Chapter- Indigo

Writer – Louis Fischer

Class -12

Short Question Answers

Question-1 When and where did Louis Fischer first meet Gandhi? What did they talk
about?

Answer – Louis Fischer first met Mahatma Gandhi in 1942 at Gandhi’s ashram in Sevagram,
located in central India. During this meeting, Fischer asked Gandhi to tell him the most
influential and important experience of his life that brought about a significant change in
his thinking and actions. Gandhi responded by narrating the story of Champaran, a district
in Bihar, where he helped the oppressed indigo sharecroppers who were being exploited by
British landlords. Gandhi explained how this struggle marked a turning point in his life, as it
was his first major act of civil disobedience in India. The Champaran episode made him
realize the power of non-violent protest and deepened his commitment to fight for the poor
and oppressed using truth and satyagraha. This meeting formed the basis of Fischer’s
chapter on Gandhi’s work in Champaaran.

Question- 2 Why did Gandhi go to lucknow in 1916? What changed the course of Indian
History there?

Answer – Gandhiji went to Lucknow in 1916 to attend the annual convention of the Indian
National Congress. There he met Rajkumar Shukla, a poor sharecropper from Champaran,
who was determined to bring Gandhi to his district to help the indigo farmers who were
being exploited by British landlords. Shukla persistently followed Gandhi and convinced
him to visit Champaran.

This meeting changed the course of Indian history. When Gandhi went to Champaran, he
launched his first civil disobedience movement in India, which became a turning point in
the freedom struggle. He used his method of non-violent protest (satyagraha) for the first
time on Indian soil, proving that a mass movement based on truth and non-violence could
challenge British rule. This marked the beginning of Gandhi’s active role in India’s
independence movement.

Question- 3 Who was Rajendra prasad? How were Shukla and Gandhiji received in his
house and why?
Answer – Rajendra Prasad was a prominent lawyer in Bihar, who later became the first
President of India. When Rajkumar Shukla and Gandhiji went to his house in Patna,
Rajendra Prasad was not at home. The servants at his house did not recognize Gandhi and,
judging by his simple dress, thought he was a poor villager or an untouchable.

Because of this, they refused to allow him to draw water from the well, fearing it might
pollute it. They also did not let him enter the house. This reflected the deep caste-based
discrimination that was common at the time. However, once Rajendra Prasad and his
colleagues learned about Gandhi’s identity, they treated him with great respect. This
incident not only exposed social prejudices but also marked the beginning of Gandhi’s
involvement in the Champaran movement.

Question- 4 What was the long term contract between the sharecroppers and English
landlord?

Answer – The long-term contract between the sharecroppers and the English landlords in
Champaran forced the Indian peasants to grow indigo on 15 percent of the land they
rented. This system was called the Tinkathia system (tin means three; kathas were units of
land – 3/20th of an acre).

Under this agreement, the peasants had to surrender the entire indigo harvest as rent to
the British landlords. This system was highly exploitative. Later, when Germany developed
synthetic indigo, British landlords wanted to end this system. But instead of releasing the
farmers without penalty, they demanded compensation from them for being freed from the
agreement. This led to widespread resentment and eventually brought Gandhi to
Champaran to fight for the peasants’ rights.

Question –5 At what point of time did Gandhiji arrive in champaran?

Answer – Gandhiji arrived in Champaran in the spring of 1917. He came at the request of
Rajkumar Shukla, a poor and persistent sharecropper who urged him to help the indigo
farmers suffering under British exploitation. The peasants were forced to grow indigo on
15% of their land and surrender the entire crop to the landlords. When synthetic indigo was
developed, the British landlords no longer needed natural indigo and demanded
compensation from the farmers to release them from the contract.

This visit marked the beginning of Gandhi’s active involvement in Indian mass struggles. It
was his first major civil disobedience movement in India, where he used truth and non-
violence (satyagraha) to stand up against injustice. His efforts brought relief to the
peasants and proved that British authority could be challenged through peaceful means.

Question –6 What was the conflict between the landlords & the sharecroppers when
Gandhiji reached Champaran?

Answer-When Gandhiji reached Champaran in 1917, he found a serious conflict between

the British landlords and the Indian sharecroppers. The landlords had forced the peasants
to enter into a long-term agreement known as the Tinkathia system, where the peasants
had to grow indigo on 15% of their land and give the entire indigo harvest as rent to the
landlords.

Later, when synthetic indigo was developed in Germany and the British no longer needed
natural indigo, they wanted to release the peasants from the agreement. But instead of
doing it freely, they demanded compensation from the farmers for releasing them from the
contract. The poor peasants, already suffering, were now being unfairly charged. This led to
widespread dissatisfaction and resistance among them.

Gandhiji arrived at this moment of conflict. He listened to the peasants, investigated the
situation, and launched a non-violent protest. His leadership gave the farmers hope and
courage to fight for their rights through truth and satyagraha.

Question- 7 How did Gandhiji collect facts between the sharecroppers and landlords?

Answer – Gandhiji began collecting facts about the dispute between the sharecroppers and
the British landlords by visiting the villages in Champaran where the peasants lived. He
went from place to place, recording the statements of thousands of farmers. He took the
help of lawyers who had been already working there and encouraged them to join his
mission.

He carefully documented the peasants’ complaints, especially about the Tinkathia system,
under which they were forced to grow indigo on 15% of their land and give it as rent.
Gandhiji gathered detailed evidence of the oppression, illegal demands, and forced
compensations made by the landlords. Through this extensive inquiry and direct
interaction with the peasants, he built a strong case against the landlords. This thorough
fact-finding mission helped him present the truth effectively and non-violently, making his
campaign powerful and impactful.
Question – 8 Why did gandhiji go to a nearby village in Champaran ? Why did he come back
without visiting the place?

Answer – Gandhiji went to a nearby village in Champaran to investigate the conditions of

the sharecroppers and to collect detailed information about their grievances against the
British landlords. He wanted to meet the peasants personally, record their experiences,
and understand the extent of exploitation they faced under the Tinkathia system, which
forced them to grow indigo on a portion of their land.

However, before he could reach the village, he was served a notice by the British
authorities, instructing him to leave Champaran immediately. Gandhiji signed the notice
but made it clear in writing that he would not obey the order. Respecting the law, he
returned to the town without visiting the village, but he stood firm on his decision to stay in
Champaran and help the farmers.

