Smart City Fundamentals

Welcome to Module 1 of the eLearning Course “Smart City”

This module will introduce the definition, idea, and components of Smart City. It will also look most
closely at the recent global standards of smart city with an aspect of smart technologies and as a
solution to complex contemporary urban problems.

Background – Urbanization
In 2014, the United Nations put forward a forecast on urbanization. According to that, the urban
population ratio will reach 70 percent in 2050, and an explosive urban population growth is expected in
Asia and Africa

In the picture, red points represent megacities with over 10 million population. Also, the graphs below
describe that, Africa and Asia are not the areas with the biggest population, but the ratio of their
population growth is the most radical. You can see this by looking at the steep red curves.

In this context, a radical urbanization is expected to cause a number of diverse urban problems.

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Learning objectives
By the end of this module, participants will be able to:

 Explain the background of Smart City’s emergence as an urban problem-solving solution.

 Describe Smart Cities as a system of diverse actors: citizens, businesses, technologies,

infrastructures, and government.

 Generate ideas for new Smart Cities applicable to each country.

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Background – Urbanization
There are many types of urban problems. Water problems (supply or sewerage), traffic problems
(traffic jam or parking), environmental problems (pollution or energy-related problems), and people-
related problems like education, housing, and crime are the most representative urban problems.

Every major city is unique in its own way, but each deals with the same, if not very similar problems.

Background – 4th Industrial Revolution

Most experts in urban problems believe that the technology can provide solutions to most of urban
problems.

As we are living in the 4th Industrial Revolution era, technologies can provide good opportunities to a
number of diverse areas of the city. This table shows the characteristics of city developments from the
1st industrial revolution to the 4IR.

Government was the only main agent of city developments from the 1st to the 2nd industrial
revolution era. On the other hand, local governments emerged as main agents of city developments
since the 3IR era, and citizens intervened as main agents of smart city developments during the 4IR. As
a result, city characteristics have changed evolved towards “Cities for citizens,” which means that the
goal of every services or application in cities is to enhance the quality of life of local citizens.

Also, the main emerging technologies in the 4IR are Big data, IoT, AI, and Blockchain. Therefore, most
applications in a city are operated by analyzing big data using hyper connected networks. Also, energy
sources are becoming more eco-friendly.

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Digital Transformation and Smart City

In other words, the technologies in the 4IR, such as smartphone, IoT, AI, Big data, Cloud, Blockchain,
and 5G networks support the connection of things and people, data collection and analysis, and the
Intelligence of city services. This leads to changes in the way we create value in cities, and the relations
among participants in these cities. We can explain these changes by digital transformations.

So the city can be described as a platform that connects people, space, and things in the city.
Cities in the 4IR not only support infrastructures and services for people, but also data collections,
analysis, visualizations, and predictions. Smart city is hence a platform for data and the 4IR.

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Digital Economy and Smart City

Smart city can be described as part of a digital economy.

According to the definition of the digital economy proposed by Bukht and Heeks, “That part of
economic output derived solely or primarily from digital technologies with a business model based on
digital goods or services”.

In the broad scope of the digital economy, characteristics of smart cities share a similar tone. Smart
Cities are not an isolated phenomenon but are part of a broader transition towards the digital
economy.

If you want to learn more about the smart city in the era of 4th industrial revolution and digital
transformation, it would be helpful if you read the reading material “World Economic Forum (2018).
Agile Cities: Preparing for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Global Future Council on Cities and
Urbanization,”

UN SDGs and Smart City

The UN Sustainable Development Goals consider diverse streams of smart cities. SDG 11 was
established with the aim of making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and
sustainable.

In this sense, it is essential to consider SDGs when developing and building Smart Cities master plans.

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Global Definitions of Smart City

From now on, global definitions of smart city will be introduced. According to the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) 's 2014 survey, there are 116 definitions of smart cities globally. Which
means there is no specific definition for smart city.

However, there are essential keywords that most of the definitions comprise; ICT, environment and
sustainability, Infrastructures and services.

Also, the diagram shows the concept of Smart Cities, and its classifications. A smart city should have a
goal and an implementation plan. Major goals of a smart city can be for the city itself, or for the
citizens. The implementation of smart city can be the service, or the structure of it.

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Global Definitions of Smart City

These are example definitions of a smart city.

ISO and BSI are the institutions of global standardization of technologies. They described Smart Cities
with some keywords, including: sustainability, technologies like data, digital systems, citizens, services
and quality of life.

