Tab 1

SW 101 - Knowledge and Philosophical Foundation of the Social Work Profession

Definitions and Legal Mandates Section 12: The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and
strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally
Global Definition of Social Work (IASSW & IFSW) protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The natural
Social work is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency
social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government.
liberation of people. Principles of social justice, human rights, collective
responsibility, and respect for diversity are central to social work. Underpinned by Section 13: The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and
theories of social work, social sciences, humanities, and indigenous knowledge, shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social
social work engages people and structures to address life challenges and enhance well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage
well-being. their involvement in public and civic affairs.

Republic Act No. 4373 (amended by Republic Act No. 5175) Section 14: The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building and shall
Social work is a profession primarily concerned with organized social service activity ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.
aimed to facilitate and strengthen basic social relationships and the mutual
adjustment between individuals and their social environment for the good of the Section 15: The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and
individual and of society. Social work methods are utilized. instill health consciousness among them.

Section 17: The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts,
Republic Act No. 10847 (May 23, 2016)
culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress,
Lowers the age requirement for applicants taking the board examination for social
and promote total human liberation and development.
workers, provides for continuing social work education, and upgrades sundry
provisions relative to the practice of social work.
Section 18: The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall
protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare.
1987 Philippine Constitution (Relevant Sections)
Section 20: The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector,
Section 9: The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure encourages private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments.
the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty
through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a Section 22: The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural
rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all. communities within the framework of national unity and development.
Section 10: The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national Section 23: The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or
development. sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation.
Section 11: The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full Section 26: The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public
respect for human rights. service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law.

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SW 101 - Knowledge and Philosophical Foundation of the Social Work Profession

Gertrude Wilson (as cited by Mendoza, 2008)

Alternative Definitions of Social Work Organized concern of all people for all people.

●​ Mendoza (2022): Profession concerned with man’s adjustment to his Walter Friedlander
environment or a person’s social functioning. Organized system of social services and institutions, designed to aid individuals and
●​ Mendoza (2022): Professional service that uses scientific knowledge and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health, and personal and social
skills as bases for engaging people in problem-solving. relationships that permit them to develop their full capacities and promote their
well-being in harmony with the needs of their families and the community.
Social Work Practice
Elizabeth Wickenden
●​ Requires knowledge of human development and behavior; of social, Laws, programs, benefits, and services which assure or strengthen provisions for
economic, and cultural institutions; and the interaction of these factors. meeting social needs recognized as basic to the well-being of the population and the
●​ Professional application of social work values, principles, and techniques to better functioning of the social order. Encompasses the well-being of all members of
one or more of the following ends: human society (physical, mental, emotional, social, economic, and spiritual
-​ Helping people obtain tangible services. well-being).
-​ Providing counseling and psychotherapy with individuals, families,
and groups. Views on Social Welfare
-​ Helping communities or groups provide or improve social and health
services. Residual: Social welfare structure is seen as temporary, offered during emergency
-​ Participating in relevant legislative processes. situations, and withdrawn when the regular social system – family and economic
system – is again working properly.
Society’s Responses to Unmet Needs/Problems
Institutional: Social welfare is regarded as a proper, legitimate function of modern
●​ Individual and group efforts – systematic and voluntary efforts undertaken society.
by individuals and/or groups in response to the unmet needs of people in a
community. Goals of Social Welfare
●​ Major societal institutions which have their designated roles and
responsibilities for meeting human needs. ●​ Humanitarian & Social Justice
●​ Social agencies. ●​ Social Control
●​ Economic Development
Social Welfare
Barker (2014) Categories of Social Welfare Programs
A nation’s system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those ●​ Social Security: Whole set of compulsory measures instituted to protect the
social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the individual and his family against the consequences of an unavoidable
maintenance of society. interruption or serious diminution of the earned income disposable for the

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SW 101 - Knowledge and Philosophical Foundation of the Social Work Profession

maintenance of a reasonable standard of living (e.g., provident funds, social ●​ Facilitating health care provisions.
insurance). ●​ Linking clients to resources.
●​ Personal social services: Service functions that have a significant bearing
on personal problems, individual situations of stress, interpersonal helping or Social Functioning
helping people in need, and direct services in collaboration with workers from (Boehm, 1958): A technical term supporting social work's Person-in-Environment
government and voluntary agencies (programs for counseling, therapy, and (PIE) focus. It refers to a client's ability to accomplish tasks for daily living and fulfill
rehabilitation; programs for providing access, information, and advice; major social roles, as defined by their community or subculture.
institutional services; child protective services; programs for the treatment of
deviants). Components:
●​ Public assistance or welfare: Material/concrete aids or support provided
(usually by government agencies) to people with no income or means of Meeting Basic Needs
support for themselves and their families due to loss of employment, natural ●​ Physical (food, shelter, safety, healthcare)
disasters, etc. ●​ Emotional (belonging, mutual care, companionship)
●​ Personal Fulfillment (education, recreation, values, religion, accomplishment).
Social Services
Self-Expectations
Activities of human services personnel in: ●​ Adequate self-concept
●​ Self-confidence
●​ Promoting the health and well-being of people. ●​ Self-esteem.
●​ Helping people become more self-sufficient.
●​ Preventing dependency. Dependants
●​ Strengthening family relationships. ●​ Fulfilling responsibilities towards dependents.
●​ Restoring individuals, families, groups, or communities to successful social
functioning. Societal Contributions
●​ Programs, services, and other activities provided to concretely answer the ●​ Making positive contributions to society.
needs and problems of the members of the society.
Social Dysfunctioning
Kinds of Social Services Non-fulfillment of personal expectations. Occurs when there's an imbalance
between the individual (needs, aspirations, capacities) and the environment
●​ Helping people obtain adequate financial resources for their needs. (expectations, opportunities, resources).
●​ Evaluating the capabilities of people to care for children or other dependents.
●​ Providing counseling and psychotherapy services. Person-in-Environment (PIE) Configuration
●​ Providing referrals and channeling. ●​ Person with the Problem: Existence of the problem stemming from internal
●​ Serving as a mediator. conflicts or reactions and/or environmental pressures.
●​ Advocating for social causes. ●​ Situation/Environment: Composed of objective (external) and subjective
●​ Informing organizations of their obligations to individuals. (internal) elements.

