BIOL REVIEWER TREATMENT

INFECTIOUS DISEASES:Understanding Infectious ●​ Supportive Care

Disease: Types, Causes, Example, and Treatment ●​ Antiviral Medications
●​ Antiretroviral Theraphy (ART) for HIV
difference between infection and diseases
BACTERIAL INFECTION
What are infectious diseases? -​ Bacterial Infections occur when bacteria enter the body and
●​ growth of pathogens cause harm. Bacteria are microscopic organisms that can be
●​ disrupt normal functions found everywhere, and while many are harmless, some can
●​ spread through direct and indirect contact cause disease.

Types Of Infectious Diseases CAUSES

●​ Direct contact
Viral Infection ●​ Contaminated food and water
●​ Viral Infections occur when viruses invade and cause harm ●​ Airborne transmission
to the body, ranging from mild to severe and affecting ●​ Vector-borne transmission
various body systems. ●​ Poor hygiene

CAUSES EXAMPLE
●​ DNA Viruses ●​ Respiratory Infection
●​ RNA Viruses ●​ Skin Infection
●​ Respiratory Viruses ●​ Gastrointestinal Infection
●​ Urinary tract infections
EXAMPLES ●​ Bloodstream Infection
●​ Influenza
●​ Herpes Simplex TREATMENT
●​ HIV/AIDS ●​ Antibiotics
●​ COVID-19 ●​ Supportive Care
●​ Surgical Intervention
FUNGAL INFECTION Example
-​ Fungal infections, or mycosis, are diseases caused by a ●​ Malaria (caused by Plasmodium)
fungus (yeast or mold). ●​ Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)
●​ Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
CAUSES ●​ Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)
●​ Weakened immune system, travel to,areas with high fungal ●​ Hookworm (Necator americanus)
presence, and environmental changes like construction that
trigger fungal outbreaks.
TREATMENT
EXAMPLE -​ Parasitic infections are treated with antiparasitic
●​ Athlete’s foot, medications, which are specifically designed to kill or inhibit
●​ Jock itch, the growth of parasites.
●​ Ringworm,
●​ Yeast infections TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIONS
●​ Disease transmission is the process by which
TREATMENT diseases-causing agent is spread from one individual to
-​ Over the counter medicines or consult your doctor another

