MATTU UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

ASSESSMENT OF MAJOR CAUSES OF EROSION AND MITIGATION

IN DEGA WOREDA BUNO BEADLE ZONE OROMIA REGIONAL
STATE SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA

BY: ALEMU GUDINA BECHERA

ID NO. …….0362/14
ADVISOR: MAMUSH (Dr.)

RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO COLLAGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES FOR THE PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF BA
DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

JUNE, 2017
MATTU, ETHIOPIA
 Acronyms

CSA: Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia

ERCS: Ethiopia Red Cross Society.
FSCDB: Self-closing Flood disaster Barriers
NGO: Non-governmental Organization
DA: Development Agent

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 Table of Contents

Contents Page
Acronyms......................................................................................................................................I
CHAPTER ONE...........................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the Study........................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem........................................................................................................2
1.3 Research Questions.................................................................................................................4
1.4 Objective of the study.............................................................................................................4
1.4.1 General Objective................................................................................................................4
1.4.2 Specific Objectives..............................................................................................................4
1.5 Significance of the study........................................................................................................4
1.6 Scope of the Study..................................................................................................................5
1.7 Organization of the Study.......................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO..........................................................................................................................6
LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................6
2.1 The Concept of Soil Erosion...................................................................................................6
2.2 Soil erosion in the world.......................................................................................................7
2.3 Major Cause of Soil Erosion in Ethiopia................................................................................7
2.4 Soil Conservation....................................................................................................................8
2.5 Practices and Perceptions of Local Communities in Soil Conservation.................................9
CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................................11
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................11
3.1 Research Design...................................................................................................................11
3.2 Research Method..................................................................................................................11
3.3 Source of data.......................................................................................................................11
3.4 Target Population..................................................................................................................11
.5 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques..................................................................................12
3.5.1 Sample Size.......................................................................................................................12
3.5.2 Sampling Techniques.........................................................................................................12

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3.6 Tools of Data Collection.......................................................................................................12
3.6.1Questionnaires....................................................................................................................13
3.6.2 Interview............................................................................................................................13
3.6.3 Observation........................................................................................................................14
3.6.4 Document Analysis............................................................................................................14
3.7 Methods of Data Analysis....................................................................................................14
3.8 Work Plan and Budget Break Down....................................................................................15
3.8.1 Work Plan..........................................................................................................................15
3.8.2 Budget Break Down..........................................................................................................16

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Causes among the fundamental and resources that determine ecological productivity and
resilience major natural resource of the world raw materials for most shelter and clothing come
from soils (Morgan 1986). Soil conservation is management strategies of soil being ended from
the earth’s surface or becoming chemically altered by over use, salinization. (DR.R, Barkar
(2007). Soil conservation refers to the measures and practice which protect soil against loss and
help in maintaining its fertility with view to establish sustainable agriculture (Pharm 2007)

Soil is an important resource, which needs much attention in its use and management. It
nourishes and provides with required needs for the whole of nature. The whole of creation
depends on it and ultimate foundation of our existence (Fillou, 2001). Because it is formed
slowly, it is essentially considered as a finite resource. In many rural areas of the developing
countries, land resources including soil, forest and water are under serious threat of degradation

The kind of agricultural activities that land can be used for soil structure, texture, drainages
fertility, rockiness, slop of the land, amount and nature of rain fall and other climatic condition.
Relatively larger proportion about 20% of the use land is suitable for raising crops. However,
only 2% of the land does not require soil conservation (Eldon o .Anger 2008). According to the
UN program an estimated so million hectares of land in Africa lire beer affected by land
degradation since 1950, include as much as 65% of the agriculture land (Bradley Smith 2008).
According to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), soil conservation
starts that combine maintenance of shrubs and trees with crop growing work best at controlling
erosion (Brad bye Smith 2008).