Global Definitions of Smart City

ITU focused on the keywords such as sustainability, ICT, and quality of life.

EU also focused on digital and telecommunication technologies, services and citizens.

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What is a Smart City?

Lastly, The World Bank Group defines a Smart City with digital technologies, including effectiveness,
innovativeness, inclusiveness, and resilience.

Smart city services and applications should seek to achieve the following values: Efficiency,
innovativeness, inclusiveness, resilience.
Similarly, smart city components can be categorized by these four sections.

What is a Smart City?

To conclude, there is no single definition of Smart Cities.

However, a number of definitions share common features by describing smart cities’ services in the
sector of security, road, transportation, energy, education, or healthcare to increase the efficiency of
resource allocations and contribute in solving urban problems. And those services use digital
technologies such as mobiles, IoT, Big data, AI, Blockchain, etc., as implementing tools of Smart Cities.

I would like to describe Smart Cities with three keywords: Smart technologies, Sustainability, and
(Increasing) Quality of life.

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Major Areas of Smart City

Smart Cities are the confluent results of various fields. Smart City projects are hence being carried out
in various sectors such as transportation, energy and environment, safety, medical care, and education.

About 70% of the global smart city projects are focused on three key areas: energy, transportation and
safety.

Also, smart citizens, smart governments, education, smart healthcare, building, mobility,
Infrastructure, technology, and energy are the smart city areas suggested by Frost & Sullivan.

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Major Areas of Smart City

In addition, Smart City projects are distinguished into three major aspects: (i) city development, (ii)
operation, and (iii) regeneration.

First, the city development aspect of Smart Cities focuses on building new infrastructures permitting to
accommodate the incoming population.

The second area is city regeneration. It mainly focuses on regenerating the city to revive the
underdeveloped area and improve the residential environment.
Finally, the last area is city operation. This consists of urban applications that enhance the quality of life
for citizens.

Major Areas of Smart City

Smart cities are comprised of diverse areas. Each one of theses can be developed if needed by the city,
which permits to enhance a balanced smart city system.

When developing a smart city master plan, the priority of each cities’ main areas should be considered.
Strategic methods of planning a smart city will be covered in module 4.

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Smart City Framework

From now on, I would like to introduce the components of a smart city, which are described by the
diagram framework of smart city.

Many literatures suggest that the smart city development, established based on the intersection of a
technological growth, policies and knowledge generations entities, affects and transforms the
functions/components of a city.

Smart City Framework

Also, in from the aspects of sustainability, the smart city comprises economic, environmental, and

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social factors of sustainability.

Every city has its own lacking points, so city developers should focus on the most challenging issues of
each respective city. What are the most challenging issues in your city?

Also, the addressed issues should be aligned with the Key Performance Indicators.

Core Components of Smart City

From now on, I would like to introduce the three core components of a Smart City.

The first core component is technology factors. It contains physical infrastructures, smart technologies,
mobile technologies, virtual technologies, and digital networks.

Technology is key to being a smart city, since the use of ICT transforms life and works within a city in a
significant and fundamental way.

Especially, technology factors not only strengthen the accessibility and availability of systems but also
provide the connectivity among people and things found in the city.

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Core Components of Smart City

The second core component is human factors. It contains human infrastructures and social capitals.

In the era of the 4IR, not only the government but also the citizens act as main city developers. Also,
small businesses like startups which are considered as human capitals are one of the most important
components constituting Smart Cities, which are also the sources of innovation. In this context, the
human factors have been emerged as a key component of smart cities nowadays.

Human factors especially include social inclusion of various urban residents in public services, soft
infrastructures (knowledge networks, voluntary organizations), urban diversity and cultural mix,
social/human/relational capital, and knowledge base such as educational institutions and R&D
capacities.

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Core Components of Smart City

The last core component in smart city is institutional factors. It covers governance, policies,
regulations, or directives. (Governance encapsulates collaboration, cooperation, partnership, citizen
engagement, and participation.)

The supports of the government and policies for an appropriate governance are fundamental to the
design and implementation of smart city initiatives.
In addition, the transformation towards smart cities entails interactions of technological components
with political, institutional and transitional components.

Also, governancewise, smart governance in smart cities promotes engagement of diverse businesses
and citizens in decision making processes of city services.

