Future University Faculty
of Engineering
Seed sowing robot
Prepared by:
Mohammed Tarig Altohami 201935016
Alaa aldeen Abubaker 201935018
Yazan Ali 201935014
Supervised by:DR\ MASHAIR
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Table of contents
Table of contents....................................................................................................................... 2
Table of figures :....................................................................................................................... 3
Table of tables : ........................................................................................................................ 4
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:................................................................................................. 5
Chapter One ............................................................................................................................. 6
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 7
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem................................................................................... 8
1.3 Significance of the study ..................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Statement of Research Objectives...................................................................................... 8
1.5 Thesis Outline : ................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter Two ........................................................................................................................... 10
Literature Review................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Theoritical background : ............................................................................................... 11
2.2 History of Sowing Seed Robot : ...................................................................................... 11
2.3 Related Studies : .............................................................................................................. 12
Chapter three.......................................................................................................................... 17
Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 18
3.2 Methodology..................................................................................................................... 19
IV. Referance : ....................................................................................................................... 27
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Table of figures :
Figure 3.1 represent block diagram............................................................................................ 18
Figure 3.2 represent Arduino Mega ........................................................................................... 19
Figure 3.3 represent SIM900A GSM Module .......................................................................... 20
Figure 3.4 represent Dc Motor .................................................................................................. 21
Figure 3.5 represent Motor Driver ............................................................................................ 22
Figure 3.6 represent Servo Motor .............................................................................................. 23
Figure 3.7 represent Ultrasonic sensor....................................................................................... 24
Figure 3.8 represent IR sensor.................................................................................................... 25
Figure 3.9 represent Flow chart.................................................................................................. 26
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Table of tables :
Table 2.1 represents the previous studies Comparison between Related studies ..................... 11
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:
GSM: General System for Mobile Telecommunications
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Chapter One
Introduction
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1.1 Introduction
Agriculture is one of the oldest human activities, playing a crucial role in
providing food and maintaining environmental sustainability. With technological
advancements, innovative solutions have emerged to improve agricultural
productivity and reduce costs. Among these solutions, the "Sowing Seed Robot"
stands out as one of the most significant innovations aimed at enhancing the
precision and efficiency of the sowing process, while also reducing dependence
on manual labor.This project focuses on designing and developing a robot
capable of planting seeds automatically, considering factors such as seed spacing
and planting depth. This will help optimize crop growth and increase
productivity. The robot relies on advanced technologies like sensors and
autonomous navigation to ensure accuracy in various agricultural fields.The
primary target of this project is farmers who seek to enhance the efficiency of
their operations and reduce labor costs. Additionally, it offers an innovative
solution to the challenges faced by modern agriculture, such as water
conservation and resource optimization[1]. This project explores the design and
implementation of an autonomous robot capable of efficiently sowing seeds in
agricultural fields. By integrating advanced robotics, artificial intelligence, and
precision agriculture techniques, the robot aims to optimize planting patterns,
ensure uniform seed distribution, and reduce human labor requirements. The
technology behind this robot promises to not only improve planting accuracy but
also contribute to better crop yields, lower operational costs, and reduced
environmental impact[2].
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1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
Traditional seed sowing methods often involve manual labor, which is time-
consuming, inconsistent, and inefficient. This project aims to resolve these
challenges by developing a seed sowing robot that automates the process while
enabling remote monitoring and communication via GSM technology.
1.3 Significance of the study
The study of a sowing seeds robot is significant as it enhances agricultural
efficiency, precision, and sustainability. By automating the sowing process, it
reduces labor costs, ensures uniform seed placement, and minimizes wastage,
leading to improved crop yields. The robot supports sustainable farming by
optimizing resource usage and reducing environmental impact. Integrating smart
technologies like IoT and GSM allows for remote monitoring and data collection,
aiding better decision-making. Additionally, it addresses labor shortages and
adapts to various terrains, making it a valuable solution for modern precision
agriculture and food security.
1.4 Statement of Research Objectives
1.4.1 Main Objective:
Implement an automated system that enhances the precision, efficiency,
and sustainability of the seed sowing process while minimizing manual
effort and resource wastage. The system aims to implement a smart seed
sowing robot capable of ensuring consistent seed placement and providing
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real-time updates to farmers through gsm technology. farming practices,
promoting sustainable and innovative approaches to agriculture.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives:
• Enhance communication using GSM technology for real-time
communication and updates on operational status.