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●​ External Elements: Actual situation (physical characteristics, place, (Witkin, 2007; Schott and Weiss, 2015): A multi-systems, interdisciplinary
socio-cultural factors, overt behaviors). approach to addressing social problems.
●​ Internal Elements: Perceived situation (inner thoughts and feelings).

Challenges: Attributes of the Social Work Profession (Ernest Greenwood)

●​ Maintaining balance between self-demands and environmental demands, The social work profession is characterized by five attributes:
especially when incompatible.
●​ Dealing with situations as needed. Systematic Body of Knowledge
- A body of theory organized into an internally consistent system.
- Serves as the basis of the operations and skills of a professional.
Functions of Social Work - Learned through professional education.

The social work profession has three main functions: Types of Knowledge Used by Social Work:

Restorative Function ●​ Tested – based on research/scientific study.

Also known as curative, remedial, or rehabilitative. This function aims to identify, ●​ Hypothetical – unproven theory but tentatively accepted to explain some
resolve, or minimize problems stemming from disequilibrium. It works to remove the facts.
factors that caused the breakdown of social functioning and attempts to ●​ Assumptive – practice wisdom.
restore the client's healthy social functioning.
Professional Authority
Preventive Function
This function identifies potential imbalances between individuals/groups and their ●​ Comes from the educational background.
environment to prevent disequilibrium. It focuses on early discovery, control, and ●​ Gives the professional the capacity to help; the client has a sense of security
elimination of conditions that negatively affect social functioning. because of this.

Developmental Function Limitation: area of competence.

This function seeks to identify and strengthen the maximum potential of individuals,
groups, and communities. It aims to help individuals maximize their potential and Community Sanction
expand the effectiveness of resources. It has an educational aspect. ●​ Provides the profession powers and privileges, i.e., control over:
●​ Training centers – accreditation process (National Association for Social
Work Education, Inc.; Commission on Higher Education).
●​ Admission into the profession – RA 4373.
●​ Standards for professional performance – Board for Social Workers
Transformative Social Work (Professional Regulation Commission); Philippine Association of Social
Workers, Inc.; Civil Service Commission; Supreme Court.

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SW 101 - Knowledge and Philosophical Foundation of the Social Work Profession

Regulative Code of Ethics Parish Responsibility: Each parish responsible for its poor; levied taxes (poor
●​ Necessitates ethical behavior for members of a profession. rates) for relief.
●​ Formal (formal and written) and informal (unwritten; based on one’s sense of Workhouses: Provided work for able-bodied poor in exchange for food and shelter.
what is right). Outdoor Relief: Assistance provided in the homes of those unable to work.

Professional Culture Influence of the Elizabethan Poor Law

Composed of: ●​ Established principles of local responsibility, categorization of the poor, and
conditional assistance.
●​ Values – Beliefs; reason for existence. ●​ The distinction between "deserving" and "undeserving" poor became a
●​ Norms – Accepted standards of behavior; guides of a social worker in doing recurring theme.
things. ●​ Laid the foundation for more formalized welfare systems.
●​ Symbols – “Meaning-laden items”; emblems, insignia, dress, history, idioms, ●​ Sparked criticism due to punitive aspects.
vocabulary, stereotypes.
The Poor Law Revisions (1834-1909)

The Role of the Church in Early Social Welfare ●​ Shift toward a more punitive approach.
●​ The Speenhamland System (1795): Supplemented poor wages based on
●​ Provided spiritual guidance and charitable activities. bread price and family size; criticized for discouraging work and lowering
●​ Distributed alms, food, and clothing to those in need. wages.
●​ Monasteries served as centers of relief. ●​ The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 (New Poor Law): Abolished
●​ Activities rooted in Christian teachings emphasizing charity and compassion. outdoor relief for the able-bodied; required workhouse assistance
●​ Laid the groundwork for more structured forms of social support. (intentionally harsh to deter aid seeking); centralized control under the Poor
Law Commission.
The Elizabethan Poor Law ●​ Subsequent Reforms: Introduced old-age pensions (1908) and more
humane approaches.
●​ First legislation to establish a national system for poor relief.
The Beveridge Report (1942)
Categorized the poor into:
Identified five "Giant Evils":
●​ Able-bodied poor (capable of work). 1.​ Want
●​ Impotent poor (unable to work due to age or disability). 2.​ Disease
●​ Dependent children. 3.​ Ignorance
4.​ Squalor
Key Provisions: 5.​ Idleness.

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●​ Commenced after feudalism’s demise, following the government's

●​ Proposed a comprehensive social insurance system ("from cradle to grave"), establishment of the ‘Poor Law’ to minimize societal poverty.
funded by the state. ●​ The Industrial Revolution brought challenges (poor housing, prostitution,
●​ Key Recommendations: Universal social insurance, National Health Service disease, poverty), prompting the formation of social work agencies.
(NHS), Family Allowances. ●​ In the 1800s, social work became prevalent in the U.S., with activists using it
to address social ills.
Beginnings of the COS Movement and Settlement House Movement ●​ National Association of Social Workers (NASW) formed in 1955 to
oversee professional development, social policies implementation, and
●​ Voluntary organizations play a crucial role in the development of social work enhance educational opportunities.
as a profession.
●​ Charity Organization Society (COS) (1869): Coordinated charitable efforts, Key Historical Figures in U.S. Social Work
promoting "casework" (assessing individual needs and providing tailored
support). ●​ Jane Addams (1860-1936): Formed the U.S.’s Settlement House
●​ Settlement House Movement (1880s): Established community centers in Movement to build settlement houses for the urban poor and alleviate
impoverished areas, providing services (education, healthcare, legal aid) and poverty due to low income. Led to the establishment of 413 settlements
serving as hubs for social reform and activism. across 32 states (Farley, 2012).
●​ Harry Hopkins: Played an active role in providing aid to the needy during
Roosevelt’s era. Oversaw the reimbursement of $5 million to those
Definition of Social Work devastated by the Great Depression and lobbied for the construction of
hospitals and schools in poor areas (NASW, 2017).
Farley, Smith, and Boyle et al. (2012) ●​ Clara Barton (1821-1912): Formed the American Red Cross Organization
A profession that seeks to help groups, individuals, families, and communities with in 1873 to offer emotional and financial relief to victims of human or natural
the aim of enhancing their collective and individual well-being. Social workers help crises.
vulnerable individuals solve challenges (unemployment, poverty, disease outbreak, ●​ Edward Devine (1867-1948): Writer, educator, and advocate for social work
domestic violence) using broad skills, values, and knowledge (integrity, compassion, programs. Served as secretary general for the New York Charity
desire to help the needy). Organization Society and formed Wayfarer’s Lodge to help the less
privileged.
●​ Employment Settings: Children aid agencies, family service agencies,
psychiatric and general hospitals, correctional facilities, school boards, Social Work Education
welfare administration agencies, and federal departments.
●​ Employment Statistics (Harris and White, 2016): 74% of America’s social Council on Social Work Education (CSWE): Accredits social work educational
workers are employed in social and health services; 19% are employed in programs in the U.S. (currently 750 accredited baccalaureate programs).
government industries. Accreditation is based on curriculum, goals, mission, objectives, faculty,
governance structure and resources, and nondiscrimination.
Origins and Early Development in the U.S.