In the era of the 4IR, new business models which apply smart technologies like selfdriving car will
require political supports. In smart cities, a regulatory sandbox is needed for encouraging new
businesses. As a result, institutional factors are becoming more important nowadays for promoting
innovations in smart cities.

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Strategic Directions of Smart City

To sum-up, visions of smart city could be dealt with those three core components: technology,
institutional, and human factors.

In other words, those factors could be managed to enhance smart cities strategies aligned with their
main visions.

Usually, the integration of technology factors (convergence of technology), governance, and learning
for human factors have been the common strategies of smart cities.

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Evolution of Smart City

From now on, we will see the evolution of smart cities.

Smart Cities were first developed in the mid-1990s. The first implemented case of Smart City in Korea
was the “Digital City”, followed by the “U-city” which applies the digital city definition in the Korean
context. With the development of the related technologies, demands for urban developments
overlapped with a rapid diffusion of those implemented technologies.

Evolution of Smart City

This is a diagram that shows the evolution of smart cities with each distinctive stage.

In the early stage, the definition, strategies, and components of smart cities were established based on
the KPIs.

In the second stage, a vertical integration among services using IoT has been implemented. In other
words, every device, network, and data for the public lighting services in smart cities are vertically
integrated in this stage. During this stage, each service works separately from other services. For
instance, the water management service is separately operated from the public lightings service.

Then, a horizontal integration of those services is formed, which formulates a smart city platform with
smart connectivity.

Finally, the system of a smart city comprised of platforms of technologies and data is expected to be
the engine of growth.

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Smart City and Technology

From now on, I would like to introduce shortly about smart cities and technologies. Module 2 will
provide further information on this.

The most representative and essential technology of a smart city is the Internet of Things. The 2016
global overview diagram describing 640 million enterprise IoT use cases, shows that smart city was the
2nd area which applies IoT in many of the implemented projects.

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Smart City and Technology

IoT uses sensors, and sensors are able to capture all environments in a smart city.

These sensors gather the data from a number of surrounding environments in a smart city.

Smart City and Technology

Also, the data which is gathered from the sensors could be combined into a hyper-connected system
for better decision making.

The data from smart cities, smart farms, and smart factories are organized and analyzed in an
integrated system. And the result of analysis is used for people and processes for the development of
infrastructures and services in smart cities.

And again, data from those people and processes are integrated.

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Smart City and Technology

This is an example of IoTs in Smart Cities. IoT sensors gather the data of the traffics in the city. And the
gateway of IoT sends the data to the cloud of a city, which monitors and analyze the data.

Then, the result of analysis is sent to the network servers of a parking manager.

And these information is shared through diverse application in real-time.

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Smart City and Technology

In people’s daily life, diverse sensors and devices gather tons of data from people and things. And the
data storage system like cloud or data center monitors and analyzes the data.

These data and the result of analysis are used for diverse city applications, operations and
developments. It can be used in diverse IoT applications in different sizes.

Hence, technologies implemented in Smart Cities vis-à-vis affects people’s daily life in a number of
ways.

This mechanism formulates an organic system.

Smart City and Technology

Ultimately, this organic system is likely to change our lifestyle.

Diverse product and service providers and consumers in smart cities actively interact, and the
boundary of consumers and providers are blurring.

Even if the product and service providers out of a city are connected to another city, Smart cities will
be extended to while forming a smart society.

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Urban Problems and Smart Cities

Now, we will focus on the urban problems and smart cities.

In the introductory part, i explained that the technology can itself be a solution to urban problems.
Smart city is also a solution to diverse urban problems because the smart city itself is a system
(platform) of smart technologies.

The existing urban management method deals with urban-related problems, by focusing mainly on the
construction of new infrastructures or on solving problems by adding resources such as manpower

Smart City, on the other hand, collects information from all over the city, analyzes it, and solves
emerging problems by introducing resources where necessary and by efficiently utilizing existing
resources.

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Urban Problems and Smart City

Let’s take a look at the Parking-related problems, In old cities, city managers would suggest to
construct new parking lots as a solution to the problem.

However, in smart cities, through data monitoring and analysis, real-time alarm services or car sharing
services, which permit to reduce a number of traffic-related issues, will be offered as a solution to the
problem. There are a number of other applications related to this service.

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Urban Problems and Smart City

For leaking issues in water sewage, old cities would lack information on the leaking points. As a result,
the sewage system ineffectiveness will persist.

However, in smart cities, the leakage is instantly detected by a sensor and the information are sent
through the system.

