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Senior Secondary Course

Psychology
Part - 2

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING

(An autonomous institution under Ministry of Education, Govt. of India)
A-24/25, Institutional Area, Sector -62, NOIDA -201309 (U.P.)
Website: www.nios.ac.in, Toll Free No.: 18001809393
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i
© National Institute of Open Schooling

2023 ( Copies)

Published by:
Secretary, National Institute of Open Schooling
A 24-25, Institutional Area, Sector-62, Noida-201309 (U.P.)
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 ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Prof. Saroj Sharma Dr. Rajiv Kumar Singh
Chairperson Director (Academic)
National Institute for Open Schooling, National Institute for Open Schooling,
NIOS, Noida (UP) NIOS, Noida (UP)
CURRICULUM COMMITTEE
Prof. Nandita Babu Dr. Swati Patra Dr. Kanwaljeet Kaur
Dept. of Psychology Reader Sr. Lecturer Dept. of DRU, DIET,
University of Delhi School of Social Sciences Daryaganj SCERT, New Delhi
Prof. Poornima Singh IGNOU, New Delhi Dr. Neelam Srivastava
Dept. of Humanities and Social Dr. Daya Pant Retd. PGT (Psychology)
science, IIT Delhi Former Professor Vasant Valley School
Prof. Mohammad Ghazi Dept. of Educational Psychology Vasant Vihar, New Delhi
Shahnawaz and Foundation of Education Dr. Madhur Bhatia
Dept. of Psychology NCERT, New Delhi Academic Officer
Jamia Millia Islamia Dr. Pooja Wadhawan Academic Dept. NIOS, NOIDA
Prof. Anjum Sibia Assistant Professor Dr. Shweta Verma
Dept. of Educational Psychology Dept. of Psychology Assistant Professor, Sharda
and Foundation of Education Mata Sundri College for Women, University, Knowledge Park III,
NCERT, New Delhi University of Delhi Greater Noida, (UP) 201310
COURSE WRITERS
Dr. Daya Pant Dr. Shivani Dutta Ms. Sandhyarani Hawbam
Former Professor Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Dept. of
Dept. of Educational Psychology Dept. of Psychology Psychology Daulat Ram College,
and Foundation of Education Kamla Nehru College, University of Delhi
NCERT, New Delhi University of Delhi Ms. Gurjeet Kaur
Prof. Roopali Sharma Dr. Suruchi Bhatia PGT, Psychology DAV Public
Professor Assistant Professor School, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi
Dept. of Psychology Department of Psychology Ms. Rimjim
Amity University, New Delhi Shyama Prasad Mukherji College, PGT, Psychology
Dr. Nisha Choudhary University of Delhi British School, New Delhi
Assistant Professor Ms. Suzen Houshou Dr. Madhur Bhatia
Bhim Rao Ambedkar College Assistant Professor Academic Officer
University of Delhi Department of Psychology (Teacher Education), NIOS
Dr Virendra Yadav Shyama Prasad Mukherji College, Dr. Shweta Verma
Assistant Professor University of Delhi Assistant Professor
SPM College Dr. Sarabjit Kaur Sharda University
University of Delhi Assistant Professor Dept. of Knowledge Park III, Greater
Dr. Suparna Jain Psychology Mata Sundari College, Noida, (UP) 201310
Assistant Professor University of Delhi
Dept. of Psychology Dr. Ravneet Kaur
Daulat Ram College, Dept. of Elementary Education
University of Delhi Mata Sundari College,
University of Delhi
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 EDITORIAL BOARD
Prof. Nandita Babu Dr. Radhika Gupta Prof. Poornima Singh
Professor, Department of Assistant Professor Professor, Department of Humani-
Psychology, University of Delhi, KMV Jalandhar ties and Social Sciences, IIT Delhi,
New Delhi Dr. Chander Prabha Verma New Delhi
Prof. Harpreet Chabra Counsellor Cantt. Board Prof. Anjum Sibia
Punjab University, Dagshai, Solan Professor, Depart of Education
Chandigarh Ms. Ravneet Kaur Psychology and Foundation of
Dr. Preeti Kapur Assistant Professor Education, NCERT, New Delhi
Associate Professor Mata Sundari College, Delhi Dr. Navin Kumar
Dept. of Psychology Dr. Hariom Sharma Associate Professor, Department
Daulat Ram College, Associate Professor of Psychology, Bhim Rao
New Delhi LPU Jalandhar Ambedkar College, University of
Dr. Virendra Yadav Mr. Pankaj Singh Delhi, New Delhi
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Dr. Swati Patra
SPM College for Women, LPU Jalandhar Reader, School of Social Sciences,
New Delhi Dr. Komal Rai IGNOU, New Delhi
Prof. Anuradha Bhandari Assistant Professor Dr. Dinesh
Punjab University, Chandigarh LPU Jalandar Assistant Professor, Department of
Dr Neha Pandeya Dr. Kanwal Jeet Kaur Psychology, Faculty of Arts,
Assistant Professor Sr. Lecturer DIET, Dariyaganj University of Delhi, New Delhi
MCM DAV College, Ms. Sampurna Satpathi Dr. Suruchi Bhatia
Chandigarh PGT Psychology Assistant Professor, Department of
Dr. Jayanti Banerjee Amity International School Psychology, Shyama Prasad
PGT Psychology Ms. Sudeshna Nath Mukherji College, University of
Mother's International PGT Psychology Delhi, New Delhi
Shri Aurbindo Marg, New Delhi DPS Ghaziabad Dr. Alka Bajpai
Mr Rishabh Kumar Ms. Divya Sethi Assistant Professor, Department of
Assistant Professor Freelancer in Psychology Psychology, Faculty of Arts,
Mahatama Gandhi Hindu University of Delhi, New Delhi
University, Wardha Dr. Shweta Verma
Assistant Professor, Sharda University Ms. Neelam Srivastava
Ms. Sushmita Paul PGT (Psychology), Vasant Valley
PGT Psychology Matri Dua Mehta
Curriculum Development Manager School, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi
DPS Gurgaon
Hindi Lead School-Ed Tech
Dr. Chander Prakash Company
Assistant Professor
Vivekanand College, Delhi
COURSE CO-ORDINATOR
Ms. Sarika Singh
Senior Executive Officer (SEO) Psychology
GRAPHIC DESIGNING and DTP
M/s Multigraphics,
Karol Bagh, New Delhi

