VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi,Karnataka -590 018.

A Internship on Report on

“Embedded System and IoT”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
by

Abhinav S V USN:4JN20EC002
Under the Guidance of
Prof. Sunil M.D
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of ECE,
JNNCE-577 204.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering JNN

College of Engineering, Shimoga - 577 204.
Internship Carried out in
Devminds, Bengaluru
Shimoga, Karnataka-577205
Oct 2023
 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Belagavi-590 018.
JNN College of Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Shimoga-577 204.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the internship entitled “Real Time Embedded systems and
IoT” is carried out at Devminds Bengaluru , submitted by Abhinav S.V (4JN21EC002)
, the bonafide student of JNN College of Engineering, Shimoga in partial fulfillment for the
award of “Bachelor of Engineering” in department of “Electronics and Communication
Engineering” of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the year
2023-2024. It is certified that all the corrections/suggestions indicated for internal
assessment have been incorporated. The internship report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of internship prescribed for the said
degree.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the Coordinator

Prof. Sunil M.D Mrs. Shwetha H.R
Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor
Dept. of ECE, Dept. of ECE,
JNNCE, Shimoga. JNNCE, Shimoga.

Signature of the HOD

Dr. S.V. Sathyanarayana
Professor & HoD
Dept. of ECE, JNNCE, Shimoga.
.
 ABSTRACT
The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has revolutionized various industries,
including meteorology, by enabling the development of compact, cost-effective, and
efficient weather monitoring systems. This project presents the design and
implementation of an IoT-enabled micro weather station tailored for localized weather
monitoring applications. The proposed system integrates various sensors and wireless
communication modules to collect, process, and transmit real-time weather data to a
central server or cloud platform. The micro weather station incorporates sensors for
measuring key meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, pressure, wind
speed, wind direction, Soil temperature, Leaf wetness and Light Intensity. These sensors
are carefully selected to ensure accuracy and reliability in capturing environmental data.
The collected data is processed locally using embedded microcontrollers like Arduino
Mega and transmitted wirelessly using GSM to a designated server or cloud platform
using various communication protocols. One of the key advantages of the IoT-enabled
micro weather station is its scalability and flexibility. Multiple stations can be deployed
across different geographical locations, forming a network of interconnected sensors for
comprehensive weather monitoring. Moreover, the system can be easily customized to
accommodate additional sensors or functionalities based on specific application
requirements.

Keywords: IoT, Wireless communication modules, Central server, GSM, real time;
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible whose
constant guidance and encouragement crowned the efforts with success.

I thank to Dr. Y Vijaya Kumar, Principal, JNNCE, Shivamogga for giving facilities to
undertake internship work.

I thank to Dr. Manjunatha P, Dean Academics, JNNCE, Shivamogga for giving

facilities to undertake internship work.

i
I would wish to express my gratitude to Dr. S.V Sathyanarayana, Head of Department,
Electronics and Communication Engineering for providing the good working
environment and for his constant support and encouragement.

It gives me great pleasure in placing on record a deep sense of gratitude to our guide Mrs.
Roopa B S, Assistant Professor and to our internship coordinator, Mrs. Sumathi K,
Assistant Professor , Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for their
expert guidance, initiative and encouragement that led me through the presentation.

I also thank Ekathva Innovations Pvt. LTD and my guide Mr. Koushik Udupa and
Mr.Vikas H C for providing me an opportunity to work in the company and
complete the internship program.

And lastly, I would hereby acknowledge and thank my parents who have been a source of
inspiration and also instrumental in the successful completion of internship. Thank you
All,

SPOORTHI R 4JN20EC073

Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ i
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... i
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... iv
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Insights from Internship experience ....................................................................................... 1
1.2 Area of Internship ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 General Information .................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 4
1.6 Objectives....................................................................................................................................... 5
1.7 General trends about the topic ................................................................................................. 5

ii
1.8 Scope of the project ..................................................................................................................... 5
1.9 Organization of the report ......................................................................................................... 6
2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2 Literature survey ......................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 9
2.4 Conjectural Support .................................................................................................................. 10
2.5 Project Developmental stages ................................................................................................. 10
3 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND COMPONENTS ................................................................................. 11
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 11
3.2 Block Diagram ............................................................................................................................ 11
3.3 Working ........................................................................................................................................ 12
4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION ..................................................................... 13
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 13
4.2 Anemometer (Wind Speed sensor) : ..................................................................................... 13
4.3 Wind Vane(Wind Direction Sensor) : .................................................................................... 14
4.4 BME280(Pressure, Temperature and Humidity sensor) : ................................................ 15
4.5 Leaf Wetness Sensor : ............................................................................................................... 16
4.6 DS18B20 (Soil Temperature Sensor) : .................................................................................. 16
4.7 Rain Gauge :................................................................................................................................. 18
4.8 BH1750 (Leaf Intensity Sensor) : ........................................................................................... 19
4.9 GSM SIM 800L :........................................................................................................................... 20
4.10 Arduino Mega 2560 : .............................................................................................................. 21
4.11 Arduino IDE : ............................................................................................................................ 22
4.12 ThingSpeak ............................................................................................................................... 22
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .................................................................................................... 24
5.1 Results Obtained : ...................................................................................................................... 24
5.2 Conclusion : ................................................................................................................................. 24
5.3 Future Scope : ............................................................................................................................. 28
5.4 Outcome of the Internship ....................................................................................................... 29
References ........................................................................................................................................ 30