There are many cases of leakage-responsive systems. The ones in Qatar (Doha), Brazil (Sao Paulo),
China (Beijing) have prevented 40-50% of leakage from these systems.

Urban Problems and Smart City

I would like to introduce four Global and Korean smart city cases, as a response to the emerging urban
problems.

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Case 1: Solutions from Smart City in Siheung, Korea

The first case is about the air pollution.

In Siheung, Korea, air quality signal lights are located in schools, hospitals, and sanatoriums. Citizens
are able to proactively respond to the level of air quality by wearing masks or by avoiding going out.

Also, the air quality is monitored by UAV. Drones monitor the industrial complex in Siheung in real-
time, and this system is cost-effective.

If you want to learn more about Smart city cases in Korea, It would be helpful to look into the following
reading material: “Smart Cities Seoul: a case study (ITU, 2013).”

Other Global cases will be dealt in the module 3.

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Case 2: Solutions from Smart City in Shenzhen, China

The second case is about water-related problems.

In Shenzhen, China, there is a smart water management system that Hwaweii, China telecom, and
Ningbo water meter have jointly launched, making use of the IoT technologies.

This intelligent water system monitors the water level, data related to the pipelines, water quality, and
metering with network-based IoT and IoT platforms.

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Case 3: Solutions from Smart City in San Francisco, USA

The third case is about public road traffics and road infrastructures.

Since the Obama administration, the President announced “Smart city initiatives” in 2015, and major
cities in USA have initiated the implementation of Smart cities.

Especially, for San Francisco, due to its proximity to Silicon Valley, smart and innovative ecosystems of
Silicon Valley have infiltrated into the city. As a result, there have been many opportunities to access
smart technology services.

San Francisco promotes smart city projects with the aim of achieving “City of Smart Mobility”. In this
sense, the city applied shared economy based services like Uber and smart bikes.

Case 4: Solution from Smart City in Barcelona, Spain

The last case is about public applications in roads again.

In Barcelona, there is a smart public lighting that identifies the population density with noise levels and
air pollution levels. Also, smart trash cans sense garbage level information in real-time.

The public applications in roads hence gathers information on the daily lives of the citizens, and these
information are used to increase an effective management of energy and other resources.

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Thank you
Thank you for your listening.

We have reached the end of this module, where we have examined the backgrounds, definitions,
major areas, history, and core technologies of a smart city.
The following module 2, will address Smart City Solutions and Technologies.

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Welcome to module 2 of eLearning Course on Smart city.

This module will introduce major technologies and services of a smart city. Smart city is a platform
where various innovative technologies are implemented and combined into an urban infrastructure.
So, in this module, we will talk about the necessity to establish a smart city, development phases of a
smart city, and finally the future trend of smart city technologies.

Learning objectives
By the end of this module, participants will be able to:

 Describe Smart City as a platform and define the related services

 Explain representative smart city technologies and solutions : infrastructure, data, service

 Specify how to apply smart city services to your own country or city as an urban problem-
solving solution.

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Overview of the Module

First, we will look at what a smart city is.

Then, we will look at the development phases of a smart city and the necessary technologies, and
services.

Finally, we will talk about the future trend of smart city technologies.

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Introduction of Smart City

First of all, we will introduce smart city in the perspective of technologies.

Why Smart City technologies?

Why is smart city important?

According to the ITU project officer Reyna Ubeda, “We live in a world of cities, and our planet is
increasingly urban. Cities are the new engines of growth in the global economy, responsible for 80% of
global GDP”.

Utilizing ICT such as AI, big data, 5G, etc., the city is rapidly emerging as an innovative growth engine.
Therefore, the city will act as a platform which connects people, space, and things.

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What is a Smart City (1/2)?

According to the ISO international standard, the smart city operating model has different
characteristics compared to the traditional city operating model.

First, the traditional city operating model is unconnected. Individual citizens or businesses have had to
engage separately with each silo, making connections for themselves rather than receiving seamless
and connected services that meet their needs.

Therefore, data and information have typically been locked within these silos, limiting the potential for
collaborations and innovations across the city, and limiting the potential to drive city-wide changes at
speed.

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What is a Smart City (2/2)?

The key feature of a smart city operating model is that digital assets(data) is available in real-time and
on an open and interoperable basis.

Citizens, SMEs, and social entrepreneurs enables to co-create (bi-directional) public services and create
new values by making use of the city data.