This incident marked the beginning of Gandhi’s civil disobedience in India, showing his
commitment to truth, justice, and peaceful resistance.

Question-9 Why did the judge pronounce sentence for several days and allow gandhiji to
remain at liberty?

Answer- The judge postponed the pronouncement of the sentence for several days and
allowed Gandhiji to remain at liberty because he was impressed by Gandhi’s honesty,
courage, and peaceful approach. Gandhiji had openly stated in court that he had broken
the law by refusing to obey the order to leave Champaran, but he did so out of moral duty to
help the suffering peasants.

The case attracted a lot of attention. Thousands of peasants gathered outside the
courthouse in support of Gandhi. This peaceful show of public support made the
authorities realize that taking strict action against Gandhi could lead to unrest.

Understanding the sensitive nature of the situation, the judge decided to delay the
judgment and released Gandhi without bail. This was a significant moment because it
showed that British officials were beginning to respect Indian leadership and that civil
disobedience could be a powerful tool when led peacefully.

Question-10 What was the outcome of protracted interviews that Gandhi had with
Lieutenant- General?
Answer – Gandhiji’s long and detailed interviews with the Lieutenant-Governor led to a
significant breakthrough in the Champaran case. As a result of these discussions, an
official commission of inquiry was appointed to investigate the grievances of the
sharecroppers. Gandhiji was made a member of the commission, giving him the authority
to represent the peasants’ side directly.

The commission collected evidence from both the landlords and the peasants. Eventually,
the landlords were found guilty of exploiting the farmers. They were persuaded to refund 25
percent of the compensation they had taken from the sharecroppers. Though the amount
was not large, it was a moral victory for the peasants.

The landlords had to surrender part of their prestige, and the success of the movement
showed that truth and non-violence could bring justice. It also established Gandhiji’s
method of peaceful resistance as a powerful tool for social and political change in India.

Question-11 Why did landlords agree, in principle, to refund the peasant’s money?

Answer – The landlords agreed, in principle, to refund the peasants’ money because they
realized that Gandhiji had uncovered the truth about their exploitation, and they could no
longer defend their unjust actions. An official commission of inquiry had been set up, and
Gandhiji, as a member, presented concrete evidence of the oppression faced by the
sharecroppers under the Tinkathia system.

Faced with the weight of public opinion, the evidence collected, and Gandhiji’s firm but
peaceful stand, the landlords understood that they had lost their case morally and socially.
To avoid further embarrassment and pressure, they agreed to refund 25 percent of the
money they had taken from the peasants. Although the amount was small, it marked a
significant surrender of their prestige and authority.

This decision symbolized the success of non-violent protest and marked the first major
victory of civil disobedience in India, led by Gandhiji

Questions – 12 What was typical of Gandhi’s style of politics?

Answer – Gandhiji’s style of politics was practical, ethical, and rooted in service to the
people. It was not limited to political speeches or abstract ideas. He believed that politics
should address the day-to-day problems of the common people. In Champaran, instead of
demanding political rights, he focused on the actual suffering of the peasants who were
being exploited by the British landlords under the Tinkathia system.
He personally visited villages, talked to the peasants, recorded their statements, and
gathered facts. He believed in the power of truth (Satya) and non-violence (Ahimsa). He
refused to leave Champaran despite being ordered by the British, showing the strength of
civil disobedience carried out peacefully. He also worked to improve education, health,
and hygiene in the villages.

Gandhi’s approach made the people feel confident and fearless. His politics became a
powerful tool to bring social, economic, and political change, and it inspired the national
freedom movement.

Questions – 13 How did Gandhiji’s family help in removing the backwardness of

Champaran?

Answer – Gandhiji’s family played a significant role in removing the backwardness of

Champaran. After the success of the movement, Gandhiji decided to stay in Champaran to
work for the social, educational, and health upliftment of the villagers. He believed that the
peasants suffered not only due to British exploitation but also because of ignorance,
poverty, and lack of cleanliness.

To support his efforts, his wife Kasturba and his youngest son joined him in Champaran.
Kasturba taught the villagers the rules of personal cleanliness and community sanitation.
She especially helped the women understand the importance of hygiene. His son and other
volunteers helped in setting up primary schools in six villages to promote education.

Gandhiji also arranged for a doctor to provide medical treatment to the sick. His approach
to village upliftment was not limited to politics but focused on the overall development of
rural life, reflecting his belief in truthful and selfless service to the people.

Questions - 14 What was done to improve the health of the people of Champaran ?

Answer – To improve the health conditions of the people in Champaran, Gandhiji took
several practical steps. He observed that the villagers lived in poor sanitary conditions and
suffered from various health problems due to ignorance and lack of cleanliness. To address
this, Gandhiji first appointed a doctor to serve in the village. The doctor treated the patients
who were suffering from serious illnesses, especially those affected by skin diseases.

Gandhiji’s wife, Kasturba Gandhi, also contributed by teaching personal cleanliness and
sanitation to the villagers, particularly to the women. Volunteers who came with Gandhiji
also participated in these efforts. These health-related reforms went hand in hand with his
work in education and social reform, showing his belief that freedom meant not only
political independence but also the upliftment of society.

Through these actions, Gandhiji aimed to remove fear and ignorance, helping the villagers
to live a healthier and more dignified life.

Questions – 15 How did Champaran become a turning point in Gandhi ji life?

Answer – Champaran became a turning point in Gandhiji’s life because it was his first
active involvement in a mass movement in India, and it established the effectiveness of
truth and non-violent civil disobedience against injustice.

When Gandhiji went to Champaran to help the oppressed indigo sharecroppers, he refused
to obey the British order to leave the district. He was summoned to court, but instead of
following the notice, he chose to follow the voice of his conscience. Thousands of peasants
gathered in his support, and the case against him was dropped. This marked the first
victory of civil disobedience in India.

His efforts led to the formation of a commission of inquiry, in which Gandhiji was included.
The landlords had to refund part of the money to the peasants and surrender part of their
prestige. The success at Champaran showed that a peaceful mass movement could
challenge British rule, and it gave Gandhiji a firm place as a national leader.

Questions – 16 What typical Gandhi pattern does Louis Fischer talk about ?

