COMPUTE

R
PORTFOLI
O
Information

technology
 Bio data
Name: ANUJA . V

Class: 11th b

d.o.b: 17/10/2005

Gender: female

Blood group: a+ve

E-mail: anujagowda715@gmail.com

Father’s name: Vijaya murthy k t

Mother’s name: Geetha k n

Passed out from : npps

 Content
Unit-1: communication skills

Unit-2: web applications

UNIT-3: SPREADSHEET

UNIT-4: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

UNIT-5: DIGITAL DOCUMANTATION

UNIT-6: WORD PROCCESSING

 Communication skills
Session-1: various methods of
communication

Session-2: provide descriptive and specific

feedback

Session-3: apply measure to overcome

barrier of communication

Session-4: principles of communication skills

Session-5: writing skills/ sentence

Session-6: phrase basic writing skills

 Communication skills
1.1- Various methods of
communication

There are 3 types of communication those

are:
1. Verbal communication
2. Non- verbal communication
3. Visual communication

TOPIC 1: VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Verbal communication is carried out using
words through writing or speech. Any
communication that uses words falls in this
category.
The two types of verbal communication are:
1. Written communication.
2. Oral communication.
Topic 2: non-verbal communication
Communication using gestures, expressions
and body languages instead of words, is
called non- verbal communication. It plays a
huge role in the effectiveness of
communication. The types are:
1. Gestures
2. Body languages
3. Expression

Topic 3: visual communication

Visual communication takes place when we
communicate using symbols, images and
videos. This type of communication is more
universal then verbal communication, as it
does not require any knowledge of any
particular language. Sign boards, wall
posters, hoardings are all examples of visual
communication.
1.2: provide descriptive and specific
feedback
Topic 1: the communication cycle and
importance of feedback
Topic 2: feedback

Topic 3: descriptive feedback

Topic 4: specific and non specific feedback

1.3: apply measures to overcome barriers of

communication
Communication is effective when the sent
message is received completely and as
accurately as intended. Although, there are
several factors that act as barriers to
effective communication
There barriers are:
1. Language and literacy.
2. Perspective or viewpoint.
3. Prejudice.
4. Emotions or feelings.
5. Culture.
6. Environment.
7. Personality.
1.4: principles of communication skills
Communication is effective where the sent
message is received completely and as
accurately as intended. The verbal
communication skill, a set of 7 principles are
followed to carry out effective
communication known as the 7cs. They are
as follows:
1. Correctness.
2. Completeness.
3. Courtesy.
4. Clarity.
5. Concreteness.
6. Conciseness.
7. Consideration.

1.5: writing skills, sentences and phrase

basic writing skills
Topic 1: writing skills
Writing skills in verbal communication calls
for basic understanding of the rules of
grammar. We use words and punctuations
to form a sentence. Sentences then become
a group of words that makes complete
sense.

Topic 2: kinds of sentences

There are found kinds of sentences that can
be used to communicate. On a daily basis
we come across statements, questions,
requests and exclamation. These four kinds
are:
1. Statements
2. Interrogation
3. Imperatives
4. Exclamatory

Topic 3: parts of sentences

A sentence can be primarily divided into 2
parts – the subject and the predicate. The
subject is the person or thing the sentence
talks about. Predicate is that answers ‘what’
is being said about the subject. Both the
subject and predicate can be consisted of
one or several words.

Topic 4: parts of speech

The words we use in a sentence to
communicate perform certain functions.
These words are categorized under 8 parts
of speech. They are:
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adverb
4. Conjunction
5. Adjective
6. Verb
7. Preposition
8. Interjection

Topic 5: articles
The words a, an, and, the are articles used
before nouns in a sentences a and are called
indefinite articles as they do not indicate
anyone or anything in particular. They are
used in front of singular nouns. The article
an is used only in front of singular nouns.
The article an is used only in front of words
that begin with the sound of vowels.

Topic 6: paragraph
A paragraph is a group of sentences to one
topic paragraphs together from chapters,
essays, or any other composition. Certain
principles govern the structure of a
paragraph, understanding and application of
which leads o effective construction of
paragraphs they are:
1. Unity
2. Topic
3. Order
4. Variety
5. conclusion
 Unit 2: web applications
Session 1: working with accessibility
options.
Session 2: understand network
fundamentals
Session 3: introduction to instant messaging
Session 4: chatting with a contact- Google
talk
Session 5: creating and publishing webpage
blog
Session 6: using offline blog editors
Session 7: online transactions
Session 8: internet security
 Web applications
Session 1: working with accessibility options
Accessibility refers to the services that
help people with disabilities in performing
their tasks without difficulties. Likewise,
computer accessibility aims to ease the
computing process for people with
different type of impairments. This helps
disabled people to use a computer without
any problems.
Some of the disabilities that people have,
which might make it difficult for them to
use a computer:
1. cognitive impairments and learning
challenges
2. visual impairments
3. hearing impairments
4. motor and detexirity impairments
5. general accessibility resources
Session 2: understand network
fundamentals
A computer network is a group of computer
and other computing hardware devices,
which are connected through data
connections for the purpose of sharing data,
resources and information. Local area
network (LAN) is smallest computer
network, where a couple of computers
remained connected through wires.
Whereas, internet is the biggest network,
where numerous networked systems are
connected by wired and wireless
connections.
 Structure of internet

P2P
Stands for "Peer to Peer." In a P2P network, the "peers" are computer systems which are
connected to each other via the Internet. Files can be shared directly between systems on
the network without the need of a central server. ... Common P2P software programs
include Kazaa, Limewire, BearShare, Morpheus, and Acquisition.