iii
List of Figures
3.1 Block Diagram of Micro Weather Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1 Anemometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Wind Vane .................................. 14
4.3 BME280 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4 Leaf Wetness Sensor ............................. 16
4.5 Soil Temperature Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.6 Rain Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.7 Leaf Intensity Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.8 GSM Module ................................. 19
4.9 Arduino mega 2560 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.10 Arduino IDE ................................. 21
4.11 ThingSpeak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5.1 Result of Anemometer and Wind Vane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5.2 Result of BME280 sensor showing Pressure temperature and humidty values 24
5.3 Result of Leaf Wetness sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.4 Result of Rain Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.5 Result of Soil Temperature sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.6 Result of Thingspeak dashboard depicting values of various sensor ... 25
5.7 Result of Thingspeak dashboard depicting values of various sensor . . . . 25
5.8 Result of Thingspeak dashboard depicting values of various sensor . . . . 25
5.9 Result showing all sensor value in Arduino IDE Terminal . . . . . . . . . 26
5.10 Image of all sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

iv
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
During the internship, extensive exploration of IoT technologies led to practical
experience in hardware programming and circuit design. The program began with
introductory sessions on Tinkercad, engaging in hands-on activities to grasp fundamental
concepts and develop proficiency in creating and simulating circuits. Subsequently, there
was a transition to working with Arduino UNO and Arduino IDE, delving into basic
programming syntaxes and implementing various programs to control hardware
components. As the internship progressed, there was an advancement to more
sophisticated IoT development with the ESP32 kit, further expanding knowledge and
capabilities in wireless communication and sensor integration. Through practical
exercises and experimentation, insights were gained into utilizing Adafruit IO and Blynk
platforms for remotely monitoring and controlling IoT devices.

1.1 Insights from Internship experience

Understanding Embedded Systems

Versatility of developmental boards

Development Tools

Sensor Integration

IoT connectivity

1.2 Area of Internship

The technology is rapidly changing every year, new technologies are evolving faster
than ever. The cost and risk of delivering higher quality in production are increasing
day by day. The emergence of embedded systems had reduced the not only cost and
risk but also improved the quality.

Dept. of ECE, JNNCE, Shimoga May-2024 1

 1. INTRODUCTION
The IoT and the real-time embedded systems are the combination of physical
objects and embedded systems technology that enable them to connect and
communicate with each other and the internet.

Embedded systems are responsible for sensor integration, communication, data

processing, security, and power management. Examples of embedded systems in
the IoT include smart home devices, medical devices, and industrial automation
systems.

1.3 Problem Statement

The aim of the internship Project is ”To develop an IoT based Farm level, Farm specific,
Micro-weather Station”
Absence of real time micro-weather, soil and water data from the farms and analytics leads
to disease risks, poor production quality and poor resource usage especially for small and
medium holder farmers. Next generation IoT platform combining hardware, software, and
cloud to bring real-time visibility, analytics and AI to agriculture and fix the problem of
poor resource utilization, wastage, production quality and disease prediction. A digital
Assistance for farmers, that reduces the uncontrolled irrigation system and water
management, Prevents Over or under watering the crops with real time micro weather
details in the finger tips.

1.4 General Information

Farm-level, farm-specific IoT-enabled micro weather stations represent a significant
advancement in precision agriculture, offering farmers detailed insights into localized
weather conditions tailored to their specific agricultural needs. Here’s some general
information regarding these systems:

1. Purpose: These micro weather stations are designed to provide farmers with
realtime and historical weather data specific to their farm’s location. This includes
parameters such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed and direction,
soil moisture, and solar radiation.

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 1. INTRODUCTION
2. Components: Typically, these systems comprise a variety of sensors to measure
different environmental parameters. Sensors may include temperature and humid-
ity sensors, anemometers for wind speed and direction, rain gauges for
precipitation, soil moisture sensors, and sometimes additional sensors for
measuring solar radiation and atmospheric pressure.

3. Integration with IoT: The IoT aspect of these weather stations allows for seamless
connectivity and data transmission. Data collected by the sensors are transmitted
wirelessly to a central hub or cloud platform using communication protocols such
as Wi-Fi, cellular networks, or Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) like
LoRaWAN. This enables farmers to access weather data remotely through
smartphones, tablets, or computers.

4. Customization: Farm-specific weather stations can be customized to meet the

unique requirements of different types of crops and farming practices. For example,
certain crops may have specific temperature or soil moisture thresholds for optimal
growth, and the weather station can be programmed to provide alerts when these
thresholds are reached or exceeded.

5. Benefits:

Precision Agriculture: By providing highly localized weather data, these

systems enable farmers to make data-driven decisions regarding irrigation,
fertilization, pest management, and crop harvesting.

Resource Optimization: Farmers can optimize resource usage based on

realtime weather conditions, leading to improved water efficiency, reduced
energy consumption, and minimized environmental impact.

