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Texas Quails Ecology and Management 1st Edition
Katharine Armstrong Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Katharine Armstrong; Leonard A. Brennan
ISBN(s): 9781603445122, 1603445129
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 37.10 MB
Year: 2006
Language: english
 Texas Quails

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A3926.indb ii 9/22/06 7:10:00 AM
 Texas Quails Edited by
Leonard A. Brennan

Ecology and Management

Texas A&M University Press college station

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 Copyright © 2007 by Leonard Alfred Brennan
Manufactured in the United States of America
All rights reserved
First edition

The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements

of the American National Standard for Permanence
of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1984.
Binding materials have been chosen for durability.
䊊
⬁

Publication of this book was assisted by generous support from the South Texas
Chapter and Texas State Council of Quail Unlimited, the Texas Cooperative Extension
Quail Decline Initiative, the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, and the
Richard M. Kleberg Jr. Center for Quail Research.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Texas quails : ecology and management / edited by Leonard A. Brennan. —

1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-58544-503-5 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Odontophoridae—Texas. 2. Game bird management—Texas. I. Brennan,
Leonard A. (Leonard Alfred)
QL696.G259T49 2007
598.6⬘2709764—dc22
2006011359

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 To R. J. Gutiérrez,
mentor, colleague, sportsman,
and friend

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A3926.indb vi 9/22/06 7:10:01 AM
 Contents

Foreword, by Katharine Armstrong / ix

Preface / xi
Acknowledgments / xiii

Chapter . Introduction / 3 Section I:

Leonard A. Brennan, Fidel Hernández, and Fred C. Bryant Ecology and Life History of Texas
Chapter . Gambel’s Quail Ecology and Life History / 6 Quails
William P. Kuvlesky Jr., Stephen J. DeMaso, and Michael D. Hobson
Chapter . Montezuma Quail Ecology and Life History / 23
Louis A. Harveson, Ty H. Allen, Froylan Hernández, Dave A. Holdermann,
James M. Mueller, and M. Shawn Whitley
Chapter . Northern Bobwhite Ecology and Life History / 40
Fidel Hernández and Markus J. Peterson
Chapter . Scaled Quail Ecology and Life History / 65
Nova J. Silvy, Dale Rollins, and Shane W. Whisenant
Chapter . Diseases and Parasites of Texas Quails / 89
Markus J. Peterson

Chapter . Quails on the Rolling Plains / 117 Section II:

Dale Rollins Quail Populations
Chapter . Bobwhites on the Cross Timbers and Prairies / 142 in the Ecoregions of Texas:
Stephen J. DeMaso and James Dillard Management Opportunities
and Research Challenges
Chapter . Bobwhites in the East Texas Piney Woods / 156
R. Montague Whiting Jr.
Chapter . Bobwhites on the Blackland Prairies / 184
Markus J. Peterson
Chapter . Quails on the Trans-Pecos / 202
Louis A. Harveson
Chapter . Quails on the Edwards Plateau / 217
John T. Baccus and Jack C. Eitniear
Chapter . Quails on the High Plains / 233
C. Brad Dabbert, Duane R. Lucia, and Robert B. Mitchell
Chapter . Bobwhites on the Post Oak Savannah / 248
Nova J. Silvy
Chapter . Bobwhites on the Gulf Coast Prairies / 260
Robert M. Perez
Chapter . Bobwhites on the South Texas Plains / 273
Fidel Hernández, Robert M. Perez, and Fred S. Guthery

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 Section III: Chapter . Quail Regulations
Culture, Heritage, and the Rule-Making Process in Texas / 299
and Future of Jerry L. Cooke
Texas Quails Chapter . Economic Aspects of Texas Quails / 313
J. Richard Conner
Chapter . Managing and Releasing Pen-Raised Bobwhites / 327
Fidel Hernández and Robert M. Perez
Chapter . Operating a South Texas Quail Hunting Camp / 336
Ronnie Howard
Chapter . Strategies for Forming a Quail Management
Cooperative / 363
Stephen J. DeMaso, William P. Kuvlesky Jr., and Jason B. Hardin
Chapter . Sources of Information and Technical Assistance
for Quail Managers / 372
Dale Rollins
Chapter . Effects of Quail Management on Other Wildlife / 381
William P. Kuvlesky Jr.
Chapter . The Science of Quail Management
and the Management of Quail Science / 407
Fred S. Guthery and Leonard A. Brennan
Chapter . The Future of Quail Hunting
and Sustainability Science / 421
Leonard A. Brennan
References / 429
List of Contributors / 475
Index / 477

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 Foreword

One of my earliest memories while growing up on the family ranch in

South Texas is the cheerful whistle of the bobwhite. I still recall those
special times when the calls of bobwhites at daybreak were so frequent
and loud that they often drowned out the other songbirds in the brush.
South Texas remains a stronghold for quails in the United States. Sadly,
there are signs that these once-strong populations of quails are follow-
ing a trend similar to that of their cohorts in the southeastern United
States.
There are many half-truths, speculations, and plain old wives’ tales
regarding quails and quail populations. Many years spent on the ranch,
as well as many days in the field pursuing the wily bird, have led me to
conclude that habitat and weather conditions are the most important
factors influencing quail populations. Practices such as supplemental
feeding have been shown, through research, to be neutral population
management practices at best. However, feeding birds can concentrate
them into smaller areas, reducing hunting time and making location
of birds more predictable. Feeding often gives hunters and managers
an upwardly biased view of quail population levels on their properties
or leases. The bottom line is that quails are losing suitable habitat at an
alarming rate. Increasing human populations and changing uses of the
Texas landscape are slowly, but steadily reducing the amount of con-
tiguous habitat once available for quails.
Texas Quails: Ecology and Management takes an important step in
addressing the quail situation in Texas. Before we can move forward in
a productive manner, as it relates to quails in Texas, we need to know
and understand where we have been. There has been a lot of quail re-
search conducted in Texas, but no one has ever compiled all of the in-
formation we know about quails into one comprehensive volume. This
book does exactly that.
Some of the best quail experts in Texas and Oklahoma have contrib-
uted their work and insights in this book. I am proud to say that Texas
and Oklahoma currently have the finest group of quail specialists in
the world. We have fantastic quail researchers at our universities, one
of the best Cooperative Extension programs in the country, and super
staff with extensive quail knowledge and experience working at the
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Perhaps most important, we
have thousands of landowners and hunters who are keenly interested in
doing what they can to put this information to work on the ground.
Quails and quail hunting are an important tradition in Texas. Cool
winter days, shotguns, bird dogs, covey rises, friends, and family all are
part of the tradition and what many of us look forward to each fall and
winter. There are many facets of quail hunting that make it special. No

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 two covey rises are exactly the same; no two points and no two hunts
are ever the same. Watching good dogs working the grassy cover, in-
terspersed with mottes of low-growing brush, is similar to watching a
form of ballet and can be appreciated by the dedicated quail hunter and
novice alike.
Anyone with an interest in Texas quails—hunter, landowner, man-
x ager, researcher, or biologist—should have a copy of this book. It is an
Foreword essential addition to any wildlife library.
Katharine Armstrong, Chair
Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission, 2001–2003

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 Preface
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca’s mention of “quails” appears to be the first
record of birds seen within the territory that now comprises the state of
Texas.
Oberholser (1974)

The previous quotation is from Harry C. Oberholser’s monumental Bird

Life of Texas. Assuming Oberholser’s scholarship is correct—and there
is no reason to think otherwise—this means that quails are at the very
heart of Texas ornithology.
Quails also have a place in the hearts of many Texans. Hunting Texas
quails is serious business to many Texans and to many people who visit
Texas. More and more, quail hunting in Texas is a magnet that attracts
dollars from wealthy urban economies to struggling rural communi-
ties. Although cattle have been king in Texas for more than 150 years,
people are finding that these little birds may bring as much as, or more
than, cattle when it comes to economic returns. Quail populations, and
the habitat that supports them, can become potential income streams
that keep family lands in the family and prevent large ranches from
being sold, fragmented, or developed into subdivisions and shopping
centers. We have enough subdivisions and shopping centers. What we
do not have enough of is wild quails.
One of my early visits to Texas was in response to an invitation to
hunt on the Norias Division of King Ranch during January 1992. This
was a legendary boom year for quails in the state. Seeing quails flush
one, two, or even three “new” coveys as they landed after the initial
covey rise completely changed my perspective of quail populations and
habitat. Seeing such a density of birds—at least seven birds per hect-
are (about three birds per acre)—left an impression that is still with
me today. It illustrated, among other things, how productive the Texas
landscape can be when all the right habitat components are managed to
capture the benefits of precipitation when it finally does rain. It also il-
lustrated the lucrative sums that people are willing to pay to enjoy hunt-
ing what Aldo Leopold once called “grand-opera game.”
Despite the fact that quails in Texas usually have two or maybe three
boom years per decade, there may be some serious storm clouds for
quails on the horizon. Huntable populations of bobwhites have been all
but gone from the East Texas landscape for nearly three decades. This
past year, quail numbers in the Cross Timbers failed to increase, even
though rainfall was abundant. Long-term data show that quail num-
bers—and quail hunters—are declining at about 3–4 percent per year,
depending on the region of the state. The regionwide declines that have
devastated quail numbers in the southeastern states are moving west.
Fortunately, Texas is one of the few states taking quail conserva-
tion and restoration seriously. Virtually all of the people who wrote the
chapters in this book are involved with the new Texas Quail Conserva-
tion Initiative (TQCI). With many other colleagues, they have helped
develop a plan to stem the declines and restore quail populations in

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 Texas. The compilation and production of this book are but one small
part of the TQCI.
If this book does nothing else, I hope that it helps raise awareness
about the plight wild quails are facing in Texas. Each year, less and less
of the Texas landscape is hospitable to quails. The grasses that cattle
prefer to eat are the same grasses quails need for nesting. The ever-
xii burgeoning urban centers are inexorably creeping into, and taking over,
Preface wild quail habitat. Resource agencies and extension services are pro-
moting quail conservation and restoration at the same time they are en-
couraging people to convert native grasslands to “improved” pastures.
Modern agricultural landscapes are now essentially moonscapes when
it comes to quail and grassland bird habitat.
Until recently, people more or less accepted the philosophy that wild
quails were an automatic by-product of land use in Texas. I hope that
the people of Texas, after reading these chapters, will realize that we can
no longer embrace this philosophy and expect to sustain wild popula-
tions of quails and the dozens of other species of grassland birds and
vertebrates that share their habitat. Proactive management, policy in-
centives, and the adoption of a stewardship philosophy hold the solu-
tions to this problem.
Leonard A. Brennan
Corpus Christi, Texas

