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The document discusses vocabulary building, emphasizing the importance of understanding word roots, prefixes, and suffixes for effective communication. It categorizes vocabulary into three tiers: basic, high-frequency, and low-frequency, and provides strategies for expanding vocabulary through reading, repetition, and the use of dictionaries. Additionally, it explains various word formation processes such as affixation, compounding, and blending, which aid in understanding and creating new words.

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40 views23 pages

English

The document discusses vocabulary building, emphasizing the importance of understanding word roots, prefixes, and suffixes for effective communication. It categorizes vocabulary into three tiers: basic, high-frequency, and low-frequency, and provides strategies for expanding vocabulary through reading, repetition, and the use of dictionaries. Additionally, it explains various word formation processes such as affixation, compounding, and blending, which aid in understanding and creating new words.

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g0ur0v009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ee oe UNIT-I Vocabulary Building Word Formation and understating word roots, prefixes and suffixes er Being able to effeetively communicate, both verbally and i isa very important sill to develop. Elective communicators an sought after by organizations and companies: People are often jt Win their vocabulary, whether negative or positive edb A voeabulary isa ae of familia words that a person knows, Ug -Jead or carry © “Prac” break ~ Prefix: “Hyper-” (meaning “over” or “excessive") ~ Suffix: “itis” (meaning “inflammation”) ~ Formed Word: “Hyper-derm-itis’ (meaning “exccecive ‘inflammation of the skin”) > place Mate.” mother father cut or divide > -ywice or call © “Capit head =home © Sect. throw ell" star at” hundred = Word Root: “Phono.” (meaning “sound” or “voice”) ~ Prefix: “Tele.” (meaning “distance” or “far off) ~ Suffix: “graphy” (meaning “writing” or “representation”) ~ Formed Word: “Tele-phone-graphy” (meaning“the artof recording sound or voice from a distance”) By understanding common word roots, prefixes, and suffixes, you can analyze and comprehend a wide range of words, even ifthey are unfamiliar to you. This knowledge can enhance your reading comprehension, vocabulary development, and overall linguistie skills SL CTA © “Aqua-”- water © “Bio” life f= women *Liker” fee rock “Spi” - breathe "both © "Carn flesh Teal Funct” roots serve as the foundation for ty combining then ing. their meanings By combining em, Ot fs, You can create and interPr Piling words m with ‘SOME COMMON PREFIRES ALONG WITH EXAMPLES OF WORDS Th Prefix © ab. * ad * ambi. © ante. © anti- + astr(o)- * centti). © chrono). © en-(also (a) out of (b) former Meaning Y outside (4) not, without amoral po efore (b) in the state of asleep, ablaze fof the earth wad Tel absent, abduct me ofthe blood to, towards advance 0 both, two, double Ambirwous, ambit ego) Aillerent not, without ANONYMOUS, aniestiig ag@r *ES™ hein antecedent, antenat, al 4 against antisocial of the stars or space oof water toalarge degree astronomy, astronaut (it-, a) in, on make, become befriend, belittle oy related to two, dual bilingual, biped @) not related to books bibliography related to living organisms biology from one to another: ‘one hundred Rertinstze inside of time cae relatively large together jointly co-operate ‘bad, wrong against contradict large reverse, negative defuse, defrost small half, partly. demigod ‘a thousandth part double dilemma bad, wrong through, across iagonal ‘one, single negative, reverse disagree, disapprove Plany ‘make, cause to be ’ enrich, empower, enlarge now, revived not of the nervous system el frees ography haem heterogeneous hon intake infinite ‘regular legal, immoral nirofilm nillgram misconduct rmonosyaic multicore eo-lasial neurosurgeon nonsense ° pan © patel © photo. + physio) + poly post. Pre pro, © proto: Psych(o) > quan © sub. © super. ° sym- (or syn) * tele. © theo. Pseudo). @ outside (©) surpassing (a) acros, above (in excess all, throughout, father (a) of ight (0) of photography of the body many her before supporting frst, original fale, fake ofthe mind almost, seemingly again gain half (@) under (©) secondary, lower (© not quite (a) above, over (©) superior to, more than sharing with, together linking cross distance of God iti Oe outhouse outrun, overhead overcharge pan-Indian Patriarchy Photosynthesis Photocopy Physiotherapy polygamy Dostscript premature Pro-revolutionary prototype pseudonym, pevehology quasi-senous reinstate semifinal subway subcommittee ssubnormal superimpose ‘supernatural sympathy, synchronise television theology © vice ‘These prefixes can be combined with root words to form n (a) across of temperature