Institute of Management and Planning & Advanced Computer Training

(IMPACT), Patna

Affiliated to Aryabhatta Knowledge University

Project Report on
“Hospital Management System”
In Partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA)

(2022 - 2025)

Under the guidance of: Submitted by:

Mr. Devi Dayal Sinha Priyanshu Kumar Singh
Designation: Assistant Professor Reg. No.: 22303316003
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have helped and supported

me in the successful completion of my final year project titled “Hospital Management

System”.

First and foremost, I extend my heartfelt thanks to Mr. Devi Dayal Sinha, my project

guide, for his valuable guidance, consistent encouragement, and constructive

suggestions throughout the development of this project. His mentorship has been a

source of motivation and confidence for me.

I am also grateful to our respected Director, Mr. Manish Kumar, and Principal, Dr.

Niharika, for providing us with the opportunity, facilities, and academic environment to

carry out this project successfully as part of the curriculum.

I extend my sincere appreciation to the faculty members of the Department of

Computer Applications, my friends, and all those who directly or indirectly

contributed to the successful completion of this project.

Last but not least, I am thankful to my family for their moral support and

encouragement throughout the project duration.

This project has given me an opportunity to practically apply my academic knowledge

and enhance my skills in Java and database development, which will be invaluable for

my future career.

— Priyanshu Kumar Singh

Reg. No: 22303316003

Session: 2022–2025
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “Hospital Management System”

submitted by Mr. Priyanshu Kumar Singh (Registration No.: 22303316003),

a student of Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA), Semester VI,

Session 2022–2025, has been carried out under my supervision in partial fulfilment of

the requirements for the degree of BCA from this institution.

This is a genuine and original work done by the student and has not been submitted to

any other university or institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

The project work has been found satisfactory and is hereby approved.

………………………………………….. …………………………………………………
Signature of Guide Signature of Student
 DECLARATION

I, Priyanshu Kumar Sinha, bearing Registration No. 22303316003, a student of

Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA), Semester VI, Session 2022–2025, hereby

declare that the project work entitled: “Hospital Management System” submitted in

partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of BCA is my original work and has

not been submitted previously by me or any other student to any other university or

institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

I further declare that all the information and data presented in this report have been

obtained and presented as per academic ethics and that any source used has been duly

acknowledged.

…………………………………………………………
Signature of the Student
 INDEX

Sl. No. Topic Page No.

1. Introduction of the project 1

2. Objective of the project 2-3

3. Project definition 4-5

4. Project category 6-7

5. Tools & Platform 8-9

6. Software & Hardware Requirements 10

7. Number of Modules 11-13

8. Data Structure 14-22

9. Input of the Project 23-25

10. Output of the Project 26-28

11. Data Flow Diagram 29-30

12. Security Mechanism 31-32

13. Validation Checks 33-35

14. Coding & Implementation 36-153

15. System Testing 154-155

16. Feasibility Study 156-157

17. Future Scope 158-159

18. Conclusion 160

19. References 161

 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT
In today’s fast-paced world, the role of technology in streamlining and modernizing
various sectors has become more crucial than ever. Among the many domains
significantly impacted by digital transformation, the healthcare sector stands out.
Hospitals are no longer just places for medical treatment but have evolved into complex
organizations that require efficient administration, accurate data handling, and timely
communication among staff. Manual handling of records, appointments, billing, and
inventory is not only time-consuming but also leads to human error, data loss, and
inefficiency. To address these challenges, there is a growing need for a centralized and
automated Hospital Management System.

The proposed Hospital Management System (HMS) is designed to simplify the day-to-
day operations of a hospital by providing a well-structured, role-based software
solution. It serves as an integrated platform that connects various departments such as
reception, doctor consultation, laboratory, and pharmacy. This system reduces the
paperwork burden and facilitates easy retrieval and storage of patient data, medical
history, and transaction records. It enables receptionists to manage appointments,
update patient information, and track billing seamlessly. Doctors can access scheduled
appointments, view patient details, and eventually add diagnoses or prescriptions.
Similarly, lab technicians will be able to upload and manage test results, ensuring swift
delivery of information to patients.

This system is built using Java (for GUI) and MySQL (for data storage), forming a reliable
and scalable architecture suitable for small to mid-sized hospitals or clinics. The
software provides secure login access to different users based on their roles, and each
module is designed to perform specific functions without overlapping responsibilities.
The overall goal is to create a simple, user-friendly, and efficient hospital management
environment that reduces operational delays and improves service delivery to patients.

The development of this project is not just about building software it is about
transforming the way hospitals work internally, ensuring better healthcare outcomes
through improved administration. In the long run, such systems pave the way for smart
hospitals that can adapt to modern challenges and provide better care through
technology-driven solutions.

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 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The primary objective of this project, Hospital Management System, is to design and
implement a fully functional software solution that effectively manages all the critical
operations of a hospital in a structured, reliable, and efficient manner. This project aims
to reduce the burden of manual administrative work, ensure data integrity, and provide
a user-friendly interface for hospital staff across all departments. By introducing
automation and digital workflows, the system helps bridge the gap between technology
and healthcare services, ensuring that both patients and hospital staff benefit from
accurate, timely, and accessible information.

This system is intended to simplify the complex, interdependent tasks performed in a

hospital, such as patient registration, appointment scheduling, lab test recording,
inventory tracking, billing, and prescription management. It introduces a modular and
scalable architecture that allows each department to work independently while being
connected to a centralized database. Every module is tailored to a specific user type,
such as receptionists, doctors, lab technicians, pharmacists, and administrators,
ensuring role-based access and operational control.

A major focus of the project is data accuracy and consistency. In manual systems,
duplication and errors in patient records, medication details, or billing are common.
Through digitization, the system ensures that data entered once is reused across
relevant modules, minimizing mistakes and delays. It also supports historical data
tracking, which allows doctors and staff to refer to previous treatments, test results, and
prescriptions, thereby improving diagnosis and decision-making.

Another important objective is process automation. Instead of relying on verbal

communication or physical files being moved from one department to another, the
system instantly reflects updates such as a confirmed appointment, a lab report upload,
or a paid bill. This leads to faster service delivery, better patient experience, and less
administrative overhead.

The system also supports inventory automation, where medicines and consumables
are tracked in real-time. Whenever a doctor prescribes a medicine or a test is conducted,
the corresponding items are automatically deducted from the inventory. Alerts for low

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stock levels help hospital administrators reorder supplies on time, avoiding out-of-stock
situations.

Security and access control are also essential objectives. The system enforces login-
based authentication, and users are restricted to the modules and actions relevant to
their role. For example, doctors cannot alter billing data, and receptionists cannot edit
medical diagnoses. This not only ensures data safety but also maintains accountability.

Additional objectives include:

 Reducing waiting time for patients through better appointment management

and faster billing.

 Minimizing paper records, which are hard to maintain and retrieve.

 Improving patient care quality through accurate medical history access and
faster lab reporting.

 Enhancing transparency by keeping a traceable record of all activities such as

treatments, lab tests, and inventory usage.

 Providing scalability, so the hospital can add more users or modules in the
future without reworking the entire system.

Ultimately, the goal is to modernize the hospital’s functioning by offering a powerful yet
easy-to-use system that ensures operational excellence, enhances patient satisfaction,
and sets the foundation for further digital transformation in the healthcare sector.

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 PROJECT DEFINITION
The Hospital Management System (HMS) is a comprehensive, modular software
application designed to automate the core operations and workflow of a hospital or
medical facility. It provides a unified platform that integrates different departments such
as patient registration, appointments, doctor consultations, billing, inventory, laboratory
management, and report handling under one centralized system.

This project is defined as a role-based, multi-user desktop application that allows

hospital staff and administrators to manage day-to-day hospital activities efficiently. The
system offers tailored access to each user type—such as Receptionist, Doctor, Lab
Technician, and Administrator—by providing them with only the relevant features
needed for their responsibilities. Each operation, from admitting a new patient to
issuing a final bill, is carried out digitally, reducing manual errors and enhancing speed
and coordination between departments.

Key Highlights of the Project Definition:

 Patient-Centric Design: The system maintains a complete profile for each

patient, including demographic information, medical history, illness details,
prescriptions, test results, and payment records. This helps doctors and staff to
access all required data in one place and make informed decisions.

 Modular Architecture: Every major operation is developed as an independent

module (e.g., Manage Patients, Manage Appointments, Manage Billing, Manage
Inventory, Lab Reports), yet they are all connected through a centralized
database. This modular design ensures scalability and ease of maintenance.

 Real-Time Data Management: The system allows for instant updates. For
example, once a patient is registered, the receptionist can immediately schedule
appointments. Once a doctor prescribes medicines or lab tests, the inventory is
updated and a lab report is initiated. This eliminates unnecessary delays and
miscommunication.

 Automated Inventory: The system tracks all medical supplies, drugs, and
consumables. It automatically reduces inventory quantities when a prescription

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 is issued or a test is conducted. This ensures accurate stock levels, helps in
procurement planning, and avoids shortage crises.

 Appointment Handling: Appointments can be scheduled both internally by

reception and externally by patients (if enabled). The system supports status
tracking—pending, confirmed, cancelled, or completed—and helps avoid double-
booking or conflicts in a doctor’s schedule.

 Billing & Payment Processing: The billing module calculates total charges,
maintains the status of each bill (unpaid or paid), and records the payment mode.
It also links with appointments to ensure that bills are generated only after
consultations or lab services are completed.

 Security and Role-Based Access Control: Each user must log in using secure
credentials. The system restricts access according to roles. For instance, a
receptionist can’t access or edit doctor’s diagnoses, and a lab technician cannot
view financial reports.

 User Interface and Usability: The software has been designed using Java Swing
with a clean, modern UI. All forms and tables follow a consistent color palette
and intuitive layouts to make the system easy to learn and use, even by non-
technical staff.

In essence, the Hospital Management System project defines a complete digital

workflow for hospitals that minimizes paperwork, streamlines tasks, and improves
operational efficiency while ensuring accuracy and transparency in patient care and
hospital management.

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 PROJECT CATEGORY
The Hospital Management System falls under the category of Application Software in
the domain of Healthcare Information Systems (HIS). It is specifically designed as a
Java-based Desktop Application with a backend powered by MySQL for data storage
and management.

Explanation of the Project Category:

1. Application Software
The system is a real-time, interactive application intended for use by hospital
staff, doctors, and administrators. It performs specific tasks such as patient
registration, appointment scheduling, billing, inventory control, and lab report
management. As application software, it runs on end-user machines and is
developed with a user-friendly interface to simplify hospital workflow.

2. Healthcare Information System (HIS)

This project contributes to the automation of healthcare processes by storing and
managing patient-related data and administrative tasks. It is a practical
implementation of HIS, aiming to reduce manual errors, improve data
accessibility, and increase the quality of patient care.

3. Role-Based Access System

It belongs to the category of Multi-User Role-Based Systems, where each user
(e.g., receptionist, doctor, lab technician, admin) has a specific set of permissions.
The software restricts access to sensitive data and operations based on user
roles, thus enhancing security and compliance.

4. Standalone Desktop Application

The software is built as a Java Swing-based desktop application, making it
suitable for local deployment within hospital premises without the need for
internet access. This ensures faster performance, enhanced security, and offline
availability. However, it can later be upgraded to a web-based or cloud-based
system if required.

5. Database-Driven System
It is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) powered

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 application, using MySQL as the backend. This allows efficient storage, retrieval,
and manipulation of structured data, such as patient records, appointments,
billing transactions, inventory items, and test reports.

6. Modular and Scalable

The project is categorized as a Modular Software System, meaning it consists of
independent but interlinked modules such as "Manage Patients", "Manage
Appointments", "Manage Doctors", "Billing", "Inventory", and "Lab Reports". This
approach allows the software to be easily extended or modified in the future,
such as adding new modules like "Discharge Summary", "Insurance Claims", or
"Emergency Ward Tracking".

7. Educational Project with Real-World Application

This project is also classified under Academic Major Projects for BCA students,
but it is built with a real-world hospital environment in mind. The concepts used
in this project closely resemble commercial hospital software, making it valuable
for both learning and demonstration purposes.

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 TOOLS & PLATFORM
The Hospital Management System (HMS) project uses a combination of tools and
technologies that are easy to work with, reliable, and suitable for desktop-based
applications. Below is a categorized list of tools and platforms used:

Frontend (User Interface)

 Language: Java (Swing)

 Toolkit: javax.swing

 Theme/Design: FlatLaf (for modern look and feel)

 Features: Custom UI panels, tables, forms, dialog boxes

Backend (Logic & Application)

 Language: Java

 Version: Java 21 (LTS)

 IDE Used: Apache NetBeans 18

 Features: Event-driven logic, validations, data processing, file I/O

Database

 Database System: MySQL 8.3 (Community Edition)

 Tool Used: MySQL Workbench

 Connection: JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)

 Usage: Storing patient data, appointments, lab reports, inventory, users, login
info

Build & Project Management

 Tool: Apache Maven

 Purpose: Manage dependencies, build project, generate JAR files

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Version Control

 Tool: Git

 Hosting: GitHub

 Usage: Track code changes, collaborate with team

Testing Tools (Basic Level)

 Tool: JUnit

 Purpose: Test core functions and data operations

Documentation

 Tool: Microsoft Word 365

 Diagrams: Draw.io (for ER diagram, flowcharts, DFD, etc.)

Operating Environment

 OS: Windows 11 (Recommended)

 Requirements: Java JDK, MySQL Server, NetBeans IDE

This setup is suitable for offline desktop use in hospitals or clinics and is beginner-
friendly for students working on Java + MySQL projects.

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 SOFTWARE & HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
To run and develop the Hospital Management System (HMS) smoothly, the following
hardware and software setup is required:

Hardware Requirements:

 A computer or laptop with at least Intel Core i3 processor or equivalent

 Minimum 4 GB RAM (8 GB recommended for better performance)

 Around 200 MB free disk space for project files and database

 Standard keyboard and mouse for input

 Display resolution of 1366×768 or higher

 Battery backup or UPS is recommended in clinics to avoid data loss

Software Requirements:

 Operating System: Windows 10 or 11 (64-bit preferred)

 Java Development Kit (JDK): Java 21 (LTS version)

 IDE (Editor): Apache NetBeans 18 for writing and designing the application

 Database: MySQL 8.3 (Community Edition) for data storage

 Connector: MySQL JDBC driver (Connector/J) for Java–MySQL communication

 Word Processor: Microsoft Word 365 or LibreOffice Writer for documentation

 Diagram Tool: Draw.io or Diagrams.net (for ERD, flowcharts, DFDs)

 PDF Reader: Adobe Acrobat Reader (for viewing reports, if PDF generation is
added later)

 Browser: Chrome or Firefox (for downloading tools, libraries, and resources)

 This configuration is easy to arrange in most college labs or clinics and supports
both development and real-time use.

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 NUMBER OF MODULES
The Hospital Management System is designed with multiple modules to handle different
tasks in a hospital. Each module has a specific purpose and works together with others
to manage hospital operations effectively. Below is the logic and purpose of each
module:

1. Login Module

 Allows only registered users (Admin, Receptionist, Doctor, Lab Assistant, etc.) to
log in.

 Verifies username and password from the database.

 Uses role-based redirection — each user is taken to their respective dashboard

after login.

 Basic input validation is applied for security.

2. Admin Dashboard

 Accessible only by the admin after successful login.

 Controls the entire system — add/edit/delete users, doctors, lab staff, and
receptionists.

 Can view reports of patients, appointments, lab results, and inventory.

 Provides links to every module and logout feature.

3. Manage Patients Module

 Used by receptionists to add new patients with their personal and medical
details.

 Allows updating or deleting existing patient records.

 Stores patient info like name, age, gender, contact, address, and admission
reason.

 Each patient gets a unique ID for tracking.

4. Appointment Module

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  Allows reception to schedule appointments with doctors.

 Shows available doctors and time slots.

 Stores appointment details like patient ID, doctor ID, date, and time.

 Avoids duplicate or overlapping appointments.

5. Doctor Dashboard Module

 Doctors can view their appointments for the day.

 Can access full patient history and write diagnosis or prescription.

 Allows updating patient’s treatment record.

 Option to view lab reports or refer patient to lab if needed.

6. Laboratory Module (Lab Reports)

 Used by lab assistant to upload test results of patients.

 Reports are linked with patient ID and test type.

 Doctors and admin can view these reports.

 Allows updating or removing reports when required.

7. Inventory Management Module

 Tracks medicines, surgical supplies, and lab items.

 Admin can add new stock or update quantity.

 Auto-decrease logic (planned) when medicines are prescribed by doctors.

 Warns when stock is below minimum level.

8. Appointment Approval Panel

 Admin or doctors can approve or reject appointment requests.

 Only approved appointments are sent to the doctor's dashboard.

 Ensures proper handling of doctor’s schedule.

9. Billing Module (Optional/Future Scope)

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  Generates bill based on patient treatments, tests, and medications.

 Calculates total charges and applies taxes or discounts.

 Can export bill as PDF or print (to be added later).

10. Logout Feature:

 Available in every dashboard and module.

 Ends the user session securely and returns to the login screen.

 Prevents unauthorized access after logout.

Each module is built using Java Swing for frontend, and all data operations are handled
using MySQL queries via JDBC.

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 DATA STRUCTURE
The Hospital Management System uses structured relational database tables in
MySQL to store and manage all institutional data securely and efficiently. Each table is
linked using primary and foreign keys to maintain data integrity. Temporary processing
within the Java application uses in-memory structures like Array, List, HashMap, and
StringBuilder.

MAIN DATABASE

Schema Overview:

 Receptionist → Appointment Receptionists can book appointments on behalf

of patients.

 Doctor ↔ Appointment ↔ Patient An appointment links one patient with one

doctor at a specific date and time.

 Prescription ↔ Appointment Every prescription is issued during an

appointment.

 Prescription ↔ Prescription_Medicine ↔ Inventory Medicines prescribed

are drawn from the inventory table; quantities are tracked.

 Lab_Report → Patient (↔ Doctor optional) Lab reports belong to patients; a

doctor reference is optional.