Answers – In the chapter Indigo, Louis Fischer describes a typical Gandhi pattern that
became evident during the Champaran movement. Gandhiji’s approach did not stop at
political or legal victory. After securing justice for the sharecroppers, he focused on the
long-term welfare of the villagers. This included efforts to improve education, health, and
hygiene.

He opened primary schools in several villages, encouraged self-reliance, and arranged for
volunteers and doctors to assist the local people. His wife, Kasturba Gandhi, helped teach
personal cleanliness and sanitation, especially to women. Gandhiji believed that removing
fear, ignorance, and poverty was as important as fighting political injustice.

This blend of truthful protest and constructive work reflected his unique method. He
showed that true leadership meant serving the people at the grassroots level, making their
lives better in practical ways. This complete and compassionate approach came to be
known as the typical Gandhi pattern.
Questions – 17 Why did Gandhi refuse to take help from Andrews?

Answer – Gandhiji refused to take help from Charles Freer Andrews because he believed
that Indians must learn to rely on themselves in their fight for justice. When Andrews, a
British pacifist and close friend, offered his support to stay and help in Champaran,
Gandhiji felt it would weaken the movement if Indians depended on an Englishman.

He wanted the people to understand that their cause was strong enough to stand on its
own. Accepting help from a foreigner, even a well-meaning one, would suggest that they
lacked confidence in their own strength and leadership.

Gandhiji believed in self-reliance and moral courage. He wanted his co-workers and the
peasants to learn that true change comes when people take responsibility for their own
actions. His refusal was a message that freedom and justice must be achieved through
self-effort, without leaning on outsiders.

Questions – 18 How did Gandhi connect self reliance to Indian independence ?

Answer – Gandhiji strongly believed that self-reliance (Swaraj) was the foundation of true
Indian independence. To him, political freedom was incomplete without economic, social,
and spiritual self-dependence. He taught that India could not be free unless its people
became self-sufficient, fearless, and morally strong.

During the Champaran movement, Gandhiji showed this belief in action. Instead of
depending on outsiders or violence, he inspired peasants to stand up for their rights
peacefully. He refused help from the British pacifist C.F. Andrews, saying Indians must
learn to win their battles on their own. This reflected his belief that freedom meant more
than removing British rulers — it meant that Indians had to trust in their own strength and
take responsibility for their future.

Through simple living, use of khadi (hand-spun cloth), village upliftment, and non-
cooperation, Gandhiji connected self-reliance with national dignity, making it a powerful
tool in India’s struggle for independence.

Question-19 Interpret the use of imagery in the description of the peasants condition in
indigo
Answer In the chapter Indigo by Louis Fischer, imagery is used effectively to portray the
miserable condition of the peasants in Champaran. The author uses vivid and realistic
descriptions that help the reader visualize the hardships and exploitation the
sharecroppers faced under the British indigo landlords.

The peasants are depicted as helpless and oppressed, bound by the unfair Tinkathia
system, where they were forced to grow indigo on 15% of their land and surrender it as rent.
Imagery such as “dirt and disease,” “ignorance and fear,” and “poverty-stricken huts” paints
a powerful picture of their suffering. The surroundings are described as unsanitary and
neglected, reflecting their social and economic backwardness.

This use of imagery not only creates a strong emotional impact but also highlights the need
for reform and justice. It emphasizes why Gandhiji’s intervention was necessary and how
his presence brought hope and dignity to the peasants’ lives.

Question-20 how does Indigo show that courage is deeply connected to freedom and
dignity?

Answer – The chapter Indigo by Louis Fischer clearly shows that courage is deeply
connected to freedom and dignity through the example of Gandhiji and the oppressed
peasants of Champaran. The sharecroppers had lived for years in fear and submission,
forced to grow indigo and surrender a part of their harvest to British landlords under the
unjust Tinkathia system. They accepted exploitation silently because they lacked the
courage to resist.

When Gandhiji arrived, he inspired them to shed their fear and speak out about their
suffering. His own courage — refusing to leave Champaran despite being ordered, and
calmly facing trial — gave the peasants a new sense of strength. As they stood by him, they
began to realize their own power and dignity.

The success of the movement came not through violence, but through moral courage and
unity, proving that true freedom comes when people overcome fear and reclaim their self-
respect and identity.

Questions – 21 In what ways does Gandhi’s peaceful register in the courtroom add to the
overall message of “Indigo “
Answer – Gandhiji’s peaceful resistance in the courtroom is a powerful moment in the
chapter Indigo and greatly adds to its overall message of truth, non-violence, and moral
courage.

When Gandhi was ordered to leave Champaran by the British authorities, he refused to
comply, stating he would follow the voice of his conscience rather than an unjust law. He
appeared in court calmly, without anger or fear, and accepted the consequences of his
actions. This act of civil disobedience was not rebellious in a violent way, but deeply rooted
in truth (satya) and non-violence (ahimsa).

His peaceful stand inspired thousands of peasants to gather outside the court in support,
which shocked the British officials. As a result, the case against him was dropped, proving
that firmness in truth and peaceful resistance can bring justice.

This courtroom episode reinforces the message that real strength lies in moral courage,
and that such courage can challenge and defeat oppression without using force.

Long Question answer

Questions – 1 What values and qualities made gandhiji an excellent leader? Do you think
those values and qualities are still important to leaders in modern times? Sport your
answer with valid arguments .

Answer – Gandhiji’s leadership was built on a foundation of strong values and qualities that
not only made him an excellent leader during India’s freedom struggle but also remain
deeply relevant in modern times.

One of his most admirable qualities was truthfulness. Gandhiji believed in Satyagraha, the
power of truth, and stood by it even in the face of opposition. His commitment to non-
violence (Ahimsa) set him apart as a leader who believed in peaceful resistance rather than
conflict. In Champaran, instead of using violence or hatred, he used reason, dialogue, and
moral strength to win justice for poor peasants.

He also possessed immense courage, as seen when he peacefully defied British orders to
leave Champaran and faced trial without fear. His humility and simplicity helped him
connect with the common people. He never saw himself above others and always
prioritized service over power.