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Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS): Uses contemporary and The legal mandates that determine how social welfare programs will be delivered,
traditional curriculum design models to ensure quality services. Each curriculum has including how they will be made available to certain people for a specified period of
four features: program goals and mission, implicit curriculum, explicit time, based on established criteria. Social welfare reflects the beliefs and values of a
curriculum, and assessment (Council on Social Work Education, 2018). nation.

Program Levels: Masters, doctoral, and baccalaureate. Political Ideologies and Social Welfare

Significant Social Work Organizations in the U.S. Conservative: Historically supported less government intervention, favoring
personal responsibility for well-being ("boot straps" mentality); support limited
●​ At least 30 professional social work firms. taxation; support free enterprise, market-oriented economic system.
●​ NASW (National Association of Social Workers): Largest organization
(150,000 members); provides direction through its 55 chapters’ code of ethics Liberal: Support a more robust safety net for the poor (generally tax-funded);
and charity organization. support a tax structure rewarding work and limiting tax breaks for the rich; support
●​ NOFSW (National Organization of Forensic Social Work): Smallest government checks and balances and regulatory policies for fair competition.
organization.
●​ Other Significant Organizations: International Federation of Social Social Justice Principles
Workers, Clinical Social Work Association, and the Society for Social
Work and Research (established in 1994; geared towards research in social Fairness: All citizens have the right to access resources and opportunities.
work).
Equality: All people are entitled to human rights without regard to race, gender,
Conclusion economic, or educational status.

●​ Social work provides care and support to less privileged or physically Freedom: People share the need for independent thought and a sense of security.
challenged members of society affected by poverty, natural disasters, and
terminal illnesses. Service: The most needy require the most commitment.
●​ Majority of America’s social workers are in the healthcare field.
●​ CSWE directs organizations on the scope and quality of care using EPAS. Nonviolence: A peaceful approach is more respectful than violence.

Social Welfare Social Welfare Policy in Colonial America

The array of government programs, services, and institutions designed to maintain ●​ Mutual aid: Reliance on community support and self-help.
the stability and well-being of society. ●​ Elizabethan Poor Laws: Allowed taxes for social welfare services;
categorized the poor as deserving vs. non-deserving; included settlement
laws; provided outdoor and indoor relief.
Social Welfare Policy Social Welfare Policy in Colonial America

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Early Social Work Movements (1890-1920) ●​ JFK’s New Frontier program: Peace Corps; Area Redevelopment Act; Rural
Renewal Program; Aid to Families with Dependent Children; Community
●​ Charity Organization Society (COS): Employed "Friendly Visitors"; Mental Health Act.
focused on individual factors related to poverty. ●​ LBJ’s Great Society program: Economic Opportunity Act (Community
●​ Settlement Movement: Focused on environmental factors (roots of systems Action Program and Office of Economic Opportunity); Food Stamps Act;
theory); contributed to community organization, social action, and social Medicare and Medicaid; Teacher Corps; Head Start.
group work.
Reaganomics

Other Important Contributions of the Progressive Era ●​ Emphasized individual responsibility ("bootstrap theory"); trickle-down
economics.
●​ African American social work developments (urban northeast): ●​ Shrinking of federal government involvement in social welfare.
Segregated settlement houses; Armstrong Association of Philadelphia; ●​ Similar conservative approach under George Bush Sr., shifting programs
NAACP; The Urban League; Women’s Christian Alliance. from public to private sectors.
●​ Mary Richmond published Social Diagnosis in 1917, establishing ●​ Clinton's middle-of-the-road approach with the Personal Responsibility and
organized casework. Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996.

World War I Era The Bush and Obama Eras

●​ Shift in focus from "cause" (social justice) to "function" (social welfare ●​ George W. Bush's "compassionate conservatism."
bureaucracy) (Blau & Abramovitz, 2004, p. 249). ●​ 9/11 defined Bush's presidency.
●​ Expansion of practice settings. ●​ Obama's election was a symbolic victory.
●​ National Urban League developed in 1916. ●​ Obama's major policies: Stimulus package; Wall Street bailouts; DACA;
Affordable Care Act (ACA).
The Great Depression and World War II
The Current Administration (Trump)
●​ Renewed focus on "cause" or social justice due to widespread suffering.
●​ FDR’s New Deal: Created unemployment and Social Security systems. ●​ Unexpected victory in 2016.
●​ Harry Hopkins led the Federal Emergency Relief Administration ●​ Administration priorities: Strengthen military; withdraw from TPP and
●​ Social workers provided services to the armed forces during WWII. renegotiate NAFTA; moratorium on federal regulations; deport undocumented
●​ Post-war effects: New job fields; better understanding of human needs; immigrants with violent criminal records; safeguard Second Amendment
renewed interest in reform. rights; repeal and replace ACA.

America’s War on Poverty Limitation of Social Welfare in the 21st Century

●​ Impact of the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement.
●​ Crisis interventions instead of prevention

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●​ Programs target the young and old, ignoring the "nondeserving poor." ●​ Final/Concluding Phase: Reviewing the process, evaluating, sharing ending
●​ Lack of a living wage. feelings and saying goodbye, recording and notetaking.
Generic Tools
Generic Interactional Skills
Tools in Social Work Practice
Talking (voice, speech, language), listening (hearing and observing), encouraging
Facilitate the achievement of goals and objectives; require technical skills. and remembering, body language (nonverbal communication), active listening.