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 Acknowledgments

Even if someone had a photographic capacity to capture the scientific

literature on quails in Texas and the surrounding states, the Texas land-
scape is so vast—and diverse—that it would take a career lifetime to
master the nuances of all factors that influence wild quail populations
throughout the state. For this reason, I am indebted to the 24 people
who contributed their time—and endured my nagging and cajoling—to
write this book.
My colleagues at the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute
helped in various ways, both directly and indirectly, to produce this
book. I owe my supervisor, Fred Bryant, thanks for developing the En-
dowed Chair for Quail Research that brought me to Texas. Such a posi-
tion is a great opportunity that allowed me the time and space to work
on this project.
Shannon Davies of Texas A&M University Press was an enthusiastic
supporter of this project from the beginning. Her encouragement was
especially helpful while I was struggling with assembling the photos
and graphs for the initial draft.
I must thank Bill Kuvlesky and Steve DeMaso for their encourage-
ment when I first started thinking out loud about compiling and edit-
ing a comprehensive volume on Texas quails. Bill and Steve provided
excellent counsel by recommending potential authors and by making
motivational recommendations when the inevitable deadlines came
and went.
The South Texas Chapter and Texas State Council of Quail Unlim-
ited provided a significant grant that helped defray publication costs.
Tim Connolly, Ronnie Howard, and Chip Martin are to be thanked for
this generous contribution. The Texas Cooperative Extension Service,
on the recommendation of Dale Rollins, helped significantly with the
costs of publication, as did Fred Bryant and the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife
Research Institute.

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A3926.indb xiv 9/22/06 7:10:03 AM
 Section I
Ecology and
Life History of
Texas Quails

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A3926.indb 2 9/22/06 7:10:03 AM
 Introduction 1
Leonard A. Brennan, Fidel Hernández, and Fred C. Bryant
The landscape of any farm [or ranch] is the owner’s portrait of himself.
A. Leopold (1939)

Wild quails, and the opportunities to hunt, photograph, or simply 3

watch them, are among the most important wildlife resources in Texas.
During the past 20–30 years, as bobwhite populations have declined
in East Texas and elsewhere throughout the coastal plain of the south-
eastern United States, quail hunters have gravitated toward South and
West Texas in search of quail hunting.
Parts of Texas have the reputation of being some of the last great
places for wild quails in North America. The reputation Texas enjoys as
a mecca for quail hunting draws millions of dollars from wealthy urban
areas to struggling rural economies. The current importance of quails
in Texas points to a new era of wildlife management in which game
animals are a cultural and economic resource equal to traditional agri-
cultural commodities such as livestock and timber.
Texas quails have been the focus of a rich legacy of creative and vi-
sionary wildlife research (Lehmann 1984; Hellickson and Radomski
1999; Guthery 2000, 2002; Hernández, Guthery, and Kuvlesky 2002).
We know a great deal about the basic biology, physiology, and natural
history of quails in Texas and elsewhere. We also have pillars of knowl-
edge about the basics of quail management (chapter 24). Nevertheless,
numerous questions remain about factors that limit quail populations
and how these limiting factors can be mitigated through management,
especially during times of drought.

Land-Use Lessons from the Southeastern United States

The declines that have been so pervasive across vast areas of the eastern
part of the geographic range of the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginia-
nus) are a direct function of habitat loss in relation to changing land uses
in agriculture, forestry, and urban-suburban development encroaching
into rural areas. From the late nineteenth century through the 1970s,
a “quail wave” rolled through the southeastern United States (Rollins
2002). This widespread abundance of northern bobwhites was largely
an accidental function of primitive agriculture and an entrenched rural
culture of woods burning in the southern states (Leopold 1929). Over
time, modern, clean-farming methods dominated the agricultural land-
scape, and the widespread use of fire became less prevalent. Concomi-
tant with the decline in use of fire was the development of high-density
planted-pine silviculture (primarily loblolly pine, Pinus taeda). Neither
of these modern agricultural or silvicultural landscapes provides much
in the way of habitat space for quails. When the inexorable losses from
urban-suburban encroachment into once-rural areas were added to the
losses from changing agricultural and silvicultural land uses, it was
inevitable that extensive areas of the early-successional grassland and

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 Figure 1.1.
Two wild northern bobwhite popula-
tion trends. The “managed for quail”
data are from a 4,050-hectare (10,000-
acre) quail plantation in the south-
eastern United States. The overall
trend in the United States data
are from the National Audubon
Society Christmas Bird Counts.

open forest habitats that supported vast numbers of quails would be

negatively impacted (Peterson, Wu, and Rho 2002).
Despite the widespread declines and local extinctions of quail popu-
lations throughout the Southeast, remnant, scattered populations of rel-
atively abundant bobwhites (with densities often greater than 2.5 birds
per acre, or a bird per acre) can be found in various places throughout
Coastal Plain states such as Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida.
Aggressive habitat management is responsible for maintaining these
remnant populations of quails in what is otherwise a large region of
unsuitable habitat. Where people manage quail habitat on areas where
the minimum area is between 400 and 2,000 hectares (1,000 and 5,000
acres), wild populations of quails can, and do, persist despite the broad-
scale declines (figure 1.1). The concept of using management strategies
that provide habitat space is the foundation of effective quail manage-
ment anywhere, including Texas.

Texas Quails: From Accident to Management

A number of accidental cultural and land-use factors have occurred to
make parts of Texas one of the last great places for quails. For more
than a century, the presence of large, private landholdings such as King
Ranch, Kenedy Ranch, and other parcels that range from tens to hun-
dreds of thousands of acres, formed the backbone of quail habitat across
large regions of Texas (Lehmann 1984). Unlike the quail plantations of
southern Georgia and northern Florida, where intensive management is
used to maintain usable habitat space for quails, these birds have been a
by-product of range management for livestock in South Texas (Guthery
1986). Sustainable management techniques that produce habitat space
for quails will be the primary strategy for perpetuating huntable popu-
lations of wild quails across the Texas landscape.

Raising the Stakes

Many quail populations in Texas are declining. Some declines have
been severe and prolonged, such as in the East Texas Piney Woods. Al-
though other declines are not nearly as severe, such as in South Texas,
they are worrisome.
Fee-lease hunting in Texas started in the 1930s and during the past
three decades has developed into a lucrative economy on many Texas

A3926.indb 4 9/22/06 7:10:04 AM

 ranches. Monies generated from hunting leases are an important source
of income for supplementing eroding returns from livestock and de-
clining revenues from oil and gas leases. The combination of fee-lease
hunting on the large, historic ranches and the direct purchase of range-
lands for private hunting are now major factors in the Texas economy,
especially in the southern and western regions of the state. It is obvious
that revenues from hunting represent a new, significant economic factor 5
in the South Texas economy. The resources that attract these revenues, Introduction
specifically opportunities to hunt white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virgi-
nianus) and quails, have reached such a level of economic significance
that many people are now motivated to identify strategies for sustaining
populations of these wildlife resources through management.

Challenges and Opportunities

The diverse ecological regions of Texas contain dramatic gradients of
rainfall, humidity, and vegetation. This presents both a challenge and
an opportunity for quail managers and researchers. It is a daunting task
for even the most creative wildlife scientists to design studies that will
result in a unified understanding of the factors that limit quail popula-
tions. To date, wildlife scientists have not been able to develop a single
set of objective management decision rules that can be applied across
the state to enhance quail populations. However, broad, and in some
cases, unifying management concepts and philosophies can be used to
stabilize and increase quail numbers (chapter 24).

Purpose, Goal, and Organization

The purpose of this book is to make the knowledge generated from past
quail research available to anyone interested in quails and quail manage-
ment in Texas. A large number of research publications have addressed
various aspects of quail populations, habitat, and related management
issues in Texas. The most cohesive, modern body of research on Texas
quails has focused on northern bobwhites in South Texas (Hernández,
Guthery, and Kuvlesky 2002). Dan Lay in East Texas and A. S. Jackson
in the Rolling Plains conducted other significant quail research initia-
tives. There is a diverse body of research that covers various aspects of
quail ecology and management throughout the rest of Texas. The refer-
ences section of this book aptly illustrates this point.
The goal of this book is to summarize and synthesize the existing
literature on quail ecology and management in Texas. With four species
of native quails and 10 diverse ecoregions in Texas, such a compendium
is long overdue.
This book is organized into three broad sections. Section I, chap-
ters 2–5, describes, reviews, and summarizes the life history of the four
quails that are native to Texas. Chapter 6 presents the first published
overview of diseases and parasites of Texas quails. Section II, chapters
7–16, describes how quail populations have fluctuated and how quail
management has—or has not—been conducted in the 10 ecological re-
gions of the state. Section III, chapters 17–25, addresses various issues
that pertain to the culture and heritage of wild Texas quails.

