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PRACTICAL 3
PRAKTIES 3
HISTOLOGY/HISTOLOGIE
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PLASMOLYSIS / PLASMOLIESE
• Prepare onion cell slide • Berei ui sel skyfie voor
• Make sure entire cover glass area • Maak seker hele dekglasie area
filled with Iodine gevul met jodium
• Drop 2 drops of 15% salt-water on • Drup 2-3 druppels van 15%
one side of cover glass soutwater by eenkant van dekglasie
• Use filter paper on other side of • Gebruik filtreer-papier aan
cover glass to allow salt-water flow anderkant van dekglasie sodat
through onion soutwater deur ui beweeg
• Leave slide until end of practical • Los skyfie tot einde van prakties
PROCESS / PROSSES
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HISTOLOGY/HISTOLOGIE
• Histology is the study of tissues. • Histologie is die studie van weefsels.
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TISSUES/WEEFSELS
• Four main types • Vier Hoof Tipes
Epithelial Tissue Epiteel Weefsel
Connective Tissue Bind Weefsel
Muscle Tissue Spier Weefsel
Nerve Tissue Senuwee Weefsel
EPITHELIAL TISSUE / EPITEEL WEEFSEL
• Simple Squamous (Pavement) • Eenvoudige Plaveisel
• Simple Cuboidal • Eenvoudige Kubus
• Simple Columnar • Eenvoudige Kolom
Cilliated Columnar Wimper Kolom
Transitional Oorgangs
Stratified Squamous Gelaagde Plaveisel
Stratified Cuboidal Gelaagde Kubus
Stratified Columnar Gelaagde Kolom
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE / EPITEEL WEEFSEL
• Epithelium is an avascular tissue • Epiteel is nie-vaskulêre weefsel
composed of cells that covers bestaande uit selle wat
Exterior body surfaces Buite oppervlak van die liggaam
bedek
Internal closed cavities (tubes)
Interne geslote holtes bedek
Function as receptors
(buise)
Funksioneer as resetore
• Classification of Epithelium
Based on two factors – number of
• Klassifikasie van Epiteel
layers & shape
Gebaseer op twee faktore – aantal
lae & form
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE / EPITEEL WEEFSEL
• Thus, epithelium is described as: • Dus, word epiteel beskruf as:
Simple – when it is one cell layer Eenvoudig – wanneer dit een
sellaag dik is
thick
Gestratifiseerde – wanneer dit twee
Stratified – when it has two or
of meer sellae het
more layers
Plaveisel epiteel - breedte van die
Squamous – width of the cell is sel is groter as die hoogte
greater than the height Kubus epiteel – breedte, hoogte &
Cuboidal – width, height & depth diepte is min of meer dieselfde
are pretty much the same Kollom epiteel – hoogte is grooter
Columnar – height exceeds the as die breedte
width
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE / EPITEEL WEEFSEL
• Typical Locations: • Tipiese plekke van voorkoms
Vascular system (Endothelium) Vaskulêre systeem (Endoteel)
Body cavities (Mesothelium) Liggaamsholtes (Mesoteel)
Respiratory spaces Asemhalings spasies
• Main functions: • Hooffunksies:
Exchange (gases & nutrition) Uitruiling (gasse &
Filtration (waste products) voedingsstowwe)
Filtrasie (afvalprodukte)
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What you should see
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium
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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
EENVOUDIGGE PLAVEISEL EPITEEL
• Location: • Plek van voorkoms
Capillary walls Kapilêre wande
Alveoli Aloveoli
Lining of body cavities Voering van liggaamsholtes
• Function: • Funksie
Diffusion Diffusie
Filtration Filtrasie
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SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
EENVOUDIGE KUBUS EPITEEL
• Location: • Plek van voorkoms
Glands Kliere
Lining of kidneys Voering van die niere
Salivary ducts Speeksel kanale
Pancreatic ducts Pankreas kanale
Ovaries Eierstokke
• Function: • Funksies
Secretion • Afskeiding
Excretion • Uitskeiding
Absorption • Absorpsie
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SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
EENVOUDIGE KOLOM EPITEEL
• Location: • Plek van vookoms
Lines the uterus Voer die baarmoeder uit
Organs of the digestive tract Organe van die
spysverteringskanaal
• Function
Protection • Funksies
Secretion Beskerming
Absorption Afseiding
Absorbsie
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BINDWEEFSEL
• Comprises a diverse group of cells • Bestaan uit ‘n diverse groep selle
within a tissue-specific extracellular binne ‘n weefsel-spesifieke
matrix (ECM) ekstrasellulêre matriks (ESM)
• The ECM includes structural and • Die ESM bevat struktuur- en
specialized proteins that constitute gespesialiseerde protiëne wat bydra
the ground substance to grond stof
The functions of the various Die funksies van die verskillende
connective tissues are reflected bindweefsel word weerspieël in