Generic Tools Qualities of an Effective Interviewer

1.​ Interviewing
2.​ Communication Self-understanding, responsible assertiveness, empathy, respect, authenticity,
3.​ Recordings professional social work knowledge, understanding of social work values and ethics,
4.​ Community Resources self-control.
5.​ Program and Activities.
Communication
Interviewing
(The Terminology Committee for Social Work, 1995 as cited in Obi-keguna, et
(Mendoza, 2008): A purposeful face-to-face meeting to obtain information, give al., 2017): Process by which thoughts or feelings are conveyed verbally, nonverbally,
instructions, or help. or virtually across people, groups, or systems.

(Vang & Rooney, 2017): Facilitates cooperative working relationships by focusing on (Obikeguna, et al., 2017): Process of sharing information, thoughts, and feelings
needs, wants, problems, resources, and solutions. through speaking, writing, or paralanguage.

Involves verbal and nonverbal communication; ideas, attitudes, and feelings are (Parris, 2012): Professional activity based on building relationships and skilled
exchanged. interaction to exchange and use information.

Interviewing Skills Elements of Communication

●​ Initial/Introductory Phase: Introducing yourself, clarifying purpose, seeking 1.​ Source

introduction, making transitions. 2.​ Receiver
●​ Developmental Phase: Analyzing, preparatory reviewing, synthesis, 3.​ Channel
reflecting a problem, preparatory arranging, developing an approach, 4.​ Message
preliminary planning, attending behaviors and minimal encouragements, 5.​ Feedback.
summarizing or recapitulation, paraphrasing, probing/questioning,
interpreting, reflecting feelings, advising, confronting, reframing. Types of Communication in Social Work

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SW 101 - Knowledge and Philosophical Foundation of the Social Work Profession

●​ Virtual attitudes, sense of accomplishment, pride and confidence, community change and
●​ Verbal development, awareness of social reality.
●​ Nonverbal/paralanguage
●​ Written Techniques in Social Work

Recordings ●​ Direct Treatment/Psychosocial Support: Actions that meet the

psychological and social needs of individuals, families, and communities
Purposes of Records: Monitoring and evaluation, planning and reporting, (IFRC, n.d.).
supervision of workers, education and research, referral and transfer of clients. ●​ Preventive: Decreases the risk of developing mental health problems.
●​ Curative: Helps overcome and deal with psychosocial problems arising from
Types of Records: Intake forms/admission form/application form, summary records, crises.
survey reports, case study reports, summarized process recordings, periodic ●​ Environmental Modification: Worker intervenes on behalf of the client when
evaluative summaries, transfer summaries, final evaluative statements. the client cannot cope with environmental stress; developing the client's
environmental skills.
●​ Small Talk: Starting the relationship by putting the client at ease/comfortable
Community Resources and establishing rapport.
●​ Ventilation: Helping a client express strong feelings.
Programs and services offered to help people; public, semi-public, private; local, ●​ Clarification: Understanding the basic nature of a client’s statement; enables
national, international; funds, supplies, equipment, training, consultancy, material, the social worker to seek specificity on what the client is thinking, feeling, and
counseling; tapped/mobilized or created; variety of scope. experiencing.
●​ Confrontation: Bringing the client face-to-face with lapses in behavior.
Programs and Activities ●​ Insight Development: New perceptions and understandings of self and
one's situation.
Carefully planned activity with a particular client system; worker mindful of the ●​ Direct Provision of Practical Services.
"interconnected series of social behavior" and their meanings.

Examples: International Social Work & History of the Social Work Profession
●​ Action-oriented
●​ Task-oriented projects Chapter 1 of book: talks about maps and how they affect our perception of the world,
●​ Short-term and the different types of maps available…. Talks about inequalities and the 2
●​ One-time. theories to explain why they exist: modernization theory & dependency
theory...stating its limitations as well...defines social development (encompassing
Purposes: Establish positive relationships, promote/improve communication, interventions and programs to improve social conditions) and explains that it is linked
diagnostic tool, channel for destructive energies, educational tool, socialization, with economic development
catharsis or expression of emotions, behavioral change, development of proper
Historical Perspective

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Links with pacifism

●​ Social Work is a relatively new profession Jane Addams—Nobel Prize
●​ First social welfare agencies = 1800s to meet the needs (i.e., food & shelter) ●​ Depression and nationalist focus
of people living in urban areas
●​ Developed by clergy and religious groups without formal training World War II
●​ Mid-1800s – large number of relief agencies established in large cities ●​ Collaboration with Nazis
helped with unemployment, poverty, illness, and orphans -​ Active support of policies
-​ Some resistance
Charity Organization Societies (COS) were adopted in large cities ●​ Japanese Internment
●​ Provide services to individuals and families
●​ Plan and coordinate efforts of private agencies to address social problems End of World War II
●​ Friendly visitors ●​ Need for relief and rebuilding
●​ Social Work involvement in UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in
Late 1800s – Settlement house movement Europe and China
●​ UN becomes largest contributor to the spread of professional social work
●​ Toynbee Hall in London throughout the world
●​ Hull House in Chicago (Jane Addams) ●​ 1950s/1960s Western models used

●​ Workers lived in impoverished neighborhoods 1970s Indigenization Trend

●​ Emphasized environmental reforms ●​ Anti-American feeling
●​ Sought to improve housing, health, and living conditions, find jobs, hygiene, & ●​ Social work is more political, radical and focus on political consciousness
occupational skills ●​ Latin America
●​ Settlement houses used: social group work, social action, and community ●​ Moved toward holistic perspective
organization ●​ Paulo Freire—new emphasis on participation, organization, and
consciousness-raising
1899 - First school of social work, Amsterdam, Netherlands
1904 – a 1-year program was offered by the NY School of Philanthropy (Columbia 1990s-move toward Eastern Bloc and China
University School of Social Work) European unification
1917 – Mary Richmond published Social Diagnosis, the 1st text to present a theory ●​ Professional integration
and methodology for social work (i.e., how social workers should intervene with ●​ Right to work in member countries
individuals) ●​ Mutual recognition of professional qualifications

●​ Still used today in the areas of collecting information, diagnosis, prognosis, Seeds of International Professional Action
and treatment planning ●​ Important international issues of early 20th century
●​ “Woman’s work” -​ Women’s issues
Jane Addams