Risk Mitigation: Early detection of adverse weather conditions such as frost,

hail, or excessive rainfall allows farmers to take proactive measures to protect
crops and minimize potential losses.

Yield Optimization: By closely monitoring weather patterns and their impact

on crop growth, farmers can optimize planting schedules and cultivation
practices to maximize yield potential.

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 1. INTRODUCTION
6. Scalability: These systems can be scaled to accommodate farms of varying sizes,
from small family-owned operations to large commercial enterprises. Additional
weather stations can be deployed across different fields or regions within the farm
to capture variability in microclimates.
Overall, farm-level, farm-specific IoT-enabled micro weather stations represent a valuable
tool for modern agriculture, empowering farmers with actionable insights to enhance
productivity, sustainability, and resilience in the face of changing environmental
conditions.

1.5 Methodology
Sensor Selection: Choose high-quality sensors for accurate measurement of
temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, and direction, ensuring reliability in
diverse agricultural environments.

Localization: Incorporate GPS or other localization technologies to provide precise

location-based weather data tailored to each farm’s microclimate.

Data Processing: Develop algorithms for processing raw sensor data, filtering
noise, and generating actionable insights for farmers, such as irrigation
recommendations or pest forecasts.

Cloud Integration: Implement cloud-based storage and analysis systems for

efficient data management, enabling historical data tracking and trend analysis.

Community Engagement: Partnerships with local agricultural communities to

gather feedback, refine the system based on user needs, and promote adoption
among small farmers.

Cost-Effectiveness: Strive for cost-effective solutions by sourcing affordable

components and exploring potential subsidies or funding opportunities to lower the
barrier of entry for small farmers.

By following this methodology, developers can design and implement robust IoT-enabled
farm-specific micro weather stations that provide farmers with accurate, real-time

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 1. INTRODUCTION
weather data tailored to their specific agricultural needs, ultimately helping optimize crop
management, resource allocation, and overall farm productivity.

1.6 Objectives
1. To integrate sensors with the microcontroller Ardunio mega to collect data of wind
speed, wind direction, temperature, pressure, humidity, soil temperature, rainfall,
sunlight intensity and Leaf wetness.
2. To calibrate the Real time values from the obtained data.

3. To create a dashboard containing some indicators to notify the farmers.

1.7 General trends about the topic

Environmental Monitoring.

Real-time data collection

Understanding Microscale Weather Phenomena

Precision Agriculture and Urban Microclimate Management

Decision-making in complex environmental contexts

1.8 Scope of the project

The scope of the Microweather Station project encompasses a comprehensive approach
to environmental monitoring, centered around the development and deployment of a
sophisticated sensor network. This network is designed to monitor an extensive array of
weather parameters in real-time, ranging from rainfall and temperature to pressure,
humidity, soil temperature, leaf wetness, wind direction, wind speed, and intensity levels.
Through the integration of advanced sensors renowned for their accuracy and reliability,
the project ensures precise data collection, forming the foundation for subsequent
analysis and insights generation.

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 1. INTRODUCTION
In addition to real-time data acquisition, the project emphasizes the utilization of
advanced processing techniques to extract meaningful information from the collected
data. By employing sophisticated algorithms and methodologies, the system can generate
actionable insights into microscale weather phenomena, providing stakeholders with
valuable intelligence to inform decision-making processes. This includes the identification
of trends, patterns, and potential environmental fluctuations, empowering sectors such as
agriculture and urban planning to anticipate and mitigate risks effectively.

1.9 Organization of the report

The report is organized into six chapters.
The chapter 1 includes the introduction about the project with objectives and method-
ology.
The chapter 2 contains the theoretical information about the components and their
assembly with IEEE Papers. It also includes brief explanation about the developmental
stages of project.
The chapter 3 includes implementation and design of the project and a brief explanation
about circuit diagram and the components used in the project.
The chapter 4 contains the brief introduction of the hardware components used in this
project and the software platforms used for this project.
The chapter 5 includes results and outcome of the project.
Lastly chapter 6 contains the Conclusion and Future scope of the project.

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 Chapter 2

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Introduction
In the context of this project, the literature survey serves as a critical component in
gathering relevant knowledge and insights that directly relate to the micro weather
station system and its associated components. By reviewing existing scholarly articles,
research papers, technical documents, and other reputable sources, the literature survey
provides a comprehensive understanding of the current state-of-the-art technologies,
methodologies, and advancements in farming systems, sensor technologies and related
fields. Through the literature survey, this project aims to identify and analize existing
research and developments that have explored farming technologies, IoT uses, and smart
agriculture automation. By examining previous work in these areas, valuable information
regarding the design considerations, technical challenges, and potential solutions can be
acquired. Additionally, the literature survey allows for an evaluation of the effectiveness
and limitations of similar farming systems implemented in various contexts, enabling the
project to leverage best practices and identify areas for innovation and improvement.

2.2 Literature survey

[1]Math, R.K.M. and Dharwadkar, N.V., 2018, August. IoT Based low-cost weather
station and monitoring system for precision agriculture in India. In 2018 2nd
international conference on I-SMAC (IoT in social, mobile, analytics and cloud)(I-
SMAC) I-SMAC (IoT in social, mobile, analytics and cloud)(ISMAC), 2018 2nd
international conference on (pp. 81-86). IEEE.

