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The document provides an overview of electric charge, its properties, and fundamental laws such as Coulomb's Law and Gauss's Law. It covers topics including electric potential, capacitance, electric current, Ohm's Law, and magnetic fields, along with their applications and related phenomena like electromagnetic induction. Additionally, it discusses the characteristics of electromagnetic waves and Maxwell's equations.

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75 views15 pages

Quick Revison

The document provides an overview of electric charge, its properties, and fundamental laws such as Coulomb's Law and Gauss's Law. It covers topics including electric potential, capacitance, electric current, Ohm's Law, and magnetic fields, along with their applications and related phenomena like electromagnetic induction. Additionally, it discusses the characteristics of electromagnetic waves and Maxwell's equations.

Uploaded by

subham81440
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Electric charge @ Two types ® e 1m Protms Onelechons chatges Coho @ SZ Umit ~ Cowpmb (¢) Properties of charge Uy chenge Jb Scalar quantity. Ui) Tt Ja not possible to Creode or dlestray net charge of an isoleted system. Change 48 quantized qeine ne tap. es bere Coulomb's Law om % @--+---@ F uné. Eo = 8.85x15'* C/ mt Force. between multiple changes Fo-Pashst.. et We Une. ¥* 1 = Sxio® Nrife> What charge Con Produce ad V=0 Can produce only & & Velen Can produc @ +8 V#ilenat, Comm Produce, e+ a B+ em Waves Electric Dipole. Charge Distribution ineak chaage clistribudion Torque on dipale. iin external Field Be OIT (1) Stable Equlibriin ne 2 620 azo TAO, i) Unstable Exulibrim | 1) Subface charge dlistribution EeBxe 8 = 180" weg T= PEsing Gil) Volume cheage dish bition ped v Electric. Flux (4) Gauss's Law ‘The total flux linked with Q closed surface p= fEds = £ = Total charge enclosed = EACAD Fir Clases] Sunface. o: SER Ondward flux = 442. Thuard flue = —ve ST Unit - mize, © Tt Scalar quintity. EP g- ER a Applications of Gausds Law G) Electric fiek) due to i ve fi charge ule ner Electric field dus +o charged shell Ein =0 ig: Eout “ome Es. =. alee ines Fe Gi) Electric Field clue 4o Chargeo| Plane sheet ee for Conducting sheet ese Dielectric Constant (K) MEVECTRICIDOTENTIAURS) CARACTTANTES Electric Potential ee Ve deat eo Tt is a Scalar. quantity © ST Unit -T/e Potential difference behwwn tuo points in electric fied Vp Va = NAB Electrle. Potential dut to 0 olipole , uve ope PORE a0---—ghon on equedorial line 8-80, V=0 p=ox2a Potential Energy of 4 clipole- U2 -PEcso -BE W=U,-U, = PE (88) ~Cos82] for Electric Potential Energy Up-Uns = Was tuo charge System U = rho: for a single charge in External fied u=4av Equipetential Surgoce. 3s Te is 0 susface which have. equal potential at every point on it- 8 Texo equipotential surfaces newer intersect each other: © Electric field Ls alioays normal to equlpotental Swjace. fe Work clone in moving a chee on equlpotentia) Surface is zero. @ a6 e Electrostaties of Conductors. (i) Electric flee inside a Conductoy js cero (i) Electric field is alioauys normed ___ to the. Surfaco of conductor. Gi) Potential Insiole a conductor is Gostant and has the same value as on its suface. Electrostatic. Shielding During lightning we are safe insicle@ Can and not under trees because the metal body Ob car act as electromagnetic Shield from the Lghining Electrica) Capacitance Tt 48 ability of @ conductor Hil be ec to C= 4nerR SI Unit - Farol CF) Parallel plate capactior C= Keon KoA K= clictectrie’ Constant sacitance with ol ¥c Boican Fae ph eto = —S0A °° SE K Energy Stored in capacitor Uzdevt. gt _ 20v"= B= lav Capacitors in Series Cog SIE Wee ded helgbyt Charge on each Tet ey Coens Parallel Combination of Capaciiors CD creqtavy TTT arauaszcieaies Potential clitferance across each Capacttox is: Same. Electric Current The rate of; flow of electric. charge hough any cross-section of a Conductor is called electric current. 