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Alice Salomon ●​ To promote social work as a profession with professional standards and
ethics
World peace ●​ Development of ethical standards for the global profession
●​ Jane Addams ●​ International Code of Ethics—1976
Labor conditions ●​ Ethics in Social Work: Statement of Principles—2004 (Appendix A)
Children’s conditions ●​ Consultative Status with UN
●​ Eglantyne Jebb ●​ Human Rights Commission (official liaison to Amnesty International)

International Organizations International Council on Social Welfare

●​ An interdisciplinary organization to promote social development and social
●​ International Conference of Social Work in 1928 welfare
-​ 2,481 delegates from 42 countries ●​ Forum for exchange of knowledge on social welfare and social development
-​ Three major international organizations started ●​ Members are national committees, national associations, international
organizations, NGOs
●​ IASSW (International Association of Schools of Social Work) ●​ Consultative status with UN to increase voice of social welfare
●​ IFSW (International Federation of Social Workers)
●​ ICSW (International Council on Social Welfare) Values and Ethics for International Professional Action
Ethics in Social Work: Statement of Principles

International Association of Schools of Social Work ●​ Ethical behavior is essential to quality of work
●​ Ethical challenges
●​ To promote and develop quality education, training and knowledge for social ●​ Country specific or common problems
work practice worldwide, to encourage exchange among educators and to ●​ Social workers in the middle of conflicting interests
represent social work education globally ●​ Social workers function as helpers and controllers
●​ Family Planning Project—population and family planning added to ●​ Duty to protect versus societal demands for efficiency and utility
curriculum in 31 schools ●​ Limited resources
●​ International conventions
Social work defined its own approach to family planning ●​ Common standards of achievement
●​ Recognize rights accepted by global community
●​ Family planning is a human right, essential element in family health and
welfare, and as a significant aspect of social development Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Convention on the Rights of the Child
●​ Strengthened the national relevance of the social work curriculum as a whole
●​ Developed standards for social work education worldwide ●​ Human rights and human dignity
●​ Respecting the right to self-determination
●​ Promoting the right to participation
International Federation of Social Workers ●​ Treating each person as a whole

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●​ Identifying and developing strengths ●​ UN Declaration of Human Rights may be product of “western liberal ideology”
●​ Social Justice emphasizing individualism versus communalism emphasized in African
●​ Challenging negative discrimination culture
●​ Recognizing and respecting diversity
●​ Distributing resources equitably Core Social Work Values and Universalism/Relativism
●​ Challenging unjust policies and practices
●​ Working in solidarity ●​ Self-determination
●​ Professional conduct ●​ Asian culture may expect directives from social worker
●​ Related to ethical practice specific to national context ●​ African culture prefers group determination
●​ Confidentiality
Universalism vs. Cultural Relativism ●​ In Africa, problems resolved through open discussion, with involvement of
extended families and village or tribal elders
Universalism: Culture is irrelevant to the validity of moral rights and rules ●​ Equality and nondiscrimination
●​ Growing immigrant alienation issues
Cultural Relativism: Culture is the sole source of the validity of a moral right or rule ●​ Extending equality based on sexual orientation can be in opposition of
religious belief systems
●​ Continuum from one to the other is more useful ●​ Universalism of life claim: 1994 Human Development Report proposed
●​ Mixed positions occupy the center of the continuum principle that no child should be doomed to a short life or a miserable one
●​ Universalism-relativism debate merely because that child happened to be born in the “wrong class” or the
●​ When is different just different and when is different wrong? “wrong country” or to be the “wrong sex”
●​ much debate over human rights of children, disabled, gays, lesbians, ethnic
minorities, women So, which is it? Universalism or Cultural Relativism?

Equality vs. Culture Social Work Organizations - International, National and Student Organizations at
FAU
●​ Role and status of women often at heart of debate
●​ UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination International Association of School Social Work
Against Women (CEDAW)
●​ CEDAW calls for cultural changes, Article 5, to “modify social and cultural ●​ Purpose is to promote and develop quality education, training, and
patterns of conduct of men and women with a view to achieving the knowledge for social work practice worldwide, to encourage exchange among
elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices which are educators and to represent social work education globally.
based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or
an stereotypes roles of men and women”
●​ Reservations filed by ratifying countries indicating widespread and International Federation of Social Workers
deep-rooted resistance to the concept of full equality for women, ie. in
marriage and family life

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●​ Purpose is to promote social work as a profession, to support national ●​ Policy/Program change advocate
associations, to encourage and facilitate contacts between social workers of ●​ Mobilizer of community elite
all countries, and to represent the profession of the international level.
FIELDS OF SOCIAL WORK
International Council on Social Welfare
●​ Child welfare
●​ An interdisciplinary organization to promote social development and social ●​ Cultural communities
welfare, to serve as a forum for exchange of knowledge in these areas, to ●​ Family welfare
maintain active liaison with the UN on social development matters. ●​ Health
●​ Community welfare
National Association of Social Workers ●​ Corrections
●​ Special groups
●​ The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is the largest ●​ School social work
membership organization of professional social workers in the world. NASW ●​ Industry and labor
works to enhance the professional growth and development of its members, ●​ International social welfare
to create and maintain professional standards, and to advance sound social ●​ Social planning
policies. ●​ Military social work

THE GENERALIST SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE

SOCIAL WORK PRINCIPLES, ROLES & FIELDS DEFINING SOCIAL WORK
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK ●​ Promotion of social change
●​ Client Acceptance of people as they are ●​ Problem-solving in human relationships
●​ Client participation in problem solving ●​ Empowerment and liberation of people
●​ Right of client to self-determination ●​ Enhancement of well-being
●​ Worker self-individualization
●​ Confidentiality SOCIAL WORK: PURPOSES
●​ Client-Worker Relationship awareness
●​ Releasing human power – reaching potentials /contribution to the collective
SOCIAL WORKERS ROLES good of the society
●​ Counselor/Therapist ●​ Releasing social power – creating societal changes, social institutions and
●​ Resource provider social policy
●​ Social broker
●​ Mediator
●​ Advocate
●​ Enabler SOCIAL WORK: ACTIVITIES
●​ Documenter / Social critique