Gandhiji was also deeply empathetic, listening to the problems of even the poorest
villagers and working hard to uplift them. His leadership was inclusive, aiming for social,
economic, and political change all at once.
Yes, these values are still essential for leaders today. In an age of global conflicts,
corruption, and inequality, the world needs leaders who are honest, compassionate,
fearless, and committed to justice. While technology and politics have changed, the moral
foundation of leadership remains the same.

Modern leaders who embody Gandhiji’s values can bring about lasting, meaningful change,
because true leadership isn’t about control—it’s about service, vision, and moral courage.
Thus, Gandhi’s qualities are timeless and continue to offer a guiding light for present and
future generations.

Questions –2 Ordinary people can make extraordinary changes. Discuss with special
references to Louis fishers “indigo”

Answer – The chapter Indigo by Louis Fischer shows that ordinary people can bring
extraordinary change when they unite for truth and justice. The poor, illiterate peasants of
Champaran had long suffered under the British landlords due to the oppressive Tinkathia
system. They were forced to grow indigo and give a part of their harvest as rent, without
questioning the injustice.

When Gandhiji arrived, he inspired them to shed their fear and fight peacefully. He gathered
detailed accounts of their suffering and stood firm even when ordered to leave. His calm
resistance and moral courage gave the peasants confidence. When he appeared in court,
thousands of villagers supported him silently, showing unity and strength.

As a result, the British had to cancel the case and return a portion of the money. More
importantly, the peasants gained courage and self-respect. The movement proved that real
change begins when common people stand up for truth, guided by fearless leadership.

Questions – 3 Why is self reliance so significant? Discuss with special reference to Louis
Fischer ‘s “Indigo”

Answer – The central line of Louis Fischer’s Indigo is deeply significant because it captures
the essence of Gandhiji’s philosophy and the core message of the chapter — that the real
freedom struggle begins with the awakening of courage, dignity, and self-reliance among
the common people.

When Fischer writes that “What this meant was that the British could not order me about in
my own country,” it marks a turning point. This statement, made by Gandhiji after the court
dropped the case against him, reflects the moment when Indians began asserting their
moral and political rights. It was not just about one man’s refusal to leave Champaran, but
about the larger message: India belonged to Indians, and they had the right to question
injustice.

This line is powerful because it represents the shift from fear to empowerment, from
silence to resistance. Gandhiji’s peaceful defiance showed that even colonial power could
be challenged through truth and non-violence. It gave ordinary peasants the confidence
that their voices mattered. Thus, the central line is not just a personal victory — it
symbolizes the awakening of an entire nation’s soul.

Questions – 4 “Gandhi’s techniques of ‘ non cooperation’ , ‘non- violence’ and ‘ peaceful

protests’ are still relevant in modern times.”Do u agree or disagree? Give reasons in support
of your views .

Answer – Yes, Gandhi’s techniques of non-cooperation, non-violence, and peaceful protest

are still highly relevant in modern times. In a world often filled with violence, injustice, and
conflict, these principles provide a powerful and ethical way to bring about social and
political change.

Non-violence (Ahimsa) teaches us that lasting change cannot come through hatred or
aggression. It was used successfully not only in India’s freedom struggle but also in global
movements like Martin Luther King Jr.’s Civil Rights Movement in the USA and Nelson
Mandela’s anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. These leaders proved that peaceful
resistance can break oppressive systems.

Non-cooperation remains a peaceful tool to reject unjust laws, corruption, or unfair

governance. Today, people use peaceful strikes, boycotts, and civil disobedience to protest
inequality, climate injustice, and human rights violations. These methods avoid violence
but still send a strong message.

Peaceful protest also promotes moral strength, unity, and discipline. Unlike violent
movements, it wins public sympathy and brings long-term results. Gandhi’s methods
remind us that real power lies not in weapons, but in truth, courage, and peaceful unity.
Even today, they offer hope and a path to justice.

Questions – 5 In any social, economic, political or cultural transformation, the role of

theclass and common people is of utmost importance. Discuss with reference to ‘indigo’by
louis fisher .
Answer – 5 In Indigo by Louis Fischer, the role of the common people in bringing about
social, economic, and political transformation is clearly highlighted. The Champaran
episode shows that true change is not possible without the active involvement of the
masses, no matter how powerful the leadership is.

The poor peasants of Champaran had been exploited for years under the Tinkathia system,
forced to grow indigo and give it to British landlords without fair payment. They were
illiterate, fearful, and unaware of their rights. When Gandhiji arrived, he did not fight for
them, but inspired them to fight for themselves. He encouraged them to speak the truth,
stay united, and stand firm without violence.

The success of the movement came not just from Gandhiji’s efforts, but from the courage
and support of thousands of peasants who gathered at the court, shared their stories, and
peacefully resisted oppression. Their unity forced the British authorities to bend and
accept their demands.

This proves that real transformation depends on the participation of ordinary people, who
form the backbone of every revolution. Indigo teaches that when the common people gain
awareness and courage, they become a powerful force for justice and change.

Questions – 6 What was the conflict in involving the cultivation of indigo? How was it
resolved by Gandhi and his colleagues?

Answer – The cultivation of indigo in Champaran was governed by the exploitative Tinkathia
system, under which British landlords forced Indian peasants to grow indigo on 15% of
their land and hand it over as rent. Even after the invention of synthetic indigo, which
reduced the market value of natural indigo, the landlords continued to exploit the
peasants. They forced them to pay compensation to be released from the agreement,
taking advantage of their poverty and illiteracy.

When Mahatma Gandhi came to Champaran, he was approached by Rajkumar Shukla, a

sharecropper who described the peasants’ suffering. Gandhi visited the region, met
thousands of farmers, and recorded their statements to understand the extent of the
injustice. Despite official pressure to leave, he refused to obey unjust orders and continued
his work.

Gandhiji held long discussions with British officials, including the Lieutenant Governor.
After persistent efforts, a compromise was reached: the landlords agreed to refund 25% of
the money they had taken. Though the amount was small, it was a moral victory for the
peasants, as the landlords were forced to give up some of their power. Ultimately, the
system was abolished, and the peasants gained confidence, dignity, and relief from years
of exploitation.

Questions – 7 all chance meeting gandhi and a common peasant brought about a mighty
revolution. Discuss with special reference to louis fischer's account of champaran in the
indigo.

