Although speech is generally accepted as the most advanced form of communication, there are

many ways of communicating without using words. In every known culture, signals, signs,
symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as instruments of communication. There is a great
deal of agreement among communication scientists as to what each of these methods is and
how each differs from the others. For instance, the basic function of any signal is to impinge
upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and
dashes that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for
communication through these dots and dashes—short and long intervals as the circuit is
broken—is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain agreed
upon meaning; that is, they convey information in and ofthemselves. Two examples are
the hexagonal red sign that conveys the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled pole
outside a shop that communicates the meaning of barber.
Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of
their intricate relationship with the receiver’s culture perceptions. In
some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol
of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding can be a symbol of the audience’s
discontent with the performance. Gestures such as weaving and handshaking also communicate
certain culture messages.
Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a
major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without
the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction
comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used across long distances
and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one
must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there
are more means of communication on the horizon.

1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Signs and Signals
B. Gestures
C. Communication
D. Speech
2. What does the author say about speech?
A. It is the only true form of communication
B. It is dependent upon the advances made by inventors
C. It is necessary for communication to occur
D. It is the most advanced form of communication
3. The phrase impinge upon in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A.intrude
B.improve
C.vary
D.prohibit
4. The word it in paragraph 1 refers to
A. function
B. signal
C. environment
D. way
5. The word potential in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
A. range
B. advantage
C. organization
D. possibility
6. The word intricate in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by which of the following?
A. inefficient
B. complicated
C. historical
D. uncertain
7. Applauding was cited as an example of
A. a signal
B. a sign
C. a symbol
D. a gesture
8. Why were the telephone, radio, and TV invented?
A. People were unable to understand signs, symbols, and signals
B. People wanted to communicate across long distance
C. People believed that signs, signals, and symbols were obsolete
D. People wanted new forms of entertainment
During the nineteenth century, women in the United States organized and participated in a large
number of reform movements, including movements to reorganize the prison system, improve
education, ban the sale of alcohol, grant rights to people who were denied them, and, most
importantly, free slaves. Some women saw similarities in the social status of women and slaves.
Women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone were not only feminists who fought for
the rights of women but also fervent abolitionists who fought to do away with slavery. These
brave people were social leaders who supported the rights of both women and blacks. They
were fighting against a belief that voting should be tied to land ownership, and because land
was owned by men, and in some cases by their widows, only those who held the greatest stake
in government, that is the male landowners, were considered worthy of the vote. Women did
not conform to the requirements.

A number of male abolitionists, including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, also
supported the rights of women to speak and to participate equally with men in
antislaveryactivities. Probably more than any other movement, abolitionism offered women a
previouslydenied entry into politics. They became involved primarily in order to better their
living conditions and improve the conditions of others. However, they gained the respect of
those they convinced and also earned the right to be considered equal citizens.

When the civil war between the North and the South ended in 1865, the Fourteenth and
Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution adopted in 1868 and 1870 granted citizenship and
suffrage to blacks but not to women. Discouragedbut resolved, feminists worked tirelessly to
influence more and more women to demand the right to vote. In 1869, the Wyoming Territory
had yielded to demands by feminists, but the states on the East Coast resisted more
stubbornlythan before. A women’s suffrage bill had been presented to every Congress since
1878, but it continually failed to pass until 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment granted
women the right to vote.

1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?

A. The Wyoming Territory
B. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments
C. Abolitionists
D. Women’s suffrage
2. The word ban in paragraph 1 most nearly means to
A. Encourage
B. Publish
C. prohibit
D. limit
3. The word primarily in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. above all
B. Somewhat
 C. finally
D. always
4. What had occurred shortly after the Civil War?
A. The Wyoming Territory was admitted to the Union
B. A women’s suffrage bill was introduced in Congress
C. The eastern states resisted the end of the war
D. Black people were granted the right to vote
5. The word suffrage in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. pain
B. Citizenship
C. freedom from bondage
D. the right to vote
6. The word it in paragraph 3 refers to
A. bill
B. Congress
C. Nineteenth Amendment
D. vote
7. What does the Nineteenth Amendment guarantee?
A. Voting rights for blacks
B. Citizenship for blacks
C. Voting rights for women
D. Citizenship for women
8. When were women allowed to vote throughout the United States?
A. After 1866
B. After 1870
C. After 1878
D. After 1920
The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies
was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe
they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In
North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in
little more than a century.