The Smart City operating model enables externally-driven and community-led innovations by citizens,
businesses and civil societies, by opening up city data and services.

It also facilitates internally-driven, city-led innovation to deliver citizen-centric and sustainable services.

In this sense, it establishes city-wide governance and stakeholder management processes to support
and evaluate these changes. It provides citizens and businesses with public services, which are
accessible in one, over multiple channels. The operating model also involve citizens, businesses and
communities directly in the creation of user needs.

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Development of Smart City

For the second chapter, we will explore the development of smart city.

Smart City development phase(1/3)

The discussion on smart cities has become an emerging topic for both developed countries and
developing countries, and the concept definitions of each country greatly varies depending on each
contextual circumstances.

In recent years, a number of definitions describe a smart city as a means or a platform, and the
majority of the definitions described Smart Cities as ‘enhancing the quality of life and city
competitiveness by making city functions more efficient by utilizing ICT.’

The components that make up a smart city are largely divided into infrastructure, data, and services.

Also, there are lots of smart city infrastructure and data-based services (such as smart safety/facility
management, smart mobility, smart grid/energy management system(EMS), smart environment, smart
welfare, digital economy).

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Smart City development phase(2/3)

The development phase components that make up a smart city are largely divided into (1)
infrastructure, (2) data, and (3) services, and are composed of 5 sub-layers.

The infrastructure component includes physical and technological infrastructure including city, ICT
technology, geospatial information infrastructure.

The data component comprises both (1) sharing and (2) using data for free on all infrastructures and
objects in the city based on IoT technologies.

There are two major steps: first, a vertical construction is required, which consists of individual
function and service intelligence. Second, a horizontal construction is implemented to build a common
open platform for the related functions and tasks, constituting the convergence intelligence
component.

The Service component is the last development stage of a smart city.

By looking into the different development phases of a city, one can deduct that cities share information
like organisms.

We can also expect the future city beyond smart cities, forming the stage of urban transformation.

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Smart City development phase(3/3)

The Infrastructure phase is composed of (1) city infra, (2) ICT infra, (3) geospatial information infra.
City infra focuses on the urban hardware such as constructing buildings. Smart city infrastructure is
usually software such as ICT, but it needs urban hardware to be developed.

ICT infra is wired and wireless communication infra that can connect an entire city.

Geospatial information infra is majorly used for convergence of real space and cyber space. It consists
of map information, 3D map, Location-based services, GPS, satellite imageries, etc.

Secondly, the data phase is composed of IoT and data sharing. IoT is mainly used for information
collection by making use of various sensors. It is applied to a number of areas consisting smart cities,
for diverse sectors such as transportation, energy, and safety, etc. Data sharing hence freely supports
sharing and utilization of produced data.

Lastly, the service phase is composed of (1) algorithm & service, and (2) city innovation. Algorithm &
service is a crucial factor to increase the ability to utilize data, such as data processing and analysis, and
there are various communities conducting pilot projects like Living Lab. In addition, city innovation is a
term used to comprise institutions and social environments that enables ideas and new services to
solve urban problems.

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Effects of Smart City technology

ICT technologies used in smart cities include 24-hour monitoring, sharing real-time information,
ubiquitous controlling, which can increase efficiency, productivity, transparency, and competitiveness,
bringing effects such as the decrease of pollution, crime, and vulnerability.

These can be applied to various sectors such as environment, mobility, living, energy, etc.

Smart City technologies

You can see the representative of smart city technologies.

Representative technologies are displayed for each respective development phase of a smart city.

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In the infra phase, (1) 5G(or 3/4G), (2) IoT, (3) WLAN, etc. are the representative technologies.

In the data phase, (2) big data, (3) AI, (3) blockchain, (4) security, etc. are the representative ones.

The service phase contains a number of different areas such as life, governance, autonomous vehicles,
energy, etc.. The extent in which different areas can be included is continuously expandable.

Connectivity networks
One of the main infrastructure technologies is wireless technology. The Smart City growth is expected
to be accelerated by the next-generation wireless.

Each country face different circumstances, but 5G technology will meet common growing demands of
smart cities; including more connections, a quicker and more adaptive response time such as time
sensitive applications, vehicle-to-vehicle communications, and ultra-low-power connections that
includes sensors for leak detection in water mains.

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Internet of things (IoT) (1/3)

IoT is the most important technology for the infra phase.

IoT ensures that everything is provided with a unique identity and is equipped with the ability to
automatically transfer data over network without human-human or human-computer interactions.