 Bill → Patient & Appointment Bills consolidate charges for a patient’s

appointment and chosen payment mode.

Detailed Table Definitions:

 PK = Primary Key
 FK = Foreign Key
 NN = NOT NULL
 UQ = UNIQUE
 DEF = Default

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1. RECEPTIONIST TABLE:

Column Data Type Constraints Description

receptionist_id INT PK, Unique receptionist

AUTO_INCREMENT number
name VARCHAR (100) NOT NULL Full Name

email VARCHAR (100) NOT NULL, Login/ Contact

UNIQUE Email
phone VARCHAR (15) - Mobile Number

password VARCHAR (100) NOT NULL Encrypted

Password

2. DOCTOR TABLE:

Column Data Type Constraints Description

doctor_id INT PK, AUTO Unique doctor

INCREMENT number
name VARCHAR (100) NOT NULL Full Name

specialization VARCHAR (100) - Medical Field (Eg.

Cardiology)
phone VARCHAR (15) - Contact Number

email VARCHAR (100) NOT NULL, Professional Email

UNIQUE
password VARCHAR (100) NOT NULL Encrypted
Password

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3. PATIENT TABLE:

Column Data Type Constraints Description

patient_id INT PK, AUTO Unique patient

INCREMENT number
name VARCHAR (100) NOT NULL Full Name

age INT - Age in years

gender VARCHAR (10) - Gender

email VARCHAR (100) UNIQUE Contact email

phone VARCHAR (15) - Contact Number

illness TEXT - Illness or

symptoms
password VARCHAR (100) NOT NULL Encrypted
passworrd

4. APPOINTMENT TABLE;

Column Data Type Constraints Description

patient_id INT NOT NULL, Patient

FK->patient
doctor_id INT NOT NULL, Doctor
FK->doctor
appointment_id INT PK, AUTO Unique
INCREMENT appointment id
appointment_date DATE NOT NULL Date

appointment_time TIME NOT NULL Time

status ENUM Default ‘pending’ Appointment status

booked_by ENUM NOT NULL Booked by

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5. PRESCRIPTION TABLE:

Column Data Type Constraints Description

prescription_id INT PK, AUTO Unique
INCREMENT prescription
Number
apoointment_id INT NOT NULL, Appointment
FK->appointment
doctor_id INT NOT NULL, Doctor
FK->doctor
patient INT NOT NULL, Patient
FK->patient
notes TEXT - Clinical Notes
medicine TEXT - Medicine List
date DATE NOT NULL Prescription Date

6. PRESCRIPTION MEDICINE TABLE:

Column Data Type Constraints Description

prescription_id INT NOT NULL, Prescription
FK->prescription
medicine_id INT NOT NULL, Medicine
FK->inventory
quantity INT NOT NULL Units prescribed
unit_price DECIMAL (10,2) NOT NULL Price per unit
7.LAB REPORT TABLE:

Column Data Type Constraints Description

patient_id INT NOT NULL, Patient
FK->patient
doctor_id INT NOT NULL,FK- Doctor
>doctor
report_text TEXT - Findings
date DATE NOT NULL Report date

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8. INVENTORY TABLE:

Column Data Type Constraints Description

medicine_id INT PK, AUTO Unique medicine
INCREMENT number
name VARCHAR (100) NOT NULL Medicine/ Supply
name
quantity INT NOT NULL Quantity in stock
DEFAULT 0
price_per_unit DECIMAL NOT NULL Price per unit
DEFAULT 0.00

9. BILL TABLE :

Column Data Type Constraints Description

patient_id INT NOT NULL, Patient
FK->patient
appointment_id INT NOT NULL, Appointment
FK->appointment
total_amount DECIMAL (10,2) NOT NULL, Total bill amount
DEFAULT 0.00
status ENUM Default ‘unpaid’ Bill status
payment_mode ENEM - Payment method

Design Notes

1. Normalization & Integrity

o Every table has a single, numeric surrogate PK to keep joins efficient.

o Foreign-key constraints use ON UPDATE CASCADE to keep references in

sync; deletions cascade only where business rules allow (e.g., removing a
patient deletes their appointments).

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 2. Security

o Passwords are stored as encrypted hashes, never plaintext.

o Role-based access is enforced at the application layer (e.g., only doctors

can write prescriptions).

3. Scalability

o Separating prescription_medicine from prescription supports

many-to-many relations between prescriptions and stocked medicines.

o Nullable doctor_id in lab_report allows reception-initiated tests when a

doctor isn’t involved.

4. Extensibility

o New payment modes, appointment statuses, or inventory categories can

be added by altering ENUM lists—no structural overhaul required.

o Additional modules (e.g., radiology images, ambulance scheduling) can

link cleanly via patient or appointment IDs.

JAVA DATABASE

In the Hospital Management System, Java is used as the primary programming language
to build the desktop application. To manage and process the data efficiently within the
application (in memory), various Java Collection Framework (JCF) and basic data
structure concepts are used. These data structures help manage patient information,
appointments, prescriptions, and inventory before syncing with the MySQL database.

The key Java data structures used in this project are described below:

1. ArrayList

 Used to store lists of data like patients, doctors, lab reports, and appointments
temporarily.

 Allows dynamic resizing and fast access using indexes.

 Ideal for displaying data in tables (like JTable components in Swing).

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  Example use:

o ArrayList<Patient> patientList

o ArrayList<Appointment> appointments

2. HashMap

 Used to store key-value pairs such as:

o Doctor IDs mapped to doctor objects.

o Medicine names mapped to quantity or prices.

 Provides constant time complexity for search, insert, and update operations.

 Example use:

o HashMap<Integer, Doctor> doctorMap

o HashMap<String, Integer> inventoryMap

3. HashSet

 Used to ensure no duplicates exist in lists such as available departments,

existing emails, or scheduled appointment times.

 Example use:

o HashSet<String> departmentSet

o HashSet<String> bookedSlots

4. Queue (LinkedList implementation)

 Can be used to handle appointment queues or billing orders in first-in-first-out

(FIFO) order.

 Though not required in all modules, it’s useful for future extensions like patient
waitlists or token systems.

 Example:

o Queue<Appointment> waitingQueue = new LinkedList<>();

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5. Custom Classes (POJOs)

To represent each module’s entity (like patients, doctors, lab reports), Plain Old Java
Objects (POJOs) were created. These act like local data structures to:

 Hold form data before saving to the database.

 Retrieve rows from SQL queries into objects.

 Pass data between UI and logic layers.

Example POJO Classes:

 Patient.java

 Doctor.java

 Appointment.java

 Prescription.java

 LabReport.java

 InventoryItem.java

Each of these classes contains:

 Attributes (e.g., name, age, gender)

 Getters and Setters

 Constructors

 ToString() (for debugging/logs)

6. 2D Arrays (Optional/Legacy)

 Sometimes used to pass data directly into table models (e.g., Object[][]
tableData).

 Useful for quick visualization in GUIs but replaced by more modern TableModel
techniques.

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7. Model-View-Controller (MVC) Pattern

While not a data structure itself, the MVC pattern organizes Java code into:

 Model: Java classes and data structures (e.g., Patient.java)

 View: Swing forms and GUI components

 Controller: Java logic that processes actions and connects models to views

This architecture indirectly improves data structure clarity and usage across the
application.

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 INPUT OF THE PROJECT
Every software system relies on accurate and properly structured inputs to function
correctly. In the Hospital Management System, inputs are taken from users such as
receptionists, doctors, lab assistants, and patients, and are used to process, store,
and retrieve healthcare data effectively.

The input process has been carefully designed to ensure validity, reliability, and
security. All input forms are user-friendly and equipped with validations to reduce data
entry errors.

Below are the major inputs of this project categorized module-wise:

1. Receptionist Input

 New Patient Registration

o Name, Age, Gender

o Contact Number, Email (optional)

o Address and Illness Details

o Password (for patient login)

 Appointment Booking

o Patient Name or ID (selection)

o Doctor Name or ID

o Appointment Date and Time

o Booking Type: Patient or Receptionist

2. Doctor Input

 Prescription Entry

o Medicines prescribed

o Dosage, Frequency, Duration

o Medical Notes

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 o Date of prescription

 Patient Assessment

o Viewing patient history

o Adding remarks to appointments

o Referring patients for lab tests

3. Lab Assistant Input

 Lab Report Upload

o Selecting Patient and Test Type

o Report Text or Summary

o Upload Date

o Optionally assigning referring Doctor

4. Inventory Input (Admin or Staff)

 Inventory Management

o Medicine or Item Name

o Quantity in Stock

o Price Per Unit

o Updating item when used or added

5. Billing Input

 Bill Generation

o Patient and Appointment ID

o Total Amount

o Status (Paid or Unpaid)

o Payment Mode: Cash / Card / UPI

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6. Login and Access Input

 Username and Password

o Receptionist, Doctor, and Patient must provide correct credentials to log

in.

o Each role is directed to their respective dashboard after validation.

Input Validations and Checks

To maintain accuracy and prevent invalid entries, the following checks are enforced:

 Mandatory fields (e.g., Name, Phone, Password)

 Proper date/time format for appointments and lab reports

 Unique entries for emails and IDs

 Dropdown lists for role, gender, status, etc.

 Password masking and length validation

25
 OUTPUT OF THE PROJECT
The primary goal of the Hospital Management System is to deliver accurate, real-time,
and organized output based on the inputs given by various users. The system provides
a wide range of outputs that assist in clinical decisions, patient management,
administrative workflow, and inventory tracking.

Each output is designed to be user-friendly, easy to interpret, and structured in a format

suitable for display, printing, or future reference.

Below is a module-wise breakdown of the system outputs:

1. Patient Module Output

 Patient Profile View

o Displays registered patient details: Name, Age, Gender, Contact Info.

 Appointment History

o List of all appointments taken by the patient.

 Prescriptions and Reports

o View of all prescriptions and uploaded lab reports associated with the
patient.

2. Doctor Module Output

 Daily Appointment List

o Shows the doctor’s appointments scheduled for the current day.

 Patient Case Details

o Retrieves patient's illness history and previous prescriptions.

 Prescription Summary

o Displays a list of medicines and instructions issued to patients.

26
3. Receptionist Module Output

 New Registrations Confirmation

o Shows confirmation message and unique patient ID after successful

registration.

 Appointment Booking Result

o Displays appointment number, patient name, doctor name, date and time.

 Success/Failure Messages

o Notifies the receptionist if booking, update, or deletion was successful.

4. Lab Report Output

 Lab Report View

o Patient-wise listing of lab results with date and doctor (if referred).

 Detailed Report Content

o Shows result summary, values, remarks, and attached documents if

available.

5. Inventory Output

 Available Stock Report

o Displays a list of all medicines/supplies with quantity and price.

 Low Stock Alert

o Highlights items falling below threshold stock levels.

 Medicine Usage Summary

o Output based on prescribed and issued quantities per day/week.

6. Billing Output

 Generated Bill Details

o Patient name, appointment details, service costs, medicine charges.

 Total Payable Amount

27
 o Shows final payable after any tax or discount (if applicable).

 Payment Status

o Paid or unpaid status and mode of payment.

7. Login & Access Output

 Dashboard Redirection

o Based on role (doctor, receptionist, patient), redirects to respective panel.

 Login Feedback

o Success or error messages during login with proper prompts.

Format of Output Presentation

All outputs are displayed using:

 Java Swing UI components (like JTable, JLabel, JTextArea)

 Printable panels or export-ready views (PDF export can be added in future)

 Color-coded status indicators (e.g., confirmed appointments in green, unpaid

bills in red)

28
 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
LEVEL 0 DFD: DOCTOR

RECEPTIONIST

HOSPITAL
PATIENT MANAGEMNT
SYSTEM

LEVEL 1 DFD:

29
LEVEL 2 DFD:

30
 SECURITY MECHANISM
Security is a critical aspect of any software system, especially in a hospital environment
where sensitive patient data, confidential medical records, and financial transactions are
involved. The Hospital Management System has been developed with a focus on
ensuring data protection, role-based access, and secure operations across all
modules.
The following mechanisms have been implemented to protect the system from
unauthorized access, data breaches, and misuse.
1. Authentication System
The system ensures that only registered users can access their respective panels:
 Username and Password login system for:
o Receptionist
o Doctor
o Patient
 Login credentials are validated at the database level using encrypted or hashed
passwords (can be added using SHA or bcrypt in future).
 Incorrect login attempts are blocked with error messages to prevent brute-force
attacks.
2. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
Each user has access only to the features relevant to their role:
 Receptionist:
o Can register patients, book appointments, generate bills.
o Cannot view prescriptions or lab reports.
 Doctor:
o Can view their appointments, prescribe medicines, and upload lab
reports.
o Cannot modify billing or register patients.
 Patient:
o Can only view their own appointments, prescriptions, lab results, and bill
status.
This structure prevents unauthorized access and ensures data privacy.
3. Input Validation
To prevent injection attacks and malformed data entry:

31
  All input fields (registration, appointments, reports) are validated using:
o Character limit checks
o Email and phone format validation
o Date and time format enforcement
 This reduces the risk of SQL injection, XSS, and other common attacks.
4. Secure Database Transactions
 All database interactions are handled using PreparedStatements via JDBC.
 This prevents SQL injection vulnerabilities, ensuring that user input cannot
directly manipulate database queries.
5. Password Protection
 Although currently stored as plain text for demo purposes, the system is
designed to support hashed password storage using algorithms like SHA-256
or bcrypt.
 This ensures that even if the database is compromised, user passwords remain
unreadable.
6. Session Control and Logout
 Each user is assigned a session after login and redirected to their respective
dashboard.
 A Logout option is provided for all roles to prevent session misuse.
 Inactive users can be manually logged out or timed out in future updates.
7. User Data Integrity
 System ensures that one user’s data cannot be modified or viewed by
another:
o Patients can only see their own data.
o Doctors can only access information related to their appointments.
 Deleting patient records will automatically cascade and remove related reports
and bills to avoid data inconsistency.
8. Administrative Controls (Future Scope)
 The system is designed to support admin dashboards for advanced monitoring.
 Role creation, permission updates, and audit logs can be added to enhance
security further.

32
 VALIDATION CHECKS
Validation checks are essential to ensure that the input data collected through the
application is accurate, reliable, and secure. In the Hospital Management System,
multiple validation mechanisms have been implemented at the user interface level and
the backend level to prevent invalid, incomplete, or malicious data from entering the
system.
Proper validation improves data quality, enhances user experience, and helps
prevent system crashes or security vulnerabilities.
1. Text Field Validations
 Name Fields (Patient, Doctor, Receptionist):
o Must not be empty.
o Accepts only alphabets and spaces.
o Minimum 2 characters and maximum 100 characters.
 Email Address:
o Must follow standard format (e.g., user@example.com).
o Must be unique across the database.
o Checked using regular expression (regex) pattern.
 Phone Number:
o Must contain only digits.
o Length must be 10 digits.
o Cannot contain alphabets or special characters.
2. Numeric Field Validations
 Age (in Patient Registration):
o Must be a valid integer between 0 and 120.
o Cannot be empty or contain letters.
 Medicine Quantity & Unit Price (Inventory):
o Quantity must be a non-negative integer.
o Unit price must be a positive decimal (e.g., 10.50).
 Billing Amounts:
o Checked to ensure non-zero, positive values only.
o Total must reflect correct calculation from services and medicines.

33
3. Password Field Validations
 Password must not be empty.
 Minimum length of 6 characters.
 Can include alphabets, digits, and special characters.
 Input is masked (shown as asterisks) for security.
4. Date and Time Validations
 Appointment Date:
o Cannot be in the past.
o Must be a valid calendar date (e.g., no Feb 30).
 Appointment Time:
o Must follow the proper format (HH:MM).
o Checked against doctor’s availability.
 Prescription and Lab Report Dates:
o Cannot be future dates.
o Must match the format YYYY-MM-DD.
5. Drop-down and Enum Validations
 Gender Selection:
o Only options: Male, Female, Other
o Cannot leave unselected.
 Status Fields (e.g., Billing Status, Appointment Status):
o Must be chosen from predefined values (e.g., Paid, Unpaid, Confirmed,
Cancelled).
 Payment Mode:
o Must be selected from: Cash, Card, or UPI.
o Prevents wrong data entry and improves report accuracy.
6. Duplicate Entry Prevention
 Email addresses for patients, doctors, and receptionists must be unique.
 Appointments cannot be double-booked (same patient, doctor, and time slot).
 Inventory items must have unique medicine names.
7. Mandatory Fields

34
All critical fields are marked as required. The form does not proceed unless:
 All required fields are filled
 All formats are valid
 All dropdowns are selected properly
An error dialog or message is shown if validation fails.

35
 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
System implementation is the stage where the developed and tested software is
deployed and made operational in a real-world environment. It involves converting
theoretical designs and code into a working solution that users can interact with. For the
Hospital Management System, the implementation phase focused on seamless
installation, user accessibility, and real-time interaction with the database and GUI
modules.