In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline,
mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in
the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest
to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as
equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were,
accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily
distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw
materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities
flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.

This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as
plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the
Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were
antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence
because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small
shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was
the desire to have its front on a water highway.

When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as
large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880
it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization
of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from
farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.
B. The evolution of cities in North America
C. Trade between North American and European cities
D. The effects of the United Sates’ independence on urban growth in New England.
2. The word “they” in line 4 refers to
A. NorthAmerican colonies
B. cities
C. centuries
D. town economies
3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of
the
A. Their economic success
B. The type of merchandise they exported
 C. Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements
D. The pace of their development
4. The word “accordingly” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
A. as usual
B. in contrast
C. to some degree
D. for that reason
5. According to the passage, early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic
coastline of North America due to
A. an abundance of natural resources
B. financial support from colonial governments
C. proximity to parts of Europe
D. a favorable climate
6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared
which of the following for shipment to Europe?
(A) Manufacturing equipment
(B) Capital goods
(C) Consumer goods
(D) Raw materials
7. According to the passage, all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced
the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the
(A) location of the plantations
(B) access of plantation owners to shipping
(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents
(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations
8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern
cities most southern cities were
(A) more prosperous
(B) smaller
(C) less economically self-sufficient
(D) tied less closely to England than to France
9. The word “recorded” in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) imagined
(B) discovered
 (C) documented
(D) planned
10. The word “drawing” in line 28 is closest in meaning to
A. attracting
B. employing
C. instructing
D. representing
11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time
of
A. significant obstacles to industrial growth
B. decreased dependence on foreign trade
C. increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms
D. increased migration from northern states to southern states

Many of the most damaging and life-threatening types of weather-torrential rains,severe

thunderstorms, and tornadoes-begin quickly,strike suddenly,and dissipate rapidly,devastating
small regions while leaving neighboring areas untouched. One such event,a tornado,stuck the
northeastern section of Edmonton,Alberta,in july 1987.

Total damages from the tornado exceeded $250 million, the highest ever for any Canadian
storm. Conventional computer models of the atmosphere have limited value in predicting
short-lived local storms like the Edmonton tornado, because the available weather data are
generally not detailed enough to allow computers to discern the subtle atmospheric changes
that precede these storms. In most nations, for example, weather-balloon observations are taken
just once every twelve hours at locations typically separated by hundreds of miles. With such
limited data, conventional forecasting models do a much better job predicting general weather
conditions over large regions than they do forecasting specific local events.

Until recently, the observation-intensive approach needed for accurate, very short-range
forecasts, or "Nowcasts," was not feasible. The cost of equipping and operating many
thousands of conventional weather stations was prohibitively high, and the difficulties involved
in rapidly collecting and processing the raw weather data from such a network were
insurmountable. Fortunately, scientific and technological advances have overcome most of
these problems. Rader systems, automated weather instruents, and satellites are all capable of
making detailed, nearly continuous observation over large regions at a relatively low cost.
Communications satellites can transmit data around the world cheaply and instantaneously,
and modern computers can quickly compile and analyzing this large volume of weather
information. Meteorologists and computer scientists now work together to design computer
programs and video equipment capable of transforming raw weather data into words, symbols,
and vivid graphic display that forecasters can interpret easily and quickly. As meteorologists
have begun using these new technologies in weater forecasting offices, Nowcasting is
becoming a reality.