in the types of cells and fibres die tipe selle en vesels wat
present (composition of the verteenwoordig word
ECM) (samestelling van die ESM)
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BINDWEEFSEL
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MUSCLE TISSUE / SPIER WEEFSEL
• Muscle tissue is responsible for • Spierweefsel is verantwoordelik vir
movement of the body die beweging van die liggaam
• This tissue is characterised by • Hierdie weefsel word gekenmerk
aggregates of specialised elongated deur versamelings van
cells arranged in parallel array that gespecialiseerde verlengde selle
have the primary function of wat parallel gerangskik is, met die
contraction primêre funksie van sametrekking
• Muscle is classified according to the • Spiere word geklassifiseer volgens
appearance of the contractile cells die voorkoms van sametrekkende
selle
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MUSCLE TISSUE / SPIER WEEFSEL
• Two principle types of muscle are • Twee hoof tipes spiere word erken:
recognised: Gestreepte spiere – selle vertoon
Striated muscle – cells exhibit dwars strepe by ligmikroskoop
cross striations at light vlak
microscope level Gladde spiere – vertoon geen
Smooth muscle – do not exhibit dwars strepe
cross striations
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STRIATED MUSCLE
GESTREEPTE SPIERE
• Striated muscle can be further sub • Gestreepte spiere can verder
classified on the basis of its location onderverdeel word t.o.v die plek van
Skeletal muscle – attached to bone voorkoms
Cardiac muscle – striated muscle Skeletspiere – geheg aan bene
found in the wall of the heart Hartspiere – gestreepte spiere in
die wande van die hart
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
SKELETSPIERE
• Location and Function: • Plek van voorkoms en Funksie:
Skeletal muscle is the most Skeletspier is die volopste
abundant tissue in the vertebrate weefsel in die vertebraate
body. These muscles are attached liggaam. Hierdie spiere wat aan
to the bones die bene geheg is
It brings about the movement of Maak die beweging van die
the various bones of the skeleton, verskillende bene van die skelet
hence the name skeletal muscles moontlik, vandaar die naam
skeletspiere
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
SKELETSPIERE
• Location and Function cont. • Plek van voorkoms en Funksie
Skeletal muscles function in pairs vervolg:
Brings about co-ordinated Skeletspiere funksioneer in pare
movements of the limbs, trunk, en maak die gekoördineerde
jaws, eyeballs, etc. bewegings moontlik.
Skeletal muscles are directly Voorbeelde: ledemate, kake, oë
involved in the breathing process ens.
Skeletspiere is direk betrokke by
die asemhaling
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CARDIAC/HART
• Location • Plek van voorkoms:
This is a unique tissue found only Dit is 'n unieke weefsel gevind
in the walls of the heart slegs in die wande van die hart
Cardiac muscle tissue plays the Hartspier weefsel speel die
most important role in belangrikste rol in die inkrimping
the contraction of the atria and van die atriums en ventrikels van
ventricles of the heart die hart.
It causes the rhythmical beating Dit is verantwoordelik vir die
of the heart, which circulates the ritmiese klop van die hart, en die
blood and its contents throughout sirkulering van die bloed
the body as a consequence dwarsdeur die liggaam
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SMOOTH MUSCLE/GLADDE SPIER
• Location: • Plek van voorkoms:
Smooth muscle forms the muscle Gladdespier vorm die spierlae in
layers in the walls of hollow die wande van hol organe soos
organs such as the digestive tract die spysverteringskanaal
(lower part of the oesophagus, (onderste deel van die slukderm,
stomach and intestines) maag en ingewande),
The walls of the bladder, die wande van die blaas, die
the uterus, various ducts of uterus, verskeie kanale van kliere
glands and the walls of blood en die wande van bloedvate
vessels
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ASSIGNMENT / OPDRAG
• Total: 30 marks (all drawings should have labels) • Totaal: 30 punte (alle tekeninge moet opskrifte he)
• Plasmolysis - description (2) • Plasmoliese – beskrywing (2)
Drawing (4) Tekening (4)
• Tissues: • Weefsel:
Epithelial Tissue: Epiteel Weefsel:
Name 3 types (3) Noem 3 tipes (3)
Draw at least 2 type (8) Teken ten minste 2 (8)
Connective Tissue: Bind Weefsel:
Name 4 types (4) Noem 4 tipes (4)
Muscle Tissue: Spier Weefsel:
Name 3 types (3) Noem 3 tipes (3)
Draw at least 1 type (4) Teken ten minste een tipe (4)
Two marks for returning your slide Twee punte vir die terugkeer van jou skyfie en
and coverslip (2) dekglasie (2)
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