The methodology involved in this paper is to intelligently select the low-cost sensors,
collect data in real- time, store the data in cloud sever, perform visualization of the sensor
data, carry out analytics on the data to study its current behavior so as to predict its future
behavior. Weather data is collected from the sensors Temperature, Humidity, Dew Point,
Absolute Pressure, Relative Pressure, Light Intensity and Rain data. Once the sensor data

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 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
is collected, it is subjected to local processing by the microcontroller where the raw data
is converted to meaningful one. After local Processing the data is then sent to the
ThingSpeak cloud server for visualization and analysis. ThingSpeak helps in sending the
notifications either in the form of Tweet or email to the users whenever the
aforementioned parameters cross thresholds levels.

[2]Popa, M. and Iapa, C., 2011, November. Embedded weather station with remote
wireless control. In 2011 19thTelecommunications Forum (TELFOR) Proceedings
of Papers (pp. 297-300). IEEE.

Weather monitoring is of great importance in many domains such as: agriculture,

military, entertainment etc. There are several solutions for monitoring the weather. The
classical solution consists in static weather stations. Another solution is based on
wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The third solution uses low dimensions weather
stations. This paper presents a weather station made of temperature, humidity, pressure
and luminosity sensors embedded in a microcontroller based board. The station is
controlled through the SMS service of mobile phones

[3]Adityawarman, Y. and Matondang, J., 2018, October. ”Development of

Micro Weather Station Based on Long Range Radio Using Automatic Packet
Reporting System Protocol”. In 2018 International Conference on Information
Technology Systems and Innovation (ICITSI) (pp. 221-224). IEEE.

Automatic Weather Station is an integrated system of measuring instruments,

interfaces, and data processing and transmission capable of collecting weather data.
Weather stations data can be crowd-sourced through Citizen Weather Observer Program
(CWOP), powered by Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS). Further increase the
performance of the weather station, a LoRa based modem is used as the transceiver
modem. This paper proposes an automatic weather station network using a LoRa-based
APRS network. Preliminary results show that the prototyped weather station data can be
easily integrated to APRS-IS based network infrastructure

[4]Tenzin, S., Siyang, S., Pobkrut, T. and Kerdcharoen, T., 2017, February.

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 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Low cost weather station for climate-smart agriculture. In 2017 9th international
conference on knowledge and smart technology (KST) (pp. 172-177). IEEE.

The system included various weather sensors to measure temperature, humidity,

light, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, and soil temperature and moisture. In
this work, solar cell is used as a power source for the weather stations A microcontroller
from Microchip, PIC24FJ64, was selected as a main central computing unit to read the
data from various weather sensors In this work, MySQL database was used as a database
management system. The data from every node were stored in tabular form. After the
period of data collection, all information of weather data was exported as text file and
further analyzed with third party program. The meteorological data from Cloud based
stations were downloaded and statistically analyzed.

[5]Fang, Z., Zhao, Z., Du, L., Zhang, J., Pang, C. and Geng, D., 2010, January. A new
portable micro weather station. In 2010 IEEE 5th International Conference on
Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (pp. 379-382). IEEE.

TA novel and practical micro weather station, which can sense temperature, relative
humidity, pressure and anemometer, and is portable in small size and possesses high
precisions. The micro weather station comprises multi-sensor chip, anemometer,
measurement system, display system and power management system. The wind
direction can be measured by perpendicularly encapsulating the two wind sensor.
Compared with those processes used in other types of micro weather station, the
processes we used were very simple and compatible.

2.3 Summary
The insights gained from the literature survey will inform the design and development of
the micro weather station system, ensuring that it aligns with the latest advancements,
addresses existing challenges, and contributes to the current body of knowledge. By
drawing upon the collective expertise of researchers and professionals in the field, the
literature survey establishes a strong foundation for the project, enhancing its credibility,
feasibility, and potential impact.

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 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
In summary, the literature survey for this project delves into the existing body of
knowledge surrounding farming systems, sensor technologies, and related fields. It
serves as a valuable resource in understanding the state-of-the-art, identifying areas for
innovation, and informing the design and development of the micro weather station
system. Through this survey, the project aims to build upon existing knowledge,
incorporate best practices, and contribute to the advancement of agricultural
technologies.

2.4 Conjectural Support

The theoretical framework connects the components and existing knowledge to create a
project. Guided by a relevant theory, we are given a basis for our hypotheses and choice
of research methods.

2.5 Project Developmental stages

Choosing sensors

Integration of sensors with the microcontroller

Collecting sensor data

Uploading to Thingspeak Dashboard

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 Chapter 3

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND COMPONENTS

3.1 Introduction
This project requires Arduino MEGA, Soil temperature Sensor,Leaf wetness sensor,BH1750(LUX
Sensor), BME280(Pressure,temperature and humidity sensor), Wind Vane(Wind direction
sensor), Anemometer (Wind speed sensor) and Rain Gauge.