2 Ay Tt isa vector quantity andl its direction is along the diction of current. Instantaneous Curent I= ge SZ Unit — Ampere (A) Curent is a Scalar quantity. DAlft velocity Tt Wb average velodty of free electrons Tae a color. Current Carriers Ui) In Sdids [iat Free Electiuns : oy Fret. Electors Semiconductor > Fret Ost Trowladors > No charge Carriers (ii) In Liquids > te @ -ve Tons Wii) Tn Gas > AE high Voltage HVE Ios & Free Elechons Electric Cell ve e-ir Mobility E= Emp, V= Potential difference. i. ae =(E- Internal Me Be S TEER Rilatence, @ mobility ob free electooms is grester than the holes. Duaing changing V2 E4ir Ohm's Law At Constant temperature, the Potential diffeunce across 4 Genductor is directly propeind to the current Flowing im ib. q Ver V=IR Ke Re Resistance. Vabiadion oly Resistance with Temperoture, R= Roll +0 Crt] The tesisteea of @ Conductor IMCreases With temperatuae. Restatance amd Reatativity T = Yelaxotion Time 1 Tok Combination of Resistances Bet MS. Res Rit Rathy Flrchhoff's Voltage. Lae The algebmic Sum of all the potential chop across Various components of any loop rust be zero. Wheatstone bridge 3 aes Rea RR aye Cagi-/ Based on Canservetion of; Energy. Electrical Power LP) ce . 4 : dient K= Prva =TR-¥ Potential Gree 4 In balance Condition SE Unit — Watt (19) Sensitivity % Papal Gradient grt Electrica) Energy(e) E= vit crRe =H SI Unit 3 Joules 1 kwh = 3exi087 (iy Componing EMF of to cells Kirchhoff!s Current Lav Algebraic Sum of aul the curverts entering the juncion Is equal 40 the Sion of Currents leaving toe jumetion @) Measurement of internal Resishente Of O cell rR Unkronn Resistance xR 5 (ieee Magnestic. Field Tt i @ region around a yet or amvent Caneying wine fm ih magnetic effect Can be felt. SI Unit - Tesla or Weber Forte on a Moving charge F= qesing Fe acvxb) Fore. on a Current Carryin: Conductor F: T2psine Pe t(zx8) mE Motion of; charge m Magnetic. field G) for @=0,F=0 Posh > straight line GW) For o=90 5 F 2 240 Path > Civewlar. v= Ry 220m, Aep ae (it) Th © #0, 20; 180° Pat > Helical ye mvsin® | 22mm Biot-Savart's Low 1 TB Pitch 270m «veoso lg = Ho Tdlsind e. A a8 ge rsne - Mognetic field clue to Civewlak Current loop Baris = HONIa™ Ao a? os 2a Gn 7 Mos Pormeability of free Space Magnetic Held due tn straight (~ Arpere!s Chreultal lava current carrying Wire <8 ALE fgine,+ sine] a> --ar Ber - BON” For infinitely long PBL = Hot tal ee wire T= Tetol Current posmg t B= Aer rough the Cased Loop Fave behueen two patalle current carrying voire. ae Torque on Current carrying Current Sensitivity = loop in magnete Feld Voltage Sensitivity = = NA - r © Galyenometer tO oe in vs BE Qa raison T-7q Tq panallel(shunt) © Galvenometer 40 Voltmeter = M-Ry by Connecting & Rash high Rasstene in seues. T= NIABSINE Te BE M= NIA Mofeetic dipole. moment SAIMAGNETISMISIMAT TER) Magnetic Frelol Lines Gd Imaginary and Continuous ® Like poles vepel and Unlike | (ii) Langer the density os fiek| Lines shronger will be the. © Magnet has two pols and A menopele. cloos not exist. UY) Tis fietel Lines never, intersect each other. WY) Oudslcte the magnet field Lines from N-pole T snie and insicle the magnet from © 850 Stable equlibriuen © B=IBO Unstable equilibrium Potential Energy of Magnet Called magnetic cleclination. WE MB (C086, ~Cos.g,) Magnetic Intensity CH) Bee ee Magnelisation Intensity (1) reM@om, r= Se Diamagnetic Mataials TTendeney to magnetise ina clivection opposite 40 the. external magnetic. Field. Eg. Cu, Ag, Bi, Hg etc- ape eet SOE x02 Salt ve Tend 40 move from strong to aoe rongnetie. field. 