ANATOMY Human anatomy is the science which deals with the structure of the human body. The term, ‘anatomy’, is derived from a Greek word, “anatome", meaning cutting up. The term ‘dissection’ is a Latin equivalent of the Greek anatome. However, the two words, anatomy and dissection, are not synonymous. © Dissection is a mere technique, whereas anatomy is a wide field of study. Anatomy forms firm foundation of the whole art of medicine and introduces the student to the greater part of medical terminology. “Anatomy is to physiology as geography is to history, i.e. it describes the theatre in which the action takes place.” SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY « twas first studied by dissection, the careful cutting apart of body structures to ‘study their relationships. But the scope of modem anatomy has become very wide because it is now ‘studied by all possible techniques which can enlarge the boundaries of the anatomical knowledge. * Today, a variety of imaging techniques also contribute to the advancement of anatomical knowledge.Medical Imaging Medical imaging refers to techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body. Various types of medical imaging allow visualization of structures inside our bodies and are increasingly helpful for precise diagnosis of a wide range of anatomical and physiological disorders. The grandparent of all medical imaging techniques is conventional radiography (x-rays), in medical use since the late 1940s. The newer imaging technologies not only contribute to diagnosis of disease, but they also are advancing our understanding of normal anatomy and physiology. some commonly used medical imaging techniques will be discussed in concerned chapter.ervonrou wrapror, PPR ANAT Anatomy is the setting (structure) in which the events (functions) of life occur. This book deals mainly with functional human gross anatomy—the examination of structures of the human that can be seen without a microscope. The three main approaches to studying anatomy are 1, regional 2. systemic 3. clinical (or applied) All reflecting the body's organization and the priorities and purposes for studying it.REGIONAL ANATOMY « Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy) considers the organization of the human body as major parts or segments (in figure): 1. a main body, consisting of the head, neck, and trunk (Subdivided into thorax, abdomen, back, and pelvis/perineum) 2. paired ner Beeb and lower limbs. Con ented ee 1D Head NeckFIGURE L1. Majur pares of che budy und leyione oftha kawar lind. Anatomy 1s described relative to the anatomical position illustrated here. . pereeson isithe;method Of studying the body's ‘structure by focusing fention on a specific part (e.g., the head), area (the face), or region (the orbital or eye region); ¢ Examining the arrangement and relationships of the various systemic structures (muscles, nerves, arteries, etc.) within it;e and then usually continuing to study adjacent regions in an ordered sequence. © Outside of this Introduction, e the regional approach is followed in mostly anatomy books, with each chapter addressing the anatomy of a major part of the body. This is the approach usually followed in anatomy courses that have a laboratory component involving dissection. « When studying anatomy by this approach, it is important to routinely put the regional anatomy into the context of that of adjacent regions, parts, and of the body as a whole. e Regional anatomy also recognizes the body's organization by layers: skin, subcutaneous tissue, and deep fascia covering the deeper structures of muscles, skeleton, and cavities, which contain viscera (intemal organs). e Many of these deeper structures are partially evident beneath the body's outer covering and may be studied and examined in living individuals via surface anatomy. face a is an essential part of the study of regional anatomy. e Itis specifically addressed in mostly books in “surface anatomy sections” that provide knowledge of what lies under the skin and what structures are perceptible‘Surface anatomy a « is an essential part of the study of regional anatomy. * It is specifically addressed in mostly books in “surface anatomy sections” that provide knowledge of what lies under the skin and what structures are perceptible to touch (palpable) in the living body at rest and in action. We can lear much by observing the external form and surface of the body and by observing or feeling the superficial aspects of structures beneath its surface. * The aim of this method is to visualize (recall distinct mental images of) structures that confer contour to the surface or are palpable beneath it and, in clinical practice, to distinguish any unusual or abnormal findings. « Inshort, surface anatomy requires a thorough understanding of the anatomy of the structures beneath the surface. © In people with stab wounds, for example, a physician must be able to visualize the deep structures that may be injured. Knowledge of surface anatomy can also decrease the need to memorize facts because the body is always available to observe and palpate. Physical examination is the clinical application of surface anatomy. Palpation is a clinical technique, used with observation and listening for examining the body. Palpation of arterial pulses, for instance, is part of a physical examination. In health sciences you will learn to use instruments to facilitate examination of the body (such as an ophthalmoscope for observation of features of the eyeballs) and to listen to functioning parts of the body (a stethoscope to auscultate the heart and lungs).an a Regional study of deep structures and abnormalities in a living person is now also possible by means of radiographic and sectional imaging and endoscopy It provides useful information about normal structures in living individuals, demonstrating the effect of muscle tone, body fluids and pressures, and gravity that cadaveric study does not. Diagnostic radiology reveals the effects of trauma, pathology, and aging on normal structures. « In mostly books, most radiographic and many sectional images are integrated into the chapters where appropriate. The medical imaging sections at the end of each chapter provide an introduction to the techniques of radiographic and sectional imaging and include series of sectional images that apply to the chapter. Endoscopic techniques (using a insertable flexible fiber optic device to examine internal structures, such as the interior of the stomach) also demonstrate living anatomy. The detailed and thorough learning of the three-dimensional anatomy of deep structures and their relationships is best accomplished initially by dissection. « Incclinical practice, surface anatomy, radiographic and sectional images, endoscopy, and your experience from studying anatomy will combine to provide you with knowledge of your patient's anatomy. The computer is a useful adjunct in learning regional anatomy because it facilitates learning by allowing interactivity and manipulation of two- and three- dimensional aranhic models. Prosections. carefullv prepared dissections for the"to the techniques of radiographic and sectional imaging and include series of === sectional images that apply to the chapter. « Endoscopic techniques (using a insertable'fiexible fiber optic device to examine internal structures, such as the interior of the stomach) alsodemonstrate living anatomy. « The detailed and thorough learning of the three-dimensional anatomy of deep structures and their relationships is best accomplished initially by dissection. > GeainicaL practic’, surface anatomy, radiographic/and sectional images, sndosconh and your experience from studying anatomy will combine to provide you with knowledge of your patient's anatomy. « The computer is a useful adjunct in learning regional anatomy because it facilitates learning by affowing interactivity and manipulation of two- and three- dimensional graphic models. Prosections, carefully prepared dissections for the demonstration of anatomical structures, are also useful. However, learning is most efficient and retention is highest when didactic study is combined with the experience of actual dissection—that is, learning by doing. e During dissection you observe, palpate, move, and sequentially reveal parts of the body. e In 1770, Dr. William Hunter, a distinguished Scottish anatomist and obstetrician, stated: “Dissection alone teaches us where we may cut or inspect the living body with freedom and dispatch.”