• Utilize sensors for obstacle detection and efficient navigation across the
field.
• Minimize resource wastage and improve efficiency in the sowing
process.
• Reduce labor dependency and enhanc overall agricultural productivity.
1.5 Thesis Outline :
in Chapter 1, the sowing seeds robot is described along with its importance in the
agricultural field and the objectives it aims to achieve. In the second chapter the
theoretical background is going to be discussed and the related studies which is
similar to this research. Chapter 3 discusses the method for achieving the perfect
model of the sowing seeds robot by explaining its components and how they are
assembled to meet the project’s objectives.
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Chapter Two
Literature Review
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2.1 Theoretical background :
sowing seed robots integrates principles from various fields such as agricultural
science, robotics, machine learning, control theory, and energy systems. The aim is
to create autonomous, efficient, and adaptive robots capable of enhancing
agricultural productivity and sustainability. As technology continues to evolve, these
robots will become increasingly sophisticated, incorporating real-time data
processing, machine learning, and improved control systems to automate and
optimize the sowing process.
2.2 History of Sowing Seed Robot :
The concept of mechanized seed sowing dates back to the early 18th century. In
1701, Jethro Tull, an English agricultural pioneer, invented the seed drill, a device
that allowed seeds to be planted in neat rows, significantly improving crop yield and
efficiency over traditional broadcasting methods. This invention marked the
beginning of the mechanization of agriculture.The idea of automating seeding and
improving agricultural productivity continued to evolve over the centuries, with
steam-powered and later, internal combustion engine-driven machinery taking over
the tasks of plowing, sowing, and harvesting.[3]
The 1990s and 2000s marked the emergence of precision agriculture. This
movement focused on using technology to optimize crop production, improve soil
health, and reduce resource waste. Advances in GPS technology and GIS
(Geographical Information Systems) allowed for more accurate mapping of fields
and the development of variable-rate seeding. This concept allowed for different
amounts of seeds to be planted based on soil conditions and other environmental
factors. Early prototypes of robotic sowing machines emerged in research labs and
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agricultural technology companies. These machines used GPS and basic sensors to
navigate fields and sow seeds automatically.[4]
2.3 Related Studies :
2.3.1 Design and Fabrication of Smart Seed Sowing Robot
Description:
The Smart Seed Sowing Robot is a semi-autonomous agricultural robot designed to perform
precise and efficient seed sowing operations in fields. As traditional farming practices are
often labor-intensive and time-consuming, this project introduces a technological solution
aimed at increasing productivity while reducing manual effort.
• The main objective is to design and develop an efficient, cost-effective, and
semi-autonomous robotic system capable of sowing seeds at uniform intervals
and depths, while minimizing human effort and increasing precision in
agricultural practices.
• Technologies Used:
• Sensors
• Microcontroller
• Sensor-based navigation system
Advantages:
• 1.Reduces Manual Labor:
Minimizes the need for human involvement in the seed sowing process, saving time and
physical effort.
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• 2.Improves Accuracy:
Ensures uniform seed spacing and consistent depth, which promotes better germination and
crop growth.
3.Cost-Effective:
• Affordable solution for small and medium-scale farmers compared to traditional mechanized
sowing equipment. [5]
2.3.2 : Bluetooth-Controlled Seed Sowing Machine
Description:
The Bluetooth-Controlled Seed Sowing Machine is an innovative agricultural robot developed
to automate the seed sowing process using wireless control technology. This project aims to
support farmers—especially in rural and semi-urban areas—by providing a cost-effective, eco-
friendly, and technologically advanced solution for sowing seeds.
Main objective :
of the Bluetooth-Controlled Seed Sowing Machine is to design and develop an automated,
wireless-controlled system that efficiently sows seeds at uniform intervals and depths, thereby
reducing human labor, increasing agricultural productivity, and promoting sustainable farming
practices using solar power.
Technologies Used:
• Sensors
• Microcontroller
• Sensor-based navigation system
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• Wireless Communication
Advantages:
1. Wireless Control:
The machine can be operated remotely using a Bluetooth-enabled device, allowing for easier
control and monitoring without the need for manual intervention.
2. Sustainability:
Powered by solar energy, the machine reduces dependency on non-renewable power
sources, making it an eco-friendly solution for small and medium-scale farming.