PARASITIC INFECTION CAUSE

-​ Parasitic infections are diseases caused by ●​ Weakened immune system, travel to areas with high fungal
parasites—organisms that live on or in a host and benefit at presence, and environmental changes like construction that
the host's expense. They can be single-celled (protozoa) or trigger fungal outbreaks.
multicellular (helminths, ectoparasites) .
EXAMPLES
Causes ●​ Impetigo
●​ Ingestion of contaminated food or water. ●​ Norovirus
●​ Insect bites (e.g., mosquitoes for malaria) . ●​ Tuberculosis
●​ Direct contact with infected individuals or animals. ●​ Malaria
●​ Skin penetration (e.g., hookworms) . ●​ Cholera
●​ Sexual contact (e.g., trichomoniasis)
TREATMENT 1.​ Inherited Mutations: Passed down from one or both
●​ Antibiotics parents.
●​ Antiviral Medications 2.​ Spontaneous Mutations: Occur during cell division or
●​ Antimalarial Medications due to environmental factors.
3.​ Chromosomal Abnormalities: Involve missing, extra, or
CONCLUSION rearranged chromosomes.
-​ Infectious diseases are caused by harmful microorganisms 4.​ Multifactorial Inheritance: Results from a combination
like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. They spread of genetic and environmental factors.
through contact, contaminated sources, or vectors . It is
important to know their types and causes to help in TYPES OF GENETIC DISEASES
prevention and treatment. 1.​ Monogenic Disorders: Caused by mutations in a single
gene.
Examples include:
TYPES OF NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES ●​ Cystic Fibrosis: Affects the respiratory and digestive
systems.
GENETIC DISEASES ●​ Sickle Cell Anemia: Leads to misshapen red blood cells.
●​ Genetic diseases are noninfectious disorders caused by ●​ Huntington's Disease: Causes progressive neurological
abnormalities in an individual's DNA, either inherited or decline.
acquired. These conditions can affect various bodily systems
and may present at birth or develop later in life. 2.​ Chromosomal Disorders: Involve structural changes or
abnormalities in chromosomes.
What are Genetic Diseases? Examples include:
●​ Genetic diseases result from mutations or alterations in ●​ Down Syndrome: Caused by an extra copy of
genes or chromosomes. These changes can disrupt normal chromosome 21.
cellular functions, leading to a wide range of health issues. ●​ Turner Syndrome: Affects females who have only one X
Some genetic disorders are inherited from parents, while chromosome.
others arise spontaneously due to new mutations.
3.​ Multifactorial Disorders: Result from interactions
CAUSES OF GENETIC DISEASES between multiple genes and environmental factors.
Examples include:
●​ Heart Disease
 ●​ Diabetes ●​ Supportive Care: Including counseling and support
●​ Certain Cancers groups for patients and families.
●​ Early diagnosis through genetic testing and counseling is
SYMPTOMS OF GENETIC DISEASES crucial for managing genetic diseases effectively.
●​ Advancements in medical research continue to offer hope
1. Symptoms vary widely depending on the specific disorder but for improved treatments and potential cures in the future.
may include:
LIFESTYLE DISEASES
●​ Physical abnormalities: Such as facial features or limb -​ Lifestyle diseases are a type of non-infectious disease. This
differences. means they are not caused by bacteria or viruses. These
●​ Developmental delays: Including speech or motor skills. diseases usually develop because of our habits, such as
●​ Chronic health issues: Like heart defects or metabolic eating unhealthy foods,not getting enough exercise,
problems. smoking, or drinking too much alcohol.
●​ Neurological symptoms: Such as seizures or cognitive
impairments
CAUSES OF LIFESTYLE DISEASES
-​ Unhealthy Diet Lack of Physical Activity Tobacco Use
TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT Excessive Alcohol Consumption Inadequate Sleep
-​ While many genetic diseases have no cure, various
treatments can manage symptoms and improve quality of
life: TYPES OF LIFESTYLE DISEASES
-​ Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) Metabolic Disorders
●​ Medications: To control symptoms or slow disease Respiratory Diseases Cancer Mental health Disorders
progression. Musculoskeletal Disorders.
●​ Physical and Occupational Therapy: To enhance
mobility and daily functioning.
●​ Surgical Interventions: To correct physical abnormalities ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES
or organ dysfunctions. -​ Environmental disease refers to any pathological condition
●​ Gene Therapy: An emerging field aiming to correct marked by specific signs and symptoms that negatively
defective genes. impact an individual's health
CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENT-RELATED DISEASES: 1. Lead poisoning
●​ Exposure to chemical agents Chemicals like pesticides, -​ Also known as plumbism and saturnism, is a type of metal
industrial pollutants, and cleaning products can harm the poisoning caused by lead in the body.
body’s organs, disrupt hormone functions, or cause cancer -​ Can result from inhaling lead fumes or dust
and other chronic diseases.
Effects:
●​ Inadequate nutrition Poor diet weakens the immune system ●​ numbness or weakness in the arms or legs
and makes the body more vulnerable to infections and ●​ headaches
disease. It can also lead to deficiencies that affect physical ●​ irritability
and mental development. ●​ depression
●​ high blood pressure
●​ Certain social or cultural practices such as indoor cooking ●​ anemia
with firewood or unsafe traditional remedies can expose ●​ infertility
individuals to harmful smoke or toxins.
2. Methemoglobinemia
●​ Radiation Prolonged or high exposure to UV rays, Xrays, or -​ is a blood condition that arises when nitrite interacts with
radioactive materials can damage cells and lead to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
conditions like cancer or genetic mutations -​ Often called "blue baby syndrome".

