22 Sections
395 articles
Article 12 - state
Article 13 – judicial review
Article 14 – equality before law
Article 15 – discrimination (special clause for women and children), allows positive discr.
Article 16 equal opportunity in public employment
Article 17 untouchability
Article 18 prohibition of titles (except for military and academic)
Article 19 fundamental freedoms
freedom of speech and expression
o freedom of press
o Limitation: clause 2
Right to assemble peacefully and without arms
o Limitation: Section 144 can impose curfew
Freedom to form associations and uninons
o Limitation: clause 4
o Does not include right to strike or effective bargain
Freedom of movement
o Limitation: Clause 5
Freedom to reside and settle
Freedom to practice any profession
o Limitation: clause 6
Article 20
Clause 1: Protection against ex post facto laws.
Clause 2: Protection against double jeopardy.
Clause 3: Protection against self-incrimination.
Article 21: Right to Life and Personal Liberty (not applicable to people in jail)
Right to a speedy trial.
Right to medical aid.
Right to a clean environment.
Right to privacy
Article 21A, introduced by the 86th Amendment in 2002, mandates the state to
provide free and compulsory education to children aged 6 to 14 years, reinforcing
the importance of education as a fundamental right.
Article 22 - Protection Against Arbitrary Arrest and Detention
Clauses 1 and 2: Rights for individuals arrested under ordinary law include:
o Right to be informed of the grounds of arrest.
o Right to consult a lawyer.
o Right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours.
Clauses 4 to 7: Rights for individuals under preventive detention include:
o A maximum detention period of three months without review, unless extended
by an advisory board.
o The detained individual must be informed of the grounds for detention and
allowed the opportunity to challenge it.
Article 23 – right against human trafficking and forced labour (begging is illegal)
Clause 2: The state may impose compulsory services for public purposes (women,
children and elderly exempted)
Forced labour:
o not limited to physical restraint but includes any work extracted from a person
under threat of penalty
o could also arise from economic necessity
o strips a person of self-respect qualifies
Article 24: Child labour
against moral and material abandonment
Right to childhood
Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act.
Article 25: Freedom of conscience, the right to profess, practice, and propagate religion.
essential practices doctrine, asserting that only those practices integral to a
religion are protected under Article 25
Article 26: Allows religious denominations the right to manage their own affairs
Establishment and maintenance of religious institutions.
Management of properties associated with religious practices.
Administration of rituals, ceremonies, and customs.
The right to self-govern in religious affairs
Article 27: Prohibits the imposition of taxes for the promotion of specific religions.
“person” is defined broadly, including individuals, companies, associations, and
specific family structures
atheists and agnostics
Article 28: freedom of attendance at religious instruction or worship
Clause 1: Prohibition of Religious Instruction
Clause 2: Exceptions for Specific Institutions
Clause 3: Personal Freedom of Individuals
Essential Religious Practices (ERP) Test
National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992 - Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Parsis, and
Jains
Article 29: minorities to protect their distinct language, script, and culture.
Article 30: right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
Article 32: Supreme Court can issue directions, orders, or writs for the enforcement of
fundamental rights, the right to approach directly if one believes their fundamental rights have
been violated.
Article 226: Similarly, this article grants High Courts the power to issue writs for the enforcement
of rights conferred by the Constitution. However, it is important to note that High Courts can
exercise this power for a broader range of issues beyond just fundamental rights, including non-
observance of public duties.
Part IV-A – fundamental duties, 42nd Amendment in 1976, these duties were inspired by
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 86th Amendment in 2002