Answer – In Indigo, Louis Fischer portrays how a visionary leader like Gandhi and a simple,
determined peasant like Rajkumar Shukla together ignited a quiet yet powerful revolution in
Champaran. This movement was not about weapons or violence—it was about truth,
courage, and justice.

Rajkumar Shukla, though uneducated and poor, had the determination to seek help for his
fellow peasants, who were being exploited under the British-imposed Tinkathia system. His
persistence led him to Gandhi, whom he convinced to visit Champaran. Gandhi, deeply
moved by the suffering of the sharecroppers, began collecting detailed accounts of their
exploitation. He refused to obey British orders to leave the area, choosing instead peaceful
resistance and legal defiance.

This combination of a committed leader and the support of ordinary villagers gave birth to
India’s first civil disobedience movement. Thousands of peasants joined Gandhi in silent
protest, and the British were eventually forced to agree to a settlement, ending the unfair
system.

The Champaran episode proves that even the humblest individual can bring about great
change when guided by a moral force. It marked a turning point in India’s freedom struggle,
showing that a common man and a leader with conscience could indeed start a mighty
revolution.

Questions –8 Indigo presents Gandhi’s methods of non violent resistance as a powerful

tool for social change. How does Louis Fisher highlight the significance Off Gandhi’s
intervention in champaran and its larger implications for India’s freedom struggle ?

Answer – In Indigo, Louis Fischer highlights Gandhi’s method of non-violent resistance as a

powerful and transformative tool for social change. The Champaran episode becomes a
striking example of how truth, courage, and peaceful protest can challenge oppressive
systems and awaken a nation’s spirit.
When Gandhi arrived in Champaran, the peasants were suffering under the British-
imposed Tinkathia system, forced to grow indigo on 15% of their land and surrender it to
the landlords. Gandhi did not resort to aggression. Instead, he patiently listened, gathered
evidence, and united the peasants through peaceful means. His refusal to leave
Champaran despite being ordered to do so by the British was a bold yet calm act of civil
disobedience.

Fischer emphasizes that Gandhi’s intervention did more than resolve a local dispute. It
restored the self-respect and courage of the peasants. They learned to stand up for their
rights without fear. The British, too, were forced to recognize the growing strength of moral
resistance.

This small movement became a model for future struggles, showing that freedom could be
won through non-violent means. It marked the beginning of Gandhi’s leadership in India’s
independence movement and proved that social justice begins at the grassroots, with truth
as its strongest weapon.

Chapter – Journey to the end of the earth

Writer - Tishani Doshi

Short Question Answer

Questions – Why did author go to Antarctica? With whom?

Answer – The author, Tishani Doshi, went to Antarctica on the Russian research vessel
Akademik Shokalskiy. She was part of a programme called ‘Students on Ice’, which takes
high school students to the ends of the world. The journey aimed to provide young minds
exposure to the Earth’s past, present, and future by visiting a place where climate change
and environmental issues are visible in real-time. Doshi joined the trip to gain deeper
insights into the planet’s geological history and the impact of human activities. It was a
unique educational experience to understand the significance of Antarctica in Earth’s
ecological system.

Questions – Why is Doshi awestruck on landing in Antarctica?

Answer – India and Antarctica are related through the concept of Gondwana, a
supercontinent that existed 650 million years ago. This landmass included present-day
India, Antarctica, and other southern continents. Tishani Doshi explains in Journey to the
End of the Earth that India was once part of this unified land before it drifted northwards
due to tectonic movements. This connection highlights the shared geological history
between the two regions. The author’s visit to Antarctica helps her understand how
climate, continents, and civilizations have evolved over time. The journey emphasizes how
closely our present is linked to Earth’s ancient past, including India’s origins.

Question- How are India and Antarctica related?

Answer – India and Antarctica are related through the concept of Gondwana, a
supercontinent that existed 650 million years ago. This landmass included present-day
India, Antarctica, and other southern continents. Tishani Doshi explains in Journey to the
End of the Earth that India was once part of this unified land before it drifted northwards
due to tectonic movements. This connection highlights the shared geological history
between the two regions. The author’s visit to Antarctica helps her understand how
climate, continents, and civilizations have evolved over time. The journey emphasizes how
closely our present is linked to Earth’s ancient past, including India’s origins.

Question – What do you learn about Gondwana from Tishani Doshi's “Journey to the end of
the Earth”?

Answer – India’s Gondwana legacy in Tishani Doshi’s Journey to the End of the Earth
teaches us about shared beginnings and deep geological time. The chapter reveals that
India, Antarctica, Africa, South America and Australia were once connected as one
supercontinent. This frame highlights how Earth’s shifting plates shape climate,
biodiversity, and human identity. Doshi’s travels invoke awe at this vast history, showing
how fragments drifted apart to create distinct worlds. By tracing Gondwana’s outline, she
reminds us that today’s continents carry the memory of ancient unity. This geological bond
underpins scientific understanding of Earth’s evolution and underscores the fragile
interconnectedness of our planet.

Question- “To visit Antarctica now is to be a part of that history.” What does Tishani doshi
mean by this comment?

Answer – By saying “To visit Antarctica now is to be a part of the history,” Tishani Doshi
emphasizes the urgency of witnessing Antarctica before human activities change it forever.
In the chapter Journey to the End of the Earth, she highlights the continent’s pristine
condition, ancient geological past, and crucial role in climate regulation. Visiting Antarctica
allows people to understand Earth’s history, evolution, and the ongoing environmental
threats. Doshi suggests that with global warming and melting ice caps, Antarctica’s
landscape is rapidly transforming. Hence, those who see it now become part of a
significant moment in Earth’s changing environmental and historical timeline.

Question- What does Tishani Doshi mean to say when she comments, “You lose all earthly
sense of perspective and time here”?

Answer – When Tishani Doshi says, “You lose all earthly sense of perspective and time
here,” in Journey to the End of the Earth, she refers to the surreal and overwhelming
experience of being in Antarctica. The vast, white landscape, extreme climate, and
absence of human settlements make one feel detached from normal life. There are no
familiar markers of time or routine, making it easy to forget the outside world. The isolation,
silence, and immensity of the surroundings distort the usual perception of space and time.
Doshi uses this line to express how Antarctica feels otherworldly and deeply humbling for
any visitor.

Question – According To Tishani Doshi, how does one get to realize that threat of global
warming is real?