About half of Ethiopia high land about is significantly eroded and over quarter is affected
seriously (Thomas 1998). The degradation of resource especially soil degradation is one so the
most serious problem affecting Ethiopian agriculture today. It has threated the social and
political development of the country (Avast Gusted and mural Grater 1998).

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According to Morgan (1886) the increasing population and urban growth other major causes
of soil degradation among other. The consequences of soil erosion occur both on and oft site
effects are particularly important on agriculture use. Soil erosion reduces land productivity,
challenges of agricultural sustainability and degrades soil, air, and water quality. Indirectly,
soil erosion also degrades environmental quality through contamination at treated to the
sediment (Hawali 2001).

In Ethiopia soil conservation has been carried out with limited success. There is less-
willingness to accept and maintain the extensively introduced practices of soil conservation.
Besides, soil erosion is a major contributor to the prevailing food insecurity of Ethiopia. Thus,
soil conservation is vital to the achievement of food security, poverty reduction and
environmental sustainability in the country (Woldeamlak, 2007). Ervin (1982) declared that
farmers’ perception affects positively the adoption and efforts of soil conservation. Farmers’
perception to use soil conservation measures, especially in low income countries, can be
influenced by a complex set of socio-economic, demographic, technical, institutional and
biophysical factors ( Fender et al, 1985).

Regarding soil the communities in the study area has some practices to conserve their soli
resources. Bacause land is the major resources for agricultural production. However soil
degradation were observed due to different factors. Environmental, personal and natural factors
are the major soil erosion factors seen in Dega woreda, Bunno Beddele zone. Therefore, this
study will base on Assessment of Major Causes of Erosion and Mitigation in Buno Beadle
Zone particularly in Dega Woreda.

1.2 Statement of the problem

In the world soil erosion removes about 21-4 billion metric tons of soil in each year, on
agricultural origination and food soil degradation is seriously affected (world resource
institution 2007). Land degradation affects around 70% of the world’s range, land 40% of the
rain fed agricultural land 30% of irrigation land (Bradley smith 2008).

In Africa, soil erosion has reached critical levels with farmers pushing further on to deforested
hills soils. Soil erosion increase from time to time as the in tensile of soil erosion increase.

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Fertility of soil and productivity decline and resulting in failing yield soil subsequent reduced
cover, which then exposes more soil to erosion (Eldon, 2008)

Various studies (Ervin,1982; Bekele and Holden, 1998; pander and Kerr, 1998; Lapar and
pansy, 1999; Makoha, et al., 1999) have identified the factors that affect farmers’ adoption of
practices that control erosion and enhance long-term production and productivity. For instance,
technologies that conserve soil may not be compatible with the socioeconomic settings of the
farmers. Some technologies may be expensive because they require the limited resources the
farmer has and end up with little success. Still other technologies may control erosion but do
not result in fulfilling the immediate needs of the farmers (Ervin, 1982).

In Ethiopia, soil erosion is one of the biggest global environmental problems. The economic
implication of soil erosion is more serious in developing countries because of lack of capacity
to cope with it and also to replace and expansion of production to marginal and fragile lands.
Such process aggravate erosion and productivity declines, resulting in population growth,
cultivation of steep slopes, cleaning of vegetation, overrating and etc. are the main factors that
accelerate soil erosion in Ethiopia. The annual rate of soil loss in the country higher than the
annual rate of soil formation rate. Annually, Ethiopia loss over 1-5 million tons of top soil from
the high lands to erosion which could have added about 1-5 million tons of grain to countries
harvest (Taddese, 2001).

Konso woreda comprises two major agro climate zones, the dry land with semi arid climatic
conditions supporting the majority of the population (between 60-70 percent); and agricultural
uplands in the middle altitude supporting the rest of the primarily cultivating population. Based
on the Konso woreda agricultural office information, the main agro ecological divisions of
Konso , i.e. 70% accounts arid (Kola) and 30% account tropical sub-humid (weinadega). The
soil of the area varies from place to place. The Konso woreda agricultural office studied and
estimated that, 35% of the soil is sandy, 30% is clay and the rest, 35% is loamy soil.