thermostat transatlantic () to change state transform thr tricolour beyond altravilet (a) not tunable (h) reverse () beneath, undergroveth (6) not enough underestimate (© lower in rank undersecretary fone, the same uniform next in rank vice-chancellor oy words oF modify the meaning of existing words, expanding your vosabulary and fimproving your understanding of language. AI Sufix Meaning Example © ade to form a noun Jemonade to forma noun postage al (a) to form an adjective magical (to form a noun survival © an to form a noun/adjective Indian assistance, ac to form a noun, amines Ja) to form an adjective significant, # -ant (also (@)to ect bina cent) (oe © -ev(aleo (to form a nous tae, an (a) to form an active is (byt form a nous (a) to frm an adjective sanetary Aico (0) to form @ noun leetorate (© toforma verb stimulate (4) in chomistry phosphate translator carrying out an ation democracy farm of gnernment peer ot ice cs) contin, aly accuracy, (a) condition, state freedom ee 6) dorain nado (a) toform past tense anda participle oa ()tofwmanadiecive talented (@) person affected by an action employee ee pocsen Santana engineer (a) to form past participle Siti (b) made of ca a eae oot sadden (a) doer (©) comparative ee mer Dakery a) place where an action is cartied out (oy art ot cxakery (estate, quality (a) to form plorals vie P {@) verbs in simple present with_ washer third person singula® chinese (a) aciective (of eountey) Japancse (noun (person (inthe syle of fn the manner of to form feminine journalese picturesque fastest céigntetto ender 1 et (or 90 to form superlative desree (0 dimsinative = ate (female usherett? + 8 ‘to form an adjective specific = fold mltipied bY tenfold = tal (yfullot pescefil {amount that ils yranatl . a monogamy = gon angle, comer pentagon = ram everning writen or drawn, Gago autograph Spray something written down ara hood “status, condition esiiahood + ial characteristics of aictatorial © son {@ adjective with proper ROU SShakespearian (0) specialist in optician < Je(or-ical) to form an adjective poetic B_cmcreiasninin, acs science Physics + ide in chemistry chloride * on make into, bring tostate of heautity * mg Dresent participle and gerund talking (@) ofa nation Spanish + ish (0) in the manner of childish (© somewhat reddish * Jom (@) showing qualities of heroism (©) doctrine, movement communism * ist (@) practiser of an ism’ fascist (©) person concerned with an motoriat activity © ite (@) follower Labourite (©) chemical substance dynamite © itis inflammation of appendicitis to form a noun enmity ‘enmity + Ave having quality of active * ise (or ize) to form a verb criticize * ess without harmless + et diminutive boolket © sing diminutive duckling * Aogue ‘something spoken dialogue * ogy branch of learning biology eke (@) having the qualities of cowardly (©) in the manner of happily ° -mania abnormal behaviour ‘eptoman * ment {6 form tt OAD st rment ee te oils + ons + philia «phobia + phone os scope © ship © some ster © tion yy SHS ENGLISH SEMESTER. to form a noun, quality, ‘one who carries out an action (@) place where an activity is carried out () to form an adjective process, change to form an adjective excessive love of excessive fear of related to sound (6) to form plurals (b) with a verb in simple present and third person singular means of observing, ‘form a noun (state of toforman adjective connected with {also to forma noun, -sion, a tion, smallness oo at, process © card inthe direction of + swise inthe mannerat = to form an at ‘These suffixes can be dryness state governor laboratory compilsory famous, prisonous bibliophilia claustrophob telephone boy breaks, acts microscope friendship being) quarrelsome ‘gangster competition relation, erosion, cognition capaule closure castward ockwise dusty combined with root words o prefs ee words or modify the meaning of existing words, helping ew We i guage your vocabulary and comprehension of the Inne UNIT-2 Types of Sentences and Transformation of Sentences a = ment, question, command, or exclamation. It typically ton ject and a predicate, Ths subject i the noun oF pronoun ye i senence eat the predicate he verb er phrase ‘fined as “a grou r "group of words, unsaly containing a verb, that caps the orm “ome 2 have to fellow a particu ter. They consint words, phrases and clauses that have tobe aeraners ‘entay im order to make sense: In most eases, the subject eines soe er = ist, followed by the verb further how se arts and componente of «se a sentence and und : lerstand ‘The basic divicion of sentences isin terms of, Subject — A noun, ‘mentioned in the seni oun, phrase or oF pronoun that tence. IE mostly oocure at the beginning art! boginning of the The remaining part of the sentence. It hegins with the a ear ew xampen Example 1s” Dssy teaches English ‘Subject — Daisy a ae Predicate - Teaches English ple 2: Anitha called me yesterday ee Suhjoce— Aniki