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 A Word with You

Welcome to the Senior Secondary course in Psychology. What is Psychology? It is nothing but the study of
the way we, the human beings think, behave and react with the people and world around us. You must have
noticed how your own family members behave and react to the same situation in different ways. Some of
them will face the same situation in a calm and quiet way whereas the other panic. We here at National
Institute of Open Schooling aim to give you a better understanding to these different aspects of human
behaviours through the course in Psychology at Senior Secondary level.

The Psychology curriculum is comprises of two books having three modules each. In the first module you
are going to study about the biological and psychological aspects of behaviour as well as about psychologi-
cal enquiry. Second module consists of learning, memory, emotions and motivation. The third module brings
to you all about the lifespan development from childhood to old age. The fourth module focuses on individu-
ality, self and personality whereas the fifth module focuses on social psychology of interaction and behaviour.
The last that is the sixth module in the second book is consisting of mental health and well-being and how to
cope up from that.

For your practice, a sample question paper along with the question paper design and marking scheme is
provided at the end of the book.

Iam sure that you will find the lessons and their approach interesting and would be able to apply your
knowledge in the real-life situations. So read all the lessons of this course carefully and be prepared for the
examination with confidence. If you face any difficulty in your studies, please feel free to write me. Your
suggestions are valuable for us.

Good luck and happy learning

Sarika Singh

Course Coordinator

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 How to use the Learning Material

Congratulations! You have accepted the challenge to be a self-learner. It means, you have to organize your
study, learn regularly, keep up your motivation and achieve your goal. Here it is solely you, who is responsible
for your learning. NIOS is with you at every step.NIOS has developed the material in Psychology keeping only
you in mind. A format supporting independent learning has been followed. You can take the best out of this
material if you follow the instructions given below.