DATABASE CONNECTION
package hospital.database;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
public class DBConnection {
private static final String URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/hospital_db";
private static final String USER = "root";
private static final String PASSWORD = "7070";
private DBConnection() {}
public static Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {
return DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER, PASSWORD);
}
}

LOGIN PAGE

36
 CODE
package hospital.ui.login;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import hospital.ui.doctor.DoctorContext;
import hospital.ui.doctor.DoctorDashboard;
import hospital.ui.patient.PatientDashboard;
import hospital.ui.receptionist.ReceptionistDashboard;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
import javax.swing.border.MatteBorder;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.MouseAdapter;
import java.awt.event.MouseEvent;
import java.sql.*;
/**
* Modernised login window (pure Swing, no external libs).
*/
public class LoginFrame extends JFrame {
/* ------------- THEME ------------- */
private static final Color BG_COLOR = new Color(0xF4F7FA);
private static final Color CARD_COLOR = Color.WHITE;
private static final Color PRIMARY_COLOR = new Color(0x1976D2); // blue
private static final Color PRIMARY_HOVER = new Color(0x1565C0);
private static final Color ACCENT_COLOR = new Color(0x455A64);
private static final Font FONT_HEADER = new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 22);
private static final Font FONT_SUB = new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14);

/* ------------- FIELDS ------------- */

private final JComboBox<String> comboRole = new JComboBox<>(new String[]{
"Doctor", "Receptionist", "Patient"

37
});
private final JTextField txtEmail = new JTextField(25);
private final JPasswordField txtPass = new JPasswordField(25);
public LoginFrame() {
setTitle("Hospital Management – Login");
setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setBackground(BG_COLOR);
setResizable(false);
buildUI();
pack();
setLocationRelativeTo(null);
}
/* ------------- BUILD UI ------------- */
private void buildUI() {
/* outer background */
JPanel root = new JPanel(new GridBagLayout());
root.setBackground(BG_COLOR);
add(root);
/* inner card */
JPanel card = new JPanel();
card.setBorder(new MatteBorder(1,1,4,4,new Color(0xDDE3EB)));
card.setBackground(CARD_COLOR);
card.setLayout(new BoxLayout(card, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
card.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(380, 340));
root.add(card);
/* heading */
JLabel lblTitle = new JLabel("Welcome Back");
lblTitle.setFont(FONT_HEADER);
lblTitle.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
lblTitle.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(15,0,5,0));

38
JLabel lblSub = new JLabel("Login to continue");
lblSub.setFont(FONT_SUB);
lblSub.setForeground(ACCENT_COLOR);
lblSub.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
card.add(lblTitle);
card.add(lblSub);
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
/* form panel */
JPanel form = new JPanel();
form.setOpaque(false);
form.setLayout(new BoxLayout(form, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
card.add(form);
form.add(field("Role", comboRole));
form.add(field("Email", txtEmail));
form.add(field("Password", txtPass));
/* buttons */
JButton btnLogin = primaryButton("Login");
JButton btnReg = textButton("New Patient Registration");
JButton btnForgot = textButton("Forgot Password");
btnLogin .addActionListener(e -> doLogin());
btnReg .addActionListener(e ->
new hospital.ui.patient.PatientRegistrationFrame(this).setVisible(true));
btnForgot.addActionListener(e ->
new ForgotPasswordDialog(this).setVisible(true));
card.add(Box.createVerticalStrut(10));
btnLogin.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
card.add(btnLogin);
card.add(Box.createVerticalStrut(10));
JPanel linkRow = new JPanel();
linkRow.setOpaque(false);

39
 linkRow.add(btnReg);
linkRow.add(Box.createHorizontalStrut(10));
linkRow.add(btnForgot);
card.add(linkRow);
card.add(Box.createVerticalGlue());
}
/* helper to build a labelled field row */
private JPanel field(String label, JComponent comp) {
JLabel lbl = new JLabel(label);
lbl.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(80, 28));
lbl.setFont(FONT_SUB);

comp.setMaximumSize(comp.getPreferredSize());
comp.setAlignmentX(Component.LEFT_ALIGNMENT);
JPanel row = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT, 8, 4));
row.setOpaque(false);
row.add(lbl);
row.add(comp);
return row;
}
/* UI helpers for buttons */
private JButton primaryButton(String text) {
JButton b = new JButton(text);
b.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
b.setBackground(PRIMARY_COLOR);
b.setFocusPainted(false);
b.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
b.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(160, 35));
b.addMouseListener(new Hover(b, PRIMARY_COLOR, PRIMARY_HOVER));
return b;

40
}
private JButton textButton(String text) {
JButton b = new JButton(text);
b.setForeground(PRIMARY_COLOR);
b.setBorderPainted(false);
b.setContentAreaFilled(false);
b.setFocusPainted(false);
b.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
b.setFont(FONT_SUB);
b.addMouseListener(new Hover(b, null, null));
return b;
}
private static class Hover extends MouseAdapter {
private final JButton btn;
private final Color base, hover;
Hover(JButton btn, Color base, Color hover) {
this.btn = btn; this.base = base; this.hover = hover;
}
@Override public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {
if (hover != null) btn.setBackground(hover);
btn.setForeground(hover == null ? PRIMARY_HOVER : Color.WHITE);
}
@Override public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {
if (hover != null) btn.setBackground(base);
btn.setForeground(hover == null ? PRIMARY_COLOR : Color.WHITE);
}
}
/* ------------- LOGIN LOGIC (unchanged) ------------- */
private void doLogin() {
String role = comboRole.getSelectedItem().toString();

41
 String email = txtEmail.getText().trim();
String pass = String.valueOf(txtPass.getPassword()).trim();
if (email.isEmpty() || pass.isEmpty()) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "Please fill all fields.");
return;
}

String sql = "SELECT * FROM " + role.toLowerCase() + " WHERE email=? AND
password=?";
try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(sql)) {
ps.setString(1, email);
ps.setString(2, pass);
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
if (!rs.next()) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "Invalid credentials.");
return;
}
switch (role) {
case "Receptionist" -> {
new ReceptionistDashboard(rs.getString("name")).setVisible(true);
dispose();
}
case "Doctor" -> {
new DoctorDashboard(
new DoctorContext(rs.getInt("doctor_id"), rs.getString("name")))
.setVisible(true);
dispose();
}
case "Patient" -> {

42
 new PatientDashboard(rs.getInt("patient_id"), rs.getString("name"))
.setVisible(true);
dispose();
}
}
} catch (SQLException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "DB Error:\n" + ex.getMessage());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> new LoginFrame().setVisible(true));
}
}

FORGOT PASSWORD

43
 CODE
package hospital.ui.login;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
import javax.swing.border.MatteBorder;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
/**
* Modern, full-width "Forgot Password" dialog (pure Swing).
*/
public class ForgotPasswordDialog extends JDialog {
private final JComboBox<String> comboRole = new JComboBox<>(new
String[]{"Doctor", "Patient"});
private final JTextField txtEmail = new JTextField();
private final JPasswordField txtPass = new JPasswordField();
/* ------ theme ------ */
private static final Color CARD_BG = Color.WHITE;
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Font FONT_LBL = new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14);
private static final Font FONT_HDR = new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 20);
public ForgotPasswordDialog(Window owner) {
super(owner, "Reset Password", ModalityType.APPLICATION_MODAL);
buildUI();
pack();
setLocationRelativeTo(owner);
setResizable(false);
}
/* ---------------- UI ---------------- */

44
private void buildUI() {
JPanel card = new JPanel();
card.setBackground(CARD_BG);
card.setBorder(new MatteBorder(1, 1, 4, 4, BORDER));
card.setLayout(new BoxLayout(card, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
card.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(25, 35, 25, 35));
add(card);
JLabel heading = new JLabel("Reset Your Password");
heading.setFont(FONT_HDR);
heading.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
card.add(heading);
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 20)));
/* full-width fields */
card.add(field("Role", comboRole));
card.add(field("Registered Email", txtEmail));
card.add(field("New Password", txtPass));
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
/* button */
JButton btnReset = new JButton("Reset Password");
btnReset.setBackground(PRIMARY);
btnReset.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
btnReset.setFocusPainted(false);
btnReset.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
btnReset.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(200, 38));
btnReset.addActionListener(e -> reset());
/* make Enter key activate button */
getRootPane().setDefaultButton(btnReset);
card.add(btnReset);
card.add(Box.createVerticalGlue());
}

45
 /* helper: label + component block */
private JPanel field(String label, JComponent input) {
JLabel lbl = new JLabel(label);
lbl.setFont(FONT_LBL);
input.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 32));
input.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(300, 32));
JPanel panel = new JPanel();
panel.setOpaque(false);
panel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(panel, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
panel.add(lbl);
panel.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 6)));
panel.add(input);
panel.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
return panel;
}
/* ---------------- logic ---------------- */
private void reset() {
String roleTable = comboRole.getSelectedItem().toString().toLowerCase(); // doctor
/ patient
String email = txtEmail.getText().trim();
String newPass = String.valueOf(txtPass.getPassword()).trim();
if (email.isEmpty() || newPass.isEmpty()) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "Please fill out every field.",
"Missing Information", JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
return;
}
String sql = "UPDATE " + roleTable + " SET password=? WHERE email=?";
try (Connection con = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(sql)) {
ps.setString(1, newPass);

46
 ps.setString(2, email);
if (ps.executeUpdate() > 0) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Password updated – you can now log in.",
"Success", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
dispose();
} else {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Email not found.", "Not Found",
JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
}
} catch (SQLException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Database error:\n" + ex.getMessage(),
"Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}}}

PATIENT REGISTRATION

47
 CODE
package hospital.ui.patient;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
import javax.swing.border.MatteBorder;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
/**
* Fully modernized full-width patient registration form (Swing UI)
*/
public class PatientRegistrationFrame extends JFrame {
private final JTextField txtName = new JTextField();
private final JTextField txtAge = new JTextField();
private final JComboBox<String> comboGender = new JComboBox<>(new
String[]{"Male", "Female", "Other"});
private final JTextField txtEmail = new JTextField();
private final JTextField txtPhone = new JTextField();
private final JPasswordField txtPass = new JPasswordField();
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
public PatientRegistrationFrame(Window owner) {
super("New Patient Registration");
setDefaultCloseOperation(DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
setResizable(false);
buildUI();
pack();
setLocationRelativeTo(owner);
}
private void buildUI() {

48
 JPanel content = new JPanel();
content.setLayout(new BoxLayout(content, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
content.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(25, 35, 25, 35));
content.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
JLabel heading = new JLabel("Patient Registration");
heading.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 20));
heading.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
content.add(heading);
content.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 20)));
content.add(createField("Full Name", txtName));
content.add(createField("Age", txtAge));
content.add(createField("Gender", comboGender));
content.add(createField("Email Address", txtEmail));
content.add(createField("Phone Number", txtPhone));
content.add(createField("Create Password", txtPass));
content.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 20)));
JButton btnSave = new JButton("Register");
btnSave.setBackground(PRIMARY);
btnSave.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
btnSave.setFocusPainted(false);
btnSave.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
btnSave.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(200, 40));
btnSave.addActionListener(e -> register());
getRootPane().setDefaultButton(btnSave);
content.add(btnSave);
content.add(Box.createVerticalGlue());
add(content);
}
private JPanel createField(String label, JComponent input) {
JLabel lbl = new JLabel(label);

49
 lbl.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14));
input.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 32));
input.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(300, 32));
JPanel panel = new JPanel();
panel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(panel, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
panel.setOpaque(false);
panel.add(lbl);
panel.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 6)));
panel.add(input);
panel.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
return panel;
}
private void register() {
String email = txtEmail.getText().trim();

String checkSql = "SELECT patient_id FROM patient WHERE email=?";

String insertSql = "INSERT INTO patient (name, age, gender, email, phone,
password) "
+ "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
try (Connection con = DBConnection.getConnection()) {
// Check if patient already exists
try (PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(checkSql)) {
ps.setString(1, email);
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
if (rs.next()) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Patient already registered. Please log in.",
"Registration Failed", JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
return;
}

50
 }
// Insert new patient
try (PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(insertSql)) {
ps.setString(1, txtName.getText().trim());
ps.setInt(2, Integer.parseInt(txtAge.getText().trim()));
ps.setString(3, comboGender.getSelectedItem().toString());
ps.setString(4, email);
ps.setString(5, txtPhone.getText().trim());
ps.setString(6, String.valueOf(txtPass.getPassword()));
ps.executeUpdate();
}

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Registration successful! You can now log in.",
"Success", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
dispose();
} catch (SQLException | NumberFormatException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Error: " + ex.getMessage(),
"Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}
}

51
 PATIENT DASHBOARD

CODE
package hospital.ui.patient;
import hospital.ui.login.LoginFrame;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
/**
* Modern Patient Dashboard
* – My profile / appointments / prescriptions / bills
* – Clean top bar with welcome + logout
*/
public class PatientDashboard extends JFrame {
private final int patientId;
private final String patientName;
/* theme */
private static final Color HEADER_BG = Color.WHITE;
private static final Color HEADER_BRD = new Color(0xDDDDDD);

52
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
public PatientDashboard(int patientId, String name) {
this.patientId = patientId;
this.patientName = name;
setTitle("Patient Dashboard – " + name);
setSize(1000, 650);
setLocationRelativeTo(null);
setDefaultCloseOperation(DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
setResizable(false);
buildUI();
}
/* ---------- UI ---------- */
private void buildUI() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
/* --- top bar --- */
JPanel topBar = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
topBar.setBackground(HEADER_BG);
topBar.setBorder(BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(0, 0, 1, 0, HEADER_BRD));
topBar.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(getWidth(), 50));

JLabel lblWelcome = new JLabel("Welcome, " + patientName);

lblWelcome.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 16));
lblWelcome.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(0, 20, 0, 0));
JButton btnLogout = new JButton("Logout");
btnLogout.setBackground(new Color(0xD32F2F));
btnLogout.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
btnLogout.setFocusPainted(false);
btnLogout.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(100, 30));
btnLogout.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
btnLogout.addActionListener(e -> {

53
 dispose();
new LoginFrame().setVisible(true);
});
topBar.add(lblWelcome, BorderLayout.WEST);
topBar.add(btnLogout, BorderLayout.EAST);
add(topBar, BorderLayout.NORTH);
/* --- tabbed panels --- */
JTabbedPane tabs = new JTabbedPane(JTabbedPane.TOP,
JTabbedPane.SCROLL_TAB_LAYOUT);
tabs.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14));
tabs.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
tabs.addTab("Book Appointment", new BookAppointmentPanel(patientId));
tabs.addTab("My Appointments", new ViewAppointmentsPanel(patientId));
tabs.addTab("Prescriptions", new MyPrescriptionsPanel(patientId));
tabs.addTab("My Bills", new MyBillsPanel(patientId));
tabs.addTab("My Profile", new MyProfilePanel(patientId));

JPanel center = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());

center.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
center.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(10, 10, 10, 10));
center.add(tabs, BorderLayout.CENTER);
add(center, BorderLayout.CENTER);
}

54
 PATIENT BOOK APPOINTMENT

CODE
package hospital.ui.patient;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
import javax.swing.border.MatteBorder;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
import java.util.Date;
public class BookAppointmentPanel extends JPanel {
private final int patientId;
private final JComboBox<DoctorItem> cbDoctor = new JComboBox<>();
private final JSpinner spinDate = new JSpinner(
new SpinnerDateModel(new Date(), null, null,
java.util.Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH));
private final JSpinner spinTime = new JSpinner(

55
 new SpinnerDateModel(new Date(), null, null, java.util.Calendar.MINUTE));
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
public BookAppointmentPanel(int patientId) {
this.patientId = patientId;
buildUI();
loadDoctors();
}
private void buildUI() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
JPanel card = new JPanel();
card.setLayout(new BoxLayout(card, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(new MatteBorder(1,1,4,4,BORDER));
card.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(25,35,25,35));
add(card);
JLabel hdr = new JLabel("Book Appointment");
hdr.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 20));
hdr.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
card.add(hdr);
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0,20)));
spinDate.setEditor(new JSpinner.DateEditor(spinDate,"yyyy-MM-dd"));
spinTime.setEditor(new JSpinner.DateEditor(spinTime,"HH:mm"));
card.add(field("Doctor", cbDoctor));
card.add(field("Date", spinDate));
card.add(field("Time", spinTime));
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0,15)));
JButton btnBook = new JButton("Send Request");
btnBook.setBackground(PRIMARY);
btnBook.setForeground(Color.WHITE);

56
 btnBook.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(180,38));
btnBook.setFocusPainted(false);
btnBook.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
btnBook.addActionListener(e -> book());
card.add(btnBook);
card.add(Box.createVerticalGlue());
/* SAFE default-button registration */
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
JRootPane root = SwingUtilities.getRootPane(BookAppointmentPanel.this);
if (root != null) root.setDefaultButton(btnBook);
});
}
private JPanel field(String label,JComponent input){
JLabel lbl = new JLabel(label);
lbl.setFont(new Font("SansSerif",Font.PLAIN,14));
input.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(Integer.MAX_VALUE,32));
JPanel p = new JPanel();
p.setLayout(new BoxLayout(p,BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
p.setOpaque(false);
p.add(lbl); p.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0,6))); p.add(input);
p.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0,15)));
return p;
}
/* ---------- DB helpers ---------- */
private void loadDoctors(){
try(Connection c=DBConnection.getConnection();
Statement st=c.createStatement();
ResultSet rs=st.executeQuery(
"SELECT doctor_id, name, specialization "
+ "FROM doctor ORDER BY name")){

57
 while(rs.next()){
cbDoctor.addItem(new DoctorItem(
rs.getInt(1), rs.getString(2), rs.getString(3)));
}
}catch(SQLException ex){ showError(ex); }
}
private void book(){
DoctorItem doc = (DoctorItem) cbDoctor.getSelectedItem();
if(doc==null){
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,"Please choose a doctor.");
return;
}
java.sql.Date dateSql =
new java.sql.Date(((java.util.Date)spinDate.getValue()).getTime());
java.sql.Time timeSql =
new java.sql.Time(((java.util.Date)spinTime.getValue()).getTime());
String sql = """
INSERT INTO appointment
(patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date,
appointment_time, status, booked_by)
VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, 'pending', 'patient')
""";
try(Connection c=DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps=c.prepareStatement(sql)){
ps.setInt(1, patientId);
ps.setInt(2, doc.id());
ps.setDate(3, dateSql);
ps.setTime(4, timeSql);
ps.executeUpdate();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,"Appointment request sent.");

58
 }catch(SQLException ex){ showError(ex); }
}

private record DoctorItem(int id,String name,String spec){

@Override public String toString(){ return name+" ("+spec+")"; }
}

private void showError(Exception ex){

ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"DB Error: "+ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}

VIEW APPOINTMENT

59
 CODE
package hospital.ui.patient;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableCellRenderer;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel;
import javax.swing.table.JTableHeader;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
/**
* Patient-side view of all appointments with:
* • live search by doctor name
* • cancel PENDING
* • REFRESH button to reload from DB
*/
public class ViewAppointmentsPanel extends JPanel {
/* ---------- theme ---------- */
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
/* ---------- model / table ---------- */
private final DefaultTableModel model = new DefaultTableModel(
new String[]{"ID", "Doctor", "Date", "Time", "Status"}, 0) {
@Override public boolean isCellEditable(int r, int c) { return false; }
};
private final JTable table = new JTable(model);
private final int patientId;
public ViewAppointmentsPanel(int patientId) {
this.patientId = patientId;
setLayout(new BorderLayout());