3. Improved Precision:
Ensures accurate seed placement with uniform spacing and depth, which improves crop
yield and reduces seed wastage.[6]
2.3.3 Design and Fabrication of Remote-Controlled Seed Sowing
Machine
Description :
This project focuses on designing and developing a remote-controlled seed sowing machine
to assist farmers in rural areas by reducing the labor and time involved in traditional seed
planting methods. The main idea is to automate the sowing process using a compact, cost-
effective, and easily operable robotic vehicle that can be remotely directed to perform seed
sowing tasks with precision.
Main Objective:
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To design and fabricate a low-cost, remote-controlled seed sowing machine that can
accurately plant seeds at uniform intervals and depths, thereby reducing manual labor,
improving agricultural efficiency, and supporting small-scale farmers with simple and
reliable technology.
Technologies Used:
•Microcontroller (Arduino Uno/Mega):
Controls the robot’s operations including movement and seed dispensing.
•Remote Control System (RF or Bluetooth Module):
Allows the user to wirelessly control the robot’s movements and actions.
•DC Motors:
Drive the wheels of the robot for movement across the field.
•Seed Dispensing Mechanism:
Mechanized system (usually servo or geared motor-based) to release seeds at fixed intervals.
Advantages:
1. Reduces Human Labor:
Automates the sowing process, minimizing physical strain on farmers.
2. Increases Precision:
Uniform seed spacing and depth improve germination rates and crop yield.
3. Cost-Effective:
Uses simple and affordable components, making it accessible for small-scale farmers.[7]
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2.3.4 Table of previous studies
Table 2.1 represents the compression between previous studies
2. Bluetooth 3. Remote Controlled
1. Smart Seed Sowing
Controlled Seed Seed Sowing
Robot(Pankaj Kumar,
Sowing Machine(Jaga Machine(Leon ard
NAME G. Ashok)
bandhu Kar et a Udodi Obialor et al.)
Uses mobile app, sensors, Bluetooth module, Simple mechanical
Arduino, servo motor for solar panel, Arduino, frame, Arduino, DC
Design &
dispensing. Strong chassis servo motor, basic 4- motors, seed hopper,
Technology
and robotic arm design. wheel chassis. geared dispenser.
Controlled via mobile app Controlled through Controlled using RF
(possibly using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth from a remote or simple
Bluetooth). smartphone. wireless remote
Control Method system.
High precision and Moderate precision, Reliable in close-range,
automation. Designed for suitable for small manual control
semiautonomous fields. Performance required. Less
Performance operation. depends on Bluetooth automated than others.
range.
Emphasizes smart Solar-powered, eco- Very low-cost, simple
features, possibly friendly, low-cost; design, ideal for small
includes soil monitoring good for areas with no scale farmers in remote
Unique Features or GPS. electricity. areas.
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Chapter three
Methodology
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3.1 Introduction
this project focuses on designing and implementing an automated sowing seeds
robot equipped with GSM technology for remote communication. The robot is
controlled using an Arduino Mega and incorporates DC motors for movement, a
servo motor for seed dispensing, and a sensor system to monitor the seed level.
3.1.1 The Block Diagram
Figure 3.1 represent block diagram
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3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Arduino Mega
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It
has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16
analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
Figure 3.2 represent Arduino Mega
Specifications:
1. Operating voltage :5volts
2. Recommended input voltage:7 to 12 volts
3. Dc current for each input/output pin: 40mA
4. Dc current used for 3.3v pin : 50mA
5. The clock speed : 16MHz
6. Length:101.52mm
7. Width:53.3mm
8. Weight:36g
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3.3.2 SIM900A GSM Module:
SIM900A GSM Module is the smallest and cheapest module for GPRS/GSM
communication. It is common with Arduino and micro-controller in most
embedded applications. The module offers GPRS/GSM technology for
communication with the uses of a mobile sim. It uses a 900 and 1800MHz
frequency band and allows users to receive/send mobile calls and SMS. The
keypad and display interface allow the developers to make the customize
application with it. Furthermore, it also has modes, command mode and data mode.
In every country the GPRS/GSM and different protocols/frequencies operate.