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●​ Enhance problem-solving, coping and developmental capacities of people SYSTEM LEVELS FOR SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION
●​ Link people with resources and services
●​ Work toward a humane and adequate social delivery system => program ●​ Micro - providing direct services, interventions, and support to individuals,
planning families, and groups
●​ Participation in social policy development ●​ Mezzo - identify factors that affect the well-being of multiple clients within
●​ Research engagement organizations like schools or social service agencies, or within a small
community, such as youth at-risk in an inner-city neighborhood; collaborating
GENERALIST SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE with other client systems and agencies, implementing programs and
Miley, O’Melia & Dubois (2004) advocating for services and resources
●​ Provides an integrated and multilevel approach for meeting the purposes of ●​ Macro - confronts issues at the systems-level; advocacy, community
SW organizing, program development, and policymaking
●​ Acknowledgement of the interplay of personal and collective issues
●​ Uses a repertoire of skills needed for a variety of client life situations METHODS OF SOCIAL WORK
Mendoza (2008)
●​ Application of an eclectic knowledge base, professional values and a wide Direct (PRIMARY) - Directly applied in the field situation among the people to
range of skills to target systems of any size, for change within the context of solve their problems
four primary processes: Indirect (SECONDARY) - Operates at the secondary levels but not with the people
-​ Emphasis on client empowerment directly
-​ Working effectively within an organizational structure
-​ Assumption of a wide range of professional roles PRIMARY METHODS
-​ Application of critical thinking skills to the planned change process ●​ Social Casework
(Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009) ●​ Social Groupwork
-​ Uses a problem-solving technique to assess a client’s situation, plan ●​ Community Organization
to change, intervention, and then evaluates the planned intervention
(Kibin, 2021) SECONDARY METHODS
●​ Social Action - Organized effort aimed at securing social progress and
PREMISES: solving mass social problems through social legislation influence or
●​ Connection of human behavior to the social and physical environment administration of social services
●​ Opportunities for enhancing the functioning of any human system include ●​ SW Research - Critical inquiry and scientific testing of the validity of SW
changing the system itself organization, functions and methods to verify, generalize and extend SW
●​ Work with any level of human system uses similar SW processes (dialogues, knowledge and skill
discovery to locate resources, development to accomplish purposes of the ●​ Social Welfare Administration - process of managing the affairs of social
work) work or social welfare. Managing social welfare agencies to help people
●​ Practitioners have responsibilities beyond direct practice to work toward just (planning, organizing, staffing, directing coordination, reporting, budgeting)
social policies as well as conduct and apply research

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ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE ●​ Change originating from a decision to make deliberate efforts to improve the
system and seek help from an outside agent to realize this improvement.
Person ●​ Decision may be made by the system itself or by an outside change agent.
Client System (Lippit, et al. in Mendoza, 2008):
●​ Personality system (conscious, unconscious, a. mind, body) Phases of Planned Change:
●​ Group: families, staff, clubs, smaller social units
●​ Organization: business, welfare agencies, schools, religious, government I.​ Client discovers the need for help.
bureaus, political parties II.​ Establish the helping relationship.
●​ Community: individual citizens, informal groups, organized subgroups, III.​ Identify and clarify the change problem.
economic and social strata, geographical units, etc. IV.​ Examine alternative possibilities; Define goals.
●​ A person who fails or cannot cope with his problems through his own effort V.​ Change efforts are attempted.
and seeks a social worker's help. VI.​ Generalize and stabilize the changes.
VII.​ End the helping relationship.
Problem
●​ Situation that needs to be assessed. Problem-Solving Process (Helen Harris Perlman):
●​ Reason for the entry of the change agent. A. Study – facts related to the problem are ascertained and understood. Cognitive
●​ Cause of distress and social dysfunction. process. Rational procedure that involves a series of steps to be followed
sequentially.
Place
●​ Welfare agency or institution where the professional caseworker is employed B. Diagnosis – facts are probed, organized, examined in terms of relationships.
and helps the client in his/her social functioning. C. Treatment – resolution of problem.
●​ An organized institution which renders services, materials or non-materials
for the solution of client problems (Hussain & Alauddin). Social Work Helping Process:
●​ Cognitive process + relationship between the worker and the client system.
Semi-Public ●​ Guided by professional values and ethical principles, especially in handling
Public feelings and attitudes.
Private/Semi-Private

Process

●​ Development of the helping relationship:

●​ Phases of planned change.
PHILOSOPHICAL AND VALUE FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL WORK
Planned Change
CRITERIA TO DISTINGUISH A PROFESSION FROM AN OCCUPATION

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●​ Profession is responsible for the public interest, in contributing to the social Belief in an individual’s worth and dignity because of his capacity to reason, to
well-being and is accountable to the public for the manner and standards of analyze rationally and to make choices (democratic view) and because he/she was
conducting activities. created in the image of God (Christian view).
●​ Profession has a body of knowledge based in scientific theories used by the
practitioner for his/her work (possession of ‘know why’ and ‘know how’). VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK
●​ Adherence to values and professional attitudes.
●​ Has a body of skills (fusion of attitudes and knowledge). ●​ Obligation of each person to seek ways of self-fulfillment that contribute to
●​ Professional members are organized and share knowledge, skills and norms common good.
of conduct which they develop. ●​ Obligation of the society to facilitate the individual’s self-fulfillment and right to
enrichment.
COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION ●​ Right of each person to self-fulfillment.
●​ Harmoniously develop powers to satisfy the basic needs (physical,
VALUE KNOWLEDGE SKILL psychological, economic, cultural, aesthetic and spiritual).
●​ Worth attached to things, systems or persons in terms of usefulness, truth, ●​ Interdependence of social organizations and individuals.
goodness or beauty ●​ Provision of devices by the social organization so that self-realization and
●​ What is thought to be, as confirmed by reality contribution to society by the individual is realized.
●​ Ability, expertness or proficiency gained from practice and knowledge
●​ Something that is preferred and the preference is measured in accordance CONCEPTS IMPLIED IN THE VALUES
with the price, effort or sacrifice one will make to obtain the article, behavior
or state of affairs preferred ●​ Inherent Human Potential & Capacities: Ability to fulfill him/herself because
●​ Those that are established by the highest standards of objectivity and of inherent capabilities.
rationality of which man is capable ●​ Social Responsibility: Obligation of each one to contribute to the common
●​ Ability to apply knowledge and values of the profession in working with good / society.
people ●​ Equal Opportunity: Social justice - fairness, equality in access to services.
●​ Determines social relationships ●​ Social Provision: Social resources to satisfy human needs.
●​ Facts and information
ULTIMATE VALUE OF SOCIAL WORK
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION
It is good and desirable for man to fulfill his potential, to realize himself and to
Body of principles where the professional’s attitudes are based and directs one’s balance this with equal effort to help others do the same. - William Gordon
professional behavior/conduct
VIEWS ABOUT THE NATURE OF MAN (Leonard Schneiderman)
PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL WORK
●​ NATURAL VIEW versus TRANSCENDENTAL VIEW
●​ MAN AS SOCIAL, ASOCIAL OR ANTISOCIAL BEING