A3926.indb 5 9/22/06 7:10:04 AM

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 298 INTEREST. Arber, p. 70, last line. Law Lat. interdictum,
a kind of excommu-& nication, Ducange ; Lat. interdictum, a decree
of a judge. — Lat. interdictus, pp. of interdicere, to pronounce
judgment between two parties, to decree. = Lat. inter, between; and
dicere, to speak, utter. See Inter- and Diction. Der. interdict, vb.;
interdict-ion, Macb. iv. 3. 106 ; interdict-ive, interdict-or-y. ST (1),
profit, advantage, premium for use of money. (F.,—L.) Differently
formed from the word below. ‘My well-won thrift, Which he calls
interest ;’ Merch. Ven. i. 3. 52.—O. F. interest (mod. F. interé), ‘an
interest in, a right or title to a thing; also interest, or use for money;’
Cot.—Lat. interest, it is profitable, it concems ; 3 p. 8. pres. indic. of
interesse, to concern, lit. to be between. = Lat. inter, between; and
esse, to be. See Inter- and Essence. “41 Littré remarks that the F.
has considerably modified the use of the Lat. original; see his Dict.
for the full history of the word. He also bids us observe that the
Span. interes, Port. interesse, Ital. interesse, interest, are all taken
from the infinitive mood of the Lat. verb, not from the 3 p. s. pres.,
as in French; cf. Low Lat. interesse, interest. Besides this, the use of
this sb. helped to modify the verb below; 4. v. ¢@ Spenser has the
Ital. form interesse, F. Q. vii. 6. 33. INTEREST (2), to engage the
attention, awaken concern in, excite in behalf of another. (F.,=L.) A
very curious word ; formed (by partial confusion with the word
above) from the pp. interess’d of the obsolete verb ¢o interess, The
very same confusion occurs in the formation of Disinterested, q.v.
‘The wars so long continued between The emperor Charles and
Francis, the French king, Have interess’d, in either’s cause, the most
Of the Italian princes;’ Massinger, Duke of Milan, i.1. ‘ 7%b. By the
Capitol, And all our gods, but that the dear republic, Our sacred laws
and just authority Are interess'd therein, I should be silent;’ Ben
Jonson, Sejanus, iii. 1. ‘To interess themselves for Rome, against
Carthage ;’ Dryden, On Poetry and Painting (R.) ‘To interess or
interest, to concern, to ene;’ Kersey, ed. 1715.—0O.F. interessé, ‘
interessed, or touched in ;’ Cot. Cf. Ital. interessare (pp.
interessato); Span. interesar (pp. interesado), to interest.= Lat.
interesse, to concern; see Interest (1). Der. interest-ed (really a
reduplicated pp.), a late word, added by Todd to Johnson’s Dict. ;
interest-ing, interest-ing-ly ; also dis-interested, 4. ν. INTERFERE, to
interpose, intermeddle. (F.,.—L.) A word known in the r5th cent., but
not much used. Chiefly restricted to the peculiar sense of hitting one
leg against another ; said of a horse. ‘ Entyrferyn, intermisceo ;’
Prompt. Parv. ‘To interfeere, to hacke one foot or legge against the
other, as a horse doth ;’ Minsheu, ed. 1627. ‘To enterfeir, to rub or
dash one heel against the other, to exchange some blows ;’ Blount’s
Gloss., ed. 1674.—O. F. entreferir, ‘to interchange some blows; to
strike or hit, at once, one another ; to interfeere, as an horse;’? (οἱ.
Ἐς, entre, between; and ferir, to strike. — Lat. inter, between ; and
ferire, to strike. See Inter- and Ferule. Der. interfer-er, interfer-ence.
INTERFUSE, to pour between. (L.) Milton has interfus'd, P. L. vii. 89.
— Lat. interfusus, pp. of interfundere, to pour between. See Inter-
and Fuse (1). Der. interfus-ion. INTERIM, an interval. (L.) At least 14
times in Shak.; see ul. Ceesar, ii. 1.64; &c.—Lat. interim, adv. in the
mean while. = t. inter, between; and im, old acc. of is, demonst.
pronoun, from pronom. base I. INTERIOR, internal. (L.) In Shak.
Rich. ITI, i. 3. 65.—Lat. interior, compar. of interus, which is itself a
comparative form. Thus interior (like inferior) is a double
comparative. The Lat. interus and intimus correspond to Skt. antara
(interior) and antima, Vedic antama (last), which are, respectively,
compar. and superl. forms. The positive form appears in Lat.andE.in.
SeeIn. Der. interior, sb., Merch. Ven. ii. 9. 28; interior-ly; and see
internal. INTERJACENT, lying between. (L.) In Kersey, ed. 1715.
Interjacency is in Blount’s Gloss., ed. 1674.— Lat. interiacent-, stem
of pres. part. of interiacere, to lie between. Lat. inter-, between ;
and iacere, to lie. See Inter- and Gist. Der. interjacenc-y.
INTERJECTION, a word thrown in to express emotion. (F.,—L.) In
Shak. Much Ado, iv. 1. 22.—F. interjection, ‘ an interjection;’ Cot.—
Lat. interiectionem, acc. of interiectio, a throwing between, insertion,
interjection.= Lat. interiectus, pp. of interiacere, to cast between.
Lat. inter; and iacere, to cast; see Inter- and Jet. Der. interjection-al
; also interject, verb (rare). -RLACE, to lace together. (F..—L.) In
Spenser, F. Ὁ. v. 3. 23; and in Sir T. More, Works, p. 739 b. Spelt
enterlace in Minsheu, ed. 1627. Modified from O. F. entrelasser, ‘to
interlace ;’ | Cot.—F. entre, between ; and Jasser, lacer, to lace; Cot.
See Interand Lace. Der. interlace-ment. INTERNECINE. = s. 26, 1.
225. Modified from F. entrelarder, ‘to interlard, mingle different
things together ;’ Cot. See Inter- and Lard. INTERLEAVE, to insert
blank leaves in a book between the others. (Hybrid; L. and E.) In
Kersey’s Dict., ed. 1715. Coined from Inter- and Leave, the latter
being a coined verb from the sb. Leaf (pl. leaves). INTERLINE, to
write between the lines. (L.) ‘I interline, I blot, correct, I note;’
Drayton, Matilda to K. John (R.); and in Cotgrave, to translate F.
entreligner.— Low Lat. interlineare, to write between lines for the
purpose of making corrections ; used a. Ὁ. 1278; Ducange. - Lat.
inter, between; and linea, a line. See Inter- and Line. Der. interline-
ar, from Low Lat. interlinearis ; whence interline-ar-y, Milton,
Areopagitica, ed. Hales, p. 41, 1. 2; interline-at-ion. INTERLINKE, to
connect by uniting links. (Hybrid; L. and Scand.) ‘With such infinite
combinations interlinked;’ Daniel, Defence of Rhyme (R.) Coined
from Lat. inter and link. See Interand Link. ὃ INTERLOCUTION, a
conference, speaking between. (F.,—L.) ‘A good speech of
interlocution ;’ Bacon, Essay 32, Of Discourse. = F. interlocution, ‘an
interlocution, interposition ;’ Cot.— Lat. interlocutionem, acc. of
interlocutio.— Lat. inter, between; and Jocutus, pp. of logui, to
speak; see Inter- and Loquacious. Der. So also interlocut-or, Bp.
Taylor, Great Exemplar, pt. iii. s. 11 (R.), from Lat. inter and locutor,
a speaker ; interlocut-or-y. INTERLOPER, an intruder. (Hybrid; L. and
Du.) ‘Interlopers in trade ;’ Minsheu’s Dict., ed. 1627. ‘ Interlopers,
leapers or runners between ; it is usually applied to those merchants
that intercept the trade or traffick of a company, and are not legally
authorised ;’ Blount’s Gloss., ed. 1674.—Lat. inter, between; and Du.
looper, a runner, from Joopen, to run, cognate with E. leap. See
Inter- and Leap ; and see Elope. Der. interlope, vb., coined from the
sb. INTERLUDE, a short piece played between the acts of a play. (L.)
In Shak. Mids. Nt. Dr. i. 2. 6; and in G. Douglas, ed. Small, v.i. p. 45,
1.18. Coined from Lat. inter, between ; and Judus, a play, or ludere,
to play; see Inter- and Ludicrous. Der. interlud-er. INTERLUNAR,
between the moons. (L.) ‘Hid in her vacant interlunar cave;’ Milton,
Samson Agon., 89. Applied to the time when the moon, about to
change, is invisible. Coined from Lat. inter, between ; and Juna,
moon.. See Inter- and Lunar. -Y, to marry amongst. (Hybrid; L. and
F.) See examples in R. from Bp. Hall and Swift. Coined from Lat.
inter, amongst ; and marry, of F. origin; see Inter- and Marry. Der.
intermarri-age. INTERMEDDLE, to mingle, meddle, mix with. (F.,—L.)
M. Ἐς, entermedlen; ‘ Was entermedled ther emong;’ Rom. of the
Rose, 906.—O.F. entremedler, a variant of entremesler, ‘to
intermingle, interlace, intermix;’ Cot. [For this variation, see mesler,
medler, in Burguy.]—O. F. entre, from Lat. inter, among; and O. F.
medler, tomeddle. See Inter- and Meddle. Der. intermeddl-er.
INTERMEDIATE, intervening. (F..—L.) In Kersey, ed. 1715.—F.
intermediat, ‘that is between two;’ Cot.—Lat. inter, between; and
mediatus, pp. of mediare, to halve. See Inter- and Mediate. Der.
intermediate-ly. INTERMIN. , endless. (L.) In Chaucer, tr. of Boethius,
b. v. pr. 6, 1. 4987.— Lat. interminabilis, endless. Lat. in-, not; and
terminare, to terminate, from ¢erminus, an end. See In- (3) and
Term. Der. interminabl-y, interminable-ness. INTERMINGLE, to
mingle together. (Hybrid; L. and E.) In Shak. Oth. iii. 3. 25; earlier, in