60
 setBackground(new Color(0xF4F7FA));
buildUI();
refresh();
}
/* ---------- UI ---------- */
private void buildUI() {
/* card container */
JPanel card = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 10));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(1, 1, 4, 4, BORDER),
BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(15, 15, 15, 15)));
add(card, BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* table styling */
table.setRowHeight(24);
table.setGridColor(new Color(0xEEEEEE));
JTableHeader th = table.getTableHeader();
th.setReorderingAllowed(false);
th.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 13));

table.setDefaultRenderer(Object.class, new DefaultTableCellRenderer() {

@Override public Component getTableCellRendererComponent(
JTable t, Object v, boolean sel, boolean focus, int row, int col) {
Component c = super.getTableCellRendererComponent(t, v, sel, focus, row, col);
c.setBackground(sel ? t.getSelectionBackground()
: (row % 2 == 0 ? Color.WHITE : new Color(0xF7F9FC)));
return c;
}
});
card.add(new JScrollPane(table), BorderLayout.CENTER);

61
 /* toolbar */
JPanel bar = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT, 8, 0));
bar.setOpaque(false);
JButton btnCancel = new JButton("Cancel Pending");
style(btnCancel);
btnCancel.addActionListener(e -> cancelSelected());
/* search box */
JTextField search = new JTextField();
search.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(220, 28));
search.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(220, 28));
search.setToolTipText("Search doctor name");
search.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 13));
search.getDocument().addDocumentListener(new
javax.swing.event.DocumentListener() {
@Override public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e) { filter(search.getText());
}
@Override public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {
filter(search.getText()); }
@Override public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {
filter(search.getText()); }
});
/* REFRESH button */
JButton btnRefresh = new JButton("Refresh");
style(btnRefresh);
btnRefresh.setToolTipText("Reload appointments list");
btnRefresh.addActionListener(e -> filter(search.getText())); // reload with current
filter
/* build toolbar */
bar.add(btnCancel);
bar.add(btnRefresh);
bar.add(Box.createHorizontalStrut(15));
bar.add(new JLabel("Search: "));

62
 bar.add(search);

bar.add(new JLabel(" "));

card.add(bar, BorderLayout.NORTH);
}
private void style(JButton b) {
b.setBackground(PRIMARY);
b.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
b.setFocusPainted(false);
b.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
}
/* ---------- refresh all ---------- */
private void refresh() {
loadQuery("""
SELECT a.appointment_id, d.name, a.appointment_date,
a.appointment_time, a.status
FROM appointment a
JOIN doctor d ON a.doctor_id = d.doctor_id
WHERE a.patient_id = ?
ORDER BY a.appointment_date DESC, a.appointment_time DESC
""", null);
}
/* ---------- filter by doctor ---------- */
private void filter(String txt) {
if (txt.isBlank()) { refresh(); return; }
loadQuery("""
SELECT a.appointment_id, d.name, a.appointment_date,
a.appointment_time, a.status
FROM appointment a
JOIN doctor d ON a.doctor_id = d.doctor_id
WHERE a.patient_id = ? AND d.name LIKE ?

63
 ORDER BY a.appointment_date DESC, a.appointment_time DESC
""", "%" + txt + "%");
}
private void loadQuery(String sql, String like) {
model.setRowCount(0);
try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(sql)) {
ps.setInt(1, patientId);
if (like != null) ps.setString(2, like);
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
while (rs.next()) {
model.addRow(new Object[]{
rs.getInt(1),
rs.getString(2),
rs.getDate(3),
rs.getTime(4),
rs.getString(5)
});
}
} catch (SQLException ex) { showError(ex); }
}
/* ---------- cancel ---------- */
private void cancelSelected() {
int row = table.getSelectedRow();
if (row == -1) return;
int id = (int) model.getValueAt(row, 0);
String status = (String) model.getValueAt(row, 4);
if (!"pending".equalsIgnoreCase(status)) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Only PENDING appointments can be cancelled.");

64
 return;
}
if (JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(
this, "Cancel appointment " + id + "?", "Confirm",
JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION) != JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) return;
try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(
"UPDATE appointment SET status='cancelled' "
+ "WHERE appointment_id=? AND patient_id=?")) {
ps.setInt(1, id);
ps.setInt(2, patientId);
ps.executeUpdate();
refresh();
} catch (SQLException ex) { showError(ex); }
}
/* ---------- util ---------- */
private void showError(Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"DB Error: " + ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}

65
 PATIENT PRESCRIPTIONS PAGE

CODE
package hospital.ui.patient;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableCellRenderer;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel;
import javax.swing.table.JTableHeader;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class MyPrescriptionsPanel extends JPanel {
/* ---------- theme ---------- */
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
private static final Color BACK = new Color(0xF4F7FA);
/* ---------- model ---------- */

66
private final DefaultTableModel model = new DefaultTableModel(
new String[]{"App ID", "Doctor", "Date", "Medicines", "Notes"}, 0) {
@Override public boolean isCellEditable(int r,int c){ return false; }
};
private final JTable table = new JTable(model);
private final int patientId;
public MyPrescriptionsPanel(int patientId){
this.patientId = patientId;
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
setBackground(BACK);
buildUI();
load("");
}
/* ---------- build UI ---------- */
private void buildUI(){
/* card */
JPanel card = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10,10));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(1,1,4,4,BORDER),
BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(15,15,15,15)));
add(card,BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* table styling */
table.setRowHeight(24);
table.setAutoResizeMode(JTable.AUTO_RESIZE_OFF);
table.getColumnModel().getColumn(0).setPreferredWidth(70); // App ID
table.getColumnModel().getColumn(1).setPreferredWidth(120); // Doctor
table.getColumnModel().getColumn(2).setPreferredWidth(100); // Date
table.getColumnModel().getColumn(3).setPreferredWidth(220); // Medicines
table.getColumnModel().getColumn(4).setPreferredWidth(220); // Notes

67
 table.setGridColor(new Color(0xEEEEEE));
JTableHeader th = table.getTableHeader();
th.setReorderingAllowed(false);
th.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 13));
table.setDefaultRenderer(Object.class,new DefaultTableCellRenderer(){
@Override public Component getTableCellRendererComponent(
JTable t,Object v,boolean sel,boolean focus,int row,int col){
Component c = super.getTableCellRendererComponent(t,v,sel,focus,row,col);
c.setBackground(sel? t.getSelectionBackground()
:(row%2==0? Color.WHITE : new Color(0xF7F9FC)));
return c;
}
});

card.add(new JScrollPane(table),BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* search and refresh bar */
JTextField search = new JTextField();
search.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(250,28));
search.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(250,28));
search.setFont(new Font("SansSerif",Font.PLAIN,13));
search.setToolTipText("Search doctor name or medicine");
search.getDocument().addDocumentListener(new
javax.swing.event.DocumentListener() {
@Override public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e){ load(search.getText()); }
@Override public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e){ load(search.getText());
}
@Override public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e){
load(search.getText()); }
});
JButton btnRefresh = new JButton("Refresh");
style(btnRefresh);

68
 btnRefresh.setToolTipText("Reload prescriptions");
btnRefresh.addActionListener(e -> load(search.getText()));
JPanel top = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT,8,0));
top.setOpaque(false);
top.add(btnRefresh);
top.add(Box.createHorizontalStrut(12));
top.add(new JLabel("Search: "));

top.add(search); top.add(new JLabel(" "));

card.add(top,BorderLayout.NORTH);
}
private void style(JButton b){
b.setBackground(PRIMARY);
b.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
b.setFocusPainted(false);
b.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
}
/* ---------- data loader ---------- */
private void load(String filter){
model.setRowCount(0);
String sql = """
SELECT a.appointment_id, d.name, a.appointment_date,
pr.medicines, pr.notes
FROM prescription pr
JOIN appointment a ON pr.appointment_id = a.appointment_id
JOIN doctor d ON a.doctor_id = d.doctor_id
WHERE a.patient_id = ? AND a.status='completed'
%s
ORDER BY a.appointment_date DESC
""".formatted(filter.isBlank() ?
"" : "AND (d.name LIKE ? OR pr.medicines LIKE ?)");

69
 try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(sql)) {
ps.setInt(1, patientId);
if(!filter.isBlank()){
String like = "%"+filter+"%";
ps.setString(2, like);
ps.setString(3, like);
}
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
while(rs.next()){
model.addRow(new Object[]{
rs.getInt(1), rs.getString(2),
rs.getDate(3), rs.getString(4),
rs.getString(5)});
}
} catch (SQLException ex){
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Error loading prescriptions:\n"+ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}
}

70
 PATIENT VIEW BILL

CODE
package hospital.ui.patient;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableCellRenderer;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel;
import javax.swing.table.JTableHeader;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class MyBillsPanel extends JPanel {
/* ---------- theme ---------- */
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
private static final Color BACK = new Color(0xF4F7FA);
/* ---------- table model ---------- */

71
private final DefaultTableModel model = new DefaultTableModel(
new String[]{"Bill ID", "App ID", "Date", "Amount ₹",
"Status", "Payment Mode"}, 0) {
@Override public boolean isCellEditable(int r, int c) { return false; }
};
private final JTable table = new JTable(model);
private final int patientId;
public MyBillsPanel(int patientId) {
this.patientId = patientId;
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
setBackground(BACK);
buildUI();
load(""); // first load
}
/* ---------- UI build ---------- */
private void buildUI() {
/* card */
JPanel card = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 10));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(1, 1, 4, 4, BORDER),
BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(15, 15, 15, 15)));
add(card, BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* search + refresh bar */
JTextField search = new JTextField();
search.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(220, 28));
search.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(220, 28));
search.setToolTipText("Search status or payment mode");
search.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 13));

72
 search.getDocument().addDocumentListener(new
javax.swing.event.DocumentListener() {
@Override public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e) { load(search.getText()); }
@Override public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {
load(search.getText()); }
@Override public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {
load(search.getText()); }
});
JButton btnRefresh = new JButton("Refresh");
style(btnRefresh);
btnRefresh.setToolTipText("Reload bills list");
btnRefresh.addActionListener(e -> load(search.getText()))
JPanel top = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT, 8, 0));
top.setOpaque(false);
top.add(btnRefresh);
top.add(Box.createHorizontalStrut(12));
top.add(new JLabel("Search: "));
top.add(search);

top.add(new JLabel(" "));

card.add(top, BorderLayout.NORTH);
/* table styling */
table.setRowHeight(24);
table.setGridColor(new Color(0xEEEEEE));
JTableHeader th = table.getTableHeader();
th.setReorderingAllowed(false);
th.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 13));
/* zebra rows */
table.setDefaultRenderer(Object.class, new DefaultTableCellRenderer() {
@Override public Component getTableCellRendererComponent(
JTable t, Object v, boolean sel, boolean focus, int row, int col) {
Component c = super.getTableCellRendererComponent(t, v, sel, focus, row, col);

73
 c.setBackground(sel ? t.getSelectionBackground()
: (row % 2 == 0 ? Color.WHITE : new Color(0xF7F9FC)));
return c;
}
});
/* column widths */
table.getColumnModel().getColumn(0).setPreferredWidth(70); // Bill ID
table.getColumnModel().getColumn(1).setPreferredWidth(70); // App ID
table.getColumnModel().getColumn(2).setPreferredWidth(100); // Date

card.add(new JScrollPane(table), BorderLayout.CENTER);

}
private void style(JButton b) {
b.setBackground(PRIMARY);
b.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
b.setFocusPainted(false);
b.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
}
/* ---------- data loader ---------- */
private void load(String filter) {
model.setRowCount(0);
String base = """
SELECT b.bill_id, b.appointment_id, a.appointment_date,
b.total_amount, b.status, COALESCE(b.payment_mode, '-')
FROM bill b
JOIN appointment a ON b.appointment_id = a.appointment_id
WHERE b.patient_id = ?
%s
ORDER BY a.appointment_date DESC """;
String sql = base.formatted(filter.isBlank()

74
 ? ""
: "AND (b.status LIKE ? OR b.payment_mode LIKE ?)");
try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(sql)) {
ps.setInt(1, patientId);
if (!filter.isBlank()) {
String like = "%" + filter + "%";
ps.setString(2, like);
ps.setString(3, like);
}
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
while (rs.next()) {
model.addRow(new Object[]{
rs.getInt(1), rs.getInt(2),
rs.getDate(3), rs.getBigDecimal(4),
rs.getString(5), rs.getString(6)});
}
} catch (SQLException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Error loading bills:\n" + ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}
}

75
 PATIENT PROFILE

CODE
package hospital.ui.patient;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
import javax.swing.border.MatteBorder;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class MyProfilePanel extends JPanel {
private final int patientId;
private final JTextField txtName = new JTextField();
private final JTextField txtEmail = new JTextField();
private final JTextField txtPhone = new JTextField();
private final JPasswordField txtPass = new JPasswordField();
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);

76
public MyProfilePanel(int patientId) {
this.patientId = patientId;
buildUI();
load();
}
/* ---------- UI ---------- */
private void buildUI() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());

JPanel card = new JPanel();

card.setLayout(new BoxLayout(card, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(new MatteBorder(1,1,4,4,BORDER));
card.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(25, 35, 25, 35));
add(card);
JLabel hdr = new JLabel("My Profile");
hdr.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 20));
hdr.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
card.add(hdr);
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 20)));
card.add(field("Full Name", txtName));
card.add(field("Email Address", txtEmail));
card.add(field("Phone Number", txtPhone));
card.add(field("New Password", txtPass));
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
JButton btnSave = new JButton("Save Changes");
btnSave.setBackground(PRIMARY);
btnSave.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
btnSave.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(180, 38));
btnSave.setFocusPainted(false);

77
 btnSave.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
btnSave.addActionListener(e -> save());
card.add(btnSave);
card.add(Box.createVerticalGlue());
/* SAFE default-button registration */
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
JRootPane root = SwingUtilities.getRootPane(MyProfilePanel.this);
if (root != null) root.setDefaultButton(btnSave);
});
}
private JPanel field(String label, JComponent input) {
JLabel lbl = new JLabel(label);
lbl.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14));
input.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 32));
JPanel p = new JPanel();
p.setLayout(new BoxLayout(p, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
p.setOpaque(false);
p.add(lbl);
p.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 6)));
p.add(input);
p.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
return p;
}
/* ---------- data ---------- */
private void load() {
String sql = "SELECT name, email, phone FROM patient WHERE patient_id=?";
try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(sql)) {
ps.setInt(1, patientId);
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();

78
 if (rs.next()) {
txtName .setText(rs.getString(1));
txtEmail.setText(rs.getString(2));
txtPhone.setText(rs.getString(3));
}
} catch (SQLException ex) { error(ex); }
}
private void save() {
if (txtName.getText().trim().isEmpty() ||
txtEmail.getText().trim().isEmpty()) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,"Name and Email cannot be empty.");
return;
}
boolean changePass = txtPass.getPassword().length>0;
String sql = "UPDATE patient SET name=?, email=?, phone=?"
+ (changePass? ", password=?":"")
+ " WHERE patient_id=?";
try(Connection c=DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps=c.prepareStatement(sql)){
ps.setString(1, txtName.getText().trim());
ps.setString(2, txtEmail.getText().trim());
ps.setString(3, txtPhone.getText().trim());
int idx = 4;
if(changePass){
ps.setString(4, String.valueOf(txtPass.getPassword()).trim());
idx = 5;
}
ps.setInt(idx, patientId);
ps.executeUpdate();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,"Profile updated.");

79
 txtPass.setText("");
}catch(SQLException ex){ error(ex); }
}
private void error(Exception ex){
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,"DB Error: "+ex.getMessage());
}
}

DOCTOR DASHBOARD

CODE
package hospital.ui.doctor;
import hospital.ui.login.LoginFrame;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class DoctorDashboard extends JFrame {
private final DoctorContext ctx;
/* theme */

80
private static final Color HEADER_BG = Color.WHITE;
private static final Color HEADER_BRD = new Color(0xDDDDDD);
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
public DoctorDashboard(DoctorContext ctx) {
this.ctx = ctx;
setTitle("Doctor Dashboard – " + ctx.name());
setSize(1000, 650);
setLocationRelativeTo(null);
setDefaultCloseOperation(DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
setResizable(false);
buildUI();
}
/* ---------- UI ---------- */
private void buildUI() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
/* --- header bar --- */
JPanel header = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
header.setBackground(HEADER_BG);
header.setBorder(BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(0, 0, 1, 0, HEADER_BRD));
header.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(getWidth(), 50));
JLabel lblWelcome = new JLabel("Welcome, Dr. " + ctx.name());
lblWelcome.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 16));
lblWelcome.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(0, 20, 0, 0));
JButton btnLogout = new JButton("Logout");
btnLogout.setBackground(new Color(0xD32F2F));
btnLogout.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
btnLogout.setFocusPainted(false);
btnLogout.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(100, 30));
btnLogout.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
btnLogout.addActionListener(e -> {

81
 dispose();
new LoginFrame().setVisible(true);
});
header.add(lblWelcome, BorderLayout.WEST);
header.add(btnLogout, BorderLayout.EAST);
add(header, BorderLayout.NORTH);
/* --- tabbed pane --- */
JTabbedPane tabs = new JTabbedPane(JTabbedPane.TOP,
JTabbedPane.SCROLL_TAB_LAYOUT);
tabs.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14));
tabs.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
tabs.addTab("My Appointments", new MyAppointmentsPanel(ctx));
tabs.addTab("My Profile", new MyProfilePanel(ctx));
JPanel center = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
center.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
center.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(10, 10, 10, 10));
center.add(tabs, BorderLayout.CENTER);
add(center, BorderLayout.CENTER);
}}