8 Panamagnetie. Motealals Weokl netise abmg the Cpbiel magneke fields Eg. Al, Nacl; Pl, Hao ete. 4 Keo ar Ay oh en = Small AVE Mo = umxi67 Trn/y Magnetic. Suscephibility (%) Xen = hm = Meal =H Curie Lavo Magnetic Susceptibility of park and forme magnetic moderlals 13 invers: Proportional to temperahae. Tend to move from week to Sheng magnetic field - Ferromagnetic. Materials or Strong petise along the, [= Xm xe capped ma + inetic field. Heat Eq: Fe, Coy Ni, ete: L S Conde Temp.of Tren = 770% gm or £ Mr ort Ss Xen = lange ve Tend to move from Weak to Strong Magnetic. field Fanaday!s Law off Ex (i) Whenever the magnetic. flux Linked with a Conducting loop Changes, an em¢ is induced. in ite (ii) Induced emg e= -Ngp Induced Current Teg: gh Trduced char AQ = NA ge AL = NAS Fleming's Right hand Rule Magnetic, Field Eddy Current Te 1s induced when magnetic flux linked with ‘he Concbr changes. It causes undesirable heat and clamping edfects . Use- Induction Cookey Magnetic Brakes The dlirection of induced emf lous Cpposes the cause that Produces it i Motional EMF xx xxx x xx x x [hx oo xxx x|f% xe aay R R= Resistance os rod. Mognedie force on the Rod F = Sev? = Theemeal Power oleveloped Selk ‘Induction production ob induced emf when Q current passes in @ Coil or Solenoid. changes. Sel}y Inductance L = 4 for solereld L= Hont® Tneluced emf e= -LLE SI Unit ob L > Henry (H) Energy Stored by an Inductor usiLr Elechomogneh Tt is 0 type et ee oe tae tell ie produced by current en CHIT Used in MRI machine, Blechic bells, loudspeakers e+C- Mutual Induction Lt Ja phenomenon of generation of, induced emf in, secondary Cel) when Curent In primary Co! chomges - Muduall Inductance M = 3 -for two Coowial Solencias m = Henna z for two Concentric Coils m = Mon Nina ne 2¥s Induced EMP €2 =-MAF! ST Unit off M_= Henry CH) tee % ATT CUP Alternating Current. Resistive Circuit T= I.Sinut $e > we 2m cong Effective value or as Value Tims = To = o-re7 2, ve Enns = Ee = 0.7076, Vz Mean /Average. Value of Ac. Lean = 270 = 9, 7 Sef = 09-6372 Emen = B52 = o-esre, Series RLC Circuit Ree fe | I= LeSin(wt 4) = =£> oa = Tonpecomee z= [GORE Phase clifference q = to tg De Boe. : Ee &Sinvt T= TSinwt Phase clifference $= 0! Inductive Circuit I= Tesin(wt-7y). Phase difference ¢ = +h Tnductive Reactanee. X= vol. Capacitive Circuit E= Eosinwt I = Tosin(wb +3) a Phabe difference c= 2. os, 2 Capacitive Reactance xe = Le Electrical Resonance Power in AC Circuit I Tana Xv2ke Zmin =R oso Poms = Erms % Tims Pay = Eams x Lams Cosh Power. factor = Cosp= & Or - Resonating frequiney $= aie z= Tepedance ooh ort Transformer Palniple— Mudual Induction Step-Up Transformer vtty N2>Ny Step down Transformer Vi It Ny >No AC Generator / Dynemo ot Ls used to produce AC» © Tt Converts mechomical energy into electrical energy. Punciple > EMI for Idea) transformer £6 = 26 Efficiency = oie Powe x00 = Eels x100 Erle Losses In @ Transformer 1, Copper Loss 2. Eddy Current Loss |. Flux Leakage - Humming Noise Loss Ctagnstostiction) Displacement Current Tt 2A current which comes, Flux is charging with Hime. a2 ap © Displacement current is akacys qual to the Conduction current in the clreuit. Properties off EM Waves G) De not need any material medium for propagation. Gid Speed im vacuum © = Te Gi) Transverse in nahn. Gv) c= Se (v)_ Direction of Em wave is along the Exd (Wi) Total Energy U = Ue+Us = 2 Uc = S608 > Us = 35° indo existance when the electric Maxwell's Equations (1) Gausds Law in Electrostatics ER = & (2) Gaysss Law im Magnetism fb =0 (3) Faraday Law ob EME $Edi =-g0 (4) Amperels Law $f Bel = More +Hoeodde Wavelength (neten) ElechromagneHe Spectrum «| Fissueney Rnge | Production [Use mE Radio, Ty , Mobile Production ob EM Waves @ by Oscillating