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Social: aspiration to live in good terms with others, to be part and contribute to group ●​ Kanya-Kanya Syndrome (crab mentality)
life.
Asocial: as discreet and separate from others; forms groups for mutual protection KAPWA (SHARED IDENTITY)
and safety.
Antisocial: inherently seeking, egotistical, out to extend personal gains at the ●​ Unity of self and others, recognition of shared identity, an inner self shared
expense of others. with others.
●​ Hindi ako iba sa aking kapwa (Enriquez, 1978).
DEMOCRATIC VIEW ●​ Linked to kagandahang-loob (shared humanity), karangalan (dignity),
katarungan (justice), and Kalayaan (freedom).
●​ Man as a rational being, capable of reason and choice, able to use resources
to work for his welfare. PAKIKIPAGKAPWA
●​ Alive, has a body, has feelings, is a thinking and willing being.
●​ Nourishes self, becomes aware of his material environment through his ●​ Accepting and dealing with the other person as an equal.
senses, thinks with his intellect. ●​ Regard for the dignity and being of others.

FILIPINO CULTURAL VALUES KAPWA (TOGETHERNESS): CORE CONSTRUCT OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY

STRENGTHS OF THE FILIPINO CHARACTER Ibang Tao (outsider) Hindi Ibang Tao (one of us)
Pakikitungo (civility) Pakikipagpalagayang-loob (act of mutual trust)
●​ Pakikipagkapwa-tao (Bayanihan, Pakikiramdam, Pagtitiwala, Utang na Loob) Pakikisalamuha (act of mixing) Pakikisangkot (act of joining others)
●​ Flexibility, Adaptability, Creativity Pakikilahok (act of joining)
●​ Family Orientation Pakikibagay (conformity)
●​ Sense of Humor
●​ Hard work or Industry COVAR’S CONCEPT OF FILIPINO PERSONHOOD
●​ Spirituality
●​ Ability to Survive Elements:
A.​ Kaluluwa (spirit) – life’s source
WEAKNESSES OF THE FILIPINO CHARACTER B.​ Budhi (conscience) – guide in actions and judges the life led by a person
C.​ Katauhang panlabas (external appearance) – physical characteristics
●​ Extreme Family Centeredness (Political Dynasty, Compadreism, Kamag-anak associated with body parts and its related meanings
Inc) D.​ Katauhang panloob (innermost being) – innermost feelings
●​ Lack of Discipline (Filipino time, Palusot and Pwede na yan Syndrome,
ningas cogon, mamaya na habit, saka na yan attitude) FILIPINO CONCEPT OF LOOB
●​ Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection
●​ Extreme Personalism (Pakiusap, Palakasan, Nepotism, Favoritism) CONCEPT DEFINITION
●​ Colonial Mentality

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Utang na loob Debt of gratitude Labag sa kalooban Unwilling

Ipagkaloob To entrust Maluwag sa kalooban Willing

Lagay ng loob Mood, state of the mind or feeling Aside from the cultural values, the Philippines is rich in beliefs, customs and
traditions which could help social workers in understanding the behavior
Lakas-loob Courage (psychology) of their clients. The Filipino culture could also help the social workers
reflect on how the professional values, ethics and standards of behavior could be
Tibay ng loob Inner strength, resilience
influenced or contradicted by these

THEORETICAL APPROACHES IN SOCIAL WORK

Tining ng loob Clarity of thinking and feeling

Kababaang loob Humility Why use theories?

Kusang loob Initiative ●​ Essential ingredient in practice that guides the way in which social workers
view and approach individuals, groups, communities and society.
Kabutihang loob Good naturedness ●​ Helps to predict, explain and assess situations and behaviors, and provide a
rationale for how the social worker should react and intervene with clients
who have particular histories, problems or goals.
FILIPINO CONCEPT OF LOOB ●​ Inform social workers of the type of method that is most appropriate for use
with a client. Basis of social workers tasked with approaching, assessing and
CONCEPT DEFINITION providing interventions, or methods.

Payapang loob Calm; at peace Theory Method

Kapalagayang loob Confidant Hypothesis Means
Pampalubag loob Something given to soothe Premise Way
Saloobin Inner feeling or thoughts Presumption Process
Masama ang loob Angry, holding a grudge Conjecture System
Masamang loob Crook (one belonging to criminal class) Speculation Scheme
Mahina ang loob Coward

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Assumption Technique Boundaries Closed circle around selected variables

where there is less interchange of
Guess Mode energy or communication across the
circle around than there is within the
Coverage: circle.

Tension Conflict that can be destructive or

●​ Systems Perspective
constructive.
●​ Structural Fundamentalists
●​ Ecological Theory Feedback Communications network that produces
●​ Critical Theories action in response to an input of
●​ Anti-Oppressive information and includes the results of
●​ Structural Social its own action in the new information by
●​ Strengths-Based which it modifies its subsequent
●​ Empowerment behavior (negative or positive).
●​ Resiliency Work
●​ Feminist/Gender Sensitive Change and Stability Change towards a purposive,
●​ Post-Modern goal-directed action. Equilibrium or
steady state and order.
SYSTEMS THEORY
Role Expected behavior of a person
CONCEPT OF SYSTEM occupying a particular status or position
in a social system.
●​ A whole consisting of interdependent and interacting parts; A set of units with
relationships among them.
●​ All social units are conceived as systems with subsystems (internal Types of Social Systems
organizations) that relate to other systems in the environment.
Change Agent System: Agency / Organization that employs the SWer who will
Related Concepts: make plans toward changes.
Client System: Asks for the SWer’s services, expected to benefit from the services
and have entered into an explicit contract with the worker.
Concept Description Target System: People that need to change or be influenced by the change agents
to accomplish goals.
Open and Closed System OS = engaged in interchanges with the Action System: Systems interacted with by the worker in a cooperative way to bring
environment and continues to grow and about change helpful to the clients.
change. CS = not in interaction with Professional System: PASWI, Educational system, Values and sanctions of
other systems; has entropy. professional practice.