Surrey, tr. of Virgil, Ain. b. iv (R.) From Lat. inter, amongst; and
mingle. See Inter- and Mingle. INTERMIT, to interrupt, cease fora
time. (L.) In Shak. Jul. Cees. i. 1. 59.— Lat. intermittere, to send
apart, interrupt. = Lat. ἐμέο, between; and mittere, to send; see
Inter- and Missile. Der. intermitt-ent, as in ‘ an intermittent ague,’
Holland, tr. of Ammianus, Ὃ 420, from the pres. part.; intermitt-ing-
ly; also intermiss-ion, acb. iv. 3. 232, from F. intermission (Cot.)=Lat.
intermissionem, acc. of intermissio, formed from intermissus, pp. of
intermittere ; intermiss-ive, τ Hen. VI, i. 1. 88, INTERMIX, to mix
together. (Hybrid; L. and E.) Shak. has intermixed ; Rich. II, v. 5. 12.
Coined from Lat. inéer, among, and E. mix; see Inter- and Mix. Der.
inter-mixture, from inter- and mixture, q. V. INTERNAL, being in the
interior, domestic, intrinsic. (L.) In Spenser, F.Q. iii. το. 59. Coined,
with suffix -al, from Lat. internus, inward; extended from inter-,
inward; see Interior. Der. internal-ly. From the same source, denizen,
4. V., entrails, q. v. INTERNECINE, thoroughly destructive. (L.) ‘
Internecine INTERLARD, to place lard amongst. (F.,—L.) ‘ Whose
grain war;’ Butler, Hudibras, pt. i. c. 1.1.774.— Lat. internecinus,
thoroughly destructive. = Lat. interneci-o, utter slaughter. = Lat.
inter, thoroughly doth rise in flakes, with fatness interlarded;’
Drayton, Polyolbion, @ (see White) ; and necare, to kill. See Inter-
and Necromancy.
 INTERPELLATION. ‘TION, an interruption, intercession,
summons. § (F.,=—L.) In Minsheu, ed. 1627.—F. interpellation, ‘an
interruption, disturbance ;’ Cot.— Lat. interpellationem, acc. of
interpellatio, an interruption, hindrance. Lat. interpellatus, pp. of
interpellare, to drive between, hinder.— Lat. inter, between; and
fellere, to drive; see Inter- and Pulsate. INTERPOLATE, to insert a
spurious passage. (L.) ‘Although you admit Czesar’s copy to be
therein not interpolated ;’ Drayton, Polyolbion, s. 11; Remarks (R.)
— Lat. interpolatus, pp. of interpolare, to furbish up, patch,
interpolate. — Lat. interpolus, interpolis, polished _up.= Lat. inter,
between, here and there; and polire, to polish. See Inter- and Polish.
Der. interpolat-ion, from F. interpolation, ‘a polishing ;’ Cot.
INTERPOSE, to put between, thrust in, mediate. (F.,—L.) In Shak.
Jul. Cees. ii. 1. 98.—F. interposer, ‘to interpose, to put or set
between. See Inter- and Pose. Der. interpos-er, Merch. Ven. iii. 2.
329. INTERPOSITION, intervention, mediation. (F..—L.) ‘By reason of
the often interposicion;’ Sir T. More, Works, p. 1291d.—F.
interposition, ‘an interposition, or putting between;’ Cot. See
Interand Position (which is πού formed directly from pose). ξ
INTERPRET, to explain, translate. (F..—L.) M.E. interpreten, Wyclif, 1
Cor. xiv. 27; interpretour is in verse 28.—F. interpreter, ‘to interpret;’
Cot.—Lat. interpretari, to expound.= Lat. interpret-, stem of
interpres, an interpreter; properly an agent, broker, factor, go-
between. 8. Of uncertain origin; the former part of the word is, of
course, Lat. inter, between; the base -pret- is perhaps cognate with
the Gk. base ppad- in φράζειν (-- φράδ-γειν), to speak, rather than
with Gk. πράττειν, πράσσειν, to do. Der. interpret-able, interpret-er
(in Wyclif, as above); also (from Lat. pp. interpretatus) interpretat-
ion τε Ἐς, interpretation, ‘an interpretation’ (Cot.), interpretat-ive,
interpretat-ive-ly. INTERREGNUM, an interval between two reigns.
(L.) ‘Interreign or Interregnum;’ Kersey, ed. 1715.—Lat. interregnum.
—= Lat. inter, between; and regnum, a reign, rule. See Inter- and
Reign. INTERROGATE, to examine by questions, question. (L.) In
Minsheu, ed.1627. Shak. has interrogatory, K. John, iii.1.147;
shortened to intergatories, Merch. Ven. v. 298.— Lat. interrogatus,
pp. of interrogare, to question.— Lat. inter, thoroughly (see White);
and rogare, to ask; see Rogation. Der. interrogat-or, interrogat-or-y;
interrogat-ion =F. interrogation, ‘ an interrogation’ (Cot.), from Lat.
acc. interrogationem ; interrogat-ive, from Lat. interrogatiuus;
interrogat-ive-ly, INTERRUPT, to break in amongst, hinder, divide
continuity. (L.) ‘ With much work and oft interrupting ;’ Sir T. More,
Works, p- 628g.—Lat. interruptus, pp. of interrumpere, to burst
asunder, break up, hinder. — Lat. inter, between; and rumpere, to
break. See Interand Rupture. Der. interrupt-ed-ly. interrupt-ive,
interrupt-ive-ly ; also interruption, M.E. interrupcion, Gower, C. A. i.
37=F. interruption (Cot.), from Lat. acc. interruptionem. RSECT, to
cut between, cross as lines do. (L.) ‘ Intersecteth not the horizon ;’
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Errors, b. vi. c. 7. § 4. =Lat. intersectus, pp. of
intersecare, to cut apart.—Lat. inter, between, apart ; and secare, to
cut. See Inter- and Section. Der. intersect-ion. INTERSPERSE, to
disperse amongst, set here and there. (L.) ‘ Interspersed, bestrewed,
scattered or sprinkled between;’ Blount’s Gloss., ed. 1674.— Lat.
interspersus, pp. of interspergere, to sprinkle amongst. Lat. inter,
amongst ; and spargere, to scatter; see Sparse. Der. interspers-ion.
INTERSTELLAR, lit. between the stars. (L.) In Phillips, ed. 1706.
Coined from Lat. inter, amongst; and E. stellar, adj. dependent on
Lat. stella, a star; see Stellar. ‘ERSTICE, a slight space between
things set closely together. (F.,—L.) ‘For when the airy interstices are
filled ;’ Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Errors, b. ii. c. 5. § 14.—F. interstice, in
use in the 16th century; Littré.—Lat. interstitium, an interval of
space.—Lat. inter, between; and stdtus, pp. of sistere, to place, a
causal verb formed from 4/ STA, to stand; see Stand. Der. interstiti-
al, from Lat. interstiti-um. INTERTWINE, to twine amongst. (Hybrid;
L. and E.) In Milton, P.L. iv. 405. From Lat. inter, amongst; and E.
Twine, q. v. G So also inter-twist. INTERVAL, a space or period
between. (F.,—L.) In Cotgrave; and Milton, P. L. vi. 105.—O.F.
intervalle, ‘an interval ;’ Cot. = Lat. interuallum, lit. the space
between the rampart of a camp and the soldiers’ tents. Lat. inter,
between; and wallum, a rampart, whence E. wall. See Inter- and
Wall. 4 Otherwise explained INTOXICATE. 299 r INTERVENE, to
come between, interpose. (F..—
 800 INTRACTABLE. ς 93 ὦ ὃ : δ poison. - Lat. in, into; and
foxicum, poison, a word borrowed from Gk. τοξικόν, poison in which
arrows were dipped. — Gk. τόξον, a bow, of which the pl. τόξα -- (1)
bow and arrows, (2) arrows only. Der. intoxicat-ion. ‘RACTABLE, not
tractable. (F.,.—L.) In Minsheu, ed. 1627.—F, intractable, ‘intractable
;’ Cot.—Lat. intractabilis. See In- (3) and Tractable, Trace. Der.
intractabl-y, intractable-ness. INTRAMURAL, within the walls. (L.)
Modem; not in Todd’s Johnson. = Lat. intra, within; and murus, a
wall; see Mural. INTRANSITIVE, not transitive. (L.) In Kersey, ed.
1715. = Lat. intransitivus, that does not pass over to another
person; used of verbs in grammar. See In- (3) and Transitive. Der.
intransitive-ly. INTREAT, the same as Entreat. (F.,=
 INVENT. IRE. 801 inveigled his fool from him ;’ Shak. Troil.
ii. 3.99. ‘ Yet have they?vnto the folowing of himselfe;’ Sir T. More,
Works, p. 1205 6."many baits and guileful spells To inveigle and
invite the unwary sense ;’ Milton, Comus, 537, 538. And see Spenser,
F.Q. i. 12. 32. The origin is unknown, it being difficult to account for
the ei; the word is spelt inveagle as well as inveigle in Minsheu. q 1.
By some guessed to be from Ital. invogliare, to give a desire to,
make one long for; cf. invogliato, loving, desirous. = Ital. in=Lat. in,
in; and voglia, a desire; cf. Ital. voglio, I wish, from volere, to wish.
= Lat. uelle, to wish ; pres. t. wolo, [wish. See Voluntary. 2. By
others thought to be corrupted from O. F. aveugler, ‘to blind,
hudwinke’ [hoodwink], Cot.; formed from the adj. aveugle, blind=
Low Lat. aboculis, blind. = Lat. ab, off, away,deprived of; and oculus,
an eye. (Neither origin is satisfactory ; hence some have supposed
that the word arose from a confusion of the Ital. and F. words. Even
thus, the spelling remains unexplained.) [+] Der. inveigle-ment
(rare). , to find out, devise, feign. (F..—L.) In Gower, C. A. ii. 262.—F.
inventer, ‘to invent ;’ Cot.— Lat. inuent-us, pp. of inuenire, to come
upon, discover, invent. Lat. in, upon; and zenire, to come, cognate
with E. Come, q.v. Der. invention, M.E. inuencion, Testament of
Creseide, st. 1o=F. invention, ‘an invention’ (Cot.), from Lat. i
tionem, acc. of i: tio; i i i tif, ‘inventive’ (Cot.) ; invent-ive-ly, invent-
ive-ness ; invent-or=M.E. inuentour, Sir Τὶ Elyot, The Governour, b. i.