3.2 Block Diagram

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of Micro Weather Station

The block diagram depicts a system, likely designed for environmental monitoring within
an agricultural context. Here’s how the individual components may work together: For
the power source

Solar Power Supply : This is the primary power source for the entire system. It converts
sunlight into electricity, which powers the other components.

Sensors used are as follows

Anemometer and Wind vane : These measure wind speed and direction, crucial data
points for understanding weather patterns in agricultural settings.
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND COMPONENTS

Soil Temperature : This sensor monitors the temperature of the soil, important for crop
health and planting decisions.

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 BME280 : This versatile sensor likely measures temperature, humidity, and potentially
air pressure, providing a comprehensive picture of atmospheric conditions.

Leaf Wetness : This measures the amount of moisture on plant leaves, an indicator of
potential fungal diseases, and can inform about irrigation needs.

BH1750 : A light sensor that measures the intensity of light, relevant for assessing crop
growth and sunlight exposure.

Rain Gauge : Measures the amount of rainfall, essential for irrigation planning, and
water resource management.

Central processing uints of micro weather station are :

Arduino Mega : This microcontroller acts as the heart of the system. It collects data
from the various sensors, processes it, and likely makes decisions based on pre-
programmed logic Communication and Data

GSM Module : This module establishes a wireless connection, probably to a cellular

network. This allows the system to transmit collected environmental data remotely.

Thingspeak : This is likely a cloud-based platform for storing, analyzing, and visualizing the
data collected by the sensors.

3.3 Working
The solar panel supplies power to the entire system. The sensors continuously gather
environmental data surrounding the crops as the function of data collection.
Microcontroller unit The Arduino MEGA processes the received data. At the stage of
transmission the GSM Module periodically sends the processed data to ThingSpeak. For
the Storage and analysis: ThingSpeak stores the data, allowing for further analysis, trends,
and visualization of the environmental conditions.

Chapter 4

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 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
DESCRIPTION

4.1 Introduction
The hardware components used in this project play a critical role in the successful
implementation and functionality of the micro weather station. These hardware
components include sensors, microcontrollers, actuators, power supply modules, and
various electronic components. Each component has specific functionalities and
contributes to the overall operation and performance of the system.

4.2 Anemometer (Wind Speed sensor) :

Figure 4.1: Anemometer

An anemometer, commonly known as a wind speed sensor, is a device specifically

designed to measure the speed of the wind. It typically consists of rotating cups or blades
mounted on a central axis. As the wind blows, the cups or blades rotate, with the speed of
rotation directly proportional to the wind speed. The rotational motion is converted into
an electrical signal or other measurable output, allowing for the quantification of wind
speed. Anemometers are calibrated to provide accurate readings across a range ofwind
speeds, from gentle breezes to strong gusts, making them essential tools in various
industries and applications. In addition to their primary function of measuring

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 4. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
wind speed, anemometers are widely used in weather stations, environmental
monitoring systems, and industrial processes. They provide critical data for weather
forecasting, helping meteorologists predict and track weather patterns such as storms
and hurricanes. In environmental monitoring, anemometers contribute to assessing air
quality, dispersion of pollutants, and the study of microclimates. Moreover, in industries
such as aviation, construction, and renewable energy, anemometers play a vital role in
ensuring safety and efficiency by monitoring wind conditions during operations. Overall,
anemometers serve as indispensable instruments for measuring wind speed accurately
and reliably in various contexts.

4.3 Wind Vane(Wind Direction Sensor) :

Figure 4.2: Wind Vane

A wind vane, also known as a wind direction sensor, is a device used to determine the
direction from which the wind is blowing. It typically consists of a flat or arrow-shaped
vane mounted on a vertical or horizontal axis. The vane is designed to rotate freely in
response to the direction of the wind, aligning itself with the airflow. As the wind changes
direction, the vane rotates accordingly, indicating the prevailing wind direction relative
to its orientation.
Wind vanes are crucial components of weather stations, maritime navigation
systems,and various industrial applications where knowledge of wind direction is
essential. In weather monitoring, wind vanes provide valuable data for meteorologists to
analyze and predict weather patterns. They are also integral to aviation operations,
helping pilots determine takeoff and landing directions, as well as providing information
on crosswinds during flight. Additionally, in industries such as agriculture and

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 4. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
construction, wind vanes aid in assessing wind patterns that may impact operations or
safety protocols. Overall, wind vanes serve as reliable sensors for measuring wind
direction accurately and facilitating informed decision-making across a range of
applications.

4.4 BME280(Pressure, Temperature and Humidity

sensor) :

Figure 4.3: BME280

The BME280 is a versatile sensor that integrates pressure, temperature, and humidity
measurement capabilities into a single compact package. Developed by Bosch Sensortec,
this sensor is renowned for its high accuracy and reliability, making it a popular choice in
various applications such as weather monitoring, indoor climate control, and IoT devices.
The BME280 utilizes advanced MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology to
precisely measure atmospheric pressure, temperature, and relative humidity.
In terms of functionality, the BME280 operates by employing separate sensing
elements for pressure, temperature, and humidity measurement. The pressure sensor
detects variations in atmospheric pressure, which can be used to derive altitude
information or predict weather changes such as approaching storms. Meanwhile, the
temperature sensor accurately measures ambient temperature, providing valuable data
for climate control systems and environmental monitoring applications. Additionally, the
humidity sensorcaptures relative humidity levels, enabling insights into indoor air quality
or supporting humidity-dependent processes such as HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning) control. By combining these three essential measurements into a single

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 4. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
sensor, the BME280 offers convenience and efficiency, making it a versatile solution for a
wide range of use cases.

