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Pharmacy Orientation

The document provides an overview of pharmacy, detailing its definition, scope, and the roles of pharmacists in various settings such as hospital, retail, and industrial pharmacy. It emphasizes the importance of pharmaceutical education, the responsibilities of pharmacists, and the need for proper medication management to prevent errors. Additionally, it outlines the different branches of pharmacy and the significance of clinical pharmacy in patient care.

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100 views17 pages

Pharmacy Orientation

The document provides an overview of pharmacy, detailing its definition, scope, and the roles of pharmacists in various settings such as hospital, retail, and industrial pharmacy. It emphasizes the importance of pharmaceutical education, the responsibilities of pharmacists, and the need for proper medication management to prevent errors. Additionally, it outlines the different branches of pharmacy and the significance of clinical pharmacy in patient care.

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ikr880966
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 1. Pharmacy © [. PHARMACY ORIENTATION Outline: Introduction and orientation 1 the Professional of Pharmacy in relation to: © Hospital Pharmacy © Retail Pharmacy © Industrial Pharmacy * Forensic Pharmacy * Pharmaceutical Education and rescarch etc HARMACY —~ Introductio: The word “Pharmacy” is derived from the Greek word “Pharmakon™ means medicine or drug. Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing, dispensing, and reviewing drugs and providing additional clinical services. It is a health profession that links health seiences with pharmaceutical sciences and aims to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of drugs. The professional practice is becoming more clinically oriented as most of the drugs are now manufactured by pharmaceutical industries. Definition: * Pharmacy can be defined as the knowledge of identification, selection, pharmaceutical action, preservation, combination, analysis and standardization of drugs and medicines. * Pharmacy is the art and science of preparing, dispensing and proper medicines, * Pharmacy is the clinical health science that links medical sciences with chemistry and it is charged with the discovery, production, disposal, safe and effective use, and control of medications and drugs, Drug: A substance intended for the use in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease. (FDA) ization of drugs and The material may be: © Natural © Plant © Animal © Mineral © Synthetic (aspirin) © Semi-synthetic (ampicillins) Scope: 1, Interpretation of prescription orders Muhammad Muneeb Seaep Chapter 1. Pharmacy C97 Compounding, Labeling |. Dispensing of drugs and devices . Drug product selection and DURS ). Patient monitoring and interventions /. Provision of information of medicines and devices DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DRUG AND MEDICI Drug Medicine Definition | Substances which act on the body and | Substances that have definite form and are used for prevention, diagnosis and | therapeutic use for treatment treatment Potency APIs /active potent compound Palatable form of drug Amount Do not have definite form or dose Has definite form and dose Compare All drugs are not medicines All medicines are drugs Dosage form | No appropriate dosage form / vehicle | Have appropriate dosage form Effects May have positive / negative effects | Usually have positive effects Connotations | Associated with negative connotations | Associated with positive connotations Source Natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic API + excipient Example PCM Panadol (PCM 500 mg) Naming of a Drug: Description Example Chemical Name | Indicate chemical structure of drug N-acetyl-para-aminophenol Generic Name _| Given to compound during early investigation | Paracetamol Official Name | Given to drug in official monograph Paracetamol (BP. 1998), Acetaminophen (USP XXII) Brand Name _| Name of drug in market Panadol (GSK), Paramol (Misr) Erom Drug Substance to Pharmaceutical Preparation: Active drug substance (active pharmaceutical ingredient - API) Excipients (inactive pharmaceutical ingredients) © Technological, biopharmaceutical and / oF stability reasons © Diluents / fillers, binders, lubricants, disintegrant, coatings, preservatives and stabilizers, colorants and flavorings © Should always be stated in SPC (important in the case of allergies) Pharmaceutical dosage form: © Determines the physical frm of the final pharmaceutical preparation © Isa drug delivery system which is formed by technological processing (drug formulation) © Must reflect therapeutic intentions, route of administrations, dosing etc. Pharmaceutical Preparation (PP) Muhammad Muneeb Chapter 1. Pharmacy C Cy © Particular pharmaceutical product containing active and inactive pharmaceutical in formulated into the particular dosage form. © Packed and labelled appropriately © Two major types of PP according the origin: * Manufactured in large scales by pharmaceutical industry (original