WiFi

Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that allows devices such as computers (laptops
and desktops), mobile devices (smart phones and wearables), and other equipment (printers
and video cameras) to interface with the Internet. ... Internet connectivity occurs through
a wireless router.

Client server network

A computer network in which one centralized, powerful computer (called the server) is a hub
to which many less powerful personal computers or workstations (called clients) are
connected. The clients run programs and access data that are stored on the server.
Compare peer-to-peer network

Wi-Fi connections In
system
If you already have high-speed (broadband)
Internet service at your house, it's pretty easy to
create your own home wireless network.
Commonly known as Wi-Fi, a wireless network
allows you to connect laptops, smartphones, and
other mobile devices to your home Internet service without an Ethernet
cable.

Star topology
 Bus topology

Session 3: introduction to instant messaging

Instant messaging (IM) is a real time text
based communication system, similar to
chat applications, with some differences. IM
uses shared software among its
participitants. It is done over network
sometimes internet. It provides advanced
modes of communication that includes
audio of video, file transfer facility etc. IM
allows communication among users- buddy
list, friend list, while chat application
sometimes allows anonymous users as well.
A user needs a valid messaging account to
use an instant messaging software, here are
some of the main features of the instant
messaging software:
 1. text messages can be sent to
multiple persons at a time
2. audio and video calling
3. audio and video conferencing among
more than two participants
4. history of messages for future
references
5. transfer of files
6. announcements
7. secured communication

Google talk window

Session 4: chatting with a contact

Google talk
List of friends on g-talk

Chat window
There are some general rules and etiquettes
that you should follow while chatting:
1. using short messages
2. never use all caps
3. wait for respond
patiently
4. respecting others while
chatting
 5. ending a conversation
properly

Gmail interface
GSession 5: creating and publishing web
page blog
Blog are personal webpage we by technical
or non technical users. It is simple to use
and it is like your diary.
Some website which you can create blogs
for free:
1. www.wordpress.com
2. www.blog.com
3. www.bloggers.com
 Yahoo messenger

Signup for word press

 Creating a post

Blog account page

Chatting using Gmail

 Whatsapp messenger

Flip kart home page

e- Ticketing
Irctc homepage

Commenting on a post
 Blogging a comment

Session 6: using offline blog editor

You can also create your blog using offline
blog software and later publish the blog
once there is internet connectivity. Some
free offline blog are:
1. Quamana
2. Blog disk
3. Window live writer

Session 7: online transactions

Online shopping is an important application
of internet. You can make online payment
through credit card or debit card.
Some popular website for online
transactions are:
 1. IRCTC
2. Red bus

Session 8: internet security

Best practices for internet security:
1. Strong passwords
2. Data backup
3. Not sharing personal information
4. Secure transactions
5. Firewall protection
6. Software source
7. Browser cookies
8. Safety rules and guidance

Session 9: antivirus software

A software that detects and protects our
computer from viruses and other malicious
threats is called an antivirus. Quick heal,
Norton are some of the examples of anti
viruses.
 UNIT :3

SPREADSHEET
. ANALYSING DATA USING
SCENARIOS AND GOAL SEEK

. LINKDATA AND SPREADSHEET

. SHARING AND REVIEWING A

SPREADSHEET

. CREATE AND USE MICROS AND

SPREADSHEET

ANUJA
. ANALYSE DATA USING
SCENARIO AND GOAL SEEK
Suppose you want to take a loan of 5,000,000 and you want to repay in 25 years.
You can pay an EMI of 50000. You want to know at what interest rate you can
borrow the loan.

You can use Goal Seek to find the interest rate at which you can borrow the
loan as follows −

Step 1 − Set up the Excel cells for Goal Seek as given below.

Step 2 − Enter the values in column C corresponding to column D. The cell

Interest Rate is kept empty, as you have to retrieve that value. Further, though
you know the EMI that you can pay (50000), that value is not included as you
have to use the Excel PMT function to arrive at it. Goal Seek requires a formula
to find the result. The PMT function is placed in the cell EMI so that it can be used
by Goal Seek.

Excel computes the EMI with the PMT function. The table now looks like −

As the Interest Rate cell is empty, Excel takes that value as 0 and calculates
the EMI. You can ignore the result -13,888.89.

Perform the Analysis with Goal Seek as follows −

Step 1 − Go to DATA > What If Analysis > Goal Seek on the Ribbon.

The Goal Seek dialog box appears.

Step 2 − Type EMI in the Set cell box. This box is the reference for the cell that
contains the formula that you want to resolve, in this case the PMT function. It is
the cell C6, which you named as EMI.

Step 3 − Type -50000 in the to value box. Here, you get the formula result, in
this case, the EMI that you want to pay. The number is negative because it
represents a payment.

Step 4 − Type Interest Rate in the By changing cell box. This box has the
reference of the cell that contains the value you want to adjust, in this case the
interest rate. It is cell C2, which you named as Interest Rate.

Step 5 − this cell that Goal Seek changes, must be referenced by the formula in
the cell that you specified in the Set cell box. Click OK.

Goal Seek produces a result, as shown below −

As you can observe, Goal Seek found the solution using cell C6 (containing the
formula) as 12% that is displayed in the cell C2, which is the interest rate. Click
OK.

Solving Story Problems

You can solve story problems easily with Goal Seek. Let us understand this with
the help of an example.

Example

Suppose there is a bookstore that has 100 books in storage. The original price of
the book is 250 and certain number of books was sold at that price. Later, the
bookstore announced a 10% discount on that book and cleared off the stock. You
might want to know how many books are sold at the original price to obtain a
total revenue of 24,500.