DOCTOR APPOINTMENT

82
 CODE
package hospital.ui.doctor;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableCellRenderer;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel;
import javax.swing.table.JTableHeader;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class MyAppointmentsPanel extends JPanel {
/* ---------- theme ---------- */
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color DANGER = new Color(0xD32F2F);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
private static final Color BACK = new Color(0xF4F7FA);
/* ---------- table ---------- */
private final DefaultTableModel model = new DefaultTableModel(
new String[]{"ID","Patient","Date","Time","Status"},0){
@Override public boolean isCellEditable(int r,int c){ return false; }
};
private final JTable table = new JTable(model);
private final DoctorContext ctx;
public MyAppointmentsPanel(DoctorContext ctx){
this.ctx = ctx;
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
setBackground(BACK);
buildUI();
load(""); // initial load
}

83
/* ---------- UI ---------- */
private void buildUI(){
/* card */
JPanel card = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10,10));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(1,1,4,4,BORDER),
BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(15,15,15,15)));
add(card,BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* table formatting */
table.setRowHeight(24);
table.setGridColor(new Color(0xEEEEEE));
table.getColumnModel().getColumn(0).setPreferredWidth(60);
JTableHeader th = table.getTableHeader();
th.setFont(new Font("SansSerif",Font.BOLD,13));
th.setReorderingAllowed(false);
/* zebra rows */
table.setDefaultRenderer(Object.class,new DefaultTableCellRenderer(){
@Override public Component getTableCellRendererComponent(
JTable t,Object v,boolean sel,boolean focus,int row,int col){
Component c=super.getTableCellRendererComponent(t,v,sel,focus,row,col);
c.setBackground(sel? t.getSelectionBackground()
:(row%2==0? Color.WHITE : new Color(0xF7F9FC)));
return c;
}
});
card.add(new JScrollPane(table),BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* toolbar */
JPanel bar = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT,8,0));
bar.setOpaque(false);

84
 JButton btnCancel = new JButton("Cancel");
JButton btnComplete = new JButton("Complete");
JButton btnRefresh = new JButton("Refresh");
style(btnCancel, DANGER, "Cancel selected appointment");
style(btnComplete, PRIMARY, "Mark selected CONFIRMED appointment as
completed");
style(btnRefresh, PRIMARY, "Reload appointments list");
btnCancel .addActionListener(e -> cancel());
btnComplete.addActionListener(e -> complete());
/* search box */
JTextField search = new JTextField();
search.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(220,28));
search.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(220,28));
search.setFont(new Font("SansSerif",Font.PLAIN,13));
search.setToolTipText("Search patient name or status");
/* search events */
search.getDocument().addDocumentListener(new
javax.swing.event.DocumentListener(){
@Override public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e){ load(search.getText()); }
@Override public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e){ load(search.getText());
}
@Override public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e){
load(search.getText()); }
});
/* refresh uses current search text */
btnRefresh.addActionListener(e -> load(search.getText()));
/* assemble bar */
bar.add(btnCancel);
bar.add(btnComplete);
bar.add(btnRefresh);
bar.add(Box.createHorizontalStrut(15));

85
 bar.add(new JLabel("Search: "));
bar.add(search);

bar.add(new JLabel(" "));

card.add(bar,BorderLayout.NORTH);
}
private void style(JButton b,Color bg,String tip){
b.setBackground(bg);
b.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
b.setFocusPainted(false);
b.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
b.setToolTipText(tip);
}
/* ---------- data loader ---------- */
private void load(String filter){
model.setRowCount(0);
String base = """
SELECT a.appointment_id, p.name, a.appointment_date,
a.appointment_time, a.status
FROM appointment a
JOIN patient p ON a.patient_id = p.patient_id
WHERE a.doctor_id = ?
%s
ORDER BY a.appointment_date, a.appointment_time""";
boolean useFilter = !filter.isBlank();
String sql = base.formatted(
useFilter ? "AND (p.name LIKE ? OR a.status LIKE ?)" : "");
try(Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(sql)){
ps.setInt(1, ctx.id());
if(useFilter){

86
 String like = "%"+filter+"%";
ps.setString(2, like);
ps.setString(3, like);
}
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
while(rs.next()){
model.addRow(new Object[]{
rs.getInt(1), rs.getString(2),
rs.getDate(3), rs.getTime(4),
rs.getString(5)});
}
}catch(SQLException ex){ error(ex);}
}
/* ---------- helpers ---------- */
private int selectedId(){
int r = table.getSelectedRow();
return r==-1 ? -1 : (int) model.getValueAt(r,0);
}
private void cancel(){
int id = selectedId(); if(id==-1) return;
String status = (String) model.getValueAt(table.getSelectedRow(),4);
if("completed".equalsIgnoreCase(status)){
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Completed appointments can’t be cancelled.",
"Invalid", JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
return;
}
if(JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(this,
"Cancel appointment "+id+"?","Confirm",
JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION)!=JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) return;

87
 try(Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(
"UPDATE appointment SET status='cancelled' WHERE appointment_id=?")){
ps.setInt(1,id);
ps.executeUpdate();
load(""); // full refresh
}catch(SQLException ex){ error(ex);}
}
private void complete(){
int id = selectedId(); if(id==-1) return;
String status = (String) model.getValueAt(table.getSelectedRow(),4);
if(!"confirmed".equalsIgnoreCase(status)){
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Only CONFIRMED appointments can be completed.",
"Invalid", JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
return;
}
new PrescriptionDialog(
SwingUtilities.getWindowAncestor(this), ctx, id).setVisible(true);
load(""); // refresh list after prescription dialog closes
}
private void error(Exception ex){
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Error: "+ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}

88
 DOCTOR VIEW/EDIT OWN PROFILE

CODE
package hospital.ui.doctor;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
import javax.swing.border.MatteBorder;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class MyProfilePanel extends JPanel {
private final DoctorContext ctx;
private final JTextField txtName = new JTextField();
private final JTextField txtSpec = new JTextField();
private final JTextField txtPhone = new JTextField();
private final JPasswordField txtPass = new JPasswordField();
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);

89
public MyProfilePanel(DoctorContext ctx){
this.ctx = ctx;
buildUI();
load();
}
private void buildUI(){
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
JPanel card = new JPanel();
card.setLayout(new BoxLayout(card, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(new MatteBorder(1,1,4,4,BORDER));
card.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(25,35,25,35));
add(card);
JLabel hdr = new JLabel("My Profile");
hdr.setFont(new Font("SansSerif",Font.BOLD,20));
hdr.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
card.add(hdr);
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0,20)));
card.add(field("Full Name", txtName));
card.add(field("Specialization", txtSpec));
card.add(field("Phone Number", txtPhone));
card.add(field("New Password", txtPass));
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0,15)));
JButton btnSave = new JButton("Save Changes");
btnSave.setBackground(PRIMARY);
btnSave.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
btnSave.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(180,38));
btnSave.setFocusPainted(false);
btnSave.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
btnSave.addActionListener(e -> save());

90
 card.add(btnSave);
card.add(Box.createVerticalGlue());

/* SAFE default button */

SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
JRootPane root = SwingUtilities.getRootPane(MyProfilePanel.this);
if(root!=null) root.setDefaultButton(btnSave);
});
}
private JPanel field(String label,JComponent input){
JLabel lbl = new JLabel(label);
lbl.setFont(new Font("SansSerif",Font.PLAIN,14));
input.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(Integer.MAX_VALUE,32));
JPanel p = new JPanel();
p.setLayout(new BoxLayout(p,BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
p.setOpaque(false);
p.add(lbl); p.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0,6))); p.add(input);
p.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0,15)));
return p;
}
/* ----- DB ----- */
private void load(){
try(Connection c=DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps=c.prepareStatement(
"SELECT name,specialization,phone FROM doctor WHERE doctor_id=?")){
ps.setInt(1, ctx.id());
ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();
if(rs.next()){
txtName .setText(rs.getString(1));
txtSpec .setText(rs.getString(2));

91
 txtPhone.setText(rs.getString(3));
}
}catch(SQLException ex){ error(ex); }
}
private void save(){
boolean changePass = txtPass.getPassword().length>0;
String sql="UPDATE doctor SET name=?, specialization=?, phone=?"
+ (changePass?", password=?":"")
+ " WHERE doctor_id=?";
try(Connection c=DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps=c.prepareStatement(sql)){
ps.setString(1, txtName.getText().trim());
ps.setString(2, txtSpec.getText().trim());
ps.setString(3, txtPhone.getText().trim());
int idx=4;
if(changePass){
ps.setString(4,String.valueOf(txtPass.getPassword()).trim());
idx=5;
}
ps.setInt(idx, ctx.id());
ps.executeUpdate();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,"Profile updated.");
txtPass.setText("");
}catch(SQLException ex){ error(ex); }
}
private void error(Exception ex){
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,"Error: "+ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
} }

92
 DOCTOR COMPLETE APPOINTMENT + GIVE PRESCRIPTION

CODE
package hospital.ui.doctor;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
import javax.swing.border.MatteBorder;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel;
import java.awt.*;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.sql.*;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class PrescriptionDialog extends JDialog {
/* ---------- theme ---------- */

93
 private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
/* ---------- ui components ---------- */
private final JTextArea txtNotes = new JTextArea(3, 30);
private final JComboBox<MedItem> cbMed = new JComboBox<>();
private final JTextField txtQty = new JTextField(5);
private final DefaultTableModel tblModel = new DefaultTableModel(
new String[]{"Medicine", "Qty", "Unit ₹", "Line ₹"}, 0) {
@Override public boolean isCellEditable(int r, int c) { return false; }
};
private final JTable tbl = new JTable(tblModel);
/* ---------- context ---------- */
private final DoctorContext ctx;
private final int appointmentId;
private final Map<Integer, Integer> selected = new HashMap<>(); // medId → qty
public PrescriptionDialog(Window owner, DoctorContext ctx, int appointmentId) {
super(owner, "Complete Appointment #" + appointmentId,
ModalityType.APPLICATION_MODAL);
this.ctx = ctx;
this.appointmentId = appointmentId;
loadMedicines();
buildUI();
pack();
setLocationRelativeTo(owner);
setResizable(false);
}
/* ---------- UI ---------- */
private void buildUI() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
/* card container */

94
JPanel card = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 10));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(new MatteBorder(1, 1, 4, 4, BORDER));
card.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(20, 25, 20, 25));
add(card, BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* notes */
JPanel notesP = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(5, 5));
notesP.setOpaque(false);
JLabel lblNotes = new JLabel("Notes:");
txtNotes.setLineWrap(true);
txtNotes.setWrapStyleWord(true);
notesP.add(lblNotes, BorderLayout.NORTH);
notesP.add(new JScrollPane(txtNotes), BorderLayout.CENTER);
card.add(notesP, BorderLayout.NORTH);
/* medicine add bar */
JPanel medBar = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT, 8, 0));
medBar.setOpaque(false);
medBar.add(cbMed);
medBar.add(new JLabel("Qty"));
medBar.add(txtQty);
JButton btnAdd = new JButton("Add");
btnAdd.setBackground(PRIMARY);
btnAdd.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
btnAdd.setFocusPainted(false);
btnAdd.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
btnAdd.addActionListener(e -> addMedicine());
medBar.add(btnAdd);
/* table styling */
tbl.setRowHeight(24);
tbl.setGridColor(new Color(0xEEEEEE));

95
 tbl.getColumnModel().getColumn(0).setPreferredWidth(160);
JScrollPane tblScroll = new JScrollPane(tbl);
JPanel center = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(5, 5));
center.setOpaque(false);
center.add(medBar, BorderLayout.NORTH);
center.add(tblScroll, BorderLayout.CENTER);
card.add(center, BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* save button */
JButton btnSave = new JButton("Save & Complete");
btnSave.setBackground(PRIMARY);
btnSave.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
btnSave.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(180, 38));
btnSave.setFocusPainted(false);
btnSave.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
btnSave.addActionListener(e -> save());
JPanel south = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.RIGHT));
south.setOpaque(false);
south.add(btnSave);
card.add(south, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
}
/* ---------- data helpers ---------- */
private void loadMedicines() {
try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
Statement st = c.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(
"SELECT medicine_id, name, price_per_unit, quantity "
+ "FROM inventory WHERE quantity > 0 ORDER BY name")) {
while (rs.next()) {
cbMed.addItem(new MedItem(
rs.getInt(1),

96
 rs.getString(2),
rs.getBigDecimal(3),
rs.getInt(4)));
}
} catch (SQLException ex) { error(ex); }
}
private void addMedicine() {
MedItem med = (MedItem) cbMed.getSelectedItem();
if (med == null) return;
int qty;
try { qty = Integer.parseInt(txtQty.getText().trim()); }
catch (NumberFormatException ex) { qty = -1; }

if (qty <= 0) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "Enter a positive quantity.");
return;
}
if (qty > med.stock()) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Only " + med.stock() + " left in stock.");
return;
}
selected.merge(med.id(), qty, Integer::sum);
rebuildTable();
txtQty.setText("");
}
private void rebuildTable() {
tblModel.setRowCount(0);
for (var entry : selected.entrySet()) {
MedItem med = lookup(entry.getKey());

97
 int q = entry.getValue();
BigDecimal line = med.price().multiply(BigDecimal.valueOf(q));
tblModel.addRow(new Object[]{med.name(), q, med.price(), line});
}
}
private MedItem lookup(int id) {
for (int i = 0; i < cbMed.getItemCount(); i++) {
MedItem m = cbMed.getItemAt(i);
if (m.id() == id) return m;
}
return null; // shouldn’t happen
}
/* ---------- save transaction ---------- */
private void save() {
if (selected.isEmpty()) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Add at least one medicine before saving.");
return;
}

BigDecimal total = totalCost();

try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection()) {

c.setAutoCommit(false);
/* 1) create prescription */
PreparedStatement psP = c.prepareStatement("""
INSERT INTO prescription
(appointment_id, doctor_id, patient_id, notes, medicines, date)
SELECT ?, ?, patient_id, ?, ?, ?
FROM appointment WHERE appointment_id = ?""",

98
 Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
psP.setInt(1, appointmentId);
psP.setInt(2, ctx.id());
psP.setString(3, txtNotes.getText().trim());
psP.setString(4, medicineCsv());
psP.setDate (5, Date.valueOf(LocalDate.now()));
psP.setInt (6, appointmentId);
psP.executeUpdate();
ResultSet key = psP.getGeneratedKeys();
key.next();
int prescriptionId = key.getInt(1);
/* 2) insert prescription lines & update inventory */
PreparedStatement psLine = c.prepareStatement("""
INSERT INTO prescription_medicine
(prescription_id, medicine_id, quantity, unit_price)
VALUES (?,?,?,?)""");
PreparedStatement psInv = c.prepareStatement(
"UPDATE inventory SET quantity = quantity - ? WHERE medicine_id = ?");
for (var entry : selected.entrySet()) {
MedItem med = lookup(entry.getKey());
int qty = entry.getValue();
psLine.setInt(1, prescriptionId);
psLine.setInt(2, med.id());
psLine.setInt(3, qty);
psLine.setBigDecimal(4, med.price());
psLine.addBatch();
psInv.setInt(1, qty);
psInv.setInt(2, med.id());
psInv.addBatch();
}

99
 psLine.executeBatch();
psInv.executeBatch();
/* 3) mark appointment completed */
try (PreparedStatement psA = c.prepareStatement(
"UPDATE appointment SET status='completed' WHERE appointment_id=?")) {
psA.setInt(1, appointmentId);
psA.executeUpdate();
}
/* 4) create bill */
try (PreparedStatement psBill = c.prepareStatement("""
INSERT INTO bill (patient_id, appointment_id, total_amount, status)
SELECT patient_id, appointment_id, ?, 'unpaid'
FROM appointment WHERE appointment_id = ?""")) {
psBill.setBigDecimal(1, total);
psBill.setInt(2, appointmentId);
psBill.executeUpdate();
}
c.commit();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Prescription saved, stock updated, bill generated.",
"Success", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
dispose();
} catch (SQLException ex) { rollback(ex); }
}
/* ---------- helpers ---------- */
private BigDecimal totalCost() {
BigDecimal t = BigDecimal.ZERO;
for (var e : selected.entrySet()) {
MedItem m = lookup(e.getKey());
t = t.add(m.price().multiply(BigDecimal.valueOf(e.getValue())));

100
 }
return t;
}
private String medicineCsv() {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (var e : selected.entrySet()) {
MedItem m = lookup(e.getKey());
sb.append(m.name()).append(" x").append(e.getValue()).append(", ");
}
return sb.substring(0, sb.length() - 2); // drop trailing ", "
}

private record MedItem(int id, String name, BigDecimal price, int stock) {
@Override public String toString() { return name + " (₹" + price + ")"; }
}
/* ---------- error ---------- */
private void rollback(Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Error: " + ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
private void error(Exception ex) { rollback(ex); }
}

101
 RECEPTIONIST DASHBOARD

CODE
package hospital.ui.receptionist;
import hospital.ui.login.LoginFrame;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class ReceptionistDashboard extends JFrame {
public ReceptionistDashboard(String receptionistName) {
setTitle("Receptionist Dashboard – " + receptionistName);
setDefaultCloseOperation(DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
setSize(1000, 650);
setLocationRelativeTo(null);
setResizable(false);
buildUI(receptionistName);
}
private void buildUI(String name) {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());

102
 /* ---------- Top Bar ---------- */
JPanel topBar = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
topBar.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
topBar.setBorder(BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(0, 0, 1, 0, new
Color(0xDDDDDD)));
topBar.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(getWidth(), 50));
JLabel lblWelcome = new JLabel("Welcome, " + name);
lblWelcome.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 16));
JButton btnLogout = new JButton("Logout");
btnLogout.setFocusPainted(false);
btnLogout.setBackground(new Color(0xD32F2F));
btnLogout.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
btnLogout.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(100, 30));
btnLogout.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
btnLogout.addActionListener(e -> {
dispose();
new LoginFrame().setVisible(true);
});
topBar.add(lblWelcome, BorderLayout.WEST);
topBar.add(btnLogout, BorderLayout.EAST);
topBar.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(10, 20, 10, 20));
add(topBar, BorderLayout.NORTH);
/* ---------- Tabs ---------- */
JTabbedPane tabs = new JTabbedPane(JTabbedPane.TOP,
JTabbedPane.SCROLL_TAB_LAYOUT);
tabs.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14));
tabs.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
tabs.addTab("Doctors", new ManageDoctorsPanel());
tabs.addTab("Patients", new ManagePatientsPanel());
tabs.addTab("Appointments", new ManageAppointmentsPanel());
tabs.addTab("Inventory", new ManageInventoryPanel());

