UNIT III

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK

RF communication in Body, Antenna design and testing, Propagation, Base Station-Network topology-
Stand –Alone BAN, Wireless personal Area Network Technologies-IEEE 802.15.1,IEEE P802.15.13,
IEEE 802.15.14, Zigbee.

Introduction

Body Area Networks (BANs) refer to a network of devices that are worn or implanted on
or near the human body. These devices communicate wirelessly to monitor health, deliver
medical treatments, and collect data in real-time. Wireless communication in BAN is critical
because of its ability to offer mobility, convenience, and real-time information collection without
the need for physical connections. Below is an overview of wireless communication and
networks within BANs.

Wireless communication in Body Area Networks (BANs) has immense potential in

improving healthcare, fitness, and overall well-being. By leveraging technologies like BLE,
Zigbee, and Wi-Fi, BANs enable real-time monitoring of health conditions and allow for quick
response times in emergencies. However, challenges related to power consumption, privacy, and
data integrity still need to be addressed for the technology to reach its full potential.

RF Communication in Body
Radio Frequency (RF) Communication is a key element in the operation of Body Area
Networks (BANs). It involves the use of electromagnetic waves in the radio frequency spectrum
to transmit data between devices on or near the human body. RF communication in BANs is
especially important because it provides the wireless connectivity necessary for health
monitoring systems, wearable devices, and medical implants.

Characteristics of RF Communication in BANs

1. Low Power Consumption:

 Energy Efficiency: Devices used in BANs, such as wearable sensors or

implanted medical devices, typically rely on small batteries. Since continuous
data transmission can drain battery life quickly, RF communication protocols
used in BANs need to be energy-efficient.
 Low-power RF technologies like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Zigbee, or
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) are commonly used for this purpose.

2. Short-Range Communication:
  RF communication in BANs typically operates over short distances (a few
meters) due to the close proximity to the human body. This makes it ideal for
medical monitoring, where devices are usually worn or implanted on the
body.
 RF signals in BANs generally need to travel through the body, which can
cause attenuation and interference, making signal propagation challenging.

3. Wireless Data Transmission:

 Devices in BANs use RF communication to transmit data without the need for
physical connections. This can include transmitting data from wearable
sensors to a smartphone or sending data from implanted devices to an external
monitoring system.
 RF signals can carry various types of health data, such as heart rate, blood
oxygen levels, glucose levels, ECG readings, and more.

4. Interference Considerations:

 The human body can absorb and reflect RF signals, leading to signal
attenuation. This phenomenon is known as "body shadowing," and it can
affect the performance of RF communication in BANs.
 The RF spectrum in a BAN environment can also face interference from other
devices operating in similar frequency bands (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, mobile
phones), which can impact the reliability of communication.

Common RF Technologies Used in BANs:

1. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE):

 BLE is widely used in BANs because it is energy-efficient and operates in the

2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) frequency band.
 BLE is ideal for low-data-rate applications and continuous health monitoring,
such as heart rate monitors, fitness trackers, and smartwatches.
 It offers low-power consumption, making it suitable for battery-operated
devices.

2. Zigbee:

 Zigbee operates on low-power RF in the 2.4 GHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz
ISM bands.
 It is a low-rate, short-range communication standard that is used in BANs for
applications such as remote health monitoring and home healthcare.
 Zigbee supports mesh networking, which means devices can relay data to
other devices, extending the communication range.
 3. Ultra-Wideband (UWB):

 UWB uses a large bandwidth (ranging from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz) and is used
in BANs for high-precision applications like real-time localization and
positioning systems.
 UWB signals can also penetrate the human body better than higher frequency
signals, which makes it useful for medical applications that require precise
location tracking of devices or personnel.

4. Near Field Communication (NFC):

 NFC is used for very short-range communication, typically less than 10 cm,
and is often used in applications like device pairing or for reading data from
medical devices.
 It is commonly found in smart health monitoring systems that need to be
paired with external devices like smartphones or medical terminals.

5. Wi-Fi:

 Wi-Fi is sometimes used in BANs where higher data rates are required, for
example, in real-time streaming of health data to cloud servers or remote
monitoring stations.
 However, Wi-Fi tends to consume more power than other RF technologies
and may not be ideal for battery-powered wearables.