You can use Goal Seek to find the solution. Follow the steps given below −

Step 1 − Set the worksheet as given below.

Step 2 − Go to DATA > What If Analysis > Goal Seek on the Ribbon.

The Goal Seek dialog box appears.

Step 3 − Type Revenue, 24500 and Books_OriginalPrice in the Set cell box,
To Value box and by changing cell box respectively. Click OK.

Goal Seek displays the status and solution.

If 80 books were sold at the original price, the revenue would be 24500.

Performing a Break-even Analysis

In economy, break-even point is the point at which there is neither profit nor
loss. This would mean −

Revenue = Expenses, or

Revenue – Expenses = 0

You can do break-even analysis with Goal Seek in Excel.

Example

Suppose there is a store that sells toys. You might want to make a break-even
analysis of the store. Collect the following information from the store −

 Fixed cost of the store.

 Unit cost of the toy.

 Number of toys to be sold.

You need to find at which price they should sell the toys to break even.

Step 1 − Set the worksheet as given below.

Step 2 − Go to DATA > What If Analysis > Goal Seek on the Ribbon. The Goal Seek dialog box
appears.

Step 3 − Type Break_even_Point, 0, and Unit Price in the Set cell box, to value box and by changing
cell box respectively. Click OK.

As you can observe, Goal Seek gave the result that if the Unit Price is 35, the store will break even.
SESSION 2:

Link Data and Spread sheets Using Multiple

Workbooks and Linking Cells

Spread sheet also allows you to link the cells from various
worksheets and from various spread sheets to summarize data
from several sources. In this manner, you can create formulas
that span different sources and make calculations using a
combination of local and linked information.
Multiple sheets help keep information organized;

Setting up multiple sheets

Identifying sheets
When you open a new spread sheet it has, by default, it has a
sheet named Sheet1 which is managed using tabs at the
bottom of the spread sheet, as shown below.

Inserting new sheets

There are several ways to insert a new sheet. The first step, in
all cases, is to select the sheet that will be next to the new
sheet. Then do any of the following:

• Select the plus icon at the bottom of the screen.

• Or, select Home > Insert > Insert Sheet.
Renaming Worksheets

At the bottom of each worksheet window is a small tab that

indicates the name of the worksheets in the workbook. These
names (Sheet1, Sheet2, Sheet3, and so on) are not very
descriptive; you might want to rename your worksheets to
reflect what they contain. For instance, if your workbook
contains Students Marks in individual Subject then you may
want to rename the worksheets as Subject names such as
English, Mathematics and Social Science etc.
There are three ways you can rename a worksheet, and the
only difference between them is the way in which you start
the renaming process. You can do any of the following:

• Double-clickon one of the existing worksheet names.

• Right-click on an existing worksheet name, then choose
Rename from the resulting Context menu.

• Select the worksheet you want to rename (click on the

worksheet tab) and then select the Sheet option from the
Format menu. This displays a submenu from which you
should select the Rename option.

Create or change a cell reference

A cell reference refers to a cell or a range of cells on a

worksheet and can be used to find the values or data
that you want formula to calculate.
 In one or several formulas, you can use a cell reference to
refer to:

• Data from one or more contiguous cells on the

worksheet. • Data contained in different areas of
a worksheet.
• Data on other worksheets in the same workbook.

Creating reference to other sheets

You can refer to cells that are on other worksheets in the

same workbook by prepending the name of the worksheet
followed by an exclamation point (!) to the start of the cell
reference. In the following example, the worksheet function
named AVERAGE calculates the average value for the range
B1:B10 on the worksheet named Marketing in the same
workbook.

Referencing other sheets

There are two ways to reference cells in other sheets: by

entering the formula directly using the keyboard or by using
the mouse.

Working with Hyperlinks

1. On a worksheet, click the cell where you want to create

a hyperlink. You can also select an object, such as a
picture or an element in a chart that you want to use to
represent the hyperlink.

On the Insert tab, in the Links group, click Hyperlink

.
 You can also right-click the cell or graphic and then click
Hyperlink on the shortcut menu, or you can press
Ctrl+K.
2. Under Link to, click Create New Document.
3. In the Name of new document box, type a name for the
new file.
4. Under When to edit, click Edit the new document later or
Edit the new document now to specify when you want to
open the new file for editing.
5. In the Text to display box, type the text that you want
to use to represent the hyperlink.
6. To display helpful information when you rest the
pointer on the hyperlink, click ScreenTip, type the
text that you want in the ScreenTip text box, and
then click OK.

Session 3:

Sharing Worksheet Data

In most office settings, there is a shared drive where teams

can store common files for everyone to use. This usually
leads to sighting of the message: “The document [file name]
is locked for editing by another user. To open a read-only
copy of this document, click“!! This message appears
because someone else already has the file open. Sometimes
however, it is necessary to have multiple people working on a
file at the same time. This can be to either speed up data
entry or simply make things easier for collaboration
purposes.

Spreadsheet software allows the user to share the workbook

and place it in the network location where several users can
access it simultaneously. in this exercise, you will learn how
to share a worksheet.
open a new spreadsheet.

Now to share the spreadsheets do the following.

• Click on Share workbook option under Changes
group in the Review tab.

• A dialog box appears as shown below.

• Check the option Allow changes by more than one

user at the same time. This also allows workbook
merging.
• Click OK.

Note: Most spreadsheets software automatically turns off

some features in shared work books. This is to simplify the
workbook since multiple people can be working on the file at
the same time. For example, shared workbooks don’t allow
merging cells, conditional formatting, or inserting
pictures/graphs/etc.