Answer – According to Tishani Doshi in Journey to the End of the Earth, one realizes that the
threat of global warming is real by witnessing the impact of climate change firsthand in
Antarctica. The melting glaciers, collapsing ice shelves, and rising temperatures clearly
show the effects of global warming. Antarctica, being the coldest and most isolated
continent, is extremely sensitive to even small environmental changes. Doshi explains that
visiting this untouched place helps people understand how human actions, such as
carbon emissions and pollution, are harming the planet. Seeing the changes up close
makes the threat urgent, real, and deeply personal.

Question- Why, according to Tishani doshi, Antarctica is the perfect place to study how
little changes in the environment can have big repercussions?

Answer – According to Tishani Doshi in Journey to the End of the Earth, Antarctica is the
perfect place to study how little changes in the environment can have big repercussions
because it is untouched, pristine, and extremely sensitive to climatic shifts. Even small
temperature changes can cause melting of ice sheets and disturb ocean currents, affecting
global climate patterns. Antarctica’s ancient ice cores contain trapped carbon records that
help scientists study Earth’s past atmosphere. It acts as a barometer for climate change.
Doshi highlights that changes here are early warning signs for the planet, showing how
minor environmental disturbances can trigger global consequences.

Question- How can any adverse effect of the climate change on phytoplankton have
serious consequences for marine life and birds in the Antarctica region?

Answer – In Journey to the End of the Earth, Tishani Doshi explains that phytoplankton are
microscopic marine plants that play a crucial role in the Antarctic food chain. They perform
photosynthesis and form the base of the oceanic food web. If climate change adversely
affects phytoplankton, it disrupts the entire marine ecosystem. Fish, seals, whales, and
birds like penguins depend on them directly or indirectly for food. A decline in
phytoplankton population due to melting ice or changing temperatures can reduce oxygen
production and food availability. This imbalance could cause serious consequences for all
marine life and birds in the fragile Antarctic region.

Question- How did the split of Gondwana affect the geography and weather of the Earth?

Answer – According to Tishani Doshi in Journey to the End of the Earth, the split of
Gondwana drastically changed the Earth’s geography and weather. Around 650 million
years ago, Gondwana was a supercontinent that included India, Antarctica, and other
southern landmasses. Its break-up due to tectonic plate movements led to the formation
of the present continents. This drift influenced ocean currents, climate patterns, and
biodiversity. For example, India moved northward and collided with Asia, forming the
Himalayas. Antarctica drifted to the South Pole and froze. The split reshaped ecosystems
and climates, showing how geological events millions of years ago still affect today’s
environment.

Question – How did the continents of the Earth come into being from Godwana?

Answer – According to Tishani Doshi in Journey to the End of the Earth, the continents of
Earth came into being from Gondwana, a supercontinent that existed around 650 million
years ago. Gondwana included present-day India, Antarctica, Australia, South America,
and Africa. Due to plate tectonic movements, this landmass gradually broke apart. Over
millions of years, these land fragments drifted in different directions to form the continents
we know today. For example, India moved northward and collided with Asia, forming the
Himalayas. This slow drifting not only shaped Earth’s geography but also affected climate,
evolution, and biodiversity, linking all continents through shared origins.

Question- Why does Tishani doshi call herself a sun - worshipping South Indian?

Answer – In Journey to the End of the Earth, Tishani Doshi calls herself a “sun-worshipping
South Indian” to highlight the stark contrast between her warm, familiar homeland and the
cold, remote environment of Antarctica. Being from South India, a region known for its
tropical climate and sunshine, she is naturally more accustomed to warmth and sunlight.
Her reference is both cultural and personal, emphasizing her discomfort and awe in facing
Antarctica’s harsh, icy landscape. The phrase humorously reflects her identity while
underlining the extreme conditions of the journey. It shows how alien and overwhelming
Antarctica feels to someone from a sunny background.

Question- How does the study of Antarctica ❄ help human beings?

Answers – In Journey to the End of the Earth, Tishani Doshi explains that studying
Antarctica helps human beings understand Earth’s geological history, present climate
crisis, and future survival. The ice cores preserve records of ancient air, revealing carbon
levels and temperature trends over centuries. Scientists study these to predict the impact
of global warming. Antarctica’s untouched, pristine landscape makes it ideal to observe
how small environmental changes cause large global effects. The continent also helps us
understand continental drift, evolution, and biodiversity. Studying Antarctica reminds us
how deeply connected Earth’s past, present, and future are—and the urgent need to
protect our planet.

Question- “In that short amount of time, we’ve managed to create quite a ruckus.” Which
‘amount of time’ and what ‘ruckus’ is Tishani Doshi talking about?

Answer – In Journey to the End of the Earth, Tishani Doshi refers to the time since human
civilization began—just 12,000 years ago—as the “short amount of time.” Compared to
Earth’s 4.6-billion-year history, this is a very brief period. During this short span, humans
have caused massive environmental damage through deforestation, fossil fuel burning,
industrialization, and overpopulation. This is the “ruckus” she mentions—global warming,
melting ice caps, pollution, and climate change. Doshi highlights how quickly humans have
disturbed the planet’s natural balance. Her visit to Antarctica reinforces how fragile Earth is
and how urgent it is to stop further environmental destruction.

Question – “Either way Antarctica is a crucial element in this debate.” Which debate is
Tishani doshi talking about? How is Antarctica crucial to it?

Answer – In Journey to the End of the Earth, Tishani Doshi refers to the debate on climate
change and environmental conservation. She says “either way Antarctica is a crucial
element in this debate” because it plays a vital role in regulating Earth’s climate and ocean
systems. Antarctica’s ice cores hold data about Earth’s past atmosphere, helping scientists
understand how carbon levels affect global temperatures. Its untouched landscape makes
it ideal for observing the direct effects of global warming. As a barometer of climate health,
any change in Antarctica’s environment signals danger for the entire planet, making it
central to this urgent debate.

Question- What is the parable of phytoplankton, according to Doshi? Why is it important?