Challenges of RF Communication in BANs:

1. Body Shadowing and Signal Loss:

 The human body can cause RF signal attenuation or blocking, leading to weak
or inconsistent communication. This is especially problematic when devices
are in motion or when RF signals pass through different parts of the body.
 Devices must be designed with optimal placement and positioning to
minimize interference and loss of signal strength.

2. Power Consumption and Battery Life:

 Most BAN devices are designed to be worn continuously, so optimizing

power consumption is essential. Devices using RF communication must
minimize power usage without sacrificing performance.
 While low-power RF technologies like BLE help reduce power consumption,
continuous communication can still drain the batteries of smaller devices.

3. Interference:
  BANs can suffer from interference from other wireless devices in the vicinity
(e.g., Wi-Fi routers, Bluetooth devices, and mobile phones). This interference
can degrade the quality and reliability of RF communication.
 Techniques such as frequency hopping (used in Bluetooth) and channel
management can help mitigate interference.

4. Data Privacy and Security:

 RF communication in BANs involves the transmission of sensitive health

data. Therefore, ensuring the security and privacy of data is crucial. RF
signals are vulnerable to eavesdropping, and encryption techniques must be
implemented to safeguard data during transmission.
 Standards like TLS (Transport Layer Security) and AES (Advanced
Encryption Standard) are used to encrypt the data being sent over RF
channels.

Applications of RF Communication in BANs:

1. Healthcare Monitoring:

 RF-enabled medical devices (e.g., wearable ECG monitors, continuous

glucose monitors) transmit real-time health data to healthcare providers for
monitoring and analysis.
 Remote patient monitoring is made possible using RF communication,
allowing for continuous observation of patients' vital signs without needing to
visit healthcare facilities.

2. Fitness and Sports:

 RF communication enables the wireless transmission of data from fitness

trackers, heart rate monitors, and smart clothing to smartphones or fitness
tracking apps. This allows athletes and fitness enthusiasts to track their
performance and health metrics.

3. Implantable Medical Devices:

 RF communication is used in devices like pacemakers, insulin pumps, and

cochlear implants to transmit data to external systems, allowing healthcare
providers to monitor and adjust treatment remotely.

4. Assistive Technologies:
  RF communication enables assistive devices, such as smart glasses or hearing
aids, to connect wirelessly with smartphones or other external devices,
improving the user experience for people with disabilities.

Antenna Design and Testing for Body Area Networks (BANs)

Antenna design for Body Area Networks (BANs) is crucial for efficient RF communication,
considering the human body’s impact on signal propagation. These antennas are used in
wearable, implantable, and off-body communication applications.

1. Antenna Design Considerations

A. Types of BAN Antennas

1. Wearable Antennas (On-Body Communication)

 Flexible Patch Antennas

 Textile Antennas (E-Textiles)
 Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA)
 Slot Antennas
 Dipole & Monopole Antennas

2. Implantable Antennas (In-Body Communication)

 Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antennas

 Helical & Spiral Antennas
 Meandered and Loop Antennas
 Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRA)

3. Off-Body Antennas (Inter-BAN & Beyond-BAN Communication)

 Directional Patch Antennas

 Horn & Log-Periodic Antennas
 Adaptive Beamforming Antennas

B. Antenna Design Parameters

Frequency Bands:

 MICS (402-405 MHz) → Implantable Medical Devices

 ISM (2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz) → Wearable & Wireless BANs
 UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz) → High Data Rate, Low-Power BANs
  Sub-GHz (433 MHz, 868 MHz) → Low-Power Long-Range BANs

Antenna Miniaturization:

 Use of high permittivity materials to reduce size

 Fractal, metamaterial, and meandered structures for compact designs

Impedance Matching:

 Ensuring 50Ω matching to reduce reflection losses (S11 < -10 dB)

SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) Compliance:

 Implantable Antennas: Should adhere to FCC (≤1.6 W/kg) or ICNIRP (≤2 W/kg)
standards
 Use of high-permittivity biocompatible materials (e.g., Parylene, Teflon, Silicone)

Polarization & Radiation Pattern:

 Circular Polarization: Reduces misalignment losses in dynamic movements

 Omnidirectional Antennas: Good for wearables, providing 360° coverage
 Directional Antennas: Improve link budget for off-body communication

Substrate Material Choices:

 Flexible Materials: Polyimide, PET, Kapton (for wearable antennas)

 Biocompatible Materials: PEEK, PDMS, Ceramic (for implantable antennas)