Session 4:

Create and use Macros in Spreadsheet

Macros are a very useful feature of Excel.

It helps in saving time in cases when same set of tasks are to

be done repeatedly like formatting or applying similar formula
in similar range of data.

In excel, macros can be used to name and record a set of

actions or set of actions. These named set of recorded can be
used again and again. The macros (recorded set of actions) are
stored in the same workbook in which you created.

To create a macro for calculating the average, minimum and

maximum in each subject,

1. Click on the developer tab.

2. Select the first value in the list of marks.
3. Now select the option to give the
respective location from where the steps would be
followed.
4. Now click on the option (just above
.
5. Following Record Macro dialog window appears on the
screen.

6. Give a name to your macro in the Macro name area and

press OK.

7. A keyboard shortcut may also be defined. For example in

the example the shortcut key defined is CTRL +t.

8. Select ‘This Workbook’ in ‘Store Macro In’ option.

9. Click ok.
 is used to choose the type

of
fraction

is used for different types of superscripts

and subscript provides with the available

options to type a radical
 UNIT:4

DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Database Development
Database – A database is an organized collection of data. For
example:- In a stationary shop, detailed records of the materials
available in the shop is database. Similarly in a computerized
system, we need to maintain several files, we would used
database programs such as Microsoft Access, OpenOffice.org
Base, and MySQL. These database programs are used to
organize the data as per our needs in the computer system.
Database Management System (DBMS) - A database
management system is a software package with computer
programs that controls the creation, maintenance and use of a
database. A DBMS allows different user application programs
to concurrently access the same database. Some of the
DBMSs are Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL server, Microsoft
Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro and SQLite.
Data can be organized into two types:-
Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for
less amount of data.
Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are
linked using a common field. Relational is suitable for medium
to large amount of data.
Database Servers – Database servers are dedicated
computers that hold the actual databases and run only the
DBMS and related software. Databases on the database
servers are accessed through command line or graphic user
interface tools referred to as Frontends; database servers are
referred to as Back-ends. Such type of data access is referred
to as Client-server model.
RDBMS:- A relational database management system (RDBMS)
is a database management system that is based on the
relational model. In the relational model of a database, all data
is represented in terms of tuples (rows), grouped into relations
(tables). A database organized in terms the relational model is
a relational database.
Database Concepts:- Database contains objects that are used
for storing and managing information.
1. Item : - Item is about which information is stored in the
database.
2. Field:- Each question that we ask about our item is a Field.
3. Record:- Record is a set of information (made up of fields)
stored in your database about one of the items.
4. Value:- Value is the actual text or numerical amount or date
that you put in while adding information to your database.
For example,
Database :- Employee
Emp_ Emp_ Emp_A Emp_Desi Emp_Co Emp_
Code Name ddress gnation ntactNo Salary
E001 ABC Meerut Manager 98765432 Rs.
10 50,000
Item : Employee
Field : Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address ,
Emp_Designation , Emp_ContactNo , Emp_Salary
Record :
E001 ABC Meerut Manager 9876543210 Rs.
50,000
Value : E001 , ABC , Meerut , Manager , 9876543210 , Rs.
50,000
5. Key Field :- Key Field is a value in a Field that uniquely
identifies the record. Eg. E001 which is unique to every
employee.
Important Question :- How data is organized in a RDBMS ?
Ans :- In RDBMS, data is organized in the form of inter
linked tables.
SESSION 2:- DATA STORAGE
TABLE :- A table is a set of data elements that is organized
using a model of vertical columns and horizontal rows. Each
row is identified by a unique key index or the key field.
COLUMNS OR FIELD :- A column is a set of data values of a
particular simple type, one for each row of the table. For eg.
Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address etc.
ROWS OR RECORDS OR TUPLES :- A row represents a
single, data items in a table. Each row in a table represents a
set of related data, and every row in the table has the same
structure.
DATA TYPES :- Datatypes are used to identify the type of data
we are going to store in the database.
Categories of data types:- Data types can be broadly
classified into five categories:-
1. Numeric Types
2. Alphanumeric Types
3. Binary Types
4. Date Time
5. Other variable Types
NUMERIC TYPES:- They are used for describing numeric
values like mobile number, age, etc.
The different types of numeric data types available are-
1. Boolean (Yes / No) 6. Numeric
2. TinyInt (Tiny Integer) 7. Decimal
3. SmallInt (Small Integer) 8. Real
4. Integer 9. Float
5. BigInt (Big Integer) 10. Double
ALPHANUMERIC TYPES:-
The list of different datatypes available in alphanumeric
types are :-
1. LongVarChar (Memo) (Long Text)
2. Char (Text-fix) (Small Text)
3. VarChar (Text) (Text of specified Length)
4. VarChar_IgnoreCase (Text) (Comparisions are not case
sensitive)
BINARY TYPES:-
Binary types are used for storing data in binary formats. It can
be used for storing photos, music files or (in general file of any
format) etc.
The list of different datatypes available in Binary types
are :-
1. LongVarBinary (Image)
2. Binary (Binary (fix) )
3. VarBinary (Binary)
DATE TIME:-
Date time data types are used for describing date and time
values for the field used in the table of a database. It can be
used for storing information such as date of birth, date of
admission etc.
The list of different data types available in Date Time type
are :-
1. Date (Stores month, day and year information)
2. Time (Store hour , minute and second information)
3. Timestamp (Stores date and time information)
PRIMARY KEY:- A primary key is a unique value that identifies
a row in a table. These keys are also indexed in the database,
making it faster for the database to search a record.
FOREIGN KEY:- The foreign key identifies a column or set of
columns in one (referencing) table that refers to a column or set
of columns in another (referenced) table.
Note:- The “one” side of a relation is always the parent, and
provides the PK(Primary Key) Attributes to be copied. The
“many” side of a relation is always the child, into which the
FK(Foreign Key) attributes are copied.
Memorize it : one, parent, PK (Primary Key) ; many, child ,
FK (Foreign Key)
SESSION 3
MANIPULATING DATA
In a database we can define the structure of the data and
manipulate the data using some commands.
There are two types of languages:-
1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)
DATA DEFINITION / DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE:- It is a
standard for commands that define the different structures in a
database. DDL statements create,modify and remove database
objects such as tables, indexes and users.
Common DDL Statements are:-
1. Create :- Used to create database objects.
2. Alter :- Used to modify database objects.
3. Drop :- Used to delete database objects.
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:- It is a standard for
commands that enables users to access and manipulate data
in a database.
Common DML Statements are:-
1. SELECT :- Used for retrieval of information from the
database.
2. INSERT :- Used for insertion of new information into the
database.
3. DELETE :- Used for deletion of information in the database.
4. UPDATE :- Used for modification of information in the
database.
Types of DML:-
1.Procedural:- The user specifies what data is needed and
how to get it.
2. Non Procedural :- The user only specifies what data is
needed.
Note:- A popular data manipulation language is SQL
(Structured Query Language.)
 UNIT 5: DIGITAL
DOCUMENTATION