In some parts of Oromia region, because of the frequent violent conditions with their neighbors
(Borena, Guji, Buno Bedele, and Ilu Aba Bor people), they were forced to live in a restricted

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mountain area. Moreover, fear of insect born diseases in the lowlands like malaria, tsetse fly
and other insect bites restricted the people in hill tops (Takele, 2009).

Human beings used to the natural environment for their survival but, their activities can be
degrading the soil directly or indirectly. The researcher of this study have observed that, in
Dega woreda, though there were several problems which are associated with soil erosion,
communities knowledge, attitude and practices observed to be low in Dega woreda. These
problems initiated to do the research on Assessing of Major Causes of Erosion and Mitigation
in in Dega Woreda Buno Beadle Zone.

1.3 Research Questions

This study will have the major questions that should be answered in order to find the major
problems associated with soil erosion and its mitigation and also to recommend what measures
should be taken. Therefore, the study will be expected to answer the following basic research
questions.

1. What are the major causes of soil erosion in Dega woreda?

2. What are local communities’ knowledge and awareness towards soil erosion the study
area?
3. What are the major practices of communities to mitigate soil erosion?

1.4 Objective of the study

1.4.1 General Objective

The main objective of study is to assess the major factors of soil erosion and community’s
practices to mitigate soil erosion.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

This study will have the following specific objectives.

 To identify the major causes of soil erosion in Dega woreda

 To examine local communities’ knowledge and awareness towards soil erosion the study
area
 To describe major practices of communities to mitigate soil erosion

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1.5 Significance of the study
Conducting this study will have significant for individuals and government offices. First and
for most, the government officials and local development agency workers may able to use the
research finding to develop local communities’ awareness and attitude regarding soil erosion.
Thus community awareness may also be collective action to address erosion problem. The
local farmer could be beneficial from soil protection that could be obtained by the research
finding. In addition, this paper expected to serve as a source of information for future
researcher instead on this area
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study will be delimited with geographic and thematic issues. Regarding geographical area,
the study will be conducted in Buno Bedele zone specifically in Dega woreda. Due to shortage
of time and budget as well as to manage the study more, the researcher will select three kebels
from the total kebels existed in the woreda. Thematically, this study will be delimited to assess
the major factors of soil erosion and community’s practices in erosion mitigation

1.7 Organization of the Study

This study will be organized into five chapters. The first chapter will threat about the
introduction of the study including, back ground of the study, statement of the problem, the
objective, the research questions, the significance, the scope and organization of the study. The
second chapter will include related literature reviews from different books and literatures
which related to this study. The third chapter will be about the methodology of the study and
description of the study area that includes research design and method, population, source of
data, samples size and sampling techniques, data collection tools and the methods of data
analysis. In the fourth chapter the collected data will be analyzed and interpreted. Finally the
conclusion and recommendation will be presented under chapter five.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The Concept of Soil Erosion
Before defining the concept of soil erosion, it is important to define what soil itself is. Different
scholar has defined soil. For instant Alan wild (1993) defined as soil as, the loose material
covering the crust of the earth surface or it essential components of the territorial. In addition to
this, Morgan (1986) define soil as the more or less loose and friable materials in which by
means of their roots plants major defined afoot hold and nourishment as well as other condition
of growth.

Other scholars have defined the concept of soil erosion independently. According to Morgan
(1986), new education defined soil erosion involves both the loss soil itself and loss of organic
matter and other mineral nutrients of the soil, water wind, ice and other agents promote soil
erosion. Water and wind are particularly effective in moving soil from one place to another.
Rain fall loses soil and particles which are then transported away by moving water. Wind loses
soil and bellows it always particularly if the soil is barren and dry.