ο. 20 (R.) =F. inventeur, from Lat. acc. inuentorem; invent-or-y, Cor.
i. I. 21. INVERSE, inverted, opposite. (F.,—L.) M.E. invers, Gower,
C.A. iii. 3.—O.F. invers, ‘inverse’ (Cot.)—Lat. inuersus, pp. of
inuertere; see Invert. Der. inverse-ly, invers-ion, Sir T. Browne, Vulg.
Errors, b. iii. c. 15. § 6, formed by analogy with F. sbs. in -ion from
Lat. acc. inuersionem. INVERT, to turn upside down, reverse. (L.) In
Shak. Temp. iii. 1. 70,—Lat. inuertere, to invert. Lat. in, signifying
motion towards, or up; and wertere, to turn. See Verse. Der. invert-
ed-ly; also inverse, q. Vv. ; INVERTEBRATE; see In- (3) and
Vertebrate. (L.) INVEST, to dress with, put in office, surround, lay
out money. (F.,=
 802 IRIS. TRIS, a rainbow. (L.,—Gk.) In Shak, All’s Well, i.
3. 158.— Lat. iris, a rainbow. = Gk. ipis, Iris, the messenger of the
gods; ips, a rainbow (Homer). Root uncertain. Der. irid-esc-ent, a
coined word, as if from pres. part. of a Lat. verb irid-esc-ere, to
become like a rainbow, formed with inceptive suffix -esc- from irid-,
stem of iris (gen. irid-is) ; hence iridescence ; also iridi-um (from the
crude form iridi-). Tris, a flower, is the same word; and see orrice.
IRK, to weary, distress. (Scand.) | Now used impersonally, as in
Shak. As You Like It, ii. 1. 22. A. Formerly used personally. M. E.
irken, (1) to make tired, (2) to become tired. Of these, the transitive
(orig.) sense does not often appear, though preserved in the mod.
phrase ‘it irks me,’ and in the word irksome =tiring. ‘ Irkesum,
fastidiosus ; Irkesumnesse, fastidium ; Irkyn, fastidior, accidior;’
Prompt. Parv. The intrans. sense is common. ‘To preche also pow
my3t not yrke’=you must not grow weary of preaching ; Myrc,
Instructions for Parish Priests, 526. Irked=shrank back, drew back;
Gawain and Grene Knight, 1573. ‘Swa pat na man moght irk
withalle’=so that none may grow tired withal; Pricke of Conscience,
8918. 8. We also find M. E. irk=tired, oppressed. ‘Oure frendis of us
wille sone be irke’=our friends will soon be tired of us; Sir Isumbras,
118. ‘Syr Arther was irke,’ i.e. tired ; Anturs of Arthur, st. vi. C. The
references in Stratmann shew that the word occurs chiefly in poems
marked with strong Scandinavian peculiarities; and the original word
is still found in Swedish. =Swed. yrka, ‘to urge, enforce, press; yrka
lagen, to enforce the law ; vi yrkade pd var afresa, we pressed for
our departure ; yrka pa ndgon, to urge one; yrka pa en sak, to urge
an affair ;’ Widegren’s Swed. Dict. D. This word is exactly cognate
with Lat. urgere, to urge; see Urge. From 4/ WARG, to press;
whence also Skt. vrij, to press out, exclude; Gk. εἴργειν, to press in,
repress; Goth. wrikan, to persecute, and E. wreak; see Wreak.
[Perhaps distinct from 4/ WARG, to work, whence E. work.] BE. An
interesting derivative from this root WARG is the A.S. weorcsum,
painful, irksome (Grein, ii. 678), which clearly suggested the adj.
irksome. Cf. Dan. verke, to pain (perhaps distinct from virke, to
work); and North of England toothwark =tooth-ache (rather than
tooth-work). Also Lithuan. wargas, need ; wargus, irksome. See
Curtius, i. 222; Fick, i. 773, iii. 293. F. Thus the Swed. yrka stands
for wirka, weakened form of warka, from Teut. base WARK = Aryan
4/ WARG. Der. irk-some, irk-some-ness, in the Prompt. Parv.,as
above. 4 Observe how the word may be distinguished from work,
though the roots may be connected. And note that there is no
connection with A.S. earg (=arg), slothful, which has a different
guttural letter and is represented in English by Arch, Arrant. See
further under Urge, Wreak, and Wrong. TRON, a common metal. (E.)
M.E. iren, Chaucer, C. T. 502, yren, 1994; yzen (for isen), Ayenbite of
Inwyt, p. 139, 1. 31.—A.S. éren, both adj. and sb., Grein, ii. 145 ;
older form ésen, both adj. and sb., id. 147. 4 Du. ijzer, formerly yzer.
4 Icel. jdrn, contracted from the old form ésarn. 4 Dan. and Swed.
jern. + O.H.G. tsarn; M.H.G. tsern, isen; G. eisen. 4+ Goth. eisarn,
sb.; eisarnein, adj. And cf. W. haiarn, Irish iarann, Bret. houarn, iron.
B. The Teut. forms are all from the base SARNA, perhaps an
adjectival form from {SA, ice; see Ice. This suggests that iron ( =ice-
en) may have been named (like crystal) from some fancied
resemblance to ice; perhaps from its hard smooth surface when
brightened. See Fick, iii.32. Der. ironbound, -clad, -founder, -foundry,
-grey, -handed, -hearted, ter, ld, -ware, -work, -witted, Rich. III, iv.
2. 28. Also iron-monger, q. v.[¥] IRONMONGER, a dealer in iron
goods. (E.) In Minsheu’s Dict., 1627; Pepys’ Diary, Feb. 6, 1668-9 ;
Beaum. and Fletcher, Cupid’s Revenge, iv. 3. See Iron and Monger.
Der. ironmonger-y. IRONY, dissimulation, satire. (F.,—L.,—Gk.) ‘
Ironic, a speaking by contraries, a mocke, a scoffe;’ Minsheu’s Dict.,
ed. 1627.— F. ironie (not in Cotgrave, but cited by Minsheu). = Lat.
ironia. — Gk. εἰρωνεία, dissimulation, irony. Gk. εἴρων, a dissembler,
one who says less than he thinks or means. B. This Gk. word is
merely the pres. part. of εἴρειν, to speak, say, talk; so that εἴρων
means ‘a talker. Thus the root is 4/ WAR, to speak; see Verb, Word.
Der. ironi-c-al, ironi-c-al-ly. IRRADIATE, to throw rays of light upon,
light up. (L.) In Milton, P. L. iii. 53.—Lat. irradiatus, pp. of irradiare,
to cast rays on. Lat. ir-=in, on; and radius, a ray. See Ir-(1) and Ray.
Der. irradiat-ion; also irradiant, from stem of pres. pt. of irradiare ;
irradiance, Milton, P. L, viii. 617. IRRATIONAL, not rational. (L.) In
Milton, P.L. ix. 766, x. 708.— Lat. irrationalis. See Ir- (2) and
Rational. Der. irrational-ly, -i-ty. IRRECLAIMABLE, that cannot be
reclaimed. (F.,—L.) Rare, and a late word; see Richardson. Coined
from Ir- (2) and Reclaim. Der. irreclaimabl-y. IRRESPONSIBLE. ᾧ
IRRECONCILABLE, that cannot be reconciled. In Minsheu, ed. 1627;
in Cotgrave; and in Milton, P.L. i. 122.—F. irreconciliable,
‘irreconcilable ;’ Cot.—F. ir-=Lat. ir-=in-, not; and F. reconcilier, ‘to
reconcile;’ Cot. See Ir-(2) and Reconcile. Der. irreconcilabl-y,
irreconcilable-ness. [1] ITRRECOVERABLE, that cannot be recovered.
(F.,—L.) In Shak. 2 Hen. IV, ii. 4. 360. Milton has irrecoverably,
Samson Agon. 81. Coined from ir-, not; and F. recouvrable, ‘
recoverable ;” Cot. See Ir- (2) and Recover. Der. irrecoverabl-y.
Doublet, irrecuperable, TRRECUPERABLE, irrecoverable. (F.,.—L.) ‘Ye
[yea], what irrecuperable damage ;’ Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, b. i.
c. 27.—F. irrecuperable, ‘ unrecoverable ;’ Cot.—Lat. irrecuperabilis.—
Lat. ir-=in-, not; and recuperare, to recover. See Ir- (2) and Recover.
Doublet, irrecoverable. IRREDEEMABLE, not redeemable. (F.,—L.)
 ten eS σ΄ τ ν- Ὁ» IRRETRIEVABLE. eS ee ee |? _ ITCH. 803
irresponsible licence over mankind ;’ Milton, Tenure of Kings (8 ISLE,
an island. (F.,—L.) Quite distinct from the E. island, in From Ir- (2)
and responsible; see Response. Der. irresponsibl-y, irresponsibili-ty.
ABLE, not retrievable. (F..=I ) ‘The condition of Gloriana, I am afraid,
is irretrievable ;’ Spectator, no. 423. From F, ir-=in-, not; and
retrievable; see Retrieve. Der. irretrievabl-y, irretrievable-ness.
TRREVERENT, not reverent. (F.,—L.) In Milton, P.L. xii.1o01. =F.
irreverent, ‘unreverent;’ Cot. = Lat. irreuerent-, stem of irreuerens, i
ἘΠῚ]. Lat. ir-=in-, not; and reuerens, respectful, properly pres. part.
of reuereri, to revere. See Revere. Der. irreverent-ly ; irreverence,
Chaucer, C. Τὶ, Pers. Tale, De Superbia, sect. 1. IRREVOCABLE, that
cannot be recalled. (F,=—L.) In Spenser, F.Q. vi. 2. 15.—F.
irrevocable, ‘irrevocable ;’ Cot. = Lat. irreuocabilis.— Lat. ir-=in-,
not; and reuocabilis, revocable, from reuocare, to recal. See Revoke.
Der. irr bl-y, irr bl 5 TRRIGATE, to water. (1.) “Ιγγίραίε, to water
ground;’ Blount’s Gloss., ed. 1674. And earlier, in Minsheu, ed. 1627.
— Lat. irrigatus, pp. of irrigare, to moisten, irrigate, flood. = Lat. in,
upon, or as an intensive prefix; and rigare, to wet, moisten. From
the same source as E. rain; see Rain. Der. irrigat-ion; also irrig-uous,
Milton, P. L. iv. 255, from Lat. irriguus, adj. irrigating, formed from
irrigare. IRRISION, mocking, scom. (F.,.—L.) Rare; in Minsheu, ed.
1627. -- Ἐς irrision, ‘irrision, mocking ;’ Cot.— Lat. irrisionem, acc.
from irrisio, a deriding. = Lat. irrisus, pp. of irridere, to laugh at.=
Lat. ir-=in, at; and ridere, to laugh. See Risible. ITRRITATE, to
provoke. (L.) _‘ Irritate [provoke] the myndes of the dauncers;’ Sir Τὶ
Elyot, The Governour, b. i. c. 19.— Lat. irritatus, pp. of irritare, to
snarl greatly (said of dogs), also to provoke, tease, irritate. B. Of