Everything is connected over IP, and home appliances, parking lots availability, traffic congestions, and
emergency situations are controlled in real time. It can also be used to increase social value by
implementing safety and environmental monitoring and increasing public goods such as electricity and
water management at the national level.

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Internet of things (IoT) (2/3)

Let’s look at some more IoT use cases.
Four main use cases are described including: (1) surveillance, (2) connected traffic signals, (3) parking
and (4) lighting.

First, by using IOT-based CCTV functionality, crime detection and resolution can be improved, and city
management can be ameliorated.

Also, IoT connection between vehicles and facilities can reduce the traffic congestion and lower the
fuel usage. Also, enhances the improvement of the emergency services response times.

With efficient parking space management, it became possible to reduce fuel and cost of cars and
ultimately to reduce environmental pollution.

Lastly, smart lighting can be adjusted autonomously according to the surrounding environment and
circumstances that increases efficiency and reduces management costs.

This ultimately results in power and cost savings, engendering the reduction of environmental
pollutions.

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Internet of things (IoT) (3/3)

These are more use cases related to IoT.
We would suggest you to consider the problems and improvements your country face and how
different stakeholders tackle them using IoT technology.
Air/traffic/waste/water detection, athletes checks, building monitoring, vehicle detection, energy
usage monitoring, machine monitoring, etc.

Big data(1/2)
Big data are large volumes of rich data (structured/unstructured data, sensor data, audio, video..).

Big data have three characteristics. We can call them 3V (Volume, Velocity, Variety).

From the ‘Volume’ feature, big data are too large for traditional DB, and analysis tools. Therefore they
require a distributed approach with a parallel SW running on large numbers of servers.

From the ‘Velocity’ feature, big data are rapidly changing data such as a stream of online sales
transactions or real-time data of clicking behavior on websites.

From the ‘Variety’ feature, big data are heterogeneous contents which are assembled from multiple
sources. These are structured/unstructured data, sensor data, audio/video data, and all kinds of data,
etc.

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Big data(2/2)
Due to the diversity of the size and characteristics of data produced in real time, the speed of
processing became an essential factor to process big data. In recent years, properties such as Veracity,
Variability, Value, and Visualization have been added.

The advanced analytical technology enabled to find patterns and correlations in countless types of
data, and permitted to extract statistical techniques. It also helped to enhance a variety of other
applications such as outlier detection, clustering, pattern recognition and link analysis, etc.

Additionally, visualization techniques extended beyond traditional graphs and charts, with interactive
features. For instance, fine grained sensor data of a city can be visualized as an overlay on geographical
maps to be easily interpreted by humans. By making use of the data visualization techniques, data
management and analysis became possible, and many data analysis-related concerns were resolved.

Finally, as many business communities such as startups use big data to create new business models,
the future trend of big data is likely to continue to persist and be further developed.

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Artificial Intelligence (1/3)

So far, we have described smart city technologies, and we will start introducing smart city services.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is machine-based intelligent decision-making technology. AI combines

machine learning with the ability to interact via natural language and create insight from massive
amounts of data.

AI system is set of tools to emulate human intelligence by learning (through data collection), exercising
and engaging(through data analysis), decisions and actions.

AI technology will cooperate with IoT and big data. The data process flow is likely to be:
IoT (including sensors to record task statistics with blockchain solutions) => Big Data (Capability to store
large volume of data) and=> AI (for decision makers, and for the selection of the best-case scenarios)

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Artificial Intelligence (2/3)

AI don’t need a defined algorithm; they create it from a huge amount of data.

Classical software relies on rigid algorithms to create an output data with input data. On the other
hand, AI software feeds both input and output data to generate algorithms upon which they learn to
predict future outputs. A mailbot that automatically learns how to respond to client emails by
reviewing past human-sent emails is an example.

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Artificial Intelligence (3/3)

Smart cities develop various training datasets for machine learning and AI.
One of them is the image annotation type data, which is very effective in detecting various things and
analyzing them for smart city. Some examples of the image annotation are: 1) smarty city security and
surveillance, 2) smart vehicle parking managements, 3) drone based aerial view monitoring

Blockchain (1/2)
Blockchain is a decentralized ledger of all transactions across a peer-to-peer network.

Blockchain is a distributed system in which each node has a copy of the file in which transactions are
logged. And cryptography is used to prevent entries in the blockchain from being altered.