Command mode helps the developers to change the default setting according to
their requirements. Figure 3.3 representsSIM900A design
Figure 3.3 represent SIM900A GSM Module
3.3.3 SIM900 Applications:
1. The module is the best application to design graphics for Voice call and SMS application.
2. Some IoT applications, mostly in an emergency have the module.
3. The location trancing system also uses SIM900A.
4. SIM900A can use for mobile communication.
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3.3.4 Dc Motor
A DC motor is an electrical motor that uses direct current (DC) to produce
mechanical force. The most common types rely on magnetic forces produced by
currents in the coils. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism,
either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current
in part of the motor . Figure 3.4 represents Dc Motor
Figure 3.4 represent Dc Motor
Specifications :
1- Voltage : 5v
2-No load RPM: 90/-10
3-No load current : 190mA
4-Minimum torque:800gm.mc
5-Size:70.5x27x23mm
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3.3.5 Motor Driver
Receives signals from the microcontroller and then gives order for motors and wheels and
control their speed and direction.
Figure 3.5 represent L293d motor driver
Specification:
1-Supply voltage range:4.5 to 36 v
2-Separate input logic supply
3-Internal ESD protection
4-Thermal shutdown
5-High noise immunity inputs
6-Output current 600mA per channel
7- Peak output current 1.2 A per channel
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3.3.6 Servo Motor
The SG90 servo is a small, affordable servo motor commonly used in robotics, DIY
projects, and educational applications. It is lightweight and low-cost with plastic
gears for applications where minimal torque is required. . Figure 3.6 represents Servo
motor
Figure 3.6 represent Servo Motor
Specification :
1-Type : SG-90
2-Operating voltage: +5v
3-Torque : 2.5kg/cm
4-Speed : 0.1s/60°
5-Gear type: plastic
6-Rotation : 0 to 80°
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3.3.7 Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a frequency above the range
of human hearing. The transducer of the sensor acts as a microphone to receive and
send the ultrasonic sound. Our sensors, like many others, use a single transducer to
send a pulse and to receive the echo.
Figure 3.7 represent Ultrasonic sensor
Specification :
1-Operating Voltage:
5V DC (works well with 3.3V to 5V systems like Arduino).
2-.Operating Current:
15 mA (during measurement).
3-.Measuring Range:
2cm to 400 cm (2 cm to 4 meters).
4.-Measuring Angle:
15 degrees (angle of the cone of detection).
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3.3.8 IR Sensor
is a radiation-sensitive optoelectronic component with a spectral sensitivity in the
infrared wavelength range 780 nm … 50 µm. IR sensors are now widely used in
motion detectors, which are used in building services to switch on lamps or in alarm
systems to detect unwelcome guests .The IR transmitter continuously emits the IR
light and the IR receiver keeps on checking for the reflected light. If the light gets
reflected back by hitting any object in front it, the IR receiver receives this light.
This way the object is detected in the case of the IR sensor.
Figure 3.8 represent IR sensor
Specifications:
1.Operating Voltage:
3.3V to 5V DC
Compatible with Arduino and most microcontrollers.
2.Operating Current:
Around 20 mA during operation.
3.Detection Range:
Typically 2 cm to 30 cm, depending on the sensor type and surface reflectivity.
Some high-quality IR sensors can detect up to 80 cm.
4.Detection Angle:
Approximately 35° to 45° cone angle
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3.4 Flow Chart
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IV. Referance :
1- Smith, R., & Brown, T. (2022). Autonomous Seed Planting Robots: A Review of
Current Technologies and Applications in Precision Agriculture. Journal of
Agricultural Robotics, 10(3), 112-130.
2- Jones, A., & Patel, K. (2021). Robotics in Precision Agriculture: The Future of
Seed Planting Automation. International Journal of Agricultural Robotics, 15(2),
45-59.
3- Jethro Tull's invention of the seed drill in 1701 revolutionized agriculture.
4- Pierce, F. J., & Nowak, P. (1999). “Aspects of Precision Agriculture.” Advances
in Agronomy, 67, 1-85.
5-Design and Fabrication of Smart Seed Sowing Robot Pankaj Kumar,
G.Ashok Proceedings, (2020)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343469581_Design_and_fabricati
on_of_smart_seed_sowing_robot.
5- Bluetooth-Controlled Seed Sowing Machine Jagabandhu Kar et al.
JARESM, (2024) https://www.ijaresm.com/development-and-testing-of-a-
bluetooth-controlled-solar-powered-seed-sowing-machine-for-
agriculturalapplications
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