Predicate ~ Called me yesterday Igeample 3: The girl wearing the yellow dress sry new neighbou Subject ~The girl wearing the yellow dress ‘There are five compo ‘Subject ~The doer of the action Verb ~The action in the sentence ‘Object —The receiver ofthe aetion Complement — A wordlplhrase that modifies the subject oF object in the sentence “Adjunct — An adverb or an adverb clause that provides us with more Information about the verb, complement or another adjunct in the ‘While most sentences contain a subject and a verb, there are sentences that start with a verb, ‘Types of Sentences ‘Sentences can be classified into types based on two asp (9) their fan (8) their structure, ‘A. Based on their FUNCTION, Sentences are of FOUR types: provides (@) Assertive! Declarative: It makes a statement or information. For example, “She went to the store _ SB crepserentents er en, (4) Inerrogative: 1 asks a question For example, ‘id you have dinner?” (©) Imperative: It gives «command or makes a request For example, Please close the door” (a) Exclamatory sentences: expresses stongemtiono excitons, For example, What beautifl sunset” B. Based on their STRUCTURE, Sentences are of THREE types, + Simple Sentence A simple sentence consists of single independent clause, contains a subject anda predicate texprestes a complete thougne Examples of simple sentence 1. She runs every morning. ‘The cat is sleeping, Tike to eat pizza, He studied for the exam, ‘They went to the beach, The flowers are blooming. ‘The sun is shining brightly My father is a doctor. ‘The dog barked loudly. 10. The bonis onthe taba, + Compound Sentence Acompoandenene formed isfomedy coining woo more independ Clases with a ordnatig conjunction chan "ends buts rer Examples of compound sentences: ; i ‘wanted to goto the movies, but Thad too much homework to do, he loves to dance, and he enjoys playing the guitar 3. Lean swim, but 1am afraid of deep water, ‘4. Tt as raining heavily, so we stayed indoors, pyc SS ENG SST IY 5. Hell 6 Istudied hard forthe test, but I till got alow grade. 8 0 read books, and she prefers watching movies. a, She likes to cook, and he likes toc 4 They went to the park, and they had a picnic there 9, Ifinished my work early, and I decided t ake a break. 40, She wants to travel to Europe, or she wants to explore Asin + Complex Sentence ‘A complex sentence includes one independent clause and at least ne dependent clause. The dependent clause cannot stand alone as @ samplete sentence ‘Examples of complex sentences 1. After I finished my work, I went for a wall 2, She is studying hard because she wants to pass the exam, 3. The car stopped when the trafic light turned red, 4, He cannot goto the party unless he finishes his homework. 5. Since it was raining, we decided to stay indoors 6, Lil goto the gym if have time 7. Although she was tired, she didn't stop working. 8, While I eas cooking, the phone rang. 9, He didn't eat his dinner because he wasn't hungry 10, Because he missed the train, he arived late to the meeting. Pm ere are some rls for transforming diferent ypes of eentenes + Declarative to Interrogative (Question: et Change the word order to start with an aur verb ed, ive ean) ora queton word (what wets, Example: Ram ie ging Delhi 1s Ram gong to Dali? + Declarative to Imperative (Command): =e Change the sentence into a direct command by remo, subject and adng a verb nthe base form I the Optionally, add the word “pleas” for politeness mpl 1 to Jan tobe careful told John be caret + Declarative to Negative: Insert the word “not after the helping vetb of auxiliary yey Example Ram ts going to Delhi . ‘Ram isnot going to Delhi. + Active Voice to Passive Voice: ~ Swap the object and subject. The object becomes th andthe iapemonkinnal paces wee, tol te min cores pro «prepmtional phrase (ues Example Ram plays football, Footballs played by Ram. + Positive to Negative: Insert the word “not” after the helping werh or aurilinry ver ‘Example: Ram plays football. mincumensemesny AD “g Superlative to Positive: = Remove the suffix “est” from the adjective. [Bxample: This is the farthest airport ‘The airport is far. « Past Simple to Question: ~ Use the auxiliary verb “did” before the subject and change the rain verb to the base form, Example: Ram played foothal Did Ram played football? ‘« Past Simple to Negative: = Insert the word “did not” (didn't) alter the subject Example: Ram played football. Ram didn’t play football ++ Present Continuous to Past Continuous: = Change the helping verb “am are\Vis" to “was\Vwere” and the ‘main verb ing” form tothe base form. am doesnt play fotbal. Example: Ramis playing football *+ Present Simple to Question: Ram was playing football < Ade the appropriate form ofthe verb “do” before the su + Present Perfect to Past Perfect: ese tata wt om Palins set = Changs ths eng haath aie man coe ‘verb in the past participle ie, Example: Ram has played football *+ Present Simple to Negative: Ram had played football ~ Insert the word “do\ does not” (doesn't) after the subject. ‘« Present Perfect to Present Perfect Continuous: Example: She writes a letter. ~ Keep the helping verb “have Vhas" and add “been” before the main verb in the *-ing” form. ‘Example: Ram has played football. ‘Ram has been playing fotball since morning. ‘+ Future Simple to Question: = Use the auailiary verb “wil” before the rubject and change the ‘main verb to the base form. UNIT-3 Public Speech, Persuasion Techniques Various Aspects of Conversation: Starting a New Conversation/Controlling a Conversation EI A public speech is formal or informal address delivered by a speakey toan audience in a public setting, It isa means through which individyain fr groupe can communicate their ideas, opinions, or informati larger group of people. Public speeches can be given on a wide topies, such as ange of Politics, social issues, eduention, or entertainment. T can take the form of informative presentations, persuasive argumens. motivational talks, or ceremonial speeches The purpose of a public speech can vary depending on the context d the speaker's goals, Some common objectives include informing or ‘educating the audience, inspiring or motivating them, persuading thers to take action, or simply entertaining them. Publie speeches are often siven at events, ceremonies, conferences, rallies, or public gatherings, Effective public speaking requires eareful preparation, organization, and delivery. It involves considering the audience, structuring, the speech with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion, using appropriate language and tone, and engaging the audience through effective storytelling, examples, visuals, or other techniques, Public speaking isan important skill that can be developed and honed over time. It allows individuals to share their ideas and perspectives, inspire others, influence public opinion, and foster positive change in their communities. Lemme SST OFPORUCSPECH | When preparing and delivering a publie speech, there are several ‘essential elements to keep in mind. These include: — os Ss i a + Purpose and Audience: Clearly efi the payom ova interests and expectations willhelp you tailor sect eer Gulivery o be mare elective 4 Preparation and Research: Thoroughly research your Prepare an outline or struct logical manner flow of ideas. for your speech toe « Clear Introduction: Begin y attention-grabbing op ning that introduces your topic and capture the audience's interest. Clearly state your thesis and provide a roa map of what will be ered in your speech, + Organization and Structure: Orzanize your speech into aclear sand logical structure, suchas an introduction, body, and conclusion Bach part should have clear purpose and flow smoothly into the next. Use transitions to ide your audience through different sections of your speech + Engaging Body: The body of your speech sh 4 provide supporting evidence, examples, and arguments to reinforce your main points, Use storytelling, facts, statistics, anecdotes, ‘your message more relatable and memorable 1 visuals to make # Effective Delivery: Pay attention to your vice, tone, and body anguage. Speak clearly and project your voice so that it ean be heard by everyone in the audience. Use gestures, facial expressions and eye contact to engage with your ist sand enthusiasm. ners and convey confidence te visual aids such as ‘» Visual Aids: If appropriate, incorporate ha slides, props, o videos to enance your speech and provide via ‘support for your message. Ensure that they are cle fand complement your verbal presentation. oat Jom and Exgugement nove our ates hr Fert racietytne or trea deve ESOUage gue re nenng ad ep ch sullen eRe Throughout your speech . + Time Mananonagop—_Ssmummonsmu whine ae moni * Strong Conctusi ion: End your aes speech with a concise ction lear tary o ‘and a memorable cloning stat tment. De rea lasting impresco CTT and convine he eter ction, ts mari tite utilizing aetna) Ancrease the likeli} io Tite the liketiod of achieving thee deat oncomen “8 ae me key aspects of per inpabls inderstanding the aud to grasp the autience's belies, + Establish ving. credibility: The speaker as trust 2 The audience n worthy and knowledgeable on the topic Shar, relevant expertise, can onlaagtetie; personal experienes or Shrine sretions can make your message ‘more memorabl Eeguments wil fers eroaitii Taddressing counterar onal appeal ca vel fei cto apring ino tr enone sna) anecdotes tt 4 le and jing to emotions titudes and bebt sfc, jos compassion oF e8 reselling, vivid imagery, 0 ‘ding evidence and lori thevidence, statisti ty to your statements. P wis can help persuade an, av “ad encourage them to adopt YOU quments: Acknowledge and te gararguments,doub, oF PROSE SONOS that eetsionce may have. By pre-

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