2. Antenna Testing for BAN

A. Simulation-Based Testing

1. Electromagnetic Simulation Software:

 HFSS (Ansys), CST Microwave Studio, FEKO → Full-wave EM simulations

 Keysight ADS, COMSOL Multiphysics → Circuit-based & bio-EM analysis

2. Phantom Model Testing:

 Simulating human tissue layers (skin, fat, muscle, bone) using phantom gels

 Dielectric properties must match real biological tissue properties at operating

frequency
B. Experimental Testing

1. Antenna Parameter Measurements:

 Return Loss (S11): Measured using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)

 Radiation Pattern & Gain: Using an Anechoic Chamber

 Impedance Matching: Smith Chart analysis

2. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Testing:

 Measured with SAR probes & dielectric liquid phantoms

 Ensure compliance with FCC & ICNIRP regulations

3. Body Proximity Effects Analysis:

 Antenna detuning due to body loading

 Testing in realistic postures & movements

3. Challenges

 Miniaturization without loss of efficiency

 Overcoming body shadowing & absorption losses

 Bio-compatibility of implantable antennas

 Low power consumption for energy-efficient operation

Network Topology in Body Area Networks (BANs)

In a Body Area Network (BAN), different wireless sensors, actuators, and processing
units communicate in a specific network topology to ensure efficient data transfer while
minimizing power consumption and interference. The choice of topology affects latency, energy
efficiency, and reliability.

Types of Network Topologies in BANs

A. Star Topology (Single-Hop BAN)

It is most commonly used topology in BANs

How it works:

 All sensor nodes connect to a central coordinator (such as a smartphone, smartwatch,

or base station).
 Data is transmitted in a single hop from each sensor to the central node.

Advantages:

i. Low Power Consumption – Minimal transmission overhead.

ii. Simple Network Management – Centralized control.
iii. Low Latency – Faster data transmission since all nodes communicate directly with
the hub.

Disadvantages:
i. Single Point of Failure – If the central hub fails, the entire network collapses.
ii. Limited Scalability – Adding new nodes may lead to congestion.
Use Cases:
i. Wearable Health Monitoring Systems (Smartwatches, ECG sensors, Blood Pressure
monitors).
ii. Short-range Medical Implants (Pacemakers, Neural Sensors).

B. Tree (Hierarchical) Topology

It is an extended version of the Star topology

How it works:

 Multiple layers of nodes exist, where sensor nodes send data to relay nodes (cluster
heads) before reaching a central node.

Advantages:
i. Scalability – Can accommodate multiple sensors efficiently.
ii. Better Load Distribution – Reduces the burden on a single hub.
iii. Improved Coverage – Works well for multi-user BANs (e.g., hospitals).

Disadvantages:
i. Higher Power Consumption – More relays increase energy usage.
ii. Higher Latency – Data passes through multiple layers before reaching the central hub.

Use Cases:
i. Multi-patient healthcare monitoring systems (e.g., hospital settings).
ii. Sports & Fitness Tracking (Multiple athletes in a training session).

C. Mesh Topology (Multi-Hop BAN)

It is most reliable topology for large BANs

How it works:

 Nodes communicate with each other, forming a self-healing, multi-hop network.

 If one node fails, data is rerouted through another path.

Advantages:
i. High Reliability – If one node fails, data is rerouted.
ii. Better Coverage – Nodes can extend the communication range.
iii. More Robust for Moving Users – Ideal for dynamic environments.

Disadvantages:
i. High Power Consumption – More transmissions increase energy usage.
ii. Complex Implementation – Requires advanced routing protocols.

Use Cases:
i. Emergency Medical Systems (Remote Patient Monitoring in disaster areas).
ii. Military & Defense Applications (Real-time health tracking of soldiers).
iii. Elderly Care (Fall Detection & Continuous Health Monitoring).

D. Hybrid Topology
It is a Combination of Star, Mesh, and Tree topologies

How it works:

 Uses a Star network for short-range communication, combined with a Mesh or Tree
structure for extended range and redundancy.

Advantages:
i. Optimized Power Consumption – Uses Star for low-power sensors and Mesh for critical
devices.
ii. Balanced Latency & Reliability – Mesh ensures redundancy, while Star minimizes
delays.

Disadvantages:
i. Implementation Complexity – Requires advanced algorithms.

Use Cases:
i. Smart Hospitals – Integrating wearable patient monitors with hospital servers.
ii. Augmented Reality (AR) & Virtual Reality (VR) in Healthcare.