charge @ by Le Circuit © by Hot objects © by Atomie, excitation @ by stopping fast movi chehans Cerays) @ by Nucleus Cr- rays) Radio | s0"to lo°He | by Le cit | Ro Wave (Wireless Commuricedion) i 2 Ne | Py Klystons | microwave oven, Micrmone| 127 fo 1014 ogo! stron, Gm] Roclan. . Aircraft clicles Navigation h ed q ‘' by Hot bodies | In night Vision Remote, nfrared | yd! do Uxio'fe | PY es Visible. ni r by Atomic. | Te observe the world Light [UN #2 2H edison | alin opted taht Uthavidet laxtlte axidSie | by Very hot | To distroy bacteria, rays objects Csun)| in Bus Alarm To receive fingeprit ‘6 rare jing | Toolelect bone fracture, x-rays |axid® to axidtte pagein 8 | check crcasshokd Im metal Products 22 in | To Kill microorgarism, Gamma laxd® 0 axibne | by Nucleus in Radioactive decay| Tn treatment of cap at tumour omd Gncer Reflection of Light Tneident ray, reflected and narmal on coleman, Refraction of Light Refractive Index U= < Lens Maker's formula Linear mogniticatien (m) ONRAVAOP TICS) Spherical Mirror Mirror Formula =b ad f= Raclius of Curvahurt 2 Linear Magnigfication (mm) ms Zo-¥ ou u Tote! Interno) Reflection Large" Necessary Conditions + (WD Light should -ravel rom denser to rarer medium , Gi) Angle of incidence should be greater than critical angle c= sin") Refraction on spherical Surface Gi) From Rarer to clensey AL + dz = Me-H) ay x Gi) From Denser to vaver — Aa + Ab = AH; ive Power of Lens (P) poe ae ST Unit > Diopter LD) Combination of; Lenses Ars Angle of Prism Argle of cleviation B= iyti,-A fy the tA For minimum angle oj; cleviation ist, and “Ay= Ae Paism farmulg 2 =S*(2$8) mA Sink. Astronomical Telescope When fa} Tmage is af Lest olistance (A= 25¢m) 2 —M a meri (1g) LE Vo+Ue when final Tee ot infty ey fal image ad infinite ms end m=-to Lz dette Rk When final image ab Least distance (d= 2s em) mo (8) Le ote Reselving Power For Microscope = Eee or Teleseope = Be Wavefront Tt is Aocus of alt pastider | viy Each point on the primary Vibrating in the same Phase! wavefront is the source of ae 1) Setendary wavelets. Spherical Wavefront — Cydinctenical by Point Source by Lineay Soue | *7is £ Plane wavefront. tihen Source is at infinity Interference of Light ‘for Constructive Interference eam 20, 1)2,3...- for dlestictive Interfernce. o=Qna)n n21,2;3,.., Resultant Amplitude. Ab + AL+ 2AAaCosh Resultant Intensity Amax = (@, +A.) Amin = (Ay~ Az) Huygerts Paindple Bebaviow of Mirror Gi A tangential surface on secondary wavelets gives, He. position & shape of new Wavefrett Coherent Sources T= Titi + 2FtCosd | mere ave sources of Lighd vohich emit Light waves of same. frequency Same wavelength omd have a Constant phase difference. —— eestor phase o Young's double Slit experiment Position of bright fringes Xn = MDA N= O1,213-..- Position of Dork fringes = (n-1).DA Xn = Cn >DA Ne Ly DB Fringe wietth @ = DA 1 Diffraction of Light Zt is the phenomenon ols bending of; Light around the. Comersof an obstacle o¥ sit for Minima aSine = nd for maxima asing =(ensia Ne 423» ity = Angular width =» bulatth of Central Maxima Polarisation of Light Restricting the, vibration ofy Light in & perticulan, direction perpendicular. do the alivection of Wave motion. @ Tt proves tomsverse nodure of Light. Malus Law Resolving Power for Microscope = 24isin6. D for Telescope = Box TIMDUAUINATUREIOR COTTER G RAMIATIENS Work function (.) Photo elechic effect Tt is minimum energy required | When Light of; suitable frequency by anelechon to just escape from | fall on a metal surface,than the metal Surface. emission of elechuns take place. fo = hie = BE Vo = Threshald frequency = ke Light, © hares es Herdz. and Lenavd!s observations, leet Characteristic of Photns G) When ‘watiations internet with ‘matter, it behaves as itis made of particles