●​ Air and water pollution Pollutants in the air (like smog or Nitrite exposure can come from various
fine dust) can cause respiratory problems, while sources,including:
contaminated water can spread infections and diseases like ●​ Nitrates found in drinking water
cholera or typhoid. ●​ Certain types of food
●​ Specific medications
●​ Poor sanitation Lack of clean toilets,waste disposal, and ●​ Other environmental factors
hygiene facilities can lead to the spread of parasites,
bacteria, and viruses, especially in crowded communities. 3. Silo Filler's Disease (SFD)
-​ An occupational pulmonary disease resulting from exposure
to oxides of nitrogen.
EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES -​ Inhalation of nitrogen oxides (NOx), especially nitrogen
dioxide, can be very dangerous.
Dangerous Effects: ●​ Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (some consider it
●​ Pulmonary edema neurodegenerative with autoimmune components):Damages
●​ Bronchiolitis obliterans the protective covering of nerves
●​ Death
2. Musculoskeletal Degenerative Diseases
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES -​ These impact bones, joints, and muscles.
-​ are medical conditions characterized by the progressive
deterioration of cells, tissues, or organs over time, often ●​ Osteoarthritis: Cartilage in joints wears down, causing
leading to a decline in function. pain and stiffness.
-​ These diseases can affect various systems in the body and ●​ Osteoporosis: Loss of bone density, increasing fracture
are typically chronic and irreversible. They often worsen as a risk.
person ages
Degenerative Disc Disease:
MAIN TYPES OF DEGENERATIVE DISEASES -​ Breakdown of intervertebral discs, leading to back or neck
pain.
1. Neurodegenerative Diseases
-​ These affect the nervous system, particularly the brain and 3. Retinal Degenerative Diseases
spinal cord. -​ Affect the eyes and vision.

●​ Alzheimer’s Disease: Progressive memory loss,confusion, ●​ Macular Degeneration: Causes loss of central vision,
and cognitive decline. often age-related (AMD).
●​ Retinitis Pigmentosa: Genetic condition causing vision
●​ Parkinson’s Disease: Affects movement; symptoms loss due to retinal degeneration.
include tremors, stiffness, and slow movement.
4. Cardiovascular Degeneration
●​ Huntington’s Disease: Genetic disorder that causes the -​ Progressive damage to heart and blood vessels.
progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.
●​ Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Affects nerve ●​ Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaques in arteries, leading to
cells that control voluntary muscles, leading to muscle heart disease or stroke.
weakness and atrophy.
 ●​ Cardiomyopathy: Disease of the heart muscle affecting its ●​ Lifestyle: Poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking, and
function. excessive alcohol use.
●​ Environmental exposures: Toxins, infections, or
TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT trauma.
-​ There is no cure for most degenerative diseases, but
symptoms can often be managed: NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES
-​ Nutritional deficiency diseases happen when the body
●​ Medications: To slow progression or treat symptoms (e.g., doesn't get enough essential nutrients from the diet. These
dopamine for Parkinson’s). nutrients include vitamins, minerals, proteins, and other
●​ Physical therapy: To maintain mobility and strength. vital substances that the body needs to function properly.
●​ Lifestyle changes: Healthy diet, exercise, avoiding toxins. Without them, specific health problems develop depending
●​ Surgical interventions: In some cases (e.g., joint on which nutrient is lacking.
replacements).
●​ Supportive care: Counseling, occupational therapy, Common Nutritional Deficiency Diseases
caregiving assistance
1.​ Rickets – Caused by a vitamin D deficiency, leading to
SYMPTOMS weak or soft bones in children.It can cause bowed legs or
-​ Vary depending on the disease but may include: delayed growth.

●​ Cognitive decline 2.​ Scurvy – Caused by a vitamin C deficiency, leading to

●​ Memory loss swollen gums, joint pain, and easy bruising because vitamin
●​ Muscle weakness or rigidity C is needed for healthy skin and blood vessels.
●​ Loss of coordination
●​ Vision or hearing loss 3.​ Iron-deficiency Anemia – Caused by too little iron,
●​ Chronic pain leading to a reduced number of red blood cells. This results
in fatigue, weakness, and pale skin, because iron is essential
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS for carrying oxygen in the blood.

●​ Genetics: Many degenerative diseases have hereditary PREVENTION AND SOLUTIONS

links. -​ To prevent nutritional deficiency diseases:
●​ Aging: A primary risk factor.
 ●​ Eat a balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains,
proteins, and dairy. ●​ Lupus (SLE) (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE) –
●​ Use fortified foods (e.g., iodized salt, iron-fortified Attacks joints, skin, kidneys, brain, and more.
cereals)..Ensure sunlight exposure (for vitamin D). ●​ Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) – Attacks joints, causing pain
●​ Take supplements if prescribed by a doctor. and swelling.
●​ Educate families and communities about proper nutrition. ●​ Sjögren's Syndrome – Damages tear and saliva glands,
causing dry eyes and mouth.