Using this technology, participants can confirm transactions without the need for a central certifying
authority.

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Blockchain (2/2)
There are lots of blockchain use cases in the construction of a smart city.

Rewarding citizens for ‘smart’ decisions: cities can instigate the citizens to make better decisions for
the environment. Cities can automatically give a reward for environmentally conscious behaviors.

Universal ID cards : identity information that could be stored securely using cryptography.

Land, property and housing management: An easily accessible record of land and property usage rights
would be extremely helpful for citizens and governments alike.

Interoperability for smart devices: The blockchain represents a single platform upon which smart
individuals or companies will create a secure, interoperable controlled system for the massive and
growing web of smart devices.

Improving public transport: The blockchain can be a single point of payment for the various types of
public transport.

Energy, water and pollution management: Renewable energy, water usage, pollution mitigation-
related data could be stored on an interoperable, regularly updated record that helps the city make
better decision makings (or energy market).

Prioritizing local commerce: Blockchain-powered marketplace and platforms have the potential to
challenge and help to tip the scales in favor of local businesses.

Security for IoT devices: Blockchain’s decentralized approach would eliminate single points of failure.
Universal data storage platforms: All the data collected and interlinked in smart cities has to be stored

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in a decentralized data hub.

Departmental transparency : Thanks to a single source of secure, verified information it became

possible to eliminate much of the confusion and misinformation.
Urban planning: Through secure, easily accessible voting systems pertaining to urban and regional
planning decisions.

Keyless signature interface: Blockchain protects e-service like id cards, e-health record, e-law and e-
court systems.

Smart City platforms/Data center

Smart city platforms serve as a basis to unify data and information from many solid systems. The
platforms provide a common mechanism for visualizing and managing data, and optimizing the overall
city operations.

These can provide seamless access to data across multiple systems and operating domains, to create a
unified and holistic view of the overall performance.

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Smart City services

So far, we have described smart city technologies like infrastructure, data, and we will start introducing
smart city services.

Smart city services are implemented in many ways like smart transportation, smart energy, smart
environment, smart living, smart governance, etc.

Smart transportation
There are many applications in smart city transportation systems including cooperative awareness,
safe lane changing, safe intersection crossing, optimal traffic signal control, emergency warning

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notifications, smart parking allocation, etc. Communications in Intelligent Transport System (ITS) relies
on two main modes namely vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I).

Smart transportation - autonomous vehicle (1/2)

What would it take for an autonomous vehicle to run well? To do this, the car and surrounding cars
need to be connected and connected to smart city infrastructure such as roads. This is because
autonomous vehicles can communicate with surrounding cars constantly and prepare for unexpected
situations such as traffic accidents or fog that occurred several km ahead through smart roads, rather
than judging and driving in all situations.

The vehicle driving technology system that connects to all around is called V2X.

V2X stands for Vehicle to Everything, which is a technology that allows the vehicle to exchange and
share information with roads, transportation facilities and other vehicles while driving.

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Smart transportation - autonomous vehicle (2/2)

With the growth of autonomous vehicles, the growing need for a variety of electronic equipment
provides a great opportunity for material parts makers included in the traditional semiconductor and
display industry structures.

In addition, with the revitalization of the vehicle sharing market and autonomous vehicles, 24-hour
delivery was made possible, bringing about an increase in logistics volume in the near future.

By leveraging next-generation wireless technology, communications can improve transportation

systems; enhance public transportation, reduce traffic congestion and environmental pollutions.

V2V communications could reduce the emerging traffic congestions by maintaining the safe distance
between vehicles. It is also expected to bring other positive effects, such as the reduction of the
environmental pollution.

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Other cases of smart transportation

There are a number of smart transportation cases around the world.

As one of smart transportation solutions, ETC (Electronic Toll Collection) was implemented in Vietnam.

The Tunnel management implemented in Norway can monitor the status of the tunnel’s traffic in real-
time traffic via the Internet.

Highways management reduces congestions and takes the pressure off smaller roads and town centers
that might get overwhelmed by traffic and pollution.
Smart parking system can show available parking spots near your destination with a scheme that
shows the best way to park and the cheapest or the closest parking areas.

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Smart Energy (1/2)

Smart energy aims at green energy generation and energy consumption lowering. Also, it aims at
energy consumption pattern by flattening peaks and providing a resilient distribution grid.