and generic preparations) © Compounded individually in compounding pharmacies Pharmacist: A Pharmacist holds a Graduation in Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm, D). Pharmacist is a person who is Expert in medicines and a sole custodian of Medicines, right from manufacturing, testing, Clinical administration & dispensing it safely to the patients. A Pharmacist cherish roles of different kinds, from working in clinical pharmacy with direct interaction with patients alongside other medical staff to serving in community pharmacy, he supervises Manufacturing units or Laboratories, A Drug expert aka Pharmacist can review prescriptions and can suggest necessary dosage for the patients. In some developed countries, only a pharmacist is at liberty to write prescriptions, Right man for the right job, obviously. Pharmacist might persue speciatization in almost every major disease management, like Cardiac Pharmacist, Oncology Pharmacist, Pediatric, Ambulatory Care Pharmacist, Neuro Pharmacist, Pain management, Diabetes, Hypertension or simply can work as a hospital Pharmacist to keep check on smooth flow of Right medicines in Hospital. Pharmacist provides counselling about Drug -Drug interactions, Drug-Food interactions, Drug-Body interactions, he can work best to reduce possible side effects of medicines. PHARMACIST - IMPORTANT PILLAR OF HEALTHCARE: One may ask why presence of Qualified Pharmacist is so important? According to WHO & research concluded by John Hopkins university, there are recorded average 2,50,000 Deaths only in USA annually due to medication errors or due to misuse of Medicines, And God knows how many are sacrificing their lives in developing countries like Pakistan duc to Medication errors. As | said earlier, Pharmacist is a sole custodian of Medicines and only he can overcome these errors with his expertise. The role of a pharmacist in health care system must be taken into consideration and implemented strongly. At the end of the day we all in healthcare sector works for the betterment of our patients. Pharmacy Education; There are two types of courses studied in pharmacy, The courses include: |, Presrequisite courses — Courses other than professional courses (Important for background knowledge for professional pharmacy courses) 1. Physical sciences I, Biological sciences IH, — Mathematics, statistics, computer sciences ete. 2, Professional courses 1. Pharmaceutics i. Physical Pharmacy Dosage Form Science Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology Muhammad Muneeb Chapter 1. Pharmacy © iv. Industrial Pharmacy ¥. Biopharmaceuties and Pharmacokinetics vi, Pharmaceutical Quality Control vii. Pharmaceutical Technology Ul, Pharmaceutical Chemistry i. Organic Chemistry ji, Biochemistry iii, Analytical Chemistry iv. Medicinal Chemistry IH. Pharmacognosy IV. Pharmacology and Toxicology V. Microbiology and Public Health VI. Pharmacy Practice i, Mathematics and Biostatistics i. Community, Social and Adm Dispensing Pharmacy iv. Computer and Its Applications in Pharmacy v. Hospital Pharmacy vi. Clinical Pharmacy vii. Forensic Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management VII. Physiology, Anatomy and Histology, Pathology ative Pharmacy TYPES OF EDUCATION NECESSARY FOR A PHARMACIST: © Basic sciences ‘Muhammad Muneeb Chapter 1. Pharmacy Clinical studies Technical studies Drug information and scientific knowledge Economic knowledge * Psychological and sociological understanding AIMS OF MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION: * Provide scientific background © Provide professional skills and knowledge © Provide business training © Provide broad general education Code of Ethics: * Pharmacists are health professional who assist individuals in making the best use of medications ‘© This code states the principles fundamental roles and responsibilities of pharmacists © The principles are: © Pharmacists respect relationship between the patient and pharmacist and this occur by: = Pharmacist has to maintain knowledge Pharmacist asks for the consultation of colleagues © Pharmacist promotes the good of every patient ina confidential manner by considering: = Needs stated by the patient = Needs defined by the health science © Pharmacist respect autonomy and dignity of each patient = Autonomy: A pharmacist promotes the rights of self-determination by encouraging patient to participate in decisions about their health Dignity: The pharmacist respects personal and cultural differences among patients, Some Definitions: * Pharmaceutics is the discipline of pharmacy that deals with all facets of the process of turning a new chemical entity (NCE) into a safe and effective medication. Pharmaceutics is the science of dosage form design, Pharmaceutics deals with the formulation of a pure drug substance into a dosage form. * Pharmaceutical formulation, in pharmaceutics, is the process in which different chemical substances, including the active drug, are combined to produce a final medicinal product. The word formulation is often used in a way that includes dosage form. + Pharmaceutical manufacturing is the process of industrial-scale synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs as part of the pharmaceutical industry. The process of drug manufacturing can be broken down into a series of unit operations, such as milling, granulation, coating, tablet pressing, and others, © Physical Pharmacy: This subject deals with application of physical chemical principles to problems in the pharmaceutical sciences. Physical pharmacy is a fundamental course that leads to proper understanding of subsequent courses in Pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical technology. © ‘Physicochemical principles of pharmacy’ (physical pharmacy or pharmaceutics) comprises the study of drug formulations and their design, manufacture, and delivery to the body. The definition now extends to the targeting of drugs and delivery systems to specific sites in the body, the fabrication of nanoparticles and the design of delivery devices. Muhammad Muneeb Chapter 1. Pharmacy C © Physical pharmacy integrates knowledge of mathematics, physics and chemistry and them to the pharmaceutical dosage form development. © It focuses on the theories behind the phenomena needed for dosage form design, © Enable the pharmacist to make rational decisions on scientific basis concerning the art and technology of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ete, © Physical pharmacy provides the basis for understanding the chemical and physical phenomena that govern the in vivo and in vitro actions of pharmaceutical products. Dosage Form: Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules are delivered into site of action within the body. The need for dosage forms: 1. Accurate dose 2. Protection e.g. coated tablets, sealed ampules 3. Protection from gastric juice 4. Masking taste and odor 5. Placement of drugs within body tissues 6. Sustained release medication 7. Controlled release medication 8. Optimal drug action 9. Insertion of drugs into body cavities (rectal, vaginal) 10. Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs Solid dosage Liquid dosage Semi solid dosage T forms . Unitdosage Bulk Biphasic Monophasic Internal External forms | T eas 7 ‘Suspension intemal femal Ointment Tablets me s Serene Liniments pastes. Powders Syrups Lotions. delies. Pills: pas internal f= Extornal Elixirs Gargies oC a et seenerene s enon on Sprays Suppositones a Dentitrice Eye lotions = Pessaries Snutts Eye drops ‘Ear powgers: Nasal drops RANCHES OF PHARMA‘ Muhammad Muneeb Chapter 1. Pharmacy € Industrial Pharmacy Drug Sales and Marketing { ] © Drug Wholesales ‘+ Hospital Pharmacy © Journalism Clinical Pharmacy © Marketing * Forensic Pharmacy © Nuclear Pharmacy © Government Services ‘© Medical Communications © Community Pharmacy Retail Pharmacy Other Ser Introdu ¢ The pharmaceutical industry is responsible for the production of drugs, ensuring that they are safe effective and of high quality, * Pharmacist applies all the scientific knowledge & skill during production, storage and distribution © Services provided by the phi information & monitor macist in different departments of the industry are research, medical Products safety, regularity affairs, medical script writing, manufacturin quality control, supplies, management any other departments. Definition: «l control * The branch of pharmacy, which deals with fo tion, manufacturers, analysis, storage of pharmaceutical dosage forms, is called industrial pharmacy ¢ Inbrief industrial pharmacy can be de cd as, “Its the processing of drugs from the source up-to the finished product and (o provide quality assure product (o the professionals as well as the consumer Operations Include: Muhammad Muneeb Chapter 1. Pharmacy C It includes basic unit operation like , milling, drying, lyophilization, Filtration & com Which leads to the preparation of liquid, solid, semi-solid dosage form and also injectable. Industrial Pharmacist: Pharmacist who is related to industry is called industrial pharmacist. He has various jobs in industry, some are executive i.e.: . Production Incharge . Factory Incharge . Production Manager |. Sales Manager Pepe And some junior executive is also working there i.e. |. Production Pharmacist . Analyst (QC) . Assistant Pharmacist |. Documentary Pharmacist . Research Pharmacist Research & Development (R & D): ween Formulation Reformulation Drug-excipient Compatil Testing Determine proper route of administration of drug Product's stability including the proper packaging material Innovations lity Production: Conversion of raw materials to finished products ‘Supervises the operation, GMP must be observed, involved in planning production. Raw Material + Production Procedure ~ Finished Products With manufacturing facilities, engaged in production operations CODOSOee Quality Control: © Qualitative / quantitative checks of RM, intermediate and finished products 10 Muhammad Muneeb Chapter 1, Pharmacy € Tests are performed on products Assay — determine the % purity of active ingredient 2. HOSPITAL PHARMACY: Introduction; The function of a hospital is to provide health care to the patient. In its organizational structure, consists of many departments which are coordinated in their work and their common task is