1. CREATE AND APPLY STYLES IN THE DOCUMENT

A style is a set of formats that you can apply to selected pages,
text, frames, and other elements in your document to quickly
change their appearance. When you apply a style, you apply a
whole group of formats at the same time.
OpenOffice.org supports the following types of styles:
• Page styles include margins, headers and footers, borders
and backgrounds. In Calc, page styles also include the
sequence for printing sheets.
• Paragraph styles control all aspects of a paragraph’s
appearance, such as text alignment, tab stops, line spacing,
and borders, and can include character formatting.
• Character styles affect selected text within a paragraph,
such as the font and size of text, or bold and italic formats.
• Frame styles are used to format graphic and text frames,
including wrapping type, borders, backgrounds, and
columns.
• Numbering styles apply similar alignment, numbering or
bullet characters, and fonts to numbered or bulleted lists.
• Cell styles include fonts, alignment, borders, background,
number formats (for example, currency, date, number), and
cell protection.

• Graphics styles in drawings and presentations include line,

area, shadowing, transparency, font, connectors,
dimensioning, and other attributes.
• Presentation styles include attributes for font, indents,
spacing, alignment, and tabs.
 Applying styles
OpenOffice.org provides several ways for you to select styles
to apply.
➢ Using the Styles and Formatting window

1) Click the Styles and Formatting icon located at the left-

hand end of the object bar, or click Format > Styles and
Formatting, or press F11. The Styles and Formatting
window shows the types of styles available for the OOo
(OpenOffice.org) component you are using. Figure 1 shows
the window for Writer, with Page Styles visible.
You can move this window to a convenient position on the
screen or dock it to an edge (hold down the Ctrl key and
drag it by the title bar to where you want it docked).
2) Click on one of the icons at the top left of the Styles and
Formatting window to display a list of styles in a particular
category.
3) To apply an existing style (except for character styles),
position the insertion point in the paragraph, frame, or page,
and then double-click on the name of the style in one of
these lists. To apply a character style, select the characters
first.
 Figure 1: The Styles and Formatting window for Writer,
showing paragraph styles
4)

➢ Using Fill Format mode

Fill format mode is used to apply a style to many different
areas quickly without having to go back to the Styles and
Formatting
➢ Creating a new style from a selection
You can create a new style by copying an existing manual
format. This new style applies only to this document; it will
not be saved in the template.
➢ Dragging and dropping to create a style
You can drag and drop a text selection into the Styles and
Formatting window to create a new style.
list.

Modifying styles
OpenOffice.org provides several ways to modify styles (both
the predefined styles and custom styles that you create):
• Updating a style from a selection
• Load or copy styles from another document or template
2. INSERT AND USE IMAGES
Images can be added to a document in several ways: by
inserting an image file, directly from a graphics program or a
scanner, or from the OOo Gallery.
Inserting an image file
When the image is in a file stored on the computer, you can
insert it into an OOo document using either of the following
methods:

➢ Drag and drop

1.Open a file browser window and locate the image
you want to insert.
2. Drag the image into the Writer document and drop it
where you want it to appear. A faint vertical line marks
where the image will be dropped.

➢ Insert Picture dialog

1. Click in the OOo document where you want the image to
appear. 2. Choose Insert > Picture > From File from
the menu bar. 3. On the Insert Picture dialog (see Figure
5), navigate to the file to be inserted, select it, and click
Open.
At the bottom of the dialog are two options, Preview and
Link. Select Preview to view a thumbnail of the selected
image on the right, so you can verify that you have the
correct file. See below for the use of Link.

Modifying an image
When you insert a new image, you may need to modify it to
suit the document. Here we will discuss the use of the Picture
toolbar, resizing, cropping, and a workaround to rotate a
picture.
 ➢ Using the Picture toolbar
When you insert an image or select one already present in
the document, the Picture toolbar appears. You can set it to
always be present (View > Toolbars > Picture). Picture
control buttons from the Picture toolbar can also be added
to the Standard Toolbar.
From these three toolbars, you can apply small corrections
to the graphic or obtain special effects.