An intelligent home energy management systems allows residences and suppliers to share commands
to maximize their power consumption. This kind of partnership between owners of energy lowers the
power charges of customers and better controls renewable energy’ peak charges.

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Smart Energy (2/2)

Renewable energy-based technology that can both produce and consume energy is becoming popular.
Renewable energy such as solar and wind energy is used to disperse and renew energy, and smart grids
that enable individual energy management are in the spotlight.

Smart metering is a device that manages energy consumption of consumers in real-time, while seeking
to save energy consumption.

xEMS is the energy management system. Energy management software introduced in energy-intensive
buildings, factories, and home areas where energy management is considered important is called the
BEMS(buildings), FEMS(factory), and HEMS(Home) respectively.

In addition to smart meters, platform technologies are needed in smart grid environments to link
renewable power generation such as solar and wind power and to manage energy management such
as energy storage systems and electric vehicle batteries.

Smart Environment (1/2)

Smart environment is a connected small world where sensor-enabled connected devices work
collaboratively to make the lives of dwellers comfortable.

The work on IoT-based smart environments can generally be classified into the following areas: a)
smart cities, b) smart homes, c)smart gird, d)smart buildings, e) smart transportation, f) smart health,
g) smart industry.

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Smart Environment (2/2)

Water will be one of the 21st century’s biggest urban challenges. Smart water solutions aim at
minimizing waste and securing quality as one of the pillars of sustainability.

Waste containers with sensors that detect the volume of the waste will be used to optimize the
collection of them. Also, the introduction of an automated recycling system will improve citizens’ living
conditions and improve their efficiency.

Pollution monitoring systems such as air, land, smell will contribute to the improvement of the
environment.

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Smart Living
We can lead a smart living through a smart city. Smart education will focus on digitalization and
personalization and pursue the life long learning.

Smart health can measure self-health and consumers can judge with great authority over medical
information through big data.

Smart city technologies that permeate the surroundings enhance citizen safety. There are smart street
lighting, drones for risk assessment, smart police and smart surveillance robots.

Smart home is operated by smart devices and appliances with sensors to monitor. It seeks to home
automation with intelligent information and feedback.

Smart Governance (1/2)

All citizens can simply ask and vote through the ‘mobile voting app’.

A participatory voting app is an app where anyone can ask questions – whether on policy, or on any
real life-related issues- or simply vote on it.

With either a smartphone or a PC, a secret vote targeting specific people, or a voting targeting citizens
in a specific location is available.

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Smart Governance (2/2)

Smart government will use the disruptive potential of technology and data to innovate in all parts of
the value chain.

Government analyzes social problems with big data and advanced analytics. And policy-making will
become more effective due to relevant feedbacks and creative alternatives. Government will define
the high-level requirements, and execute policies using digital platforms and mobile apps. A series of
policy processes are implemented on a data basis, which aim to strengthen existing and planned
policies.

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Future of Smart City technologies

For the third chapter, we will explore the future of smart city technologies

Hype cycle for Smart City technologies and solutions

Gartner, a globally recognized company, forecast the development of IT technology through the annual
‘Hype Cycle’ announcement.

In ‘Hype cycle 2019’, Gartner saw the city as an important platform for future technology, and Data for
Good, Civic and Community Development, Micromobility, 5G, Chatbots, Transportation strategy, Water
management, Blockchain are expected to emerge within the next 5 years.

Smart building, blockchain-based business models, data marketplace, IoT platform, etc. will required
more than 10 years of research and development.

* Obsolete before plateau (that is, the innovation will never reach the plateau, as it will fail in the
market or be overtaken by competing solutions)

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Priority Matrix for Smart City technologies and solutions

Technologies that are categorized as transformational and high in the Priority Matrix include, but are
not limited to, distributed generation and smart lighting; both aid in spotting and solving urban issues
(such as traffic congestion).

Within the next decade, data marketplace, blockchain business models, city operation centers are
anticipated to be the transformational priorities with a huge impact on sociodemographic and
ecosystem development.

IoT platforms and IoT-related priorities are becoming more mature, and will, therefore, have a faster
benefit realization in smart cities.

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(Appendix) Smart City development phase

Standardization is in progress by a number of global standards organizations such as ITU, ISO, IEC, ETSI,
and IEEE for smart city-related technologies (common technology, infra, data, services, etc.)

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Thank You!
We have reached the end of this module, where we have examined smart city solutions and
technologies. Now, in module 3, we will address smart city cases and practices.

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