Soil erosion is naturally processed accelerated by human activities. Community participation is

fundament in gradient in project and implementation and enlist sustainability of project as
community internalized development ideas their own and support the initiatives. According to
Mary (1980) says participatory rural appraisal helps local communities mobilized their human
and natural resource to define problem, consider previous successes, and evaluate. local
institutional capacities prioritize opportunities and prepare a systematic and site specific plan
of action a community environmental and resource management plan by community for
implementation and conservation of environment and enhancement of economy.

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Soil erosion reduce the amount of soil in an area and therefore, limits there growth of plants.
Erosion causes of loss of fertility because essential nutrient mineral and organic matter in the
soil are removed As result of these losses, the productivity of eroded agricultural soil drop and
more fertilizer must be used to replace the nutrient minerals lost to erosion. According to Hails
(1992) human often accelerate soil Erosion with poor soil management practices. Although soil
erosion is often caused by poor agricultural practices.
2.2 Soil erosion in the world
Much of the world has been facing increasingly serious soil erosion of various degrees caused
by both natural and human factors as well as its consequent environmental deterioration. The
loss of soil through land degradation processes particularly by erosion is one of the most
serious Environmental problems. Pimentel (2006) has argued that the reduction in water
availability due to land degradation and soil erosion is a major global threat to food security
and the environment more than 80% of land degradation is due to soil erosion out of which
56% is due to the water induced soil erosion ( Oldman, 1992) during the last few decades,
nearly one-third of the world's arable land has been lost by erosion and continues to be lost at a
rate of more than 10 million hectares per year (Pimentel et al, 1995).
As to this study, with the addition of a quarter of a million people each day, the world
population's food demand is increasing at a time when per capita food productivity is decline.
Erosion by water is a primary agent of soil degradation at the global scale, affecting 1094
million Hectares, or roughly 56% of the land experiencing human induced degradation
(Oldeman, 1992).
Likely, soil from the world's croplands is being swept and washed away 10 - 40 times faster
than it is being replenished. Even, one rainstorm can washes away several millimeters thick
soil. When we consider a hectare, it would take 10s tons of topsoil or several decades and even
centuries if left to natural processes to replace that loss (Pimentel et al, 1995).
Furthermore, the same study clarify that croplands are the most susceptible to erosion because
of repeated cultivation and the continual removal of plant cover. Since 1945 moderate, severe,
extreme soil degradation has affected 1.2 billion hectares of agricultural land globally, an area
size of china and india combined. Some 80 percent of this degradation has taken place in

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developing countries (haw ken et al, 1999, cited in Melville, 2006) and most countries lack
sufficient resources to repair degraded land.

2.3 Major Cause of Soil Erosion in Ethiopia

According to constable (1985) soil erosion caused by rainfall and run off is a process of as old
as the history agriculture in Ethiopia. Cultural, social, situational and economic environmental
factors play role. It is quite recently that there has been more interest in politically, situational
and economic causes, of soil picture still far from complete (Blackie 2000). According to
Hadson (1981) the major practice leading to erosion is over cultivation, over grazing,
deforestation and etc.

Soil erosion which followed by land degradation is a major global environmental problem of
the world today. Soil erosion which may be called the creeping death of soil is worldwide
problem. Obviously, soil erosion becomes a serious and catastrophic problem to an agricultural
country like Ethiopia. (Zarihun Wolde 2002). Ethiopia is one of the country where soil erosion
and where by land degradation has reached to almost disastrous threatening the natural
progress.

2.4 Soil Conservation

Conservation mainly refers to proper management and utilization of all necessary natural
resource of environment. Soil conservation is a combination of all management and use
methods. Soil conservation is reducing the amount of soil erosion. Soil conservation is the only
known way to protect the productively land of the earth. According to Benet (FAD, 1984) soil
conservation means threatening every soil according to its needs using each soil according its
capacity. The Ethiopian government recognized the severity of soil degradation problem
following the 1973 and 1974 famine with heavily external support the government initiated
massive program of soil conservation and habitation in most highly degraded areas.