3. Comparison of BAN Network Topologies

Power
Topology Reliability Scalability Latency Use Case
Consumption
Personal Health
Star Low Low Limited Low
Monitoring
Multi-User Medical
Tree Moderate Medium High Moderate
Systems
Emergency,
Mesh High Very High Very High High Military,

Remote Healthcare
Smart Hospitals,
Hybrid Balanced High High Low AR/VR

in Healthcare

Signal Propagation & Base Station in Body Area Networks (BANs)

1. RF Signal Propagation in BANs

Propagation in Body Area Networks (BANs) is significantly affected by the human body’s
dielectric properties, causing attenuation, reflection, scattering, and absorption. Understanding
these effects is crucial for designing efficient communication systems in BANs.

Signal propagation in BANs refers to how electromagnetic signals travel between devices
located on, in, or around the human body.

Types of Signal Propagation in BANs

A. Intra-body Communication (IBC)

 Signal travels through the body using conductive tissues (electrical signals).
 Low power and high security.
 Technologies: capacitive or galvanic coupling.

B. On-body Propagation

 Communication between wearable devices on the surface of the body.

 Subject to:
o Body shadowing

o Multipath fading

o Antenna detuning

 Frequencies: Commonly 2.4 GHz (Bluetooth), 900 MHz, UWB

C. Off-body Communication

 Communication between the body-mounted device and an external device or base

station.
 Example: Sensor on body to a smartphone or medical hub.
 Influenced by:
o User movement

o Posture

o Body orientation

Challenges in Signal Propagation

 Human body is a lossy medium: Signal attenuation due to muscle, fat, and bone.
  Multipath effects: Reflections off body parts and surroundings.
 Interference: From other wireless systems (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc.)
 Dynamic channel conditions: Due to movement (e.g., walking, arm swinging).

A. Types of Propagation in BANs

BANs use different types of wireless signal propagation, depending on the positioning of the
transmitter and receiver:

Propagation Type Description Impact on BANs

On-Body (Creeping RF waves propagate along the skin Useful for wearables (smartwatches,
Waves) surface. ECG sensors, smart textiles).

Used in implantable devices

In-Body (Near-Field RF waves propagate through body
(pacemakers, glucose sensors, neural
Propagation) tissues (muscle, fat, bone).
implants).

Off-Body (Multipath Signals travel from BAN to Used for base station communication,
Propagation) external networks. telemedicine, and emergency response.

The human body blocks or absorbs

Body Shadowing & Can lead to communication loss and
signals, causing attenuation and
Absorption requires robust routing algorithms.
fading.

B. Frequency Bands for BAN Propagation

Different RF frequency bands are used for wireless communication in BANs, depending on
application requirements:

Frequency Band Range Applications Propagation Challenges

MICS (402–405 Implantable medical devices Deep tissue penetration but

Low Frequency
MHz) (pacemakers, neural sensors). low data rates.

ISM (2.4 GHz, Wearables, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Affected by body

Mid Frequency
5.8 GHz) Zigbee. absorption and interference.
UWB (3.1–10.6 High High-speed BAN communication Limited penetration, high
GHz) Frequency (real-time monitoring). energy consumption.

mmWave (30– Ultra-High Future BAN applications (6G, Severe body attenuation and
300 GHz) Frequency ultra-fast telemedicine). reflection.

Base Station in BANs

Definition:

A Base Station (BS) in BANs is the central device that aggregates data from all body sensors,
processes or forwards it, and optionally transmits to external systems.

Functions of the Base Station

1. Data Aggregation: Collects data from multiple sensors.

2. Data Processing: Performs initial analysis (e.g., filtering, compression).
3. Communication Gateway: Sends data to cloud, hospital server, or smartphone.
4. User Feedback: Alerts (e.g., fall detected, abnormal ECG).
5. Power Management: Coordinates low-power operation of all nodes.

Base Station Design Considerations

Consideration Description
Form Factor Often a wearable device or smartphone
Energy Efficiency Long operation time with minimal battery use
Connectivity Interfaces like BLE, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, UWB
Security Encrypts sensitive health data
Real-Time Capability Critical in emergency alert systems

🔹 9. Communication Topologies with Base Stations

 Star Topology: Sensors communicate directly with the BS.