Answer – In Journey to the End of the Earth, Tishani Doshi refers to the “parable of
phytoplankton” to highlight how tiny organisms can have a massive impact on Earth’s
climate and life systems. Phytoplankton are microscopic plants that absorb carbon dioxide
and release oxygen through photosynthesis, forming the base of the marine food chain.
Their survival depends on the stability of the environment, especially the ozone layer and
temperature. Doshi calls it a “parable” to show how even the smallest creatures are crucial
to the planet’s health. Their decline due to climate change can disturb the entire
ecosystem, affecting all life forms.

Question – What does Tshani Doshi mean by the expression ‘walk on the ocean’? How did
she and her companions make this walk?

Answer – In Journey to the End of the Earth, Tishani Doshi uses the expression “walk on the
ocean” to describe the surreal experience of walking on the frozen sea in Antarctica. The
ocean was completely covered with a thick layer of ice, strong enough to support human
weight. Doshi and her companions from the Students on Ice programme stepped onto this
frozen surface and walked as if they were walking on water. It was an extraordinary and
dream-like moment, highlighting the uniqueness of Antarctica’s environment. This walk
symbolized both wonder and the fragile beauty of nature that urgently needs protection.
Question- What are Doshi’s apprehensions about the future of the human race?

Answer – In Journey to the End of the Earth, Tishani Doshi expresses deep apprehensions
about the future of the human race due to increasing environmental degradation. She is
concerned about the damage humans have caused in a short span—global warming,
pollution, and the melting of polar ice. She fears that if this continues, future generations
may face severe climate disasters and resource shortages. Her visit to Antarctica shows
how delicate Earth’s systems are and how small changes can lead to major consequences.
Doshi stresses the urgent need for awareness and action to protect the planet and secure a
sustainable future for humanity.

Question- What do the student companions of Tishani Doshi feel about saving the world?

Answer – In Journey to the End of the Earth, Tishani Doshi describes her student
companions as energetic, curious, and hopeful individuals who believe in making a
difference. Through the students on Ice program, these young minds witness the fragile
beauty of Antarctica and realize the urgent need to protect the planet. They understand the
impact of climate change and feel a sense of responsibility toward the environment.
Experiencing the continent first-hand gives them awareness and motivation to act. Doshi
sees their optimism as a ”sign of hope, believing that this new generation might be able to
“save the world” through awareness and action.

Question - Doshi writes at the end of the article, “... what a difference a day makes.” What
does she imply

Answer – In Journey to the End of the Earth, Tishani Doshi ends with the line “… what a
difference a day makes” to reflect the powerful impact her one-day experience in
Antarctica had on her understanding of the planet. In just a single day, walking on the
frozen ocean and observing the pristine landscape made her deeply aware of Earth’s
fragility and the urgent need to address climate change. She implies that even a short time
in such a place can shift one’s perspective entirely. The statement highlights how
transformative direct experience with nature can be in shaping awareness and
responsibility.
Question- How does the author’s journey to Antarctica reveal insights into the importance
of preserving the environment?

Answer - In Journey to the End of the Earth, Tishani Doshi’s journey to Antarctica reveals
powerful insights into the importance of preserving the environment. Experiencing
Antarctica’s vast, untouched landscape shows her how delicate and interconnected
Earth’s systems are. She observes melting glaciers, fragile ecosystems, and the effects of
climate change firsthand. The trip makes her realize how even small environmental
changes can lead to large-scale global consequences. By studying ice cores and marine
life, she understands Earth’s climatic history and its link to the future. The journey inspires
urgency to protect nature, showing that preserving Antarctica is vital for saving the planet.

Question- Summarize the role of climate change as presented through the Antarctic
setting in the chapter.

Answer – In Journey to the End of the Earth, Tishani Doshi uses Antarctica as a powerful
symbol to present the effects of climate change. The continent’s pristine and remote
setting highlights the fragility of Earth’s environment. Doshi describes melting glaciers,
collapsing ice shelves, and disturbed ecosystems as visible signs of global warming.
Antarctica acts as a climate barometer, where even small changes indicate larger global
issues. The continent’s ice cores reveal past atmospheric conditions, helping scientists
study rising carbon levels. Through her journey, Doshi shows that protecting Antarctica is
crucial, as it holds key evidence and warnings about the future of our planet.

Long Question/Answer

Question- “In the parable of phytoplankton, there is a greater metaphor for existence.”
Elaborate on this statement of Tishani Doshi in the context of your reading of “ Journey to
the end of the world.”

Answer – The phrase “parable of phytoplankton” serves as a profound metaphor for life and
existence. Phytoplankton, though invisible to the naked eye, are essential to the Earth’s
ecosystem. They produce half of the world’s oxygen and form the base of the marine food
chain. Their role reminds us that even the smallest, seemingly insignificant beings can have
massive, far-reaching effects. This reflects a greater truth about existence—everything is
connected. Just as phytoplankton quietly sustain life in oceans, many forces in our lives
work silently yet powerfully. The metaphor urges us to acknowledge the unseen systems
that support life and to treat them with respect. It also warns us of the dangers of
imbalance. If something as small as phytoplankton is harmed by climate change or
pollution, the consequences ripple through the entire ecological chain. This teaches a vital
life lesson: small actions, whether good or bad, matter. We must care for the invisible
threads that bind nature and humanity. The parable inspires humility, awareness, and
responsibility. It reminds us that preserving the smallest elements of nature is essential for
sustaining the entire planet and securing a livable future for generations to come.

Question – Briefly describe in your own words how Tishani Doshinamd others got a chance
to walk on the frozen Antarctica ocean. Why was this experience nothing short of a
relevation for them?

Answer – Tishani Doshi and her fellow travellers got a rare chance to walk on the frozen
Antarctic ocean during their expedition with the “Students on Ice” programme. The ship
carrying them had anchored and the surrounding sea was completely frozen. The thick
layer of ice covering the ocean was strong enough to support their weight, making it
possible for them to step out and walk on what was actually ocean water, solidified into a
sheet of ice. For Doshi and others, this surreal experience was nothing short of a revelation.
Walking on the ocean felt magical, strange, and humbling—it was like walking on a dream.
The vast silence, the pure white landscape, and the realisation that beneath their feet lay
deep, freezing ocean water left them in awe. It was a moment that made them feel how
fragile, beautiful, and mysterious nature is. This walk made them reflect deeply on the
Earth’s changing climate and the importance of protecting such untouched regions. The
experience didn’t just offer thrill—it sparked a sense of connection, responsibility, and a
new way of seeing the world. It showed them firsthand how precious and delicate the
planet is, and how vital it is to care for it.