callec) photons. Ui) Speed ofy photon in vacuum C= Bx1o8m)s Gi) Rest mary of Photon is zero. Gv) Energy of) Photon E=hy=he (Y) Momentum p= b- Wi) Photons ore not deflected by electric and magnetic Field. ‘Stopping fbtential=Vo Ks Emae = OV Isrh>t Einstein's Photoelectric Equation eshy or or Davison Germer Expeiment Yocum © Kemer Chaba KEmay= Vo | Heated a bez hs KEmx = hv ~ $, Ve = hy - hy, A bear of electem is made. DerBregle: Hypetne OT ae etal gate, The A moving particle Can exhibit scattered beam of; electrons is lave -. Be- Broglie wavelength o a chance Particle, : Th % charge particle |s accelerated Hogh @ potential alifjerence = bie =oh Eee amv Like behaviou, veceived by a detector. Results: De-Brgli wavelength Ach ch, op electrons at ve su uit is ao 1°67A* which is approximalely equal 40 the wavelength fouril by Bragy’s Law. © This experiment verifies the Wave nature ofs electron. For elechon beam = 12.27 a : wv —> “eT Potential Mega T Potential ATOM) OL-Panticle Seattering, Experiment © &-Pardticles bombexecl ona thin gold) foil. © 35% &-Paxticles passedl Straight throigh the el. Impact Patameter b= Kedub ey Distance of Closest Approach Yo = Rkze2 Ke G) Cowel not explain the origin of Spectral Series og hyclrogen oom. Gi) Could not explain lange. Seater Prices fromm goat Drawbacks of Rutherford Atomic. wooded (i) Doe not explain stability Of the adem. WG) Unable to exphin Une Spectrum ofy hychrygen ockom. Om & & oo wom Iw ie SCATTERING ANGLE] —- Rutherford Atomic, Moe} © Ator havea central massive Positively change nucleus axoune tonen dete? rerdlves. © Size of the nucleusy 10% © Cenhipetal force. required for Fevolution of electrons is provided by electrostaile forte. mv? = keg Te Bohr Atomic. Model © Elechon ‘sevolved crround the nucleus jn Stadionary Orbits. © Angulo moment of elechon ‘Important formulae related to Bohr Made) © Radius oh nth orbit Ue in he Ya © Velocity fs eleckon in nit obit Va = -2mkze® yod 7 mvr = ah Ns 1,243... nh © Total energy of electron aon nt En= ~ Boe ‘fos Hydegen @ TE. -U6e) = BE Hyclragen Spechum anc} Energy level oliagram Centripetod = El He e petal free = Cleese way? = ze? ¥ r= © Emission / Absorption energy when electron jumbs from ome orbit to another. hy = &2-E, 23 we number == Aft Wave number V = ied Limitations - : I G0 plicable fre Hy = 1087x107 wa Leet eahs Cre Hed 6 Gi) Does not explain relodtive fensitles of spectra) Lines . U7) Does not take into account (iv) Brockett Series 1,24, n; the wave nodwu of elechon. (v) P-furd Seed mies, nsei78. Nucleaa Raclius R= RAYS Ro =b2 x10! m A = Mass number egon cB Nuclear. density pe Mass of Nucleus Volurne of Nucleus P= 2:9 x10!7 Ka/m3 (Zt 3a indepenclent of A) Atomic Mass unit tamu = 166x167 kg Electron Volt Lev) devs pexict as Mass-energy Relation E=mc2 C=3xio® m/s Lamu = 931 Mev a Mass defect (Am) Tt ia the ciffeunce behween the Sum Ob Me masses ob the Neutrons and protons and mass op the nucleus. AM = [zmp + A-z)ma)-M ™Mp= mass of prot My = Mass ob neutron M = Mass ok Nucleus Binding Energy Be. = AM xc (in Joule) OF BE = AM Lin amu)x93iMev Binding Energy cune Tt is a plot of binding energy per nucleon versus the mass number (A)- fi, Tt is used 40 explain the of nudear fission and fusion. nucle into light nucleus by Law ob Radioactivity Heulls lige time (T) T = 01693 * N= No(4)* Nuclear fower veactor use heat luced} cluving adomie fiss produce led ‘ee Raelioactivi Bs ssn " ev ‘Trchinsic Semiconductor © Pune Semicenductrr e Ne =n Eq. si (Silicon) For Tnauladors Exhinsic. Semiconductor Tt is impure ov doped Semiconductor (4) N-Type > Si or Ge doped with penkevler (N,P) As, Sb,B1) elements: > Ne > (6) P-Type. D> Si or Ge doped with Trivdert CB,Al, Ga, In, Te) elements > ne

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