uncertain origin; but possibly a frequentative from irrire, also spelt
hirrire, to snarl as a dog, which is perhaps an imitative word. Der.
irritat-ion=F. irritation, ‘an irritation’ (Cot.), from Lat. acc. irritationem
; irritat-ive, irritat-or-y ; irrit-ant, from the stem of pres. pt.of irritare;
also irrit-able, in Minsheu, ed. 1627, from Lat. irritabilis ; irrit-abl-y,
irrit-able-ness, irrit-abili-ty. IRRUPTION, a bursting in upon, sudden
invasion. (F.,—L.) ‘ An irruption, or violent bursting in ;’ Minsheu, ed.
1627.—F. irruption, ‘an irruption, a forcible entry ;” Cot.— Lat.
irruptionem, acc. of irruptio, a bursting into. Lat. ir-=in, in, upon;
and ruptio, a bursting, from ruptus, pp. of rumpere, to burst. See
Rupture. Der. irrupt-ive, irrupt-ive-ly, from pp. irruptus of irrumpere,
to burst in. IS, the 3 pers. pres. of the verb substantive. (E.) A.S. is;
see further under Are, Essence. ISINGLASS, a glutinous substance
made from a fish. (Du.) ‘ Ising-glass, a kind of fish-glue brought
from Island [Iceland], us’d in medicines ;’ Kersey’s Dict., ed. 1715. A
singular corruption (as if there were reference to icing in
confectionery, and to the glassy appearance of jellies made with it)
from O. Du. Auyzenblas, mod. Du. huizenblas. ‘ Isinglass, huyzenblas
;’ Sewel’s Eng.-Du. Dict. ; 1754. The lit. sense is ‘ sturgeon-bladder;’
isinglass being obtained from the bladder of the sturgeon
(Accipenser sturio). 4G. hausenblase, isinglass ; from Aausen, a kind
of sturgeon (answering to Du. huizen) ; and blase (=Dnu. bias), a
bladder, from blasen, to blow, allied to E. Blow. 4 That the word is of
Du. rather than of G. origin, is obvious. The G. au (=ow in cow)
could not have produced E. i; whereas the Du. wi (sometimes nearly
=oy in coy) easily did so. The corruption was easily made by sailors.
Is. , an isle, land surrounded by water. (E.) The s is ignorantly
inserted, saab to confusion with isle, a word of F. origin; see below.
In Spenser, Ἐς Q. ii. 6. 11, the word is spelt island in the Globe
edition, but iland in the passage as quoted in Richardson. M. E.
iland, ilond, yland, ylond; spelt ylond in Octovian Imperator, 1. 539
(Weber’s Met. Romances, ili. 179); ilond, Layamon, 1. 1133 (later
text).—A.S. igland, Grein, ii. io B. The A.S. ig-land is compounded of
ég, an island, and Jand, land. Grein (ii. 136) gives ig, ieg as
equivalent forms, with references; the word is also written ég (id. i.
233); and in Eng. local names appears as -ea or -ey, as in Batters-
ea, Aldern-ey, Angles-ey. γι C te words are: Du. eiland, an island,
formerly written eyland (Sewel); Icel. eyland; Swed. éland, used as a
proper name for an island in the Baltic Sea; G. eiland. δ, Dropping
the syllable -Jand, we also find A. S. ig, ieg, eg (as above); Icel. ey,
an island; Dan and Swed. ὃ, an island; also O. H. 6. -awa, -auwa, in
composition (Fick), with which cf. G. aue, a meadow near water ;
and see Ait, Eyot, the dimin. forms. All these Fick (iii. 10) deduces
from an orig. Teut. form AHWIA, belonging to water or a place in
water, a secondary formation from Teut. AH WA, water, which
appears in Goth. ahwa, A.S. ed, O.H.G. aha, a stream, with which cf.
Lat. agua, water; see Aquatic. Thus the A. S. ed signifies ‘ water ;’
whence ieg, ig, ‘a place near water,’ and ig-land, anvisland. Der.
island-er, Temp. ii. 2. 37. which the s was ignorantly inserted. It is
singular that, in the word isle, the s was formerly dropped, thus
tending still further to confound the two words. M.E. ile, yle; Rob. of
Glouc., p. 1, 1. 3; Wyclif, Deeds [Acts], xxviii. 1.—O. F. isle, ‘an isle ;᾽
Cot.; mod. F. ile: = Lat. insula, an island. See Insular. Der. isl-et, in
Drayton’s Polyolbion, 5. 24, note, from O. F. islette, ‘a little island’
(Cot.), a dimin. form. And see isolate. ISOCHRONOUS, performed in
equal times. (Gk.) _ In Phillips’ Dict., ed. 1706 (s. v. Zsockrone).
Imitated from Gk. ἰσόχρονος, consisting of an equal number of times
(a grammatical term), —Gk. ἴσο-, crude form of ios, equal; and
xpévos, time, whence also E. Chronicle. B. The Gk. ἔσος or ἶσος is
closely related to Skt. vishu, adv. equally, with which cf. Skt. viskuva,
the equinox; the Aryan form being WISWA, equal; Fick, i. 221. Der.
isochron-ism. ISOLATE, to insulate, place in a detached situation.
(Ital.,—L.) The word occurs in the Preface to Warburton’s Divine
Grace, but was censured in 1800 as being a novel and unnecessary
word (Todd). And see note in Trench, Eng. Past and Present. Todd
remarks, further, that isolated was at first used as a term in
architecture, signifying detached. It was thus at first a translation of
Ital. isolato, detached, separate, formed as an adj. (with pp. form)
from isola, an island.—Lat. insula, an island; also, a detached house
or pile of buildings, whence insulatus, insulated, answering to Ital.
isolato. See Insular. q The F. isolé is likewise borrowed from the Ital.
isolato ; the E. word was not taken from the F. (which would only
have given a form isoled), but directly from the Italian. Der. isolation.
Doublet, insulate. ISOSCELES, having two sides equal, as a triangle.
(L.,— Gk.) In Phillips’ Dict., ed. 1706.—Lat. isosceles. —Gk.
ἰσοσκελής, with ual legs or sides. Gk. ico-, crude form of ἴσος, equal
(see Isoronous); and σκέλος, a leg, probably connected with
σκαίρειν, to dance, and σκαληνός, halting (see Scalene).
ISOTHERMAL, having an equal degree of heat. (Gk.) Modern. A
coined word. = Gk, ico-, crude form of ἴσος, equal; and θέρμ-η,
heat; with adj. suffix -al. See Isochronous and Thermometer. ISSUE,
that which proceeds from something, progeny, pee result. (F.,—L.)
M.E. issue. ‘To me and to myn issue ;’ P. Plowman, C. xix. 259. ‘An
issue large ;’ Chaucer, Troil. v. 205.—0O. F. issué, ‘the issue, end,
success, event ;’ Cot. A fem. form of issu, ‘issued, flowen, sprung,
proceeded from;’ pp. of issir, ‘ to issue, to go, or depart out ;’ id. Lat.
exire, to go out of; from ex, out, and ire, to go; see Exit. Der. issue,
verb, merely borrowed from the sb., and in later use; ‘we issued out’
is in Surrey’s tr. of Virgil, where the Lat. text has ‘ iuuat ire,’ Aineid,
ii. 27. [The M. E. verb was isch, common in Barbour’s Bruce, and
borrowed from the F. vb. issir.| Also issu-er ; issue-less, Wint. Ta. v.
1. 174. 15 S, aneck of land connecting a peninsula with the
mainland. (L.,—Gk.) In Minsheu, ed. 1627; spelt istmus in Cotgrave,
to translate O. F. isthme.— Lat. isthmus. = Gk. ἰσθμός, a narrow p:
e, neck of land; allied to ἴθμα, a step; extended from 4/I, to go. Cf.
Skt. i, to go; Lat. ire, to go. IT, the neuter of the third personal
pronoun. (E.) Formerly also hit, P. Plowman, A. i. 85, C. ii. 83; but ἐξ
in the same, B. i. 86.— Α. 5. hit, neuter of he; see He. 4+ Icel. Ait,
neut. of hinn. 4+ Du. het, neut. of hij. ¢@@ The gen. case its was
just coming into use in Shakespeare’s time, and occurs in Temp. i. 2.
95, &c., but the usual form in Shak. is his, asin A.S. We also find ἐξ
in Shak. (with the sense of its) in the first folio, in 13 passages,
Temp. ii. 1. 163, &c. See the articles in The Bible Wordbook and in
Schmidt’s Shak. Lexicon. Its does not once occur in the Bible, ed:
1611, which has it where mod. editions have its in Levit. xxv. 5. The
use of Ait for his (=its) occurs early, viz. in the Anturs of Arthur, st.
viii, 1. 11. The A.S. neuter form is Ait, nom.; his, gen.; him, dat.; hit,
acc. Der. it-self; see Self. ITALICS, the name given to letters printed
thus—in sloping type. (L.) So called because invented by Aldo
Manuzio (Aldus Manutius), an Italian, about a: p. 1500. Aldo was
born in 1447, and died in 1515. Letters printed in this type were
called by the Italians corsivi (cursive, or running hand), but were
known to other nations as Italics; see Engl. Cyclop.s. v. Manuzio. =
Lat. Italicus, Italian. = Lat. Italia, Italy. Der. italic-ise. ITCH, to have
an irritating sensation in the skin. (E.) Like if (=M.E. yif, 3if=A.S. gif)
this word has lost an initial M. E. y or 3=A.S. g. M.E. iken, icchen,
3ichen, 3iken; see Prompt. Parv. pp. 259, 538. The pp. occurs in
Chaucer, C. T. 3684, where the Six-text (A. 3682) has the various
spellings icched, yched, and 3echid.—A.S. giccan, to itch; in Α. 5.
Leechdoms, ed. Cockayne, p. 50, 1. 13; whence A.S. gic-enes, an
itching (Bosworth), and gic-ba, used to : ptranslate Lat. pruritus (an
itching) in “ἘΠῚ, Gloss., pr. in Wright’s
 804 ITEM. JACOBIN. Vocab. i. 20, col. τ, 1. 6. Du. jeuken,
to itch; whence jeuking,® JACK (1), a saucy fellow, sailor. (F.,.—L,--
Gk.,—Heb.) The jeukte (=A.S. gicha), an itching. G. jucken, to itch.
Root unknown. Der. itch, sb., itch-y. ITEM, a separate article or