Question- Who started the programs ‘students on ice’? What is it’s purpose? What does it
consist of?

Answer – Tishani Doshi joined the Students on Ice expedition—an educational polar
journey founded in 2000 by Canadian explorer and educator Geoff Green—to travel to
Antarctica with a group of high‑school and university students . Originally conceived as
elite expeditions, the program refocused in 2000 on youth, believing that young people are
the future policymakers who can genuinely learn, engage, and act .

Purpose and Structure

Purpose: To foster environmental awareness, respect, and stewardship among youth by

immersing them in the polar ecosystem where climate change’s effects are starkly visible .
Consists of: Ship-based journeys—typically on ice-strengthened vessels like the Akademik
Shokalskiy—bringing about 100 international students aged 14 and above, accompanied
by scientists, educators, artists, historians, and polar experts .

Activities include: Zodiac landings on the Antarctic Peninsula and nearby islands (e.g.,
penguin colonies), onboard lectures, seminars, field research (ice-core sampling, wildlife
surveys, plankton tows), workshops, reflection sessions, and forum discussions .

The expedition’s design is deeply experiential and place-based, aiming to spark

transformation by connecting youth with real-world environmental issues, making them
lifelong ambassadors for sustainable futures .

Question- What is the world’s geographical history ? How does Antarctica hold the key to
it?

Answer – The world’s geographical history dates back about 4.6 billion years, starting from
a time when all the continents were joined together as a supercontinent called Gondwana.
This massive landmass included present-day India, Antarctica, South America, Africa, and
Australia. Over millions of years, due to the movement of tectonic plates, Gondwana
gradually broke apart and the landmasses drifted to their current positions. This process
shaped mountains, oceans, and climate patterns across the globe. Understanding this
movement helps scientists trace the evolution of life and Earth’s changing environment.

Antarctica holds the key to this ancient geographical history because it has remained
largely unchanged and untouched for millions of years. Its unique position and preserved
landscape make it a natural laboratory for studying Earth’s past. The ice cores in Antarctica
contain air bubbles that serve as time capsules, trapping atmospheric gases from
thousands of years ago. These records help scientists understand past climate conditions,
carbon dioxide levels, and temperature changes. Antarctica also offers clues about
continental drift, fossil records, and life forms from ancient times. By studying Antarctica,
we gain valuable insights into how Earth evolved geologically and how present-day
environmental changes may shape our future. It’s essential for understanding the planet’s
history.

Question- Analyse the chapters“Journey to the end of the earth” for the theme of
Awareness.

Answer – The theme of awareness is deeply embedded in Journey to the End of the Earth by
Tishani Doshi. Through her expedition to Antarctica, Doshi takes the reader on a journey of
realization—scientific, environmental, and personal. The pristine and isolated setting of
Antarctica becomes a powerful lens through which she and her fellow travellers, especially
the students, gain a heightened sense of awareness about the planet’s fragility. Seeing
melting glaciers, walking on the frozen ocean, and understanding the role of microscopic
organisms like phytoplankton make them truly aware of the critical state of Earth’s
environment.

Doshi highlights how modern humans, despite their progress, have caused irreversible
harm to nature in a very short period. She contrasts Earth’s 4.6-billion-year history with the
mere 12,000 years of human civilization to show how quickly we have disrupted nature. The
journey makes one aware of the effects of global warming, pollution, and careless
consumption. It also shows the importance of educating the younger generation, as seen
through the Students on Ice program, to build a more responsible future. In essence, the
chapter is a wake-up call that promotes environmental consciousness and encourages
deeper awareness about the need to protect and preserve our only home—Earth.

Question – Discuss how Tishani Doshi uses contrast between the past and the present as
well as between nature and human activities provide textual evidence to support your
analysis.

Answer – In Journey to the End of the Earth, Tishani Doshi powerfully uses contrast to
highlight the impact of human activities on nature and to compare the vast past of the
Earth with the short span of human existence. She contrasts the Earth’s 4.6-billion-year-old
history with just 12,000 years of human civilization, stating, “In that short amount of time,
we’ve managed to create quite a ruckus.” This sharp contrast shows how quickly humans
have disrupted the planet’s balance through industrialization, pollution, and
overpopulation.

Doshi also contrasts the pristine, silent, and untouched beauty of Antarctica with the
chaotic, polluted, and crowded world of human settlements. Antarctica, with its white
expanse and ancient ice, stands as a symbol of Earth’s natural purity and history. In
contrast, she refers to the modern world’s activities that threaten even the remotest parts
of the planet. She explains how climate change, largely caused by human actions, is now
melting glaciers and affecting even microscopic organisms like phytoplankton, which are
vital for the planet’s oxygen supply.

These contrasts not only emphasize the urgent need for environmental awareness but also
reflect the author’s concern for the future. Doshi’s journey thus becomes a reflection on
how far we’ve come—and how far we’ve strayed.
Question- How does Tishani Doshi’s experience in Antarctica offer a deeper understanding
of climate change and the fragility of Earth?

Answer – Tishani Doshi’s experience in Antarctica offers a profound and eye-opening

understanding of climate change and the fragility of Earth. Antarctica, being one of the
most untouched and remote places on the planet, becomes a living classroom where the
effects of environmental damage are visibly evident. Doshi observes the vast ice sheets,
melting glaciers, and silent landscapes that speak volumes about the urgent threat of
global warming. She realizes that even the smallest changes in temperature can lead to
massive consequences, such as rising sea levels and disrupted ecosystems.

Through her journey, she understands how the continent acts like a climate regulator for
the Earth and how any harm here can impact the entire planet. Her walk on the frozen
ocean, witnessing icebergs and the absence of human interference, emphasizes the
importance of preserving such regions. She becomes aware that organisms like
phytoplankton, though microscopic, are essential for the survival of marine life and the
global oxygen cycle. The experience forces her—and the students she travels with—to
reflect deeply on human actions and their long-term impact on the environment.

Ultimately, Doshi’s time in Antarctica transforms her perspective, revealing how delicate
and interconnected Earth’s systems are and how urgently they need protection.

Chapter – Things of Beauty

Poet – John Keats

Short Question answer

Question-