Involvement of local people in planning and carrying out conservation program is request for
its success. It is people who cause erosion and it is people who working together. And who
must find the cores and apply then (FAD, 1993) No conservation project work plan decision
and implementation of it work and will be successful unless local people participate in its
development and application. The cause of soil projection has received a boost in connection

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with agricultural policy. Not only as a result of amendment made last year to the hill farming
directive but also, from a draft regulation recently submitted to the council providing for
community aid scheme designed to project certain environmentally important farming areas.
(Hailemariam and Gezagn 2000)

Soil conservation is involved as farming and it can as simple as home owner protecting the soil
in their own backward. It can measures aim at preventing or at least minimizing the soil. In
order to this proper land utilization coupled with agricultural practice should be adopted.

2.5 Practices and Perceptions of Local Communities in Soil Conservation

Environment of local people in planning and carrying out conservation program is request for
its success. It is people who cause erosion and its people who working together. Who must find
the cores and apply then (FAO,1993). No conservation project work plane decision and
implementation of it wark and will be successful unless local people participate in its
development and application. The cause of soil projection has received a boost in connection
with agricultural policy. Not only as a result of amendment made last year to the hill farming
directive. But also from a draft regulation recently submitted to the council providing for
community and scheme designed to project certain environmentally important farming areas
(Haile mariam and Gezagn 2000).

There are two methods of soil conservation (Yoder R.E 1936) these are Biological methods
and mechanical methods. Biological measures are again divided into agronomic, agrologic
measures. Agronomic practice: Normality the land will process a vegetation cover so as to
prevent erosion. The measures to be followed patterned along the nature’s own method of soil
conservation
Contour farming compare cultivated along the contour of the land. The plough marks will be
on level and can be hold the rain. Even in heavy rain the runoff is checked by the plant
growing along the contour
Mulching:- inter culturing operation will kill needs and soil
Crop rotation alternately growing a cereal and legume in the same field will not only increase
the yield, but also increase the soil moisture , nutrient and fertility

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Strip cropping: this is an agricultural practice of growing plants suitable strip in the field.
Agrostological measures cultivation of gross in a land which is heaving eroded is called an
agrostological measure. In lay farming grass is cultivated in rotation with regular crops. This
helps in a soil protection as well as produce fodder to cattle if land is heavily eroded it is best
to allow it to grow that of grasser for few years.
Mechanical methods are to allow for the absorption of runoff, dividing the slope in to short the
ones the protection against run of; a few of mechanical measures are discussed below.
Basin listing small basin are formed along the contour with an implement caved basin listed
these will hold water for time. Sub soiling soil broke with subsoil into fine grain to increase
their objection capacity. These includes;
Contour terracing along the contour serious of ridge or bunds of mud are formed to check the
run of. In channel terrace a shallow channel is dug and the mud is deposited along the lower
edge of the canal.
Gully control:- suitable water conservation measures are to be taken so as to prevent the
Formation of gullies.

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 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This section presents the research design, target population, sources of data, sample size and
sampling techniques, tools of data collection and method of data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

Research design implies that the way a study will plan and conduct; procedures and techniques
employ to answer the research questions. It also shows the tools require how data will be
collected. In this study descriptive research design will be used. Because, it helps to describe
communities participation on soil conservation specifically their knowledge, attitude and
practices.

3.2 Research Method

Regarding research method, mixed method of both quantitative and qualitative research
method will be employed. Therefore quantitative data will be collected from local households
through questionnaire, qualitative data that will be collected from collected form DAs of the
local kebeles through interview as well as data collected through observation and document
analysis that will be described in detail.

3.3 Source of data

In order to collect the necessary data for the study, primary and secondary data sources will be
used. Primary data source will be the local households and Development Agents who are
currently in their work. Secondary data sources will be local communities’ participation lists,
the training manual, vervals and similar written documents in kebeles agricultural offices.