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE 2. Organ-specific (Targets specific organs):

-​ Autoimmune diseases are health conditions that happen
when your immune system attacks your body instead of ●​ Type 1 Diabetes – Destroys insulin producing cells in the
defending it. Healthcare providers sometimes call them pancreas.
autoimmune disorders. ●​ Multiple Sclerosis (MS) – Damages the protective
covering of nerves in the brain and spinal cord.
CAUSES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE ●​ Graves’ Disease – Over Stimulates the thyroid gland
(causing hyperthyroidism).
1. Genetics – Some autoimmune diseases run in families. ●​ Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis – Damages the thyroid gland
2. Infections – Certain viruses or bacteria might trigger the (causing hypothyroidism).
immune system to malfunction. ●​ Celiac Disease – Reacts to gluten and damages the small
3. Environmental factors – Exposure to chemicals, toxins, or intestine.
sunlight (in some conditions).
4. Hormonal changes – Autoimmune diseases are more common
in women, often linked to hormones. COMMON SYMPTOMS OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES:
5. Stress – Physical or emotional stress might trigger or worsen ●​ Fatigue (always tired)
autoimmune responses. ●​ Joint or muscle pain
6. Diet and gut health – Poor diet or gut inflammation may play ●​ Fever
a role. ●​ Rashes
●​ Swelling Digestive issues (like bloating or diarrhea)
COMMON TYPES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: ●​ Hair loss
●​ Difficulty focusing (sometimes called "brain fog")
1. Systemic (Affects many parts of the body):
CANCER
-​ Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells grow ●​ Unexplained weight loss
uncontrollably and can't invade or spread to other parts of ●​ Fatigue
the body. These cells may form tumors (masses of tissue), ●​ Lump or thickening in the body
although not all cancers form tumors (e.g., leukemia). ●​ Changes in skin (e.g., yellowing, darkening, or sores that
don’t heal)
CAUSES OF CANCER ●​ Persistent cough or trouble breathing
-​ Cancer can be caused by genetic mutations and ●​ Changes in bowel or bladder habits
environmental factors. Major causes include: ●​ Unusual bleeding or discharge

●​ Tobacco use
●​ Excessive alcohol consumption
●​ Exposure to radiation or harmful chemicals TYPES AND CAUSES OF GENETIC DISEASES
●​ Poor diet and obesity
●​ Infections (e.g., HPV, hepatitis B/C) WHAT ARE GENETIC DISEASES?
●​ Inherited genetic mutations -​ This occurs when a mutation (a harmful change to a gene,
also known as a pathogenic variant) affects your genes or
when you have the wrong amount of genetic material. Genes
COMMON TYPES OF CANCER are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which contain
-​ Some of the most common types of cancer include: instructions for cell functioning and the characteristics that
make you unique.
●​ Breast cancer
●​ Lung cancer WHAT ARE THE COMMON GENETIC DISEASES?
●​ Colorectal cancer (colon and rectum)
●​ Prostate cancer CHROMOSOMAL
●​ Skin cancer (especially melanoma) ●​ DOWN SYNDROME (TRISOMY 21)
●​ Liver cancer ●​ FRAGILE - X SYNDROME
●​ Stomach cancer ●​ TURNER SYNDROME

COMMON SYMPTOMS OF CANCER MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDERS

-​ Cancer symptoms can vary, but common ones include:
 ●​ ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE SMOKING
●​ AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER ●​ It can affect genetic diseases by introducing harmful
●​ CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE chemicals that damage DNA, cause mutations, and
alter gene expression. This can increase the risk of
MONOGENIC DISORDERS developing genetic conditions or make existing ones worse,
●​ CYSTIC FIBROSIS especially in people with inherited vulnerabilities.
●​ SICKLE CELL DISEASE
●​ TAY-SACHS DISEASE CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
●​ It can affect genetic diseases by causing DNA damage,
GENETIC DISEASES ARE CAUSED BY CHANGES OR altering gene expression, and impairing DNA
ABNORMALITIES IN A PERSON'S DNA repair. This can worsen existing conditions or trigger
disease in genetically vulnerable individuals. Some effects
INHERITED MUTATIONS may even be passed to future generations.
●​ Passed from parents to children through genes (e.g., cystic
fibrosis, sickle cell anemia). RADIATION EXPOSURE
●​ It can affect genetic diseases by damaging DNA,
EPIGENETIC CHANGES leading to mutations or disrupting gene function.
●​ These are modifications to DNA that affect gene activity This can worsen inherited conditions or trigger disease in
without changing the DNA sequence. people with genetic vulnerabilities. In some cases, the effects
●​ These changes can be influenced by environmental factors of radiation can also be passed onto future generations.
and may be passed to future generations, potentially leading
to diseases. UV LIGHT EXPOSURE
●​ It can damage DNA in skin cells, leading to mutations
WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT that may trigger or worsen genetic diseases, especially those
CAUSES GENETIC DISORDERS? related to skin cancer. People with inherited DNA repair
-​ When a mutation occurs, it affects the genes’ disorders, like xeroderma pigmentosum, are particularly
protein-making instructions. There could be missing vulnerable to UV damage.
proteins or the ones you have do not function properly.
Environmental Factors (also called mutagens) that
could lead to a genetic mutation include: What are the symptoms of GENETIC DISEASE?
SYMPTOMS skills. These are not “bad behavior”, but signs that the brain
may work differently because of the genetic condition.
SLOW DEVELOPMENT
●​ Taking longer to learn how to walk, talk, or learn things. DIAGNOSIS AND TESTS

LEARNING PROBLEMS ARE GENETIC DISORDERS IDENTIFIED?

●​ Trouble understanding, thinking, or remembering. -​ Lab tests can typically show whether you have gene
mutations responsible for that condition. In many cases,
UNUSUAL APPEARANCE carrying the mutation does not always mean you’ll end up
●​ Differences in the face, hands, or body (like extra fingers or with it.
cleft lip).
CARRIER TESTING:
FREQUENT HEALTH ISSUES -​ This blood test shows whether you or your partner carry a
●​ Getting sick often, having heart or breathing problems. mutation linked to genetic disorders. This is recommended
for everyone considering pregnancy, even if there is no
MUSCLE AND MOVEMENT ISSUES family history.
●​ Weak muscles, shaky hands, or trouble walking.
PRENATAL SCREENING:
HEARING OR SEEING PROBLEMS -​ This testing usually involves removing a blood sample from
●​ Unable to hear or see well, especially at a young age a pregnant mother. It tells how likely that a fetus could have
a common chromosome condition.
EATING AND ENERGY PROBLEMS
●​ Trouble digesting food, feeling tired all the time. NEWBORN SCREENING:
-​ This test uses a sample of your newborn baby’s blood and is
FAMILY HISTORY performed on all babies born in Ohio. Detecting genetic
●​ Other family members may have the same or similar disorders early in life can help your child receive timely care
condition if needed.

BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE ISSUES WHAT DO I NEED TO KNOW ABOUT LIVING WITH A
●​ Some genetic disorders affect the brain and nervous system, GENETIC DISORDER?
which can lead to changes in behavior, emotions, and social
UNDERSTANDING GENETIC DISEASES What is Cancer?
-​ Means learning about its causes, symptoms, and treatments. According to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary:
It helps you manage your health, make informed decisions, -​ It is “a malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that
and plan for the future. It also involves knowing the expands locally by invasion and systemically by metastasis”.
emotional impacts and finding support.
According to the American Cancer Society;
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE -​ It is “a group of diseases where abnormal cells grow out of
-​ Adopting a healthy lifestyle involves adjusting your diet to control and crowd out normal cells.”
manage symptoms, staying active with regular exercise to
improve physical and mental health, and creating daily Examples of Cancer
routines that prioritize rest and selfcare to enhance overall
well-being. BREAST CANCER
It happens when abnormal cells in the breast grow and form
CONCLUSION a tumor, it can spread through out of the body if not treated.

Genetic Disorders are complex conditions caused by changes in CAUSES:

genes or chromosomes, and they can affect individuals in many -​ Family history
different ways. While some are inherited and others arise -​ Lifestyle choices
spontaneously, early diagnosis,
Medical care, and lifestyle adjustments can help manage symptoms SYMPTOMS
and improve quality of life. -​ Lump
-​ Changes in size, shape, skin color
Genetic counseling, support networks, and ongoing research -​ Redness
continue to play a vital role in helping individuals and families -​ Nipple appearance surround the nipple (areola)
understand and cope with these conditions. Living with a genetic -​ Bloody fluid from nipple
disorder may be challenging, but with the right support and care, -​ Swelling
many people lead fulfilling lives.
TREATMENT
-​ Surgery
TYPES AND CAUSES OF CANCER -​ Radiation
-​ Chemotherapy
LUNG CANCER b. Advanced stage – cancer has spread and needs more
-​ Lung cancer happens when unusual cells grow too fast in the treatment.
lungs. It is a serious disease and can be life-threatening.
SKIN CANCER
CAUSES: -​ Skin cancer is a disease where abnormal skin cells grow
-​ Smoking uncontrollably. It usually starts in the outermost layer of
-​ Breathing in secondhand smoke the skin (the epidermis) and may sometimes spread to other
-​ Radon gas exposure parts of the body if not treated early.
-​ Asbestos exposure
-​ Air pollution 3 MAJOR TYPES:
-​ Basal cell carcinoma (most common and slow-growing)
SYMPTOMS -​ Squamous cell carcinoma (may spread if untreated)
-​ A cough that doesn’t go away -​ Melanoma (least common but most dangerous)
-​ Pain in the chest
-​ Trouble breathing CAUSES
-​ Coughing up blood -​ Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation from the sun or tanning beds
-​ Feeling very tired -​ Fair or Light Skin – burns more easily from UV rays
-​ Losing weight without trying -​ Genetics – a family history of skin cancer increases your
-​ Getting lung infections again and again risk
-​ Chemical Exposure – like arsenic or coal tar
TREATMENT -​ Weakened Immune System – due to illness or transplant
-​ Surgery medication
-​ Radiation therapy -​ Frequent or Severe Sunburns – especially in childhood
-​ Chemotherapy -​ Older Age – risk increases over time
-​ Targeted therapy -​ Radiation exposure – from past treatments or occupational
-​ Immunotherapy hazards

STAGES OF CARE: SYMPTOMS

-​ A new growth or sore that doesn’t heal
a. Early stage – cancer is small and can be treated more easily. -​ A mole that changes in size, shape, or color
 -​ Itchy, bleeding, or crusty skin patches -​ Pain or a dull ache in the side or lower back that is not due
-​ A shiny, pearly bump or red, scaly patch to an injury
-​ Skin that looks dark, uneven, or has multiple colors -​ A lump in the abdomen
-​ Constant tiredness
TREATMENT -​ Rapid, unexplained weight loss
-​ Surgery -​ Fever not caused by a cold or flu
-​ Radiation Therapy
-​ Chemotherapy Treatment
-​ Immunotherapy -​ Staging
-​ Targeted Therapy -​ Active surveillance
-​ Surgery
How to Prevent Skin Cancer -​ Radiofrequency ablation
●​ Use sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher every day -​ Immunotherapy
●​ Avoid direct sun exposure from 10 AM to 4 PM -​ Targeted therapy
●​ Wear protective clothing, hats, and sunglasses -​ Radiotherapy
●​ Never use tanning beds
●​ Check your skin regularly for unusual spots or moles LEUKEMIA
●​ Visit a dermatologist for yearly skin checks
-​ A group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone
KIDNEY CANCER marrow and produce high numbers of abnormal blood cells.
These blood cells are not fully developed and are called
Causes: blasts or leukemia cells.
-​ Smoking
-​ Workplace exposure to chemicals Causes
-​ A family history of kidney cancer -​ The cause of most leukemias is unknown, but several factors
-​ Being overweight or obese can increase the risk, including genetic predispositions,
-​ High blood pressure exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, and previous
-​ Having advanced kidney disease chemotherapy treatments.

Symptoms Symptoms
-​ Blood in the urine -​ Fatigue
 -​ Frequent infections 5 CONCEPTS:
-​ Easy bleeding or bruising -​ Perceived Susceptibility
-​ Weight loss -​ Perceived Severity
-​ Bone/joint pain -​ Perceived Benefits and Barriers
-​ Cues to Action
Treatment -​ Self-efficacy
-​ Chemotherapy
-​ Stem cell transplants Perceived Susceptibility:
-​ Immunotherapy ●​ This refers to an individual's belief that they are at risk of
-​ Targeted therapies contracting a particular disease or condition. If someone
-​ Radiation therapy believes they are susceptible, they are more likely to take
-​ Palliative care preventive measures.