4.5 Leaf Wetness Sensor :

Figure 4.4: Leaf Wetness Sensor

The Leaf Wetness Sensor (LWS) is a specialized device designed to measure the
presence and duration of moisture on the surface of plant leaves. It plays a crucial role in
agricultural and environmental monitoring applications, providing valuable insights into
the wetness conditions of plant foliage. The sensor typically consists of a thin, flat surface
that simulates the leaf’s texture and properties. When moisture, such as dew, rain, or
irrigation, comes into contact with this surface, the sensor detects the presence of water
and records the duration of wetness.
In agricultural settings, the Leaf Wetness Sensor is instrumental in disease
management and irrigation optimization. Excessive moisture on plant leaves can create
favorable conditions for the development of fungal diseases, such as powdery mildew and
botrytis. By continuously monitoring leaf wetness levels, farmers can implement timely
interventions, such as adjusting irrigation schedules or applying fungicides, to mitigate
the risk of disease outbreaks and minimize crop damage. Additionally, the data collected
by the Leaf Wetness Sensor aids in improving water management practices by providing
insights into soil moisture dynamics and optimizing irrigation efficiency, thereby
promoting sustainable agriculture practices.

4.6 DS18B20 (Soil Temperature Sensor) :

The DS18B20 sensor, also known as a soil temperature sensor, is a digital temperature
sensor widely used for measuring temperature in various applications, including soil

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 4. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
temperature monitoring. It utilizes a digital signal interface, allowing for precise and
accurate temperature measurements with minimal signal distortion. The DS18B20
sensor

Figure 4.5: Soil Temperature Sensor

is designed to operate over a wide temperature range and provides high-resolution

temperature readings, making it suitable for monitoring subtle changes in soil
temperature.
In agriculture and environmental monitoring, the DS18B20 sensor plays a crucial role
in assessing soil temperature conditions, which significantly impact plant growth,
development, and overall crop health. By accurately measuring soil temperature, farmers
and researchers can make informed decisions regarding planting times, crop selection,
and irrigation scheduling. Additionally, the DS18B20 sensor enables the monitoring of
soil temperature variations throughout the day and across different soil depths, providing
valuable insights into soil thermal dynamics and helping optimize agricultural practices
for improved productivity and sustainability.

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 4. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.7 Rain Gauge :

Figure 4.6: Rain Gauge

A rain gauge sensor is a device specifically designed to measure the amount of

precipitation, typically rainfall, that occurs over a certain period of time in a specific
location. It consists of a funnel-shaped collector that funnels rainwater into a measuring
tube or reservoir. The collected water is then measured, usually in millimeters or inches,
to determine the depth of precipitation that has fallen. Rain gauge sensors come in
various designs, including manual gauges that require periodic emptying and digital
gauges equipped with electronic sensors for automated measurement and data
recording.
In meteorology, agriculture, hydrology, and environmental monitoring, rain gauge
sensors play a critical role in quantifying precipitation patterns and understanding local
weather conditions. This information is essential for weather forecasting, assessing
drought or flood risk, and managing water resources effectively. By providing accurate
and reliable data on rainfall amounts, rain gauge sensors enable informed decision-
making in sectors such as agriculture, where precise knowledge of precipitation levels is
crucial for crop planning, irrigation scheduling, and water management strategies.

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 4. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.8 BH1750 (Leaf Intensity Sensor) :

Figure 4.7: Leaf Intensity Sensor

The BH1750 sensor, also known as a digital light sensor, is a compact and highly
sensitive device used to measure ambient light levels. It utilizes advanced technology,
including a built-in photodiode array and analog-to-digital converter, to accurately detect
and quantify the intensity of light in its environment. The sensor is capable of measuring
a wide range of light levels, from very low to very high illumination, with high resolution
and precision.
In various applications such as smart lighting systems, display brightness control, and
energy management, the BH1750 sensor serves as a key component for optimizing
lighting conditions and energy usage. By continuously monitoring ambient light levels,
the sensor provides valuable data for adjusting artificial lighting levels to match natural
lighting conditions, thereby enhancing user comfort and reducing energy consumption.
Additionally, the BH1750 sensor is commonly used in IoT (Internet of Things) devices
and environmental monitoring systems to gather data on light intensity for various
analytics and automation purposes. Its small size, low power consumption, and digital
output make it a versatile and efficient solution for measuring ambient light levels in a
wide range of applications.