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Problem Identification System: System that acts to bring a potential client to the ●​ Belief in multiple realities because each one has their own individually
worker’s attention. constructed frame of reference (Fisher, 1991).
●​ Events in one’s life have meaning only as they are interpreted by the people
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY who experience them.
●​ Feeling of empowerment comes from experiences that accentuate
●​ Urie Bronfenbrenner competencies and cultivate feelings of power and control.
●​ Humans can be best understood only in the context of the systems where
they live. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM

Bioecological Systems Theory Emphasis is on the impact of the social and cultural environment (language, cultural
beliefs, social interaction) that could lead to disempowering beliefs and oppressive
●​ Believes that the child and youth development is influenced by many different environmental conditions.
“contexts,” “settings,” or “ecologies” (such as family, peers, schools,
communities, sociocultural belief systems, policy regimes, and the economy).
●​ Analyzes the lives of people whose biopsychological characteristics and the
environments in which they live their lives have much effect to their ANTI-OPPRESSIVE PERSPECTIVE
development (Bronfenbrenner, 1995, p. 8).
●​ Problems of IGC are caused by social injustices.
Microsystem: Impacts a child directly. The people with whom the child interacts ●​ Barriers that proliferate oppression:
(parents, peers, and teachers). The relationship between individuals and those a. Personal (e.g. own views, stereotypes, biases)
around them needs to be considered as it affects what goes on in a child. b. Cultural (e.g. traditions, rituals, cultural beliefs)
Mesosystem: Interactions between those subsystems surrounding the individual c. Institutional (e.g. oppressive laws or policies)
which have indirect effects on the child.
Exosystem: Larger institutions such as the mass media or the healthcare system, STRUCTURAL SOCIAL WORK
which have an impact on families and peers and schools who operate under policies
and regulations found in these institutions. ●​ Practice model that assumes that inadequate social arrangements are mainly
Macrosystem: The cultural values and beliefs. These larger ideals and expectations responsible for many of the client’s problems.
inform institutions that will ultimately impact the individual. ●​ Aims to help people modify the social situations that limit their functionings.
Chronosystem: Encompasses the concept of time. Pertains to the time and the era
individuals reside in that will influence children's development. Consists of patterning Feminist Theory
of environmental events and shifts over life course. May include a sudden incident in
life that completely changes the life pattern of an individual. ●​ Developed out of the philosophy of feminism/women’s movement (awareness
of women’ oppression and exploitation in society, at work and within the
CONSTRUCTIVISM family and conscious action by women and men to change the situation).
●​ Subjugation of women is embedded in society and reflected in interpersonal
relationships and interactions.

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●​ Examines situations and solutions for gender bias. Strengths-Based Perspective

●​ Stance of workers: from neutrality to a position of advocacy for gender
equality. The oppressed position of women is a patriarchal construction of EMPOWERMENT: assisting IFC in discovering and using the resources and tools
reality. within areas around them.
RESILIENCE: skills, abilities, knowledge and insight accumulated over time as
FEMINISM CHAMPIONS: people struggle to surmount adversity and meet challenges.

Nancy Chodorow, Carol Gilligan, Jean Baker Miller Institute, Sandra Bem EMPOWERMENT THEORY
●​ Marxist Feminism: discrimination, oppression or abuse of women is due to
capitalism; women's liberation can only be achieved by dismantling the ●​ Emerged from efforts to develop more effective and responsive services for
capitalist systems in which they contend much of women's labor is women and people of color.
uncompensated. ●​ Focused on changing the distribution of power.
●​ Liberal Feminism: goal was to integrate women more thoroughly into the ●​ Goal: increase personal, interpersonal and political power in order to improve
power structure and to give women equal access to positions men had the situations of IFC (Gutierrez, 1994).
traditionally dominated.
●​ Radical Feminism: all relationships between men and women are based on Dimensions of Empowerment (Rappaport, 1987)
patriarchy – essentially men are the cause of women’s exploitation and
oppression. For radical feminists, the entire patriarchal system needs to be ●​ Personal: Competence, Mastery, Feelings of control, Esteem.
overturned, in particular the family, which they view as root of women’s ●​ Interpersonal: Interdependence, Sense of influence, Partnership, Social
oppression. support, Respected status.
●​ Postmodern Feminism: goal is to destabilize the patriarchal norms ●​ Sociopolitical: Privilege, Citizen’s rights, Control of resources, Access to
entrenched in society that have led to gender inequality…Seeks to analyze opportunities, Social justice, Goodness-of-Fit.
any notions that have led to gender inequality in society.
AS A CONCEPT
POSTMODERNISM
Dimensions of Empowerment
Move towards the acknowledgement of multiple truths, diversity and fragmentations. AS A PROCESS

STRENGTH PERSPECTIVE
Actualizing Consciousness-Raising Strengthening Creating
●​ Belief: people have untapped, undetermined reservoirs of mental, physical, Becoming Discovering Developing Constructing
emotional, social and spiritual abilities that can be expressed (Weick, Rapp, Collaborating Acknowledging Activating Expanding
Sullivan, & Kisthardt, 1989). Respecting Enhancing Connecting Integrating
●​ Ideas of resilience, rebound, possibility and transformation.
●​ From what was to what can and what will be. Elements of Empowerment in the W-C Relationship

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- Social Worker
- Client
- Sense of Strength
- Respect for Client
- Shared Power
- Feelings of Power and Competence
- Belief in Client’s Ability and Privilege
- Environmental Resources

Wellness Theory (Jones and Kilpatrick)

- Thoughts and feelings we experience directly affect our physical functioning and
well-being, and vice-versa.
- Recognition of the strong and important relationship between body, mind and
environment and health and wellness.

TRANSPERSONAL/SPIRITUAL APPROACHES

- Human possibilities go beyond self-actualization and beyond ego…beyond

limitations of time and space.
- Need for meaning and a spiritual life is as real as biological and social needs.

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