Perceived Severity:
●​ This refers to an individual's belief about the seriousness of
Key Theoretical Framework of Psychology and Health the disease or condition and its potential consequences. If
someone believes a disease is serious, they are more likely to
BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL seek treatment or engage in preventive behaviors.
-​ Health is influenced by biological, psychological, and social
factors. Perceived Benefits:
●​ This refers to an individual's belief that taking a specific
Key Factors: action will reduce their risk of the disease or condition, or
improve their health. If someone believes an action will be
●​ Biological – genetics, illness beneficial, they are more likely to take that action.
●​ Psychological – emotions, stress
●​ Social – family, culture, support Perceived Barriers:
●​ This refers to an individual's belief about the obstacles that
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL may prevent them from taking a specific action. If someone
-​ explains how personal beliefs about health issues influence believes there are significant barriers, they are less likely to
health behaviors, emphasizing perceived threats & benefits. take that action.
Cues to Action: TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL
●​ These are factors that trigger an individual to take a specific -​ explains how people change behavior over time.
action. Cues can be internal (e.g., experiencing symptoms)
or external (e.g., seeing an advertisement). 5 Stages:

Self-Efficacy: 1.​ Precontemplation – Not considering change

●​ This refers to an individual's confidence in their ability to 2.​ Contemplation – Thinking about change
successfully perform a specific action. If someone has high 3.​ Preparation – Getting ready to change
self-efficacy, they are more likely to take action, even if they 4.​ Action – Actively making the change
perceive barriErs. 5.​ Maintenance – Sustaining the change

THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR

-​ psychological theory that explains how people decide to COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORY (CBT)
engage in a particular behavior. ●​ the understanding that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are
interconnected and influence each other.
Three key factors:
●​ Attitude toward behavior : refers to the individual’s 1.Interconnectedness
positive or negative evaluation of performing the behavior. ●​ CBT teaches us that negative thoughts can lead to negative
emotions and actions.
●​ Subjective Norms : These are the perceived social
pressures to perform or not perform the behavior. 2. Cognitive Restructuring
●​ A big part of CBT is learning to identify and challenge
●​ Behavioral Intention : The combination of attitude, negative thoughts.
subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control
influences intention, which is the immediate antecedent of 3. Behavioral Techniques
behavior. ●​ CBT also works on changing behavior through practical
strategies, like: Exposure Therapy, Activity Scheduling, and
A stronger intention increases the likelihood of performing the Problem Solving
behavior. text
5. Somatic Techniques
 ●​ Use of relaxation methods, like deep breathing or muscle Emotion-focused coping
relaxation, to reduce stress and anxiety. ●​ the ability to recognize that, if the situation is deemed
uncontrollable, then it should be left alone, with more focus
6. Psychoeducation placed on managing one's emotions.
●​ A big part of CBT is learning to identify and challenge
negative thoughts.

7. Relapse Prevention Cancer

●​ Even after therapy, CBT includes strategies to prevent ●​ result of uncontrolled growth of cell in body
relapse, like follow-up sessions and practicing coping skills ●​ type of cancer (more than 100 types of cancer)
regularly. ●​ Part of body na naapektuhan yung nagkakacqncer

STRESS AND COPING THEORY (LAZARUS & FOLKMAN, Treatment

1984) ●​ Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or combination
●​ a psychological framework that examines how individuals
perceive and respond to stressors in their environment. ●​ Most common type of cancer is lung cancer that kills
men
3 Key Stages:
●​ according to WHO top 5 most common cancer
1.​ Primary Appraisal determining if an event is harmful
2.​ Secondary Appraisal Ability to cope with the perceived 1. Lung cancer
threat 2. Stomach cancer
3.​ Coping refers to the cognitive and behavioral efforts an 3. Liver cancer
individual uses to manage the stressful situation 4. Colorectoral cancer - almoranas
5. Esophageal cancer - yosi
2 Types of Coping
●​ Worldwide kills women is breast cancer
Problem-focused coping
●​ is taking action and doing something proactive about the ●​ According to WHO cancer that killed women
problem 1. Breast cancer
2. Lung cancer
3. Stomach
4. Cholorectal
5. Cervical cancer -

●​ Most common form of cancer in all humans is skin

cancer

●​ UV light is main cause of skin cancer

Melanoma
●​ pinakamalalang/dangerous skin cancer

ovarian cancer
●​ Most deadly of all cancers of female reproductive system