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 4. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.9 GSM SIM 800L :

Figure 4.8: GSM Module

The GSM SIM800L module is a compact and versatile device designed to facilitate
communication over the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network. It
serves as a modem that enables devices to connect to the cellular network and transmit
data, including voice calls, SMS messages, and internet connectivity. Equipped with a SIM
card slot and supporting various frequency bands, the SIM800L module offers
widespread compatibility with GSM networks worldwide, making it suitable for diverse
applications across different regions.
In IoT (Internet of Things) applications, the SIM800L module is commonly used to
provide cellular connectivity to embedded systems, sensors, and other devices. By
integrating the module into their designs, developers can enable remote monitoring,
control, and data transmission capabilities, even in locations without Wi-Fi or wired
internet access. Additionally, the SIM800L module’s small form factor, low power
consumption, and robust performance make it an ideal choice for battery-powered and
portable devices, such as GPS trackers, remote sensors, and asset tracking systems. Its
plug-and-play functionality, coupled with extensive documentation and support, further
enhances its appeal as a cost-effective and reliable solution for cellular communication in
IoT projects and beyond.

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 4. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.10 Arduino Mega 2560 :

Figure 4.9: Arduino mega 2560

The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560 chipset,
offering expanded capabilities and versatility compared to standard Arduino boards. It
features a larger form factor and a greater number of input/output pins, making it
wellsuited for complex projects that require extensive connectivity and processing power.
With 54 digital input/output pins, 16 analog inputs, and a range of communication
interfaces including UART, SPI, and I2C, the Mega 2560 provides ample resources for
interfacing with various sensors, actuators, displays, and other peripherals.
Ideal for prototyping, experimentation, and development across a wide range of
applications, the Arduino Mega 2560 offers enhanced processing capabilities, clocked at
16 MHz, and 256 KB of flash memory for program storage. This allows for the
implementation of more sophisticated algorithms, data processing tasks, and
multitasking operations. Additionally, the Mega 2560 supports the Arduino development
environment, making it easy to program and deploy code using the familiar Arduino IDE.
Its robust design, extensive feature set, and broad compatibility with existing Arduino
shields and libraries make it a popular choice among hobbyists, educators, and
professionals for building advanced electronic projects and prototypes.

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 4. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.11 Arduino IDE :

Figure 4.10: Arduino IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software tool

specifically designed for programming and deploying code to Arduino microcontroller
boards. It provides a user-friendly interface that simplifies the process of writing,
compiling, and uploading code to Arduino boards, making it accessible to beginners and
experienced developers alike. The IDE supports the Arduino programming language,
which is based on C and C++, and includes a vast library of pre-written code examples and
libraries that users can easily incorporate into their projects.
With its intuitive interface and extensive features, the Arduino IDE streamlines the
development workflow, allowing users to focus on implementing their ideas rather than
grappling with complex programming tasks. It offers built-in tools for code editing, syntax
highlighting, and error checking, as well as a serial monitor for debugging and
communication with Arduino boards. Additionally, the IDE seamlessly integrates with
Arduino boards via USB or serial connection, enabling quick and straightforward
uploading of compiled code. Overall, the Arduino IDE serves as a powerful and versatile
tool for prototyping and developing electronics projects, empowering users to bring their
creative ideas to life with minimal barriers to entry.

4.12 ThingSpeak
ThingSpeak is an IoT (Internet of Things) platform developed by MathWorks, designed to
collect, analyze, and visualize data from connected devices and sensors. It provides

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 4. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

Figure 4.11: ThingSpeak

a cloud-based infrastructure that enables users to easily create IoT applications and
solutions without the need for extensive programming knowledge. With its user-friendly
interface and robust set of features, ThingSpeak simplifies the process of collecting and
managing data streams from IoT devices, making it accessible to hobbyists, researchers,
and professionals alike.
Through its integration with MATLAB, ThingSpeak offers powerful data analysis and
visualization capabilities, allowing users to perform complex data processing tasks and
generate insightful visualizations. Users can create custom MATLAB scripts to manipulate
and analyze data streams in real-time, enabling advanced analytics and decisionmaking.
Additionally, ThingSpeak provides tools for building custom dashboards and applications,
enabling users to monitor and interact with their IoT data in a personalized and intuitive
manner. Overall, ThingSpeak serves as a versatile platform for IoT data management,
analysis, and visualization, empowering users to leverage the power of connected devices
to drive innovation and solve real-world problems.

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 Chapter 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Results Obtained :

Integration of diverse sensors, including a rain gauge, anemometer, wind vane, soil
temperature sensor, leaf wetness sensor, temperature sensor, humidity sensor, pressure
sensor, and light intensity sensor, into our micro weather station has culminated in a
robust platform for comprehensive environmental monitoring, providing agriculturists
with precise data in ThingSpeak web dashboard insights essential for optimizing
agricultural practices, enhancing research endeavors, and effectively managing
resources.