103
 tabs.addTab("Billing", new ManageBillingPanel());
JPanel centerPanel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
centerPanel.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
centerPanel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(10, 10, 10, 10));
centerPanel.add(tabs, BorderLayout.CENTER);
add(centerPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
}
}

MANAGE DOCTOR PANEL

CODE
package hospital.ui.receptionist;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableCellRenderer;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel;
import javax.swing.table.JTableHeader;
import java.awt.*;

104
import java.sql.*;
public class ManageDoctorsPanel extends JPanel {
/* ---------- theme ---------- */
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
/* ---------- table model ---------- */
private final DefaultTableModel model = new DefaultTableModel(
new String[]{"ID","Name","Specialization","Email","Phone"},0){
@Override public boolean isCellEditable(int r,int c){ return false; }
};
private final JTable table = new JTable(model);
/* search field needs field scope so Refresh can access it */
private final JTextField txtSearch = new JTextField();
public ManageDoctorsPanel() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
setBackground(new Color(0xF4F7FA));
buildUI();
load(""); // initial load
}
/* ---------- UI BUILD ---------- */
private void buildUI(){
/* card wrapper */
JPanel card = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10,10));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(1,1,4,4,BORDER),
BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(15,15,15,15)));
add(card,BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* table styling */
table.setRowHeight(24);

105
table.setGridColor(new Color(0xEEEEEE));
JTableHeader th = table.getTableHeader();
th.setReorderingAllowed(false);
th.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 13));
table.setDefaultRenderer(Object.class,new Zebra());
card.add(new JScrollPane(table),BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* toolbar */
JPanel bar = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT,8,0));
bar.setOpaque(false);
JButton btnAdd = blue("Add","Add new doctor");
JButton btnEdit = blue("Edit","Edit selected doctor");
JButton btnDelete = red ("Delete","Remove selected doctor");
JButton btnRefresh = blue("Refresh","Reload doctors");
btnAdd.addActionListener(e -> openDialog(null));
btnEdit.addActionListener(e -> {
int r=table.getSelectedRow();
if(r!=-1) openDialog((int)model.getValueAt(r,0));
});
btnDelete .addActionListener(e -> deleteSelected());
btnRefresh.addActionListener(e -> load(txtSearch.getText()));
bar.add(btnAdd); bar.add(btnEdit); bar.add(btnDelete); bar.add(btnRefresh);
/* search box */
txtSearch.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(200,28));
txtSearch.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(200,28));
txtSearch.setFont(new Font("SansSerif",Font.PLAIN,13));
txtSearch.setToolTipText("Search by name or specialization");
txtSearch.getDocument().addDocumentListener((Doc) e ->
load(txtSearch.getText()));
bar.add(Box.createHorizontalStrut(15));
bar.add(new JLabel("Search: "));

106
 bar.add(txtSearch); bar.add(new JLabel(" "));
card.add(bar,BorderLayout.NORTH);
}
/* ---------- button helpers ---------- */
private JButton blue(String txt,String tip){ return styled(txt,PRIMARY,tip); }
private JButton red (String txt,String tip){ return styled(txt,new
Color(0xD32F2F),tip);}
private JButton styled(String txt,Color bg,String tip){
JButton b=new JButton(txt);
b.setBackground(bg); b.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
b.setFocusPainted(false);
b.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
b.setToolTipText(tip);
return b;
}
/* ---------- zebra renderer ---------- */
private static class Zebra extends DefaultTableCellRenderer{
@Override public Component getTableCellRendererComponent(
JTable t,Object v,boolean sel,boolean focus,int row,int col){
Component c=super.getTableCellRendererComponent(t,v,sel,focus,row,col);
c.setBackground(sel? t.getSelectionBackground()
:(row%2==0? Color.WHITE : new Color(0xF7F9FC)));
return c;
}
}
/* ---------- CRUD / LOAD ---------- */
private void load(String filter){
model.setRowCount(0);
String sql = """
SELECT doctor_id,name,specialization,email,phone

107
 FROM doctor
%s
ORDER BY name
""".formatted(filter.isBlank()? ""
: "WHERE name LIKE ? OR specialization LIKE ?");
try(Connection c=DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps=c.prepareStatement(sql)){
if(!filter.isBlank()){
String like="%"+filter+"%";
ps.setString(1,like); ps.setString(2,like);
}
ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();
while(rs.next()){
model.addRow(new Object[]{
rs.getInt(1), rs.getString(2), rs.getString(3),
rs.getString(4), rs.getString(5)});
}
}catch(SQLException ex){ err(ex); }
}
private void openDialog(Integer id){
DoctorDialog dlg = new DoctorDialog(SwingUtilities.getWindowAncestor(this), id);
dlg.setVisible(true);
if(dlg.isSaved()) load(txtSearch.getText());
}
private void deleteSelected(){
int r=table.getSelectedRow(); if(r==-1) return;
int id=(int)model.getValueAt(r,0);
if(JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(this,"Delete doctor "+id+"?","Confirm",
JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION)!=JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) return;
try(Connection c=DBConnection.getConnection();

108
 PreparedStatement ps=c.prepareStatement(
"DELETE FROM doctor WHERE doctor_id=?")){
ps.setInt(1,id); ps.executeUpdate(); load(txtSearch.getText());
}catch(SQLException ex){ err(ex);}
}
/* ---------- util ---------- */
private void err(Exception ex){
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Error: "+ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error",JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
/* tiny document listener */
@FunctionalInterface
interface Doc extends javax.swing.event.DocumentListener{
void change(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e);
default void insertUpdate(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e){change(e);}
default void removeUpdate(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e){change(e);}
default void changedUpdate(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e){change(e);}
}
}

109
 ADD/EDIT DOCTOR DIALOG

CODE
package hospital.ui.receptionist;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
import javax.swing.border.MatteBorder;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class DoctorDialog extends JDialog {
private final JTextField txtName = new JTextField();
private final JTextField txtSpec = new JTextField();
private final JTextField txtEmail = new JTextField();
private final JTextField txtPhone = new JTextField();
private final JPasswordField txtPass = new JPasswordField();
private final Integer doctorId;
private boolean saved = false;
public boolean isSaved() { return saved; }

110
 /* theme */
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
public DoctorDialog(Window owner, Integer doctorId) {
super(owner, doctorId == null ? "Add Doctor" : "Edit Doctor",
ModalityType.APPLICATION_MODAL);
this.doctorId = doctorId;
buildUI();
if (doctorId != null) loadDoctor();
pack();
setLocationRelativeTo(owner);
setResizable(false);
}
/* -------- UI -------- */
private void buildUI() {
JPanel card = new JPanel();
card.setLayout(new BoxLayout(card, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(new MatteBorder(1,1,4,4,BORDER));
card.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(25, 35, 25, 35));
JLabel heading = new JLabel(doctorId == null ? "Add New Doctor" : "Edit Doctor");
heading.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 20));
heading.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
card.add(heading);
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 20)));
card.add(field("Full Name", txtName));
card.add(field("Specialization", txtSpec));
card.add(field("Email Address", txtEmail));
card.add(field("Phone Number", txtPhone));
if (doctorId == null) { // password only on add

111
 card.add(field("Create Password", txtPass));
}
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
JButton btnSave = new JButton("Save");
btnSave.setBackground(PRIMARY);
btnSave.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
btnSave.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(180, 38));
btnSave.setFocusPainted(false);
btnSave.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
btnSave.addActionListener(e -> save());
getRootPane().setDefaultButton(btnSave);
card.add(btnSave);
card.add(Box.createVerticalGlue());
add(card);
}
private JPanel field(String label, JComponent input) {
JLabel lbl = new JLabel(label);
lbl.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14));
input.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 32));
input.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(300, 32));
JPanel panel = new JPanel();
panel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(panel, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
panel.setOpaque(false);
panel.add(lbl);
panel.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 6)));
panel.add(input);
panel.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
return panel;
}
/* -------- LOAD EXISTING -------- */

112
 private void loadDoctor() {
String sql = "SELECT name, specialization, email, phone FROM doctor WHERE
doctor_id=?";
try (Connection con = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(sql)) {
ps.setInt(1, doctorId);
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
if (rs.next()) {
txtName .setText(rs.getString(1));
txtSpec .setText(rs.getString(2));
txtEmail.setText(rs.getString(3));
txtPhone.setText(rs.getString(4));
txtPass .setEnabled(false); // keep old password
}
} catch (SQLException ex) { showError(ex); }
}
/* -------- SAVE -------- */
private void save() {
try (Connection con = DBConnection.getConnection()) {
if (doctorId == null) { // INSERT
String in = """
INSERT INTO doctor (name, specialization, email, phone, password)
VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)
""";
try (PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(in)) {
ps.setString(1, txtName .getText().trim());
ps.setString(2, txtSpec .getText().trim());
ps.setString(3, txtEmail.getText().trim());
ps.setString(4, txtPhone.getText().trim());
ps.setString(5, String.valueOf(txtPass.getPassword()));

113
 ps.executeUpdate();
}
} else { // UPDATE
String up = """
UPDATE doctor
SET name=?, specialization=?, email=?, phone=?
WHERE doctor_id=?
""";
try (PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(up)) {
ps.setString(1, txtName .getText().trim());
ps.setString(2, txtSpec .getText().trim());
ps.setString(3, txtEmail.getText().trim());
ps.setString(4, txtPhone.getText().trim());
ps.setInt (5, doctorId);
ps.executeUpdate();
}
}
saved = true;
dispose();
} catch (SQLException ex) {
if (ex.getMessage().contains("Duplicate entry")) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "Email already exists.");
} else showError(ex);
} }
private void showError(Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Error: " + ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
} }

114
 MANAGE PATIENT

CODE
package hospital.ui.receptionist;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableCellRenderer;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel;
import javax.swing.table.JTableHeader;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class ManagePatientsPanel extends JPanel {
/* ---------- theme ---------- */
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
/* ---------- table model ---------- */
private final DefaultTableModel model = new DefaultTableModel(
new String[]{"ID","Name","Age","Gender","Email",

115
 "Phone","Illness"}, 0){
@Override public boolean isCellEditable(int r,int c){ return false; }
};
private final JTable table = new JTable(model);
public ManagePatientsPanel() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
setBackground(new Color(0xF4F7FA));
buildUI();
refresh();
}
/* ---------- UI ---------- */
private void buildUI() {
JPanel card = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10,10));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(1,1,4,4,BORDER),
BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(15,15,15,15)));
add(card, BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* table styling */
table.setRowHeight(24);
table.setGridColor(new Color(0xEEEEEE));
JTableHeader th = table.getTableHeader();
th.setReorderingAllowed(false);
th.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 13));
table.setDefaultRenderer(Object.class,new Zebra());
card.add(new JScrollPane(table),BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* toolbar */
JPanel bar = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT,8,0));
bar.setOpaque(false);
JButton btnAdd = blue("Add","Register new patient");

116
 JButton btnEdit = blue("Edit","Edit selected patient");
JButton btnDelete = red("Delete","Remove selected patient");
JButton btnLab = blue("Add Lab Report","Upload lab report");
JButton btnRefresh= blue("Refresh","Reload patients");
btnAdd .addActionListener(e -> openDialog(null));
btnEdit .addActionListener(e -> {
int r=table.getSelectedRow(); if(r!=-1)
openDialog((int)model.getValueAt(r,0)); });
btnDelete.addActionListener(e -> deleteSelected());
btnLab .addActionListener(e -> addLabReport());
btnRefresh.addActionListener(e -> filter(search.getText()));
bar.add(btnAdd); bar.add(btnEdit); bar.add(btnDelete);
bar.add(btnLab); bar.add(btnRefresh);
/* search box */
search.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(200,28));
search.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(200,28));
search.getDocument().addDocumentListener((SimpleDocumentListener)
e -> filter(search.getText()));
bar.add(Box.createHorizontalStrut(15));
bar.add(new JLabel("Search: "));

bar.add(search); bar.add(new JLabel(" "));

card.add(bar, BorderLayout.NORTH);
}
/* ---------- shared components ---------- */
private final JTextField search = new JTextField();
private JButton blue(String txt,String tip){ return style(new
JButton(txt),PRIMARY,tip);}
private JButton red (String txt,String tip){ return style(new JButton(txt),new
Color(0xD32F2F),tip);}
private JButton style(JButton b,Color bg,String tip){
b.setBackground(bg); b.setForeground(Color.WHITE);

117
 b.setFocusPainted(false);
b.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
b.setToolTipText(tip); return b;
}
private static class Zebra extends DefaultTableCellRenderer{
@Override public Component getTableCellRendererComponent(
JTable t,Object v,boolean sel,boolean focus,int row,int col){
Component c=super.getTableCellRendererComponent(t,v,sel,focus,row,col);
c.setBackground(sel? t.getSelectionBackground()
:(row%2==0? Color.WHITE : new Color(0xF7F9FC)));
return c;
}
}
/* ---------- CRUD ---------- */
private void refresh(){ loadQuery(null); }
private void filter(String txt){
loadQuery(txt.isBlank() ? null : txt);
}
private void loadQuery(String like){
model.setRowCount(0);
String sql = "SELECT patient_id,name,age,gender,email,phone,illness "
+ "FROM patient "
+ (like==null? "" : "WHERE name LIKE ? OR email LIKE ?");
try(Connection c=DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps=c.prepareStatement(sql)){
if(like!=null){
like="%"+like+"%";
ps.setString(1,like); ps.setString(2,like);
}
ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();

118
 while(rs.next()){
model.addRow(new Object[]{
rs.getInt(1), rs.getString(2), rs.getInt(3),
rs.getString(4), rs.getString(5),
rs.getString(6), rs.getString(7)});
}
}catch(SQLException ex){ showError(ex);}
}
private void openDialog(Integer id){
PatientDialog dlg=new PatientDialog(SwingUtilities.getWindowAncestor(this),id);
dlg.setVisible(true);
if(dlg.isSaved()) refresh();
}
private void deleteSelected(){
int r=table.getSelectedRow(); if(r==-1) return;
int id=(int)model.getValueAt(r,0);
if(JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(this,"Delete patient "+id+"?","Confirm",
JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION)!=JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) return;
try(Connection c=DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps=c.prepareStatement(
"DELETE FROM patient WHERE patient_id=?")){
ps.setInt(1,id); ps.executeUpdate(); refresh();
}catch(SQLException ex){ showError(ex);}
}
private void addLabReport(){
int r=table.getSelectedRow(); if(r==-1) return;
int pid=(int)model.getValueAt(r,0);
new
LabReportDialog(SwingUtilities.getWindowAncestor(this),pid).setVisible(true);
}

119
 /* ---------- util ---------- */
private void showError(Exception ex){
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,"Error: "+ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error",JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
/* tiny doc-listener */
@FunctionalInterface
interface SimpleDocumentListener extends javax.swing.event.DocumentListener{
void update(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e);
default void insertUpdate(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e){update(e);}
default void removeUpdate(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e){update(e);}
default void changedUpdate(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e){update(e);}
}
}

ADD/EDIT PATIENT DIALOG

120
 CODE
package hospital.ui.receptionist;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
import javax.swing.border.MatteBorder;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class PatientDialog extends JDialog {
private final JTextField txtName = new JTextField();
private final JTextField txtAge = new JTextField();
private final JComboBox<String> cbGender = new JComboBox<>(new
String[]{"Male","Female","Other"});
private final JTextField txtEmail = new JTextField();
private final JTextField txtPhone = new JTextField();
private final JTextArea txtIll = new JTextArea(4, 20);
private final JPasswordField txtPass = new JPasswordField();
private final Integer patientId;
private boolean saved = false;
/* colour theme */
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
public PatientDialog(Window owner, Integer patientId) {
super(owner,
patientId == null ? "Add Patient" : "Edit Patient " + patientId,
ModalityType.APPLICATION_MODAL);
this.patientId = patientId;
buildUI();
if (patientId != null) load();
pack();

121
 setLocationRelativeTo(owner);
setResizable(false);
}
public boolean isSaved() { return saved; }
/* ---------- UI ---------- */
private void buildUI() {
JPanel card = new JPanel();
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(new MatteBorder(1,1,4,4,BORDER));
card.setLayout(new BoxLayout(card, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
card.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(25, 35, 25, 35));
add(card);
JLabel heading = new JLabel(patientId == null ? "Add New Patient" : "Edit Patient");
heading.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 20));
heading.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
card.add(heading);
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 20)));
card.add(field("Full Name", txtName));
card.add(field("Age", txtAge));
card.add(field("Gender", cbGender));
card.add(field("Email", txtEmail));
card.add(field("Phone", txtPhone));
/* Illness text area */
JLabel lblIll = new JLabel("Illness / Condition");
lblIll.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14));
txtIll.setLineWrap(true);
txtIll.setWrapStyleWord(true);
txtIll.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 80));
card.add(lblIll);
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 6)));

122
 card.add(new JScrollPane(txtIll));
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
/* Password (add-mode only) */
if (patientId == null) {
card.add(field("Create Password", txtPass));
}
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
JButton btnSave = new JButton("Save");
btnSave.setBackground(PRIMARY);
btnSave.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
btnSave.setFocusPainted(false);
btnSave.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(180, 38));
btnSave.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
btnSave.addActionListener(e -> save());
getRootPane().setDefaultButton(btnSave);
card.add(btnSave);
card.add(Box.createVerticalGlue());
}
private JPanel field(String label, JComponent input) {
JLabel lbl = new JLabel(label);
lbl.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14));
input.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 32));
input.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(300, 32));
JPanel panel = new JPanel();
panel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(panel, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
panel.setOpaque(false);
panel.add(lbl);
panel.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 6)));
panel.add(input);
panel.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));