particular. (L.) The mod. use of item as a sb. is due to the old use of
it in enumerating particulars. Properly, it is an adv. meaning ‘also’ or
‘ likewise,’ as in Shak. Tw. Nt. i. 5. 265: ‘as, item, two lips, indifferent
red; item, two grey eyes;’ &c.—Lat. item, in like manner, likewise,
also; closely related to ita, so. Cf. Skt. ittham, thus; itthd, thus; i#,
thus. All extensions from the pronominal base I of the third person;
cf. Skt. i-dam, this. ITERATE, to repeat often. (L.) Bacon has
iterations and iterate in Essay 25 (Ot Pic oni Shak. has iterance, Oth.
v. 2. 150 (folio edd.) ; iteration, 1 Hen. IV, i. 2. 101.—Lat. iteratus,
pp. of iterare, to repeat.— Lat. iterum, again; a comparative
adverbial form (with suffix -tar-) from the pronom. base I of the
third person ; see Item. Der. iterat-ion, iterat-ive. ITINERANT,
travelling. (L.) _‘ And glad to turn itinerant ;’ Butler, Hudibras, pt. iii.
c. 2. 1. 92.— Lat. itinerant-, stem of pres. pt. of obsolete verb
itinerare, to travel,— Lat. itiner-, stem of iter, a journey. = Lat. ἔξει,
supine of ire, to go.—4/ 1, to go; cf. Skt. i, to go. Der. itinerant-ly,
itineranc-y, itinerac-y. Also itinerary (Levins), from Lat. itinerarium,
an account of a journey, neut. of itiner-arius, belonging to a journey,
from base itiner- with suffix -arius. IVORY, a hard white substance
chiefly obtained from the tusks of elephants. (F.,—L.) M.E. ivory,
iuorie (with u for v), Chaucer, C.T. 7323; also spelt every, Trevisa, i.
79. —O.F. ivurie, ivory, a 12thcentury form, cited by Littré; later
ivoire, ‘ivory;’ Cot. [Cf. Prov. evori, Bartsch, Chrestomathie
Provengale, 29. 20, whence perhaps the M.E. form euery. Also Ital.
avorio, avolio.] —Lat. eboreus, adj. made of ivory. = Lat. ebor-, stem
of ebur, sb. ivory. B. Supposed by some to be connected with Skt.
ibza, an elephant. Der. ivory, adj., ivory-black, ivory-nut. IVY, the
name of a creeping evergreen. (E.) ‘He mot go pipen in an ivy-leef;’
Chaucer, C. T. 1840.—A.5S. ifig, ivy ; see Gloss. to A.S. Leechdoms,
ed. Cockayne; also ifegn, an old form in the Corpus MS. glossary.
[The A. S. / between two vowels was sounded as v, and the change
of A.S. -ig to E. -y is regular, as in A. S. stdnig =E. ston-y.] 4+
O.H.G. ebah, ivy (cited by E. Miiller). B. There seems to be a further
possible connection with the Lat. apium, parsley, a word borrowed
from Gk. dmov, (1) a pear, (2) parsley. The G. epheu, ivy, eppich, (1)
parsley, (2) ivy, seem to be due to Lat. apium, rather than to be true
Teutonic words. Der. ivy-mantled, ivi-ed. IWIS, certainly. (E.) M.E.
ywis, iwis; Chaucer, C.T. 3277, 3705. Common in Shak., as in Merch.
Ven. ii. 9. 68, Tam. Shrew, 1. 1.62, Rich. III, i. 3. 102.—A.S. gewis,
adj. certain; gewislice, adv. certainly; Grein, i. 43. -- Du. gewis, adj.
and adv., certain, certainly. + 6. gewiss, certainly. Cf. Icel. viss,
certain, sure; vissuliga, certainly. - Ββ. All these words are closely
connected with E. wise, and with A.S. witan, to know; from 4/ WID,
to know. @=@ It is to be particularly noted that the M. E. prefix i-
(=A.S. ge-) is often written apart from the rest of the word, and with
a capital letter. Hence, by the mistake of editors, it is sometimes
printed 7 wis, and explained to mean ‘I know.’ Hence, further, the
imaginary verb wis, to know, has found its way into our dictionaries.
But it is pure fiction; the verb being wit. See Wit, verb. i, JABBER, to
chatter, talk indistinctly. (Scand.) Formerly jaber or jable. ‘
Whatsoeuer the Jewes would jaber or iangle agayn ;’ Sir T. More,
Works, p. 665 (R.) ‘To iabil, multum loqui;’ Levins, ed. 1570. And cf,
gibber, Hamlet,i.1.116. Sabber, fabble are weakened forms of
gabber, gabble, frequentative forms from the base gab, seen in Icel.
gabba, to mock, scoff. See Gabble; and cf. Du. gabberen, ‘to jabber’
(Sewel). Der. jabber-er. JACINTH, a precious stone. (F.,—L..—Gk.) In
the Bible, Rev. ix. 17; xxi. 20, ‘In Rey. ix. 17, the hyacinthine, or dark
purple, colour is referred to, and not the stone; as in Sidney’s
Arcadia (B.i. p- 59, 1.28), where mention is of “* Queene Helen,
whose Jacinth haire curled by nature,” &c.;’ 6 Wordbook, which see.
[But I should explain ‘iacinth haire,’ | ryacinthine locks’ in Milton, P.L.
iv. 301, to mean ‘hair curlin; the hyacinth, without reference to
colour.] M.E. iacynte, , 2 Chron. ii. 7 (earlier version), iacynct (later
ion jacinctus; C.A. iii, 112,.—0.F. jacinthe, ‘ the ius Called a jacint;’
Cot.—Lat. hyacinthus, a jacinth, Rev: xXf. 20 (Vulgate).— Gk.
ὑάκινθος ; Rev. xxi. 20. See Hyacinth. 4 Thus jacinth is for hyacinth,
as Jerome for Hierome or Hieronymus, and Ferusalem for
Hierusalem. phrase ‘thou Sire John’ is in Chaucer, C.T. 14816; on
which Tyrwhitt remarks: ‘I know not how it has happened, that in
the principal modern languages, John, or its equivalent, is a name of
contempt, or at least of slight. So the Italians use Gianni, from
whence Zani; the Spaniards Fuan, as bobo Fuan, a foolish John ; the
French ean, with various additions; and in English, when we call a
man a Fohn, we do not mean it as a title of honour. Chaucer, in 1.
3708, uses Facke fool, as the Spaniards do bobo Fuan; and I
suppose jack-ass has the same etymology.’ ‘Go fro the window, facke
fool, she said;’ Chaucer, C.T. 3708. This M.E. facke is obviously
borrowed from the F. fagues; but it is very remarkable that this
common French name is considered as an equivalent to the E.
common name ohn, since it really answers to facob.— Lat. Jacobus.
= Gk. Ἰάκωβος. -- Heb. Va'‘agéb, Jacob; lit. one who seizes by the
heel. — Heb. root ‘dgab, to seize by the heel, supplant. B. It is
difficult to tell to what extent the various senses of the word jack
depend upon the name above. a. It is, however, clearly to be traced
in the phrase ack οὐ the clock, Rich. II, v. 5. 60, where it means a
figure which, in old clocks, used to strike upon the bell. B. In a
similar way, it seems to have been used to name various implements
which supplied the place of a boy or attendant, as in boot-jack and
in the jack which turns a spit in a kitchen. γ. Similarly, it denoted the
key of a virginal ; Shak. Sonnet128. ὃ. Hence perhaps also a familiar
name for the small bowl aimed at in the game of bowls; Shak.
Cymb. ii. 1. 2. ε. And for a small pike (fish), as distinct from a full-
grown one. Der. fack-o-lent = Jack of Lent, a puppet thrown at in
Lent, Merry Wives, iii. 3. 27; Fack-alantern =Jack οὐ lantern, also
called fack-with-the-lantern, an ignis fatuus (see Todd’s Johnson) ;
Hack-pudding, Milton, Defence of the People of England, c. r (R.),
compounded of ack and pudding, just as a buffoon is called in
French Fean-pottage (John-pottage) and in German Hans-wurst
(Jack-sausage) ; fack-an-apes, Tyndall’s Works, p. 132, col. 1. 1, 11,
put for Fack o’ apes, with the insertion of π in imitation of the M. E.
an (really equivalent to on) and for the avoiding of hiatus (see
Morris, Hist. Outlines of Eng. Accidencé, p. 195), so that the word
meant ‘a man who exhibited performing apes ;’ Sack-by-the-hedge,
‘an herb that grows by the hedge-side,’ Kersey, ed. 1715; jack-ass;
and probably jack-daw, Pliny, b. x. c. 29 (and not a corruption of
chough-daw, as it has been desperately guessed to be): cf. O. F.
jaquette, ‘a proper name for a woman, a piannat, or mégatapy’
[magpie], Cot. Also (probably) jack-screw, a screw for raising heavy
weights. q 1. Thorpe, in his edit. of Ancient Laws, vol. i, Glossary,
gives an A.S. ceac, a sort of stocks or pillory (cf. Du. kaak, a pillory
(Sewel), Dan. kag, a whipping-post), and adds: ‘ our word jack,
signifying several kinds of engines and instruments, is probably
derived from ceac, pronounced, as in later times, chack.’ In this
guess I have no belief; there is no trace of ‘chack,’ and nothing to
connect jack (not earlier than the 14th century) with A. S. times.
Add to this, that the A.S. word seems to have been cede (with long
a), which would have given a later form cheek; cf. Du. kaak, a
pillory, which is the cognate word. 2. There is, however, an A.S.
ceac, a pitcher (Mark vii. 4), which would have given chack or jack;
this might seem to account for jack (more commonly black-jack) in
the sense of a sort of leathern jug; but the jug really took its name
from its likeness to a jack-boot; see Jack (2). JACK (2), a coat of
mail, a military coat worn over the coat of mail. (F.) ‘Jakke of
defence, iak of fence, garment, Baltheus;’ Prompt. Parv. p. 256, and
note, shewing that the word was in use as early as 1375. ‘lacke,
harnesse, iacg, iacgue:’ Palsgrave.—O. F. Faque, ‘ James, also a Iack,