1. What does he passage mainly discuss?

a. Computers and weather
b. Dangerous storms
c. Weather forecasting
d. Satelites
2. Why does the author mention the tornado in Edmonton, Canada?
a. To indicate that tornadoes are common in summer
b. To give an example of a damaging storm
c. To explain different types of weather
d. To show that tornadoes accur frequently in Canada
3. The word"subtle"in line 9 is closest in meaning to
a.complec
b.regular
c.imigined
d.slight
4. Why does the author state in line 10 that observations are taken"just once every twelve
hours?"
a.To indicate that the observations are timely
b.To show why the observations are on limited value
c.To compare data from balloons and computer
d.To give an example of international cooperation
5. The word"they"in line 13 refers to
a.models
b.conditions
c.regions
 d.events
6. Which of the following is not mentioned as an advance in short-range weather forecasting?
a.Weather balloons
b.Radar systems
c.Automated instruments
d.Satellites
7. The word"compile"in line 21 is closest in meaning to
a.put together
b.look up
c.pile high
d.work over
8. With Nowcasting,it first became possible to provide inforation about
a.short -lived local storm
b.radar networks
c.long-range weather forecasts
d.general weather conditions
9. The word"raw" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
a.stormy
b.inaccurate
c.uncooked
d.unprocessed
10. With which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree?
a.Communications satellites can predic severe weather
b.Meteorologists should standardize computer programs
c.The observation-intensive approach is no longer useful
d.Weather predictions are becoming more accurate
11. Which of the following would best illustrate Nowcasting?
a.A five-day forecast
b.A warning about a severe thunderstorm
c.The avarage rainfall for each month
d.A list of temperatures in major cities
The body of an adult insect is subdivided into three sections, including a head, a three-
segment thorax, and segmented abdomen. Ordinarily, the thorax bears three pairs of legs
and a single or double pair of wings. The vision of most adult insects is specialized through
two large compound eyes and multiple simple eyes.

Features of an insect’s mouth parts are used in classifying insects into types. Biting mouth
parts, calledmandibles, such as the mouth parts found in grasshoppers and beetles, are
common among insects. Behind the mandibles are located the maxillae, or lower jaw parts,
which serve to direct food into the mouth between the jaws. A labrum above and one below
are similar to another animal’s upper and lower lips. In an insect with a sucking mouth
function, the mandibles, maxillae, labrum, and labium are modified in such a way that they
constitute a tube through which liquid such as water, blood, or flower nectar can be drawn.
In a butterfly or moth, this coiled drinking tube is called the proboscis because of its
resemblance, in miniature, to the trunk of an elephant or a very large nose. Composed
chiefly of modified maxillae fitted together, the insect’s proboscis can be flexed and
extended to reach nectar deep in a flower. In mosquitoes or aphids, mandibles and maxillae
are modified to sharp stylets with which the insect can drill through surfaces like human
or vegetable skin membranes to reach juice. In a housefly, the expanding labium forms a
spongelike mouth pad that it can use to stamp over the surface of food, sopping up food
particles and juices.

Insects, the most numerous creatures on our planet, are also them most adaptable. They
require little food because they are small. They easily find shelter and protection in small
crevices in trees and surface geological formations. Species of insects can evolve quickly
because of their rapid reproduction cycle; they live in every climate, some making their
homes in the frozen Arctic regions and many others choosing the humid, warm, and
nutrient-rich rain forest environment. An active part of the natural food cycle, insects
provide nutrition for animals and devour waste products of other life forms.

1. What is the best title for this passage?

A. An Insect’s Environment
B. The Structure of an Insect
C. Grasshoppers and Beetles
D. The Stages of Life of an Insect
2. How are insects classified?
A. By the environment in which they live
B. By the food they eat
C. By the structure of the mouth
D. By the number and type of wings
3. The word common in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. normal C. important
B. rare D. necessary
4. The author compares labrum and labium to
A. an upper and lower lip C. maxillae
B. mandibles D. jaws
5. What is the proboscis?
A. Nectar
B. A tube constructed of modified maxillae
C. A kind of butterfly
D. A kind of flower
6. Which of the following have mandibles and maxillae that have been modified to sharp
stylets?
A. Grasshoppers C. Mosquitoes
B. Butterflies D. Houseflies
7. The phrase drill through in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
A. penetrate C. explore
B. saturate D. distinguish
8. The word it in paragraph 2 refers to
A. pad C. housefly
B. food D. mouth
9. What is the purpose of this passage?
A. To complain C. To entertain
B. To persuade D. To inform