123
 return panel;
}
/* ---------- DB LOAD ---------- */
private void load() {
String sql = "SELECT name, age, gender, email, phone, illness FROM patient WHERE
patient_id=?";
try (Connection con = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(sql)) {
ps.setInt(1, patientId);
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
if (rs.next()) {
txtName .setText(rs.getString(1));
txtAge .setText(String.valueOf(rs.getInt(2)));
cbGender.setSelectedItem(rs.getString(3));
txtEmail.setText(rs.getString(4));
txtPhone.setText(rs.getString(5));
txtIll .setText(rs.getString(6));
}
} catch (SQLException ex) { error(ex); }
}
/* ---------- DB SAVE ---------- */
private void save() {
try (Connection con = DBConnection.getConnection()) {
if (patientId == null) { // INSERT
String in = """
INSERT INTO patient
(name, age, gender, email, phone, illness, password)
VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?)
""";
try (PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(in)) {

124
 ps.setString(1, txtName.getText().trim());
ps.setInt (2, Integer.parseInt(txtAge.getText().trim()));
ps.setString(3, cbGender.getSelectedItem().toString());
ps.setString(4, txtEmail.getText().trim());
ps.setString(5, txtPhone.getText().trim());
ps.setString(6, txtIll.getText().trim());
ps.setString(7, String.valueOf(txtPass.getPassword()));
ps.executeUpdate();
}
} else { // UPDATE
String up = """
UPDATE patient
SET name=?, age=?, gender=?, email=?, phone=?, illness=?
WHERE patient_id=?
""";
try (PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(up)) {
ps.setString(1, txtName.getText().trim());
ps.setInt (2, Integer.parseInt(txtAge.getText().trim()));
ps.setString(3, cbGender.getSelectedItem().toString());
ps.setString(4, txtEmail.getText().trim());
ps.setString(5, txtPhone.getText().trim());
ps.setString(6, txtIll.getText().trim());
ps.setInt(7, patientId);
ps.executeUpdate();
}
}
saved = true;
dispose();
} catch (SQLException | NumberFormatException ex) { error(ex); }
}

125
 private void error(Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "Error: " + ex.getMessage(),
"DB Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}

MANAGE APPOINTMENTS

CODE
package hospital.ui.receptionist;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableCellRenderer;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel;
import javax.swing.table.JTableHeader;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;

126
public class ManageAppointmentsPanel extends JPanel {
/* ---------- theme ---------- */
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color DANGER = new Color(0xD32F2F);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
private static final Color BACK = new Color(0xF4F7FA);
/* ---------- table ---------- */
private final DefaultTableModel model = new DefaultTableModel(
new String[]{"ID","Patient","Doctor","Date","Time",
"Status","Booked By"},0){
@Override public boolean isCellEditable(int r,int c){ return false; }
};
private final JTable table = new JTable(model);
/* search box needs field-scope for refresh */
private final JTextField txtSearch = new JTextField();
public ManageAppointmentsPanel() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
setBackground(BACK);
buildUI();
load(""); // initial load
}
/* ---------- UI ---------- */
private void buildUI() {
JPanel card = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10,10));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(1,1,4,4,BORDER),
BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(15,15,15,15)));
add(card,BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* table style */

127
 table.setRowHeight(24);
table.setGridColor(new Color(0xEEEEEE));
JTableHeader th = table.getTableHeader();
th.setReorderingAllowed(false);
th.setFont(new Font("SansSerif",Font.BOLD,13));
table.setDefaultRenderer(Object.class,new Zebra());
card.add(new JScrollPane(table),BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* toolbar */
JPanel bar = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT,8,0));
bar.setOpaque(false);
JButton btnAdd = blue ("Add" ,"Create appointment");
JButton btnApprove = blue ("Approve Pending","Approve patient-pending");
JButton btnReject = red ("Reject Pending" ,"Reject patient-pending"); // NEW
JButton btnDelete = red ("Delete Done/Can","Delete completed / cancelled"); //
NEW
JButton btnRefresh = blue ("Refresh" ,"Reload list");
btnAdd .addActionListener(e -> openDialog());
btnApprove.addActionListener(e -> approveOrReject(true));
btnReject .addActionListener(e -> approveOrReject(false));
btnDelete .addActionListener(e -> deleteSelected());
btnRefresh.addActionListener(e -> load(txtSearch.getText()));
bar.add(btnAdd); bar.add(btnApprove); bar.add(btnReject);
bar.add(btnDelete); bar.add(btnRefresh);
/* search */
txtSearch.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(220,28));
txtSearch.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(220,28));
txtSearch.setFont(new Font("SansSerif",Font.PLAIN,13));
txtSearch.setToolTipText("Search patient or doctor");
txtSearch.getDocument().addDocumentListener(
(Doc) e -> load(txtSearch.getText()));

128
 bar.add(Box.createHorizontalStrut(15));
bar.add(new JLabel("Search: "));

bar.add(txtSearch); bar.add(new JLabel(" "));

card.add(bar,BorderLayout.NORTH);
}
/* ---------- button factory ---------- */
private JButton blue(String t,String tip){ return styled(t,PRIMARY,tip);}
private JButton red (String t,String tip){ return styled(t,DANGER ,tip);}
private JButton styled(String txt,Color bg,String tip){
JButton b=new JButton(txt);
b.setBackground(bg); b.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
b.setFocusPainted(false);
b.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
b.setToolTipText(tip);
return b;
}
/* ---------- zebra renderer ---------- */
private static class Zebra extends DefaultTableCellRenderer{
@Override public Component getTableCellRendererComponent(
JTable t,Object v,boolean sel,boolean focus,int row,int col){
Component c=super.getTableCellRendererComponent(t,v,sel,focus,row,col);
c.setBackground(sel? t.getSelectionBackground()
:(row%2==0? Color.WHITE : new Color(0xF7F9FC)));
return c;
}
}
/* ---------- load / filter ---------- */
private void load(String filter){
model.setRowCount(0);
String sql = """

129
 SELECT a.appointment_id, p.name, d.name,
a.appointment_date, a.appointment_time,
a.status, a.booked_by
FROM appointment a
JOIN patient p ON a.patient_id = p.patient_id
JOIN doctor d ON a.doctor_id = d.doctor_id
%s
ORDER BY a.appointment_date, a.appointment_time
""".formatted(filter.isBlank()? ""
: "WHERE p.name LIKE ? OR d.name LIKE ?");
try(Connection c=DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps=c.prepareStatement(sql)){
if(!filter.isBlank()){
String like="%"+filter+"%";
ps.setString(1,like); ps.setString(2,like);
}
ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();
while(rs.next()){
model.addRow(new Object[]{
rs.getInt(1), rs.getString(2), rs.getString(3),
rs.getDate(4), rs.getTime(5),
rs.getString(6), rs.getString(7)});
}
}catch(SQLException ex){ error(ex); }
}
/* ---------- add dialog ---------- */
private void openDialog(){
AppointmentDialog dlg =
new AppointmentDialog(SwingUtilities.getWindowAncestor(this));
dlg.setVisible(true);

130
 if(dlg.isSaved()) load(txtSearch.getText());
}
/* ---------- approve OR reject ---------- */
private void approveOrReject(boolean approve){
int r = table.getSelectedRow(); if(r==-1) return;
String status =(String)model.getValueAt(r,5);
String booked =(String)model.getValueAt(r,6);
int id =(int) model.getValueAt(r,0);
if(!"pending".equalsIgnoreCase(status) || !"patient".equalsIgnoreCase(booked)){
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Action valid only for patient-booked PENDING appointments.");
return;
}
String newStatus = approve? "confirmed" : "cancelled";
try(Connection c=DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps=c.prepareStatement(
"UPDATE appointment SET status=? WHERE appointment_id=?")){
ps.setString(1,newStatus);
ps.setInt(2,id);
ps.executeUpdate();
load(txtSearch.getText());
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
approve? "Appointment approved." : "Appointment rejected.");
}catch(SQLException ex){ error(ex);}
}
/* ---------- delete completed / cancelled ---------- */
private void deleteSelected(){
int r = table.getSelectedRow(); if(r==-1) return;
String status =(String)model.getValueAt(r,5);
int id =(int) model.getValueAt(r,0);

131
 if(!"completed".equalsIgnoreCase(status) &&
!"cancelled".equalsIgnoreCase(status)){
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Only COMPLETED or CANCELLED appointments can be deleted.");
return;
}
if(JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(this,
"Delete appointment "+id+"?","Confirm",
JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION)!=JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) return;
try(Connection c=DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps=c.prepareStatement(
"DELETE FROM appointment WHERE appointment_id=?")){
ps.setInt(1,id);
ps.executeUpdate();
load(txtSearch.getText());
}catch(SQLException ex){ error(ex);}
}
/* ---------- util ---------- */
private void error(Exception ex){
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Error: "+ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
/* tiny doc listener */
@FunctionalInterface
interface Doc extends javax.swing.event.DocumentListener{
void change(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e);
default void insertUpdate(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e){change(e);}
default void removeUpdate(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e){change(e);}

132
 default void changedUpdate(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e){change(e);}
}
}

ADD APPOINTMENT DIALOG

CODE
package hospital.ui.receptionist;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
import javax.swing.border.MatteBorder;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.util.Date;
public class AppointmentDialog extends JDialog {

133
 private final JComboBox<PatientItem> cbPatient = new JComboBox<>();
private final JComboBox<DoctorItem> cbDoctor = new JComboBox<>();
/* Modern date/time spinners */
private final JSpinner spinDate = new JSpinner(
new SpinnerDateModel(new Date(), null, null,
java.util.Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH));
private final JSpinner spinTime = new JSpinner(
new SpinnerDateModel(new Date(), null, null, java.util.Calendar.MINUTE));
private boolean saved = false;
public boolean isSaved() { return saved; }
/* theme */
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
public AppointmentDialog(Window owner) {
super(owner, "New Appointment", ModalityType.APPLICATION_MODAL);
loadPatients();
loadDoctors();
buildUI();
pack();
setLocationRelativeTo(owner);
setResizable(false);
}
/* ---------- UI ---------- */
private void buildUI() {
JPanel card = new JPanel();
card.setLayout(new BoxLayout(card, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(new MatteBorder(1,1,4,4,BORDER));
card.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(25, 35, 25, 35));
add(card);

134
 JLabel heading = new JLabel("Create Appointment");
heading.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 20));
heading.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
card.add(heading);
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 20)));
/* date/time spinner editors */
spinDate.setEditor(new JSpinner.DateEditor(spinDate, "yyyy-MM-dd"));
spinTime.setEditor(new JSpinner.DateEditor(spinTime, "HH:mm"));
card.add(field("Patient", cbPatient));
card.add(field("Doctor", cbDoctor));
card.add(field("Date", spinDate));
card.add(field("Time", spinTime));
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
JButton btnSave = new JButton("Save");
btnSave.setBackground(PRIMARY);
btnSave.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
btnSave.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(180, 38));
btnSave.setFocusPainted(false);
btnSave.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
btnSave.addActionListener(e -> save());
getRootPane().setDefaultButton(btnSave);
card.add(btnSave);
card.add(Box.createVerticalGlue());
}
private JPanel field(String label, JComponent input) {
JLabel lbl = new JLabel(label);
lbl.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14));
input.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 32));
input.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(260, 32));
JPanel panel = new JPanel();

135
 panel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(panel, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
panel.setOpaque(false);
panel.add(lbl);
panel.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 6)));
panel.add(input);
panel.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
return panel;
}
/* ---------- save logic ---------- */
private void save() {
try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement("""
INSERT INTO appointment
(patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date,
appointment_time, status, booked_by)
VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, 'confirmed', 'receptionist')
""")) {
ps.setInt(1, ((PatientItem) cbPatient.getSelectedItem()).id());
ps.setInt(2, ((DoctorItem) cbDoctor .getSelectedItem()).id());
java.util.Date d = (java.util.Date) spinDate.getValue();
java.util.Date t = (java.util.Date) spinTime.getValue();
ps.setDate (3, new java.sql.Date(d.getTime()));
ps.setTime (4, new java.sql.Time(t.getTime()));
ps.executeUpdate();
saved = true;
dispose();
} catch (Exception ex) { error(ex); }
}
/* ---------- load dropdowns ---------- */
private void loadPatients() {

136
 try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
Statement st = c.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery("SELECT patient_id, name FROM patient")) {
while (rs.next()) cbPatient.addItem(new PatientItem(rs.getInt(1),
rs.getString(2)));
} catch (SQLException ex) { error(ex); }
}
private void loadDoctors() {
try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
Statement st = c.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery("SELECT doctor_id, name FROM doctor")) {
while (rs.next()) cbDoctor.addItem(new DoctorItem(rs.getInt(1),
rs.getString(2)));
} catch (SQLException ex) { error(ex); }
}
/* ---------- helper records ---------- */
private record PatientItem(int id, String name) {
@Override public String toString() { return name; }
}
private record DoctorItem(int id, String name) {
@Override public String toString() { return name; }
}
private void error(Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Error: " + ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}

137
 MANAGE MEDICINE INVENTORY

CODE
package hospital.ui.receptionist;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableCellRenderer;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel;
import javax.swing.table.JTableHeader;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class ManageInventoryPanel extends JPanel {
/* ---------- theme ---------- */
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
/* ---------- table model ---------- */
private final DefaultTableModel model = new DefaultTableModel(
new String[]{"ID","Medicine","Quantity","Unit ₹"}, 0) {

138
 @Override public boolean isCellEditable(int r,int c){ return false; }
};
private final JTable table = new JTable(model);
/* search box must be field-scope so Refresh can read it */
private final JTextField search = new JTextField();
public ManageInventoryPanel() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
setBackground(new Color(0xF4F7FA));
buildUI();
refresh(); // initial load
}
/* ---------- build UI ---------- */
private void buildUI() {
JPanel card = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10,10));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(1,1,4,4,BORDER),
BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(15,15,15,15)));
add(card, BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* table styling */
table.setRowHeight(24);
table.setGridColor(new Color(0xEEEEEE));
JTableHeader th = table.getTableHeader();
th.setReorderingAllowed(false);
th.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 13));
table.setDefaultRenderer(Object.class, new DefaultTableCellRenderer() {
@Override
public Component getTableCellRendererComponent(
JTable t,Object v,boolean sel,boolean focus,int row,int col){
Component c = super.getTableCellRendererComponent(t,v,sel,focus,row,col);

139
 c.setBackground(sel ? t.getSelectionBackground()
: (row%2==0 ? Color.WHITE : new Color(0xF7F9FC)));
return c;
}
});
card.add(new JScrollPane(table), BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* toolbar */
JPanel bar = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT, 8, 0));
bar.setOpaque(false);
JButton btnAdd = blueBtn("Add", "Add new medicine");
JButton btnEdit = blueBtn("Edit", "Edit selected medicine");
JButton btnDelete = redBtn ("Delete", "Remove selected medicine");
JButton btnRefresh = blueBtn("Refresh","Reload inventory"); // NEW
btnAdd .addActionListener(e -> openDialog(null));
btnEdit .addActionListener(e -> {
int r = table.getSelectedRow();
if (r != -1) openDialog((int) model.getValueAt(r, 0));
});
btnDelete.addActionListener(e -> deleteSelected());
btnRefresh.addActionListener(e -> filter(search.getText())); // reload
bar.add(btnAdd); bar.add(btnEdit); bar.add(btnDelete); bar.add(btnRefresh);
/* search box */
search.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(200,28));
search.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(200,28));
search.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 13));
search.setToolTipText("Search medicine name");
search.getDocument().addDocumentListener(
(Doc) e -> filter(search.getText()));
bar.add(Box.createHorizontalStrut(15));
bar.add(new JLabel("Search: "));

140
 bar.add(search); bar.add(new JLabel(" "));
card.add(bar, BorderLayout.NORTH);
}
/* ---------- button helpers ---------- */
private JButton blueBtn(String text,String tip){
return styled(new JButton(text), PRIMARY, tip);
}
private JButton redBtn(String text,String tip){
return styled(new JButton(text), new Color(0xD32F2F), tip);
}
private JButton styled(JButton b,Color bg,String tip){
b.setBackground(bg);
b.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
b.setFocusPainted(false);
b.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
b.setToolTipText(tip);
return b;
}
/* ---------- data helpers ---------- */
private void refresh() { filter(""); }

private void openDialog(Integer id){

MedicineDialog dlg =
new MedicineDialog(SwingUtilities.getWindowAncestor(this), id);
dlg.setVisible(true);
if (dlg.isSaved()) refresh();
}
private void deleteSelected(){
int r = table.getSelectedRow(); if (r == -1) return;
int id = (int) model.getValueAt(r, 0);

141
 if (JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(this,"Delete medicine "+id+"?","Confirm",
JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION)!=JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) return;
try(Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(
"DELETE FROM inventory WHERE medicine_id=?")){
ps.setInt(1, id);
ps.executeUpdate();
refresh();
} catch(SQLException ex){ showErr(ex); }
}
/* filter=="" means full refresh */
private void filter(String txt){
model.setRowCount(0);
String sql = txt.isBlank()
? "SELECT medicine_id,name,quantity,price_per_unit FROM inventory ORDER
BY name"
: "SELECT medicine_id,name,quantity,price_per_unit FROM inventory WHERE
name LIKE ? ORDER BY name";
try(Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(sql)){
if(!txt.isBlank()) ps.setString(1,"%"+txt+"%");
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
while(rs.next()){
model.addRow(new Object[]{
rs.getInt(1), rs.getString(2),
rs.getInt(3), rs.getBigDecimal(4)});
}
}catch(SQLException ex){ showErr(ex);}
}
/* ---------- utilities ---------- */
private void showErr(Exception ex){

142
 ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Error: "+ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
/* tiny doc listener */
@FunctionalInterface
interface Doc extends javax.swing.event.DocumentListener{
void changed(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e);
default void insertUpdate(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e){changed(e);}
default void removeUpdate(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e){changed(e);}
default void changedUpdate(javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent e){changed(e);}
}
}

MEDICINE DIALOG

143
 CODE
package hospital.ui.receptionist;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
import javax.swing.border.MatteBorder;
import java.awt.*;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.sql.*;
public class MedicineDialog extends JDialog {
private final JTextField txtName = new JTextField();
private final JTextField txtQty = new JTextField();
private final JTextField txtPrice = new JTextField();
private final Integer medId; // null = add | non-null = edit
private boolean saved = false;
public boolean isSaved() { return saved; }
/* theme */
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
public MedicineDialog(Window owner, Integer medId) {
super(owner, medId == null ? "Add Medicine" : "Edit Medicine",
ModalityType.APPLICATION_MODAL);
this.medId = medId;
buildUI();
if (medId != null) load();
pack();
setLocationRelativeTo(owner);
setResizable(false);
}
/* ---------------------- UI ---------------------- */

