the inner workings of ADCs and
their role in digital systems.

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 Reference used :-
1.
Books Analog And Digital Electronics 1 Edition By Sonveer Singh

referred
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/analog-to-digital-conversion/

Websites https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/combination/analogue-
to-digital-converter.html

3.
https://datasheet4u.com/datasheet/National-
Datasheet Semiconductor/ADC0800-166001

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