Graphics mode
You can change color images to grayscale by selecting the
image and then selecting Grayscale from the Graphics
mode list.

Flip vertically or horizontally

To flip an image vertically or horizontally, select the image,
and then click the relevant icon.

Filters
Table 1 provides a short description of the available filters,
however the best way to understand them is to see them in
action. Feel free to experiment with the different filters and
filters settings, remembering that you can undo all the
changes by pressing Ctrl+Z or Alt+Backspace or by
selecting Edit > Undo.

Color
Use this toolbar to modify the individual RGB color
components of the image (red, green, blue) as well as the
brightness, contrast, and gamma of the image. If the result
is not satisfactory, you can press Control+Z to restore the
default values.
Table 1: Graphic filters and their effects
Icon Name Effec
t

Invert Inverts the color values of a color image or the

brightness values of a grayscale image.
 Smooth Softens the contrast of an image.

Icon Name Effect

Sharpen Increases the contrast of an image.

Remove
Removes single pixels from an image.
noise
Mimics the effects of too much light in
Solarization a picture. A further dialog box opens to
adjust the parameters.
Simulates the effects of time on a
Aging picture. Can be applied several times.
A further dialog box opens to adjust
the aging level.
Posterize Makes a picture appear like a painting
by reducing the number of colors
Pop Art used.

Charcoal Modifies the picture dramatically.

Displays the image as a charcoal

Relief sketch.
A dialog box is displayed to adjust the
light source that will create the
Mosaic
shadow and, hence, the relief effect.
Joins groups of pixels into a single area
of one color.

Transparency
Modify the percentage value in the Transparency box on
the Picture toolbar to make the image more transparent.
This is particularly useful when creating a watermark or
when wrapping the image in the background.

Positioning image/graphics within the text

When you add a graphic to a text document, you need to
choose how to position it with respect to the text and other
graphics.
Positioning of a graphic is controlled by four settings:
1. Arrangement refers to the placement of a graphic on an
imaginary vertical axis. Arrangement controls how graphics
are stacked upon each other or relative to the text.
2. Alignment refers to the vertical or horizontal placement of a
graphic in relation to the chosen anchor point.
3. Anchoring refers to the reference point for the graphics. This
point could be the page, or frame where the object is, a
paragraph, or even a character. An image always has an
anchor point.
4. Text wrapping refers to the relation of graphics to the
surrounding text, which may wrap around the graphic on
one or both sides, be overprinted behind or in front of the
graphic, or treat the graphic as a separate paragraph or
character.

3. CREATE AND USE TEMPLATE

A template is a model that you use to create other documents.
For example, you can create a template for business reports
that has your company’s logo on the first page. New
documents created from this template will all have your
company’s logo on the first page.

Creating a Template
You can create your own templates in two ways: from a
document, and using a wizard.
➢ Creating a template from a document
To create a template from a document:
1. Open a new or existing document of the type you
want to make into a template (text document,
spreadsheet, drawing, presentation).
2. Add the content and styles that you want.
 3. From the main menu, choose File > Templates >
Save. The Templates dialog opens (see Figure 12).
4. In the New template field, type a name for the new
template. 5. In the Categories list, click the category
to which you want to assign the template. The
category you choose has no effect on the template
itself; it is simply the folder in which you save the
template. Choosing an appropriate category makes it
easier to find the template when you want to use it.
For example, you

might save Impress templates under the

Presentations category.
6. Click OK to save the new template.

Figure 12: Saving a new template

Working with tables in Libre Office Writer

A table is a grid, an arrangement of rectangles, or cells, in rows
and column. You can use tables to format all or part of your
document into columns and rows. You need tables because
they are the best way to organize graphics, columns, headings
and rows.

Column
A column is a grouping of cells that run from the top to the
bottom of a page.
 Rows
Row is a grouping of cells that run from the left to right of a
page.

Cell
The intersection point between a row and a column is a cell.

Inserting a Table
1. Position the insertion point where you want the table to
appear. 2. Choose Table ->Insert ->Table option. This
will display the Insert Table
dialog box.

3. Enter the number of rows and columns for the table in the
number of columns
and the number of row boxes.
Inserting Rows, Columns and Cells
To insert a Column
1. Select the column beside where you want to
insert a column, 2. Choose Table -> Insert from
the menu.
To insert a Row
1. Select the row above or below where you want to
insert a row. 2. Choose Table ->Insert from the
menu.

To insert a Cell
1. Select a cell at the location where you want to insert a
cell.
2. Choose Table ->Insert ->Cells.

To delete Rows, columns or cells

Simply click one of the cells you want to delete, or select all the
rows and columns you want to delete. Then,
• To delete the column in which your insertion point is,
Choose Table >Delete >Column.
• To delete the row in which your insertion point is, Choose
Table>Delete>Rows.
• To delete the entire table, Choose Table -->Delete--
>Table.

If you delete a cell, choose an option in the Delete Cells

dialog box that is shown above.
a) Shift Cells left- Deletes the cell and moves the cells to
its right to the left.
b) Shift Cells up- Deletes the cell and moves the cells
below it up. c) Delete entire row- Deletes the row.
d)Delete entire column- Deletes the column.
Merging of Cells
Merging of cells means turning two or more cells
into one cell or combining two or more cells into
one cell.
● To merge cells/rows/columns, first select the
cells/rows/columns which you want to merge.
● Click on the Table ->Merge cells.

Splitting Of Cells
Splitting of cell means to split a cell into number of cells. For
this you should have a table already created. In order to split a
cell into number of cells follow all these steps:

1. Place your cursor on the cell you want to split.

2. Click on Table ->Split cells
3. Enter number of columns and the number of rows you
want to split into.
 4. Press Enter or click on OK button.