Title: The title of the lesson will give a clear indication of the contents within. Do read it.
Introduction: This will introduce you to the lesson and also link it to the previous one.
Objectives: These are statements of outcomes of learning expected from you after studying the lesson.
You are expected to achieve them. Do read them and check if you have achieved the same.
Content: Total content has been divided into sections and sub-sections. A section leads you from one
content element to another and a sub-section helps you in comprehension of the concepts in the content
element. The text in bold, Italics or boxes is important and must be given attention.
Intext Questions: Objective types self-check questions are asked after every section, the answers to
which are given at the end of the lesson. These will help you to check your progress. Do solve them.
Successful completion will allow you to decide whether to proceed further or go back and learn the unit
again.
Notes: Each page carries empty space on the outer margins for you to write important points or make
notes.
What You Have Learnt: It is the summary of the main points of the lesson. It will help in recapitulation and
revision. You are welcome to add your own points to it also.
Terminal Questions: These are questions answered that provide you an opportunity to practice for
better understanding of the whole topic.
Answers to Intext Questions: These will help you to know how correctly you have answered the Intext
questions.
Activity: Activities, if done by you, will help you to understand the concept clearly.
Key Terms: The important terms used in the lesson are highlighted in this section. Do remember these
terms.
Do and Learn: In this section certain activities have been suggested for better understanding of the
concept.
Role Play: To make your learning interesting an imaginary situation is given based on any concept
covered in the lesson. You are required to enact the imaginary situation through realistic behavior. You are
free to choose any other concept/topic of your choice to play the role.
QR Code: A quick response (QR) code is given in every lesson which is a type of barcode that stores
information and can be read by a digital device, such as a cell phone.
Audio: For understanding difficult or abstract concepts, audio programmes are available on certain con-
tent areas. You may listen to these on Mukt Vidya Vani, Community Radio FM-91.2 or on YouTube channel
"niosradiovahini".
Video: Video programmes on certain elements related to your subject have been made to clarify certain
concepts. You may watch these at NIOS live YouTube channel and also see live programs on PM e-vidya.
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 COURSE OVERVIEW

MODULE LESSON
Part
1 1. Foundations of 1. Understanding Psychology
Psychology 2. Bases of Human Behaviour
3. Methods of Psychological Enquiy-I
4. Methods of Psychological Enquiry-II
5. Basic Statistics
2. Basic Psychological 6. Attention and Perceptual Processes
Processes 7. Learning
8. Human Memory
9. Motivation
10. Emotions
11. Thinking and Problem
3. Human Development 12. Life Span Perspective on Development
13. Infancy and Childhood
14. Adolescence and Young Adulthood
15. Adulthood and Old Age

MODULE LESSON
Part
2 4. Individual 16. Diversity and Individual variations
Differences 17. Self and Personality
18. Intelligence
5. Social Processes and 19. Group Processes
Behavior 20. Attitude
21. Pro Social Behavior
6. Health and Well-being 22. Coping with Stress
23. Mental Health Problems
24. Psychology for holistic development

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 Psychology
Bifurcation of Syllabus
Psychology- 328
Total no. of Lessons=24

MODULE TMA (40%) Public Examination (60%)

(No. & name) (No. of lessons -10) (No. of lessons -14)

1. Foundations of L-2: Bases of Human L-1: Understanding

Psychology Behaviour L-3: Methods of Psychological Enquiy-I
(5 Lessons) L-4 : Methods of L-5: Basic Statistics Psychology
Psychological Enquiry-II

2. Basic L-9 : Motivation L -6: Attention and Perceptual Processes

Psychological L-7: Learning L-8: Human Memory
Processes L-10: Emotions
(6 Lessons) L -11: Thinking and Problem

3. Human L-12:Life Span Perspective L-13: Infancy and Childhood

Development on Development L-14: Adolescence and Young Adulthood
(4 Lessons) L-15 : Adulthood and
Old Age

4. Individual L-16 : Diversity and L-17: Self and Personality

Differences Individual variations L-18: Intelligence
(3 Lessons)

5. Social Processes L -21 : Pro Social L-19 : Group Processes

and Behavior Behavior L-20: Attitude
(3 Lessons)

6. Health and L -22 : Coping with Stress L-23 : Mental Health Problems
Well-being L -24 : Psychology for
(3 Lessons) holistic development

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 CONTENTS

MODULE LESSON PAGE NO.

4. Individual 16. Diversity and Individual variations 1-16

Differences 17. Self and Personality 17-40
18. Intelligence 41-56

5. Social Processes and 19. Group Processes 57-74

Behavior 20. Attitude 75-94
21. Pro Social Behavior 95-114

6. Health and Well-being 22. Coping with Stress 115-132

23. Mental Health Problems 133-146
24. Psychology for holistic development 147-159

Note: The syllabus has been bifurcated into two sections -

(i) Lessons for the Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA)
(ii) Lessons for public examination question paper

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 MODULE -4

Individual Differences

Human beings not only respond to the external world but also attend to themselves. In other
words self is also an object and all of us deal with it. In recent years, self has been given
significant place in the analysis of cognition, motivation and emotion. The kind of self concept
which people have is also influenced by our culture. Understanding of personality has also
been detailed out in this module. Various factors such as genetics, environmental and cultural
influencing personality of an individual are also dealt with. Intelligence, key theories of
intelligence and emotional intelligence and creativity has also been discussed.

16. Diversity and Individual variations

17. Self and Personality

18. Intelligence