to provide health care facilities to the patient, In these departments, one is Hospital Pharmacy. Hospital pharmacy ean be defined in two ways on the basis of its services ie. Departmental Services and Professional Services, A department or service in hospital under the direction of competent pharmacist, Pharmacists work with physicians, nurses, patient and other hospital personnel, From hospital pharmacy all medications are supplied to nursing units, Pharmacist is an important part of the health care team, Professional Services: Pubepe Participation in edueatio rograms for patient, nurse & medical staff . Poison control center activities Drug information centre Preparation of patient drug use profile . Parenteral nutrition program . Communicating new drug information to hospital personnel . Dispensing and research of radiopharmaceuticals Activities / Responsibilities: ‘Compounding, provides stock medication, performs moderate scale manufacturing (dermatological, TPN) Responsibility to inspect the pharmaceutical supply The filling and labeling of all drug containers used in various wards Responsible for Drug control system in hospital Responsible for the professional care of the patient regarding drug use Manager of hospital pharmacy Part of PTC, managing Drug Information Service Monitoring of drug therapy Knowledge Required: Hospital pharmacist must be knowledgeable on: © Dnugs and their action © Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Program © Control procedure regarding * QC (prep of TPN / admixtures) + Dnig distribution throughout the hospital © Research activities both medical and pharmaceutical © Teaching Techniques (in-service training programs) Muhammad Muneeb Chapter 1. Pharmacy (7* © Pharmacy administration in hosp ROUTINE SERVICES SPECIAL SERVICES Siocking of drugs and allied substances Participation in education, poison control activity, drug information center, research activity Dispensing to in-and out- Patients on prescription | Preparation of parenleral nutrition and radiopharmaceuticals ‘Supply of the drugs to nursing station Dispensing of parenteral nutrition and radiopharmaceuticals Bulk manufacturing / compounding Preparation of patient drug use profiles: S.CLINICAL PHARMACY; © Recent wation in Pharmacy Practice (1970) * Patient — oriented profession Definition: The branch of pharmacy which deals with patient care with particular emphasis (special practice) on drug therapy is called clinical pharmacy. It is also called “Patient-oriented Pharmacy”, so it includes not only the dispensing or administration of required medications but also advice the patient on the proper use of all medications. Clinical pharmacy can also be practiced in community as well as in hospital. Activities: © Makes rounds with doctor, maintains patient histories, monitors drug therapy, advises patient on drug use, side effects, and drug interactions, ADR's Direct patient involvement (conducting admissions, discharge, interviews) Drug Utilization Reviews, education to improve drug's use US: Doctors write Rx: pharmacists prescribe the medicine Important that clinical Pharmacist is familiar with different lab tests and interpretation of results Associated with decreased hospital mortality rates, decreased drug cost, decreased length of stay of patient ‘© Pharmaccutical care ~ optimal use of medications to achieve specific outcomes that improve a patients ‘quality of life © Counseling and Guidance to Patient © Drug Monitoring Evaluation Patient-Oriented Pharmacist Considers: © Knowledge of Drugs + Drug Information skills * Communication Skills Previously: Physician “> Patient ++ Pharmacist Muhammad Muneeb ‘Chapter |. Pharmacy C Ci Interaction Now: Physician "Pharmacist (Dur) "4 patient x Barriers to Clinical Pharmacy Practice: Lack of interest of top management Higher costs Other professionals are unhappy Lack of incentive for pharmacist Lack of training / specializing areas to develop expertise PHARMACY PRACTICE TRANSITION Figure 1. Time line of the five stages of major change in pharmacy practice Marketing: Product managers Set policies / targets for the sales team Sales: © Contact prescribers regarding company’s products © Explain products in detail Drug Establishment: © Manufactures, imports, repacks, distributes pharmaceuticals Drug Trader: © Registered owner of drug product © Procures the RM and packaging components * Provides production monograph, QC standard, procedures a Muhammad Muneeb Chapter 1, Pharmacy © © Subeontracts a manufacturing lab Drug Distributor / Importer: ‘* Imports RM, active ingredients, finished product for its own use or for wholesale distribution Drug Distributor / Exporter: + Exports RM, active ingredients, finished product to other countries Drug Distributor / Wholesale: * Procures RM, active ingredients, finished product from local establishment for local distribution on whole sale basis © Important part of distributive scheme, provides mechanism to obtain various products manufactured by different labs from single agency. Less hazards in stock handling, record keeping and bill paying for the retailer

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