4. CREATE AND CUSTOMIZE TABLE OF

CONTENTS
Writer's table of contents feature lets you build an automated
table of contents from the headings in your document.. For
example, you can use the Heading 1 style for chapter titles
and the Heading 2 and Heading 3 styles for chapter
subheadings.

• Use the Index/Table tab to set the table's attributes.

• Usethe Entries and Styles tabs to format the table

entries.

• Use the Background tab to add color or a graphic

to the table background.

Protecting against manual changes

To protect the table of contents from being changed
accidentally, check the Protected against manual
changes check box. If this box is checked, the table of
contents can only be changed using the context menu
or the Insert Table/Index window

Using the Entries tab

Use the Entries tab, to format the entries in the table of

contents. For each outline level, you can add and delete
elements, such as chapter numbers, and you can also
apply character styles to individual elements.
Deleting elements
To delete an element from the Structure line, click the
button that represents that element and then press
the Delete key on your keyboard.

Adding elements
To add an element to the Structure line, follow these steps:

1) Place your cursor in the white field to the left of where

you want to insert the element.
2) Click one of the five buttons that are just below the
Structure line. (For example, to add a tab stop, click
the Tab stop button.) A button representing the
new element appears on the Structure line.

Applying character styles

To apply a character style to an element on the Structure
line:

1) On the Structure line, click the button that represents

the element to which you want to apply a style.

2) From the Character Style drop-down list, select

the desired style. Writer applies the selected style
to the selected element.

To apply a paragraph style to an outline level, follow these

steps:

1) In the Levels list box, select the desired outline level by

clicking it.

2) In the Paragraph Styles list box, click the paragraph

style that you want to apply.
 3) Click the <button to apply the selected paragraph
style to the selected outline level.

Using the Background tab

Use the Background tab, pictured in Illustration 5 on page
7, to add color or a graphic to the table background.

1.IMPLEMENT MAIL MERGE

Preparing for printing

To prepare mailing labels for printing:
● Choose File > New > Labels.
● On the Options tab, ensure that the Synchronize contents
option is selected.
● On the Labels tab (), select the Database and Table.
Select the Brand of labels to be used, and then select
the Type of label. Printing
● Choose File > Print. The message shown in appears. Click Yes
to print. ● In the Mail Merge dialog (), you can choose to print
all records or selected records. To select records to be printed,
use Ctrl+click to select individual records. To select a block of
records, select the first record in the block, scroll to the last
record in the block, and Shift+click on the last record.
● Click OK to send the labels directly to the printer.

Editing a saved file of mailing labels

To edit a saved file of mailing labels, open the saved label file
in the normal way. You will be prompted to update all links.
Choose No for the following reason: The first label on the page
is termed the “Master Label” and all other labels are linked to
it. If you update the links, then all labels will end up containing
the same data, which is probably not what you want.
You can edit individual records in the normal way, by
highlighting and changing the font name, for example.
 Unit - 3
Word Processing
Session 1: Modifying Layout of a paragraph
Steps to Set the paragraph layout:-
1. Open a word document. Click on Page Layout tab on the
ribbon.
2. Click on the icon under Paragraph group. A paragraph
dialog box will appear.
3. Select the desired alignment, line spacing etc.
4. Click on Tab button. A tab dialog box will appear.
5. Specify the tab stop position by mentioning the stopping
position in the Tab stop position box. After specifying the tab
stop position click on Set button and the Tabs window
appears.
6. Click OK. The ruler of the document will be marked with a L
shaped symbol at 2”, meaning that the tab stop position has
been set at that position.
(Now when you press the tab key, the cursor will automatically
jump from its initial position to the next tab stop position.)

Session 2 : Managing Headers

Header:- Headers are text or images included at the top of the page. They
usually contain important information such as company or department
name, logo, page numbers etc.

Steps to include header in a document

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2. Click on the option Header in the Header & Footer group.
3. A drop down list will appear. Insert any of the predefined options
from the list.
4. You can insert Page number, Date & Time or any picture or clip art in
the header area.

Session 3 : Managing Footers

Footer :- Footers are text or image included at the bottom of the page and
may repeat in all pages of the document. You can include page number,
date & time, pictures or clip art in the footer area.
 Steps to include footer in a document
1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2. Click on the option Footer in the Header & Footer group.
3. A drop down list will appear. Insert any of the predefined footer options
from the list.
Session 4: Managing Styles
Styles:- Styles or Style sets are pre-defined or customized options used for
creating good looking profession documents with least efforts.

Steps to apply and manage styles:

1. Locate the Style group under Home tab.You can view list of styles in Styles
Group.
2. To view the list of style sets available, point to Style Set under Change
Styles option. A drop down with different styles will be displayed.
3. Select any of the styles listed by clicking it.

Session 5:- Document Template

Template:- Templates or document templates refer to a sample fill-in-the-
blank document that can help in saving time. They may have sample
content, themes, etc.

Steps to view & use sample templates:-

1. Go to File->New. Different types of templates will be displayed.
2. Select any of the templates by double-clicking on it. Now you can use this
template and customize the contents according to your needs.

Steps to create a template are:-

1. Create a word document that will serve as the template.
2. Click on File->Save As and give the template a name. Select Word
Template from the Save as type: drop down list.
3. Click on Save.

Session 6 : Working with Page and Section Breaks

Page and Section Breaks can be used to separate a document into sections.
To separate a section in a portion use Section Break. To start a new page in
a document use Page Break.