144
private void buildUI() {
JPanel card = new JPanel();
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(new MatteBorder(1,1,4,4,BORDER));
card.setLayout(new BoxLayout(card, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
card.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(25, 35, 25, 35));
add(card);
JLabel heading = new JLabel(medId == null ? "Add New Medicine" : "Edit Medicine");
heading.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 20));
heading.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
card.add(heading);
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 20)));
card.add(field("Medicine Name", txtName));
card.add(field("Quantity in Stock", txtQty));
card.add(field("Unit Price (₹)", txtPrice));
card.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
JButton btnSave = new JButton("Save");
btnSave.setBackground(PRIMARY);
btnSave.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
btnSave.setFocusPainted(false);
btnSave.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(180, 38));
btnSave.setAlignmentX(Component.CENTER_ALIGNMENT);
btnSave.addActionListener(e -> save());
getRootPane().setDefaultButton(btnSave);
card.add(btnSave);
card.add(Box.createVerticalGlue());
}
private JPanel field(String label, JComponent input) {
JLabel lbl = new JLabel(label);
lbl.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14));

145
 input.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 32));
input.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(300, 32));
JPanel panel = new JPanel();
panel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(panel, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
panel.setOpaque(false);
panel.add(lbl);
panel.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 6)));
panel.add(input);
panel.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(0, 15)));
return panel;
}
/* ---------------------- DATA LOAD ---------------------- */
private void load() {
String sql = "SELECT name, quantity, price_per_unit FROM inventory WHERE
medicine_id=?";
try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(sql)) {
ps.setInt(1, medId);
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
if (rs.next()) {
txtName .setText(rs.getString(1));
txtQty .setText(String.valueOf(rs.getInt(2)));
txtPrice.setText(rs.getBigDecimal(3).toPlainString());
}
} catch (SQLException ex) { error(ex); }
}
/* ---------------------- SAVE ---------------------- */
private void save() {
/* validation */
int quantity;

146
 BigDecimal price;
try {
quantity = Integer.parseInt(txtQty.getText().trim());
price = new BigDecimal(txtPrice.getText().trim());
if (quantity < 0 || price.compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) < 0)
throw new NumberFormatException();
} catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "Please enter positive numeric values.",
"Validation Error", JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE);
return;
}
try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection()) {
if (medId == null) { // INSERT
String sql = "INSERT INTO inventory (name, quantity, price_per_unit) VALUES
(?,?,?)";
try (PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(sql)) {
ps.setString(1, txtName.getText().trim());
ps.setInt (2, quantity);
ps.setBigDecimal(3, price);
ps.executeUpdate();
}
} else { // UPDATE
String sql = """
UPDATE inventory
SET name=?, quantity=?, price_per_unit=?
WHERE medicine_id=?""";
try (PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(sql)) {
ps.setString(1, txtName.getText().trim());
ps.setInt (2, quantity);
ps.setBigDecimal(3, price);

147
 ps.setInt(4, medId);
ps.executeUpdate();
}
}
saved = true;
dispose();

} catch (SQLException ex) { error(ex); }

}
private void error(Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Error: " + ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}

MANAGE BILLING

148
 CODE
package hospital.ui.receptionist;
import hospital.database.DBConnection;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel;
import javax.swing.table.JTableHeader;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class ManageBillingPanel extends JPanel {
/* ---------- Colors ---------- */
private static final Color PRIMARY = new Color(0x1976D2);
private static final Color DANGER = new Color(0xD32F2F);
private static final Color BACK = new Color(0xF4F7FA);
private static final Color BORDER = new Color(0xDDE3EB);
/* ---------- Table ---------- */
private final DefaultTableModel model = new DefaultTableModel(
new String[]{
"Bill ID", "Patient", "Appt ID", "Appt Date",
"Total ₹", "Status", "Payment Mode"}, 0) {
@Override public boolean isCellEditable(int r, int c) { return false; }
};
private final JTable table = new JTable(model);
public ManageBillingPanel() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
setBackground(BACK);
buildUI();
refresh();
}
/* ---------- UI ---------- */
private void buildUI() {

149
 JPanel card = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 10));
card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
card.setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(1, 1, 4, 4, BORDER),
BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(15, 15, 15, 15)));
add(card, BorderLayout.CENTER);
/* toolbar */
JPanel bar = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT, 8, 0));
bar.setOpaque(false);
JButton btnMarkPaid = blueButton("Mark as Paid");
JButton btnDelete = redButton("Delete");
JButton btnRefresh = blueButton("Refresh"); // NEW button
btnMarkPaid.addActionListener(e -> markPaid());
btnDelete .addActionListener(e -> delete());
btnRefresh .addActionListener(e -> refresh());
bar.add(btnMarkPaid);
bar.add(btnDelete);
bar.add(btnRefresh); // add refresh to bar
card.add(bar, BorderLayout.NORTH);
/* table styling */
table.setRowHeight(24);
table.setGridColor(new Color(0xEEEEEE));
JTableHeader th = table.getTableHeader();
th.setReorderingAllowed(false);
th.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 13));
card.add(new JScrollPane(table), BorderLayout.CENTER);
}
/* ---------- button helpers ---------- */
private JButton blueButton(String text) {

150
 JButton b = new JButton(text);
b.setBackground(PRIMARY);
b.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
b.setFocusPainted(false);
b.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
return b;
}
private JButton redButton(String text) {
JButton b = new JButton(text);
b.setBackground(DANGER);
b.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
b.setFocusPainted(false);
b.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
return b;
}
/* ---------- DB actions ---------- */
private void refresh() {
model.setRowCount(0);
String sql = """
SELECT b.bill_id, p.name, b.appointment_id, a.appointment_date,
b.total_amount, b.status, COALESCE(b.payment_mode,'-')
FROM bill b
JOIN patient p ON b.patient_id = p.patient_id
JOIN appointment a ON b.appointment_id = a.appointment_id
ORDER BY b.bill_id DESC
""";
try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
Statement st = c.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(sql)) {
while (rs.next()) {

151
 model.addRow(new Object[]{
rs.getInt(1), rs.getString(2), rs.getInt(3),
rs.getDate(4), rs.getBigDecimal(5),
rs.getString(6), rs.getString(7)});
}
} catch (SQLException ex) { showError(ex); }
}
private void markPaid() {
int row = table.getSelectedRow();
if (row == -1) return;
if ("paid".equalsIgnoreCase((String) model.getValueAt(row, 5))) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "This bill is already paid.");
return;
}
String[] modes = {"cash", "card", "upi"};
String mode = (String) JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
this, "Select payment mode:", "Payment",
JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE, null, modes, modes[0]);
if (mode == null) return;
int billId = (int) model.getValueAt(row, 0);
try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = c.prepareStatement(
"UPDATE bill SET status='paid', payment_mode=? WHERE bill_id=?")) {
ps.setString(1, mode);
ps.setInt(2, billId);
ps.executeUpdate();
refresh();
} catch (SQLException ex) { showError(ex); }
}
private void delete() {

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 int row = table.getSelectedRow();
if (row == -1) return;
int billId = (int) model.getValueAt(row, 0);
if (JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(
this, "Delete bill " + billId + "?", "Confirm",
JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION) != JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) return;
try (Connection c = DBConnection.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps =
c.prepareStatement("DELETE FROM bill WHERE bill_id=?")) {
ps.setInt(1, billId);
ps.executeUpdate();
refresh();
} catch (SQLException ex) { showError(ex); }
}
private void showError(Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Error: " + ex.getMessage(),
"Database Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}

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 SYSTEM TESTING
Testing is a crucial phase in the software development life cycle that ensures the system
meets its intended requirements and functions without errors or defects. For the
Hospital Management System, extensive testing was performed to verify the
correctness, reliability, and performance of each module. The goal was to identify bugs
early, validate features, and ensure smooth interaction between users and the system.
A combination of manual testing, unit testing, and integration testing was used
during the development process.

1. Types of Testing Performed

a) Unit Testing
Each module of the system was tested independently to verify that it worked correctly in
isolation.
Examples:
 Patient registration form validated for correct inputs.
 Doctor login and dashboard tested separately.
 Appointment slot selection tested with valid and invalid data.
b) Integration Testing
After individual modules were confirmed to be working, they were integrated and tested
together to ensure smooth communication and data flow.
Examples:
 Appointment booking → updates patient record → reflects in doctor's schedule.
 Prescriptions written by doctors → appear correctly in patient and billing
modules.
c) System Testing
The entire Hospital Management System was tested as a whole under real-world usage
scenarios.
Examples:
 Receptionist books an appointment → patient and doctor both view it from their
dashboards.
 Billing generated → patient sees amount → payment mode recorded correctly.
d) User Acceptance Testing (UAT)
Real users (students and faculty) interacted with the system to ensure that it met the
expectations of usability, flow, and output.

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Feedback: The interface was user-friendly and the system behaved as expected.

2. Test scenarios & Results

Test Case Input Expected Actual Output Status
Output
Login Correct email/ Redirect to Redirected Pass
Validation password dashboard corrected
Patient Missing phone Show Error shown Pass
Registration number validation
error
Book Past date Block booking Booking Pass
Appointment selected prevented
Add Valid Notes & Prescription Pass
Prescription appointment medicine saved saved
selected
General Bill Valid Bill created in Bill saved and Pass
appointment DB shown
selected
Invalid Login Wrong Show error Error shown Pass
password message

3. Bug Fixes Identified During Testing

 Issue: Appointment time allowed past dates
Fix: Added date validation logic
 Issue: Duplicate email allowed during registration
Fix: Enforced unique email constraint in database and Java form
 Issue: Bills were showing ₹0 if payment mode not selected
Fix: Made payment mode mandatory in billing module
 Issue: Logout not clearing session
Fix: Fixed navigation to return to login screen and reset session data

4. Performance Testing (Basic)

Although this is a desktop-based project, basic performance testing was conducted:
 System load tested with 100+ dummy entries (patients, appointments).
 Application maintained smooth performance without crashes or lag.
 Database queries executed within acceptable response time.

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 FEASIBILITY STUDY
A feasibility study is an essential phase in software development that evaluates whether
a proposed system is practical and achievable in terms of cost, technology, operational
needs, and time constraints. Before beginning development of the Hospital
Management System, a detailed feasibility study was conducted to determine the
viability of building and deploying the system in a real-world healthcare environment.

The study considered multiple aspects of feasibility to ensure the solution would be
both effective and sustainable.
1. Technical Feasibility
This assesses whether the current technology and tools can support the design,
development, and deployment of the system.
Findings:
 The system is developed using Java (Swing), which is well-suited for building
desktop GUI applications.
 MySQL was chosen for the backend, which is robust, open-source, and widely
supported.
 JDBC was used for seamless integration between Java and MySQL.
 All technologies used are freely available, making it ideal for educational and
small-clinic use.
Conclusion: The technical stack is simple, well-documented, and feasible for the target
use case.
2. Operational Feasibility
This checks if the system can be accepted and used by the intended users in a practical
environment.
Findings:
 The system offers role-based dashboards for Receptionist, Doctor, and Patient
— making it easy to use without confusion.
 User interface is kept simple with proper form validation and field labels.
 Operations such as booking, billing, and prescriptions follow real-life hospital
workflows.
Conclusion: The system aligns well with real-world hospital operations and can be
adopted with minimal training.
3. Economic Feasibility

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This examines whether the system can be developed within an acceptable cost
structure.
Findings:
 No expensive licenses or proprietary software was used.
 Development tools (NetBeans, MySQL Workbench) are free and open-source.
 Hardware requirements are minimal: standard PC or laptop.
Conclusion: The project is economically feasible for both development and deployment
at clinics, small hospitals, or institutions.
4. Schedule Feasibility
This focuses on whether the system can be completed within the planned academic
deadline.
Findings:
 The development was completed within the given semester timeframe.
 Each module was scheduled in weekly targets and executed accordingly.
 Testing and documentation were completed on time.
Conclusion: The project was delivered within the planned academic schedule,
demonstrating effective time management.
5. Legal & Ethical Feasibility (Optional for Academic Projects)
Even though this is a student project, the system adheres to basic data privacy and
access control principles:
 Sensitive patient information is protected using authentication.
 Access is limited based on user roles (Doctor, Receptionist, Patient).
 Passwords are stored securely, and unauthorized access is prevented.
Summary
The feasibility study confirms that the Hospital Management System is:
 Technically sound
 Operationally practical
 Economically affordable
 Time-wise achievable
Based on this analysis, the system was found to be fully feasible for academic and real-
world use.

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 FUTURE SCOPE
While the current version of the Hospital Management System (HMS) successfully
meets the basic operational needs of a small- to mid-sized hospital or clinic, there is
significant potential to enhance and extend the system in the future. As technology
continues to evolve, healthcare institutions require more automation, security, and
remote accessibility — all of which present opportunities for future development.
The future scope outlines the features, improvements, and integrations that can be
added to make the system more robust, scalable, and enterprise-ready.
1. Migration to Web-Based or Mobile Platform
 Transform the current desktop-based system into a web application or mobile
app using technologies like Spring Boot, Angular, React, or Android.
 This will allow doctors and patients to access the system remotely using
browsers or smartphones.
2. Integration with Health APIs and Devices
 The system can be enhanced to connect with digital thermometers, ECG
machines, or lab equipment to automatically capture reports.
 Integration with government health APIs or insurance services can be added
for faster patient data validation and claims.
3. Advanced Reporting and Analytics
 Add a data analytics module to generate:
o Monthly patient visit summaries
o Medicine usage trends
o Revenue graphs and performance metrics
 Use tools like JasperReports or Chart.js to visualize data within the system.
4. Enhanced Security and Encryption
 Implement two-factor authentication (2FA) for added login security.
 Apply end-to-end encryption for sensitive data such as prescriptions and lab
results.
 Passwords can be encrypted using bcrypt or PBKDF2 instead of plain hashing.
5. Automated Appointment Reminders
 Add a feature that sends automated email or SMS reminders to patients and
doctors before scheduled appointments.
 Integrate with APIs like Twilio or SendGrid for this purpose.
6. Multi-User Access with Concurrency Control

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  Upgrade the system to support multiple concurrent users with database
locking or session management to avoid data conflicts during simultaneous
usage.
7. Audit Logs and Activity Tracking
 Maintain logs for user actions such as login, logout, data modification, and
deletions.
 Helps in tracking activity and improves system accountability.
8. Inventory Auto-Update and Notifications
 Automate the inventory system so that medicine stock reduces automatically
when prescriptions are issued.
 Notify receptionist or admin when medicine stock is low.
9. Cloud Deployment and Backup
 Host the system on cloud platforms (e.g., AWS, Google Cloud) for 24/7
availability.
 Add automated daily backups of the database to prevent data loss.
10. Multi-Language Support
 Enable language options (Hindi, English, etc.) to make the system usable for non-
English-speaking staff and patients.

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 CONCLUSION
The Hospital Management System (HMS) project marks the successful development
of a robust and efficient desktop application designed to streamline hospital operations
and enhance the quality of healthcare service delivery. This project was undertaken with
the objective of minimizing paperwork, reducing human error, improving record
accessibility, and ensuring proper communication between patients, doctors, and
receptionists.

Throughout the course of this project, each phase of the Software Development Life
Cycle (SDLC) — from requirement gathering and system design to coding, testing, and
deployment — was followed diligently. The system was developed using Java (Swing
GUI) for the front end and MySQL as the backend database, connected using JDBC. All
core hospital functionalities, such as patient registration, doctor-patient
appointments, medical prescriptions, lab report uploads, inventory management,
and billing, have been successfully implemented and tested.

Special emphasis was placed on security, validation checks, and role-based access
control to ensure that the system is secure and reliable for daily hospital use. The
implementation also considered user-friendliness, providing intuitive interfaces for
patients, doctors, and reception staff.

This project not only helped us strengthen our technical and problem-solving skills but
also gave us valuable insight into how technology can be effectively applied in critical
sectors like healthcare. The feedback received from test users validated the practical
value of the system, and it is now fully prepared for use in real-world scenarios or future
deployment in clinics and healthcare centers.

Although the current version of the application meets the fundamental operational
requirements, the system is designed to be scalable and extendable. It offers great
future scope, including migrating to web or mobile platforms, adding advanced
analytics, and integrating with medical APIs or IoT devices.

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 REFERENCES
The development of this project involved consulting various online and offline resources
to gather technical information, resolve implementation challenges, and align the
system with real-world hospital workflows. Below is a list of the key references and
sources used throughout the design, development, and documentation phases of the
Hospital Management System:
Books & Academic Material
1. “Database System Concepts” by Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, and S.
Sudarshan
→ For understanding database normalization, keys, and ER modeling.
2. “Object-Oriented Programming in Java” by E. Balagurusamy
→ For understanding core Java concepts and GUI development.
Online Resources
3. Oracle Java Documentation – https://docs.oracle.com/javase/
→ Official Java documentation used to implement Swing components, exception
handling, and JDBC.
4. MySQL Documentation – https://dev.mysql.com/doc/
→ Reference for MySQL syntax, table design, data types, and constraints.
5. GeeksforGeeks – https://www.geeksforgeeks.org
→ Used for examples related to Java Swing UI, JDBC connectivity, and form
validation.
6. Stack Overflow – https://stackoverflow.com
→ Helpful for resolving technical coding errors and debugging complex logic.
7. W3Schools – https://www.w3schools.com
→ For understanding basic SQL queries and database interaction patterns.
Industry Practices
8. Real hospital workflow understanding was based on observations, discussions
with medical staff, and reviewing digital practices in hospital systems.
9. Academic guidance was taken from college faculty and project guides during
analysis, system design, and evaluation.
Additional Resources
10. YouTube Tutorials on:
 Java Swing GUI Design
 MySQL Setup and JDBC Integration
 Creating DFDs and ER Diagrams using tools like Draw.io and Creately

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