3.4 Target Population

Population refers to the large group of people to which a researcher wants to generalize the
sample results; and the complete set of cases (Johanson, & Christensen, 2012). The target
population of the study will include households and the kebele development Agents (DAs).

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Because, they will have more information regarding the issues to be assessed and also they
have more familiarity than others.

According to Dega woreda Agricultural office 2017 E.C, there are 17 kebeles in the study area.
But in order to manage the study more the researcher will choose only three kebele. Therefore
the population of the study will include local household population in those three kebeles; 818
(696 male and 122 female). In general the total population of this study will be 821.

.5 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques

3.5.1 Sample Size.
Because of the large size of the study population and to manage the study more, it is vital
determine the sample size that could represent the total population of the study. Therefore, by
using simple random sampling, the researcher will select 89 households.

To determine the sample size of the study, Yamane (1967) sample size determination formula
will be applied in this study as indicated below.

Thus: n= N_ Where; n = the desired sample size, N = total population = 821 and

1+N (e2)
e =the level of statistical significance test/percent margin of error = 5%.
But due to lack of time and budget constraints the researcher will consider e =10% = 0.1
Thus: n= N_ = _821_ = __821__ = 821_ = 89

1+N (e2) 1+821(0.12) 1+821x0.01 1+8.21

Therefore, the total sample size of this study will be 89 households.

3.5.2 Sampling Techniques

To select the sample of local households, simple random sampling will be employed. Because
this sampling technique enables all individuals to be participant of the study. In addition, since
the life style, knowledge, knowledge and socio-economic background are not far apart simple
random sampling is selective to identify the sample of the study. Unlike to that of sample of
local households, the sample of DAs will be selected by using purposive sampling method.

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3.6 Tools of Data Collection
Questionnaires, interview, observation and document analysis will be data collecting tools of
this study.

3.6.1Questionnaires
In an attempt to collect data, questionnaires will be prepare by the researcher and used as a
main source of data gathering instrument.

The data collection will be done by using well-structured questionnaire for DAs who will be
the participants of the study. Because, this tools is helpful to collect quantitative data from
respondents.

The questionnaire will have two parts. In the first part there will be respondents’ demographic
characteristics including sex, age, marital status, educational background, monthly income, etc.
In the second part, there will be respondents’ perception and practice towards soil
conservation. Based on this 89 household will participate in filling questionnaires. First the
questionnaire will be prepared in English and will be translated to Afan Oromo to minimize
communication barrier.

3.6.2 Interview
According to Creswell (2009), for descriptive study, interview is an important and major
instrument of data gathering. This is because of its importance to collect data in face-to face
encounter (between the researcher and the informant) and in a place where convenient for the
interviewees. Based on this principle, semi-structured interviews will be prepared for 3 Das,
because it will have a greater advantage allowing flexibility for both the interviewee and the
interviewer. Any of participants can ask for clarification to clear misunderstanding.

A detailed pre-planned schedule, interview guide will be prepared and conducted with
purposively selected samples of the study. First, more factual question will be listed out
carefully from the interview paper work before conducting interview with informants. The
same questions will be put to all the respondents and in the same order.

Therefore for this study, the interview will be conducted in English and translated to Afan
Oromo because of its suitability to the study population, questions will be constructed not as an

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end by themselves rather they developed in a manner under investigation. In general the
interview will be held with 3 DAs individually.