Steps to Use Section Break and Page Break :-

1. Click on the Page Layout tab on the ribbon.
2. Click on the option Breaks in the Page Setup group.
3. A dropdown list with options of different types of breaks appears.
 Steps to Delete Section / Page Break
1. Click on the Section / Page Break.
2. Press Delete on your keyboard and the section / page break is removed.

Use of Page Break:- A page break can be inserted anywhere in a document

to force the end of a page and the beginning of a new one.

Use of Section Break :- Section Break add flexibility to formatting your

document. You can create different headers and footers, different footnote
numbering, change the layout of columns, change page borders for
different pages and even change the page layout of the same
document. Using Section breaks is like having mini-documents in one
large document.

Session 7: Applying Character Formats

Character Formatting:- To change look and design of characters is called

character formatting.

Different options to make changes to a character or word:-

1. Font Face
2. Font Size
3. Grow Font - to make font size larger than the current size by the specified
point.
4. Shrink Font - to make font size smaller than the current size by the
specified point.
5. Strikethrough – to make a strike through the middle of the selected text.
6. Subscript – to make the selected text lower than the normal text position.
7. Superscript – to make the selected text higher than the normal text
position.
8. Clear Formatting – used to clear the character formatting.
9. Text Highlight Colour - used to change the background colour of the text.
10. Font Colour – used to change the colour of the text.
11. Change Case – helps us to change the text case to capital letters or
small letter. Different change case options are :-
(i) Sentence Case:- the first character in the First word of the selected
sentence will be in Upper case and rest of characters will be in small case.
(ii) Lowercase:- selected text will be converted to small letters.
(iii) Uppercase:- selected text will be converted to Capital letters.
(iv) Capitalize Each Word:- the first character in all the words of the selected
sentence will be converted to Capital letter.
(v) tOGGLE cASE:- the small letters in the selected text will be converted to
capital letters and capital letters will be converted to small letter.
SESSION 8: INSERT GRAPHICAL OBJECTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Most Word processors has support for inserting illustrations in the form of
Clip Arts, Shapes,
pictures, charts, etc.

Clip Art: Clip Art can help in making a document look colourful and
presentable. Clip arts are pre-defined images available for use in
documents. For example, if you would like to create a greeting card for your
friend, you can use clip arts such as balloon, flowers, etc. along with text
message.
You can use the clip art gallery built-in within the word processor; you can
also download clipart
from websites. Some of the websites that have free clip arts are:
• www.openclipart.org
• www.pdclipart.org

Steps to insert a clip art in a document,

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2. Click on the option Clip Art in the Illustrations group
3. The Clip Art Task Pane appears. Enter the clipart category name in the
search box and Click
Go.
4. Select the clipart that you want to use, double-click on it and it will be
inserted into your document

Steps to insert a clip art in a document from websites

Sometimes, you may need clip arts that may not be available within the
word processor application. In such cases, you can visit websites that offer
clip arts such as OpenClipart.org.

To download a clip art from www.openclipart.org,

1. Open the web browser, Type www.openclipart.org in the address bar
and press Enter
You can use the search box available on the website for viewing the list of
clip arts to suit your
Needs.
Now you can select the clip art you like, download it to your computer and
insert it using the photo option in the word processor.

SESSION 9: TEXT WRAPPING

Text Wrapping enables you to surround a picture with text. The text wraps
around the graphic or a picture.
 Steps to insert Text Wrapping
1. Insert the picture / graphic / clipart in the document.
2. Click on the wrap text option under Text section of the Insert tab after
double clicking on the picture.
3. Alternatively, select the picture then select the Text Wrapping dropdown
arrow in the Arrange group under the Format tab.

Different Wrap Text Options

The different wrap text options available in word processing software are:-
1. Square
2. Tight
3. Through

SESSION 10: INSERTING OBJECTS

In addition to graphic images, to add a personal touch to a special message
or to illustrate a special feature, you may want to embed sound files or
maybe even actual files from other software applications in your document.
For example, you can insert a PDF file or a spread sheet within the word
processor.

Steps to insert an object,

1. Select Insert Tab
2. Click Object under Text section. A dialog box will be displayed
3. Select Create from File Tab
4. Click Browse and select a file such as a spread sheet or a PDF document
that is available on your computer, Click Open and Click OK

Note: If you would like to edit the embedded document, double-click on it.
It will automatically open it for editing using respective application.
Demerits of embedding an object
1. The embedded objects cannot be printed.
2. The person opening your document must have the relevant software
loaded on their computer to operate the embedded file.
3. If you embed an object, the size of your document increases significantly
and this may cause problems in emailing the document as an attachment.
4. If you link an object, the person opening that document must have a direct
connection to the original file location of the object.

SESSION 11: INSERT SHAPES, SYMBOLS AND SPECIAL

CHARACTERS
We can insert objects that have different shapes such as lines, basic
geometric shapes, arrows,
 Equations, shapes, flowchart shapes, stars, banners, and callouts using the
shape option.

Steps to Insert Shapes Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.

1. Click on the option Shapes in the Illustrations group
2. Once you click the Shapes option a dropdown list with pre-defined shape
such as box, circle, etc. appears.
3. You can select the shape from the list of shapes available and draw the
shape by dragging the mouse with the left button clicked

Steps to Insert Symbols and Special Characters

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2. Click on the option Symbol in the Symbols group
3. A dropdown list appears
4. Select a symbol from the list and double-click on to insert the symbol into
the document

Note: If you would like to view more symbols and special characters for
inserting into a document, click on the More Symbols… option in
the Symbols Dropdown list.