or coat of maile, and thence, a Iack for the body of an Irish grey-
hound . . . put on him when he is to coap’ {with a wild boar]; Cot.
Cf. Ital. giaco, a coat-of-mail, Span. jaco, a soldier's jacket; also Du.
jak, G. jacke, Swed. jacka, a jacket, jerkin. B. Of obscure origin; it is
even somewhat doubtful whether it is of Romance or Teutonic origin,
but the latter is hardly probable. Most likely Ducange is right in
assigning the origin of it to the Facguerie, or revolt of the peasantry
nicknamed Jacques Bonhomme, A.D. 1358. That is, it is from the O.
F. name Jacques. See Jack (1). Der. jack-et, q.v.; also jack-boots,
boots worn as armour for the legs, in the Spectator (Todd) ; black-
jack (Nares, 5, v. jack). JACKAL, a kind of wild animal. (Pers.) In
Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, st. 82, 1. 327; Sir Τὶ Herbert, Travels, ed.
1665, p. 115. = Pers. shaghdl; Palmer’s Pers. Dict. col. 383. Cf. Skt.
grigala, a jackal, a fox; and perhaps Heb. shd‘dl, a fox, from Heb.
root shd‘al, to dig, hollow out. [7 JACKET, a short coat.(F.) ‘Ina blew
jacket ;’ Spenser, Mother Hubberd’s Tale, 1. 205.—O.F. jaquette, ‘a
jacket, or short and sleevelesse country-coat;’ Cot. Dimin. of O.F.
jague,‘a jack, or coat of mail;’ Cot. See Jack (2). Der. jacket-ed. φ
JACOBIN, a friar of the order of St. Dominick. (F.,—L.,—Gk., ee ee oe
 JACOBITE, =-Heb.) ‘Now frere minor, now jacobin ; 6341.—
F. jacobin, ‘a jacobin;’ Cot. Low Lat. Facobinus, adj. formed from
Facobus ; see Jack (1). B. Hence one of a faction in the French
revolution, so called from the }acobin club, which first met in the hall
of the Jacobin friars in Paris, Oct. 1789; see Haydn, Dict. of Dates.
C. Also the name of a hooded (friar-like) pigeon. Der. ὩΣ Sacobines
Η 7 ἰο-αἷἱ, 7 ism. “JACOBITE, an adherent of James II. (L.,—Gk.,—
Heb.) Formed with suffix -ite (=Lat. -ita), from Facob-us, James. See
Jack (1). Der. Facobit-ism. JADE (1), a sorry nag, an old woman.
(Unknown.) M.E. jade (MS. Iade), Chaucer, C. T. 14818. The same as
Lowland Sc. yad, yaud, North of Eng. yaud, a jade. Of unknown
origin; perhaps connected with Du. jagen, to hunt, chase, drive,
ride, jagten, to hurry, jag, the chase. Cf. Low G. jagd, a chase,
crowd of ple, Bremen Worterb. ii. 683; Dan. jage, G. jagen, to
chase; see Facht. 4 The use of Lowland Sc. y shews that the word is
probably Teutonic. Mr. Wedgwood’s etymology, from Span. ijadear, to
pant (from ijada, the flank, which is from Lat. ilia, the groin), is
improbable. Der. jade, vb. to tire, spurn, Antony, iii. 1. 34. JADE (2),
a hard dark green stone. (Span.,—L.) In Bailey’s Dict., vol. ii. ed.
1731. Cf. F. jade, jade; Ital. iada (Florio, 1598). = Span. jade, jade;
formerly piedra de ijada, because supposed to cure a pain in the
side.—Span. ijada, flank, pain in the side. = Lat. ilia, pl. the flank.
(M. Miller, in The Times, Jan. 15, 1880). [+] JAG, a notch, ragged
protuberance. (C.) ‘Fagge, or dagge of a garment;’ Prompt. Parv. p.
255. ‘I iagge or cutte a garment; Jagge, a cuttyng;’ Palsgrave. Prob.
of Celt. origin. Irish gag, a cleft; gagaim, I split, or notch; W. gag, an
aperture, cleft; gagen, a cleft, chink; Gael. gag, a cleft, chink ; £4 ,
to split, notch. Der. jagg-ed, spelt iaggde in Gascoigne, Stee Glas,
1161; whence ¢otagged, Skelton, Elinour Rummyng, 1. 124; jagg-
ed-ness; jagg-y. ᾿" bag Icel. jaki, a rough piece of ice, can hardly be
related ; see cicle. JAGUAR, a S. American beast of prey. (Brazilian.)
In a translation of Buffon’s Nat. Hist., London, 1792. The word is
Brazilian ; see Buffon, Quadruped, t. iii. pp. 289, 293 (Littré). ‘
Hagua in the Guarani [Brazilian] language is the common name for
tygers and dogs. The generic name for tygers in the Guarani
language is Faguarete;’ Clavigero, Hist. of Mexico, tr. by Cullen, ii.
318 (ed. 1787). ATL, another spelling of Gaol, 4. v. (F.,—L.) JALAP,
the root of a Mexican plant. (Mexican.) ‘ Falap, the root of a kind of
Indian night-shade;’ Phillips’ Dict., ed. 1706. Named from Falapa or
Xalapa, in Mexico. The Span. letters j and % are equivalent, and
denote a guttural sound; thus Don Quijote is Don Quixore, the j or x
being sounded something like the G. ch. J. (1), to press, squeeze
tight. (Scand.) ‘Ham, to squeeze ;’ Halliwell. ‘ ammed in between the
rocks;’ Swinburne, Travels through Spain (1779), let. 3, p.8. ‘ fam, to
render firm by treading, as cattle do land they are foddered on ;’
Marshall’s Rural Economy of Norfolk (E. Ὁ. 58. Gloss. B. 3). The
same word as cham, or champ. ‘Cham, to chew or champ;’
Palsgrave. ‘Champ [with excrescent 2], to tread heavily,
Warwickshire; to bite or chew, Suffolk ;’ Halliwell. Whence also:
‘Champ, hard, firm, Sussex ;’ id. ; i.e. chammed or jammed down, as
if by being trodden on. See Champ, which is of Scand. origin. @ For
the common and regular change from ch to j, see Jaw, Jowl. AM (2),
a conserve of fruit boiled with sugar. (Scand.?) In Johnson’s Dict. Of
uncertain origin, but most likely from Jam (1). The following
quotation suggests that it may mean a soft substance, resembling
what has been chewed. ‘And if we have anye stronger meate, it
must be chammed afore by the nurse, and so put into the babe’s
mouthe ;” Sir T. More, Works, p. 241h. See Champ. JAMB, the side-
post of a door. (F.,—L.) ‘ ¥aum of the door, the side-post. The word is
also in use in the South, where they say the jaum of the chimney ;’
Ray, Collection of North-Country Words, 1691. Spelt jaumbe in
Cotgrave. ‘ Yea, the jambes, posts, principals, and standards, all of
the same mettall;” Holland, tr. of Pliny, b. xxxiii. c. 3:—F. jambe, ‘the
leg or shank, ... the jaumbe or sidepost of a door;’ Cot. Cf. Ital.
gamba, Span. gamba, the leg; Port. gambias, pl. the legs.= Late Lat.
gamba, a hoof; Vegetius, 1. 56, near the end ; 3. 20. This is
certainly a corruption from an older form camba, which appears in
O. Spanish (Diez, whom see).—4/ KAM, to bend; whence Lat.
camurus, crooked, camera, a vault; so that the word was orig. used
of the bent leg or the knee. Cf. W. cam, - JASPER. 805 Rom. of the
Rose, 1. % Plowman, B. ii. 94. Spelt gangle, Alisaunder, ed. Weber,
7413. — O.F. jangler, ‘to jangle, prattle, talk saucily or scurvily;’ Cot.
B. Of Od Low G. origin. Cf. Du. jangelen, to importune (Sewel); a
frequentative form (with suffix -el) from Du. janken, to howl, yelp as
sag (Sewel). Cf. Low G. janken, to yelp as a dog; Bremen Worterb.
ii. 636. Of imitative origin; cf. Lat. gannire, to yelp as a dog, talk
loudly. Der. jangl-er, jangl-ing ; see jingle. JAWIZARY. JANISSARY, 2a
soldier of the old Turkish footguard. (F.,—Turkish.) Bacon speaks of
‘the Janizaries’ in Essay 19, Of Empire, near the end. There is an
earlier reference to them in Sir T. More, Works, p. 279f. ‘fanissaries,
an order of infantry in the Turkish army: originally, young prisoners
trained to arms; were first organised by Orcan, about 1330, and
remodelled Ὁ his son Amurath I. 1360... . A firman was issued on 17
June, 1826, abolishing the Janizaries ;* Haydn, Dict. of Dates. And
see Gibbon, Roman Empire, c. 64.—O. F. fannissaires, ‘the
Janizaries;’ Cot. Of Turkish origin; the word means ‘new soldiers ;’
from Turk. yeii, new, and ‘askari, a soldier. The # represents saghir
noon, a nasal letter peculiar to Turkish. Cf. Pers. ‘askari, a soldier;
Arab. ‘askar, an army, troops; Rich. Pers. Dict. p. 1008. J. ANUARY,
the first month of the year. (L.) M.E. Fanuary (MS. January),
Chaucer, C.T. 9267 (March. Tale). Englished from Lat. Ianuarius,
January, named from the god Janus, a name connected with Lat.
ianua, a door; the doors of houses being supposed to be under his
especial protection. Prob. from 4/ YA, to go; cf. Skt. yd, to go.
JAPAN, a name given to certain kinds of varnished work. (Japan.)
Properly ‘ }apan work,’ where Fapan is used adjectivally. Named from
the country. Pope playfully alludes to ‘shining altars of }apan;” Rape
of the Lock, iii. 107. Der. Hence japan, verb, to varnish like Japan
work, to polish; japann-er, a polisher of shoes, shoe-black, Pope,
Imit. of Horace, Epist. i. 1. 156. JAR (1), to make a discordant noise,
creak, clash, quarrel. (E.) * Out of al ioynt ye iar ;’ Skelton, Duke of
Albany, 1: 378. And see Shak. Tam. Shrew, iii. 1. 39, 47; v. 2.1. a.
Far stands for an older form char, only found in the derivative
charken, to creak like a cart or barrow (Prompt. Parv.), also to creak
like a door (Gower, C. A. ii. 102). . Again, char stands for an older
kar, answering to the Teut. base R, to make a harsh sound, murmur,
complain, seen in Goth. kardn, to sorrow, O. Sax. kardén, to lament,
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