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Computer Oraganisation

Computer organization involves the interconnection and functioning of components like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices to execute instructions. The document explains the roles of these components, focusing on how the CPU processes data and interacts with memory and I/O devices. Additionally, it introduces Resource Allocation Graphs (RAGs) as a visual tool for understanding resource allocation and detecting potential deadlocks in operating systems.

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9 views2 pages

Computer Oraganisation

Computer organization involves the interconnection and functioning of components like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices to execute instructions. The document explains the roles of these components, focusing on how the CPU processes data and interacts with memory and I/O devices. Additionally, it introduces Resource Allocation Graphs (RAGs) as a visual tool for understanding resource allocation and detecting potential deadlocks in operating systems.

Uploaded by

smchandu360
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer organization refers to the way the components of a computer system are interconnected

and how they function together to execute instructions. It focuses on the hardware aspects and how
they are arranged to implement the architectural specifications. A basic computer organization can
be understood through a block diagram illustrating the interaction between the Central Processing
Unit (CPU), memory, and input/output (I/O) devices.

Key Components and their Roles:

1. CPU (Central Processing Unit):

The "brain" of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It
consists of:

Arithmetic logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Control Unit: Fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and controls the execution flow.

Registers: Small, high-speed storage locations within the CPU used to hold data and instructions
during processing.

2. Memory (Main Memory):

Stores data and instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly. It's typically implemented using
RAM (Random Access Memory).

3. Input/Output (I/O) Devices:

Allow the computer to interact with the outside world. Examples include:

Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, etc., used to enter data into the system.

Output Devices: Monitor, printer, etc., used to display or output results.

How they work together:

The CPU fetches instructions and data from memory.

The Control Unit decodes the instructions and directs the ALU to perform the necessary operations.

The ALU processes the data, and the results are stored back in memory or sent to output devices.

I/O devices facilitate communication between the user and the computer.

A Resource Allocation Graph (RAG) is a visual way to understand


how resources are assigned in an operating system. Instead of using
only tables to show which resources are allocated, requested, or
available, the RAG uses nodes and edges to clearly illustrate relationships
between processes and their required resources.
Although the Banker’s algorithm which is known for deadlock
avoidance often relies on tables for simplicity. RAGs primarily help in
detecting deadlocks by visually representing the relationships between
processes and resources, making it easier to identify potential deadlock
conditions.
 A Resource Allocation Graph shows which resources are held by
which processes and which processes are waiting for specific types of
resources, including how many resources are available, how many are
allocated, and what each process needs.
 It’s a straightforward tool for visualizing potential deadlocks in
an operating system since the graph can make deadlock situations
more obvious than a table might.
 By using an RAG, you can see how resource
allocation and requests affect the entire system.
 RAG uses vertices to represent processes and resources, and edges
to connect them, creating a straightforward picture of resource
allocation within the operating system.

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