3.6.3 Observation
Field observations will be another data gathering tool that will be employed in this study.
Because, the information obtained through observation is more accurate, more valid, and more
reliable than information gathered through other means of data collection tools (Kahan, 2003).
Therefore, in order to have such important information, the qualitative data will be collected by
observing the practices of local farmers in soil conservation.
The researcher will observe different fields when communities practiced soil conservation.
Observation checklist will be prepared to collect the necessary data from the fields.
3.6.4 Document Analysis
For this study as a secondary data collection tool, the researcher will collect qualitative
data from written documents like local communities’ participation lists, the training manual,
vervals and similar written documents in kebeles agricultural offices by using document
analysis. Before starting analysis, the researcher will prepare checklists to collect only on the data that
is consistent with the objectives and basic research questions
3.7 Methods of Data Analysis
Collecting and analyzing clear information is vital to achieve the aim of the study. According
to Cresswell (2009), descriptive survey involves a detail description of the setting followed by
analysis of the data for the issues under investigation.
 The researcher will first attempt to read all the data collected bit by bit continuously till
the meaning of those varieties of collected data get. After a through reading of data, the
researcher will also attempt to develop categories or codes for better analysis.
 After doing this the quantitative data will be collected through questionnaire will be
arranged and prepared for analysis based on their similarities in the form of notes,
tables and percentage for analysis.
 However, qualitative data will be collected by using in interview, observation and
document analysis will be analyzed and interpreted in supporting with quantitative
analysis under each topic and sub topic.

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  Depending on the data will be analyzed in chapter four, conclusion, finding and
recommendation will be drawn by taking into account the most important points related
with aim of the study that addressing the research questions at the end.

3.8 Work Plan and Budget Break Down

3.8.1 Work Plan
No Activities to be done Time of activities

1 Topic selection September 15-30/2017

2 Proposal preparation November 1-30/2017
3 Submission of 1st draft proposal December 15/2017
4 2nd draft proposal Submission & approval December 16-30/2017
5 Submission of final proposal January 2017
6 Preparation of questionnaire and interviews February 2017
7 Data collection February 2017
8 Data processing & analysis March 2017
9 1st draft Report writing April 1-15/2017
10 Submission of first draft to advisor April 16-30/2017
11 2st draft Report writing and approval May 2017
12 Submission of second draft to advisor June 1-30/2017
13 3st draft Report writing and approval July 2017
14 Submission of Final report August 2017
18 Research presentation August 2017

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3.8.2 Budget Break Down
Unit and Unit in Total cost in
No Items
quantity Birr Birr
Material costs
1 Pen 5 pieces 30 150
2 Pencil 2 pieces 15 30
3 Rulers 1 pieces 120 120
4 Parker 3 pieces 150 450
5 Paper 3 paket 1250 3750
Sub total 4500
Stationary and printing
6 Computer writing 400 pages 15 6000
7 Printing 400 pages 10 4000
8 Photocopy 400 pages 5 2000
9 Binding 6 30 180
Sub total 9000
Other costs
10 Internet 1GB 150 150
11 Flash 1 1200 1200
12 CD 2 300 600
13 Transportation and lunch 4 trips 400 1600
Sub total 3550
Grand total 17050

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Benet (1984) Soil conservation, MC grow hill, Newyork, land

Baik P.Mand brock (2000), the political economic of soil erosion, new York.

Bradley F. Smith and Eldon D. Enger (2008) Environmental Science twefth Edition, Newyork,

MCGraw-hill.

Constable (1985) Runoff and soil nutrient losses from an improved pasture at Ginnindera,

South table lands, News south Wale, Austrialian Journal of Agricultural research.

Dr J.P. sharm (2007) Environmental and Ecological, Second edition Gosmami Associate Delhi.

Dr. R Baskar (2007) and DR- sush mitha Baskar- Environmental studies for under graduate

courses.

FAO- FAO of United nation (1993) Guidelines land evaluation for rain fed agriculture FAO

soil Bullet 53,237

Haile Mariyam Taklawold and Gezahegn Ayele (2002) Economic of conservation village and

implication for sustainable.

Hail (1992) Acessing the risk association with the new agricultural practice Vol.4,18

Hawali Honolulus (2001), http//topsoil.nserl.purdue,edulflanaganler osynp/statementhtm

Hudson (1981) soil conservation (ended) Cornell univ.press. Ithacca

Mary (1980), stimulation of individual-storm soil loss for modeling the impact of soil

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