5.2 Conclusion :
In conclusion, the Microweather Station project represents a significant advancement in
environmental monitoring, offering a sophisticated sensor network capable of providing
detailed insights into local weather dynamics. Through the integration of diverse sensors
for parameters such as rainfall, temperature, humidity, and wind, coupled with advanced
data processing techniques, the system enables precise and real-time data acquisition.
This not only enhances our understanding of microscale weather phenomena but also
facilitates predictive modeling and informed decision-making in various sectors.
Furthermore, the Microweather Station project demonstrates the potential of
leveraging cutting-edge technology to address complex environmental challenges. By
providing actionable intelligence across domains such as precision agriculture, urban
microclimate

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 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 5.1: Result of Anemometer and Wind Vane

Figure 5.2: Result of BME280 sensor showing Pressure temperature and humidty values

Figure 5.3: Result of Leaf Wetness sensor

Figure 5.4: Result of Rain Gauge

Figure 5.5: Result of Soil Temperature sensor

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 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Figure 5.6: Result of Thingspeak dashboard depicting values of various sensor

Figure 5.7: Result of Thingspeak dashboard depicting values of various sensor

Figure 5.8: Result of Thingspeak dashboard depicting values of various sensor

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 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Figure 5.9: Result showing all sensor value in Arduino IDE Terminal

Figure 5.10: Image of all sensors

management, and weather forecasting, the project offers tangible benefits for improving
resource allocation, enhancing operational efficiency, and mitigating risks associated

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 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
with weather-related events. Its versatility and adaptability make it a valuable tool for
researchers, policymakers, and industries seeking to optimize their processes and
strategies in the face of changing environmental conditions.
Looking ahead, the continued refinement and optimization of the Microweather
Station project hold promise for further innovation and impact. With ongoing
advancements in sensor technology, data analytics, and connectivity, the project is poised
to unlock new opportunities for advancing environmental monitoring and decision
support systems. By fostering collaboration and knowledge-sharing among stakeholders,
the Microweather Station project has the potential to drive progress towards a more
resilient and sustainable future, where informed decisions are guided by comprehensive
insights into the dynamic forces shaping our environment.

5.3 Future Scope :

The future scope of the Microweather Station project is vast and holds potential for
significant advancements in environmental monitoring and decision-making. One avenue
for future development lies in the integration of additional sensors and technologies to
enhance the station’s capabilities. For example, the incorporation of air quality sensors
could enable comprehensive monitoring of environmental parameters, providing
insights into pollution levels and their impact on human health and ecosystems.
Furthermore, the integration of remote sensing technologies, such as satellite imagery
and drones, could supplement ground-based measurements, offering a more holistic
understanding of environmental dynamics over larger geographical areas.
Another aspect of the future scope involves leveraging advancements in data analytics
and artificial intelligence to extract deeper insights from the vast amounts of data
collected by the Microweather Station. By implementing machine learning algorithms
and predictive modeling techniques, the station could not only analyze historical data to
identify trends and patterns but also forecast future environmental conditions with
greater accuracy. This predictive capability could be invaluable for various sectors,
including agriculture, disaster management, and urban planning, by enabling proactive
decision-making and risk mitigation strategies.

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 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Moreover, the future scope of the project extends to fostering collaboration and
knowledge-sharing among stakeholders to maximize its impact. By establishing
partnerships with governmental agencies, research institutions, and local communities,
the Microweather Station project can facilitate the co-creation of solutions tailored to
specific environmental challenges and societal needs. Additionally, initiatives to engage
citizens through citizen science programs and educational outreach efforts could
empower individuals to contribute to data collection and interpretation, fostering a
sense of ownership and responsibility towards environmental stewardship. Ultimately,
by embracing innovation, collaboration, and inclusivity, the Microweather Station
project can continue to evolve and thrive as a catalyst for positive change in
environmental monitoring and sustainable development.

5.4 Outcome of the Internship

During our internship, we gained practical experience in various 3D modelling tool
like Tinkercad with which we can easily integrate components, cloud service like
Adafruit IO which helps in engaging with project data and IoT analytics platform
like Thingspeak which analyzes, visulizes live data streams in cloud.

Internship helped us to develop Professionlal skills, Practical experience, skill

development, networking opportunities and improved teamwork skills.

In the internship project we gained experience in seamless integration of diverse

sensors into our micro weather station providing agriculturists with precise data
in Thingspeak web dashboard which is essential for optimizing agricultural
practices and effectively managing resources.

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References
[1] R. K. M. Math and N. V. Dharwadkar, “Iot based low-cost weather station and
monitoring system for precision agriculture in india,” in 2018 2nd international
conference on I-SMAC (IoT in social, mobile, analytics and cloud)(I-SMAC) I-SMAC (IoT
in social, mobile, analytics and cloud)(I-SMAC), 2018 2nd international conference on.
IEEE, 2018, pp. 81–86.

[2] M. Popa and C. Iapa, “Embedded weather station with remote wireless control,” in
2011 19thTelecommunications Forum (TELFOR) Proceedings of Papers. IEEE, 2011, pp.
297–300.

[3] Y. Adityawarman and J. Matondang, “Development of micro weather station based on

long range radio using automatic packet reporting system protocol,” in 2018
International Conference on Information Technology Systems and Innovation (ICITSI).
IEEE, 2018, pp. 221–224.

[4] S. Tenzin, S. Siyang, T. Pobkrut, and T. Kerdcharoen, “Low cost weather station for
climate-smart agriculture,” in 2017 9th international conference on knowledge and
smart technology (KST). IEEE, 2017, pp. 172–177.

[5] Z. Fang, Z. Zhao, L. Du, J. Zhang, C. Pang, and D. Geng, “A new portable micro weather
station,” in 2010 IEEE 5th International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and
Molecular Systems. IEEE, 2010, pp. 379–382.

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