 Clustered Topology: Local clusters send data to the BS via cluster heads.
 Hybrid Topology: Mix of star and mesh; supports fault tolerance.
Stand-Alone Body Area Networks (BANs)

Definition:

A Stand-Alone BAN operates independently of external networks (e.g., Wi-Fi, Internet) and
All processing, data storage, and decision-making happen within the network.

Characteristics:

 Self-contained: No real-time cloud or infrastructure dependency.

 Local Data Processing: On-node or central hub (e.g., smartphone or dedicated
microcontroller).
 Power Efficient: Prioritizes battery conservation due to limited recharging options.
 Limited Communication Range: Typically a few meters.

Architecture of Stand-Alone BANs

1. Sensor Nodes
o Function: Collect physiological data such as ECG, EMG, temperature, and
motion.
 o Characteristics: Low power consumption, compact size, and integrated analog-
to-digital conversion.
2. Processing Unit (Microcontroller)
o Function: Performs local data processing, including filtering, feature extraction,
and decision-making.
o Examples: ARM Cortex-M series, ESP32, Nordic nRF series.

3. Communication Module
o Function: Facilitates wireless communication between sensor nodes and the
central hub.
o Protocols: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee, IEEE 802.15.6.

4. Central Hub / Coordinator

o Function: Aggregates data from sensor nodes, performs higher-level processing,
and provides user feedback.
o Examples: Smartwatches, wearable devices, or dedicated microcontroller units.

5. Power Supply
o Function: Provides energy to all components of the BAN.

o Types: Rechargeable batteries, energy harvesting modules (e.g., thermoelectric,

kinetic).
6. Actuators (Optional)
o Function: Deliver feedback to the user based on sensor data.

o Examples: Vibration motors for alerts, electrical stimulation for therapy, haptic
feedback for posture correction.

Data Flow Overview

1. Sensing: Sensor nodes measure physiological parameters.

2. Pre-processing: Basic filtering or noise reduction is performed at the sensor level.
3. Communication: Pre-processed data is transmitted wirelessly to the central hub.
4. Processing/Analysis: The central hub performs higher-level data analysis and decision-
making.
5. Action: User feedback is provided, or actuators are activated based on the analysis.

Design Considerations
  Energy Efficiency: Use of low-power hardware and energy-aware protocols.
 Data Security: Encryption and authentication, especially for medical data.
 Latency: Real-time processing for critical applications like heart rate anomalies.
 Fault Tolerance: Redundancy for critical sensors.
 Miniaturization: Comfortable, non-intrusive wearables.

Application Scenarios

 Healthcare Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of vital signs for patients with chronic
conditions.
 Fitness Tracking: Real-time tracking of physical activity and health metrics.
 Elderly Care: Monitoring of elderly individuals for fall detection and emergency alerts.
 Military Applications: Health status monitoring of soldiers in the field without reliance
on external infrastructure.

Challenges in Stand-Alone BANs

 Limited Processing Power: On-node AI is constrained.

 Battery Life: Frequent charging is impractical for many medical uses.
 Interference and Noise: From other devices or body movement.
 Sensor Calibration: Drift over time affects data quality.
 Data Synchronization: Difficult without a central cloud or server.

Wireless Personal Area Network Technologies – IEEE 802.15.1, P802.15.13,

802.15.4, and Zigbee

Introduction to WPANs

Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) are short-range wireless networks typically used
for interconnecting personal devices within about 10 meters. This type of network is designed to
enable devices in a small office or home office (SOHO) environment to communicate and share
resources, data and applications either wired or wirelessly. PANs typically consist of laptops,
smartphones, tablets, wearables, personal digital assistants, printers and entertainment devices.
PANs don't include a router so they can't connect to the internet directly, but the devices in a
PAN are generally interconnected using some form of wireless technology. This type of PAN
could also be connected to the internet or other networks without wires.

 Governed by the IEEE 802.15 working group, which defines various standards to
address different application needs like low power, high data rate, and device density.

IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)

Overview:

 Based on the original Bluetooth protocol stack.

 Designed for low-power, short-range wireless communication between devices.
  Operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.

Technical Specs:

 Data rate: Up to 3 Mbps (Enhanced Data Rate - EDR)

 Range: 10–100 meters depending on power class
 Topology: Star (piconet with master-slave model)
 Frequency hopping: 1600 hops/sec over 79 channels

Security:

 Pairing, encryption, and authentication

 Security is enhanced in later versions (BLE 4.2 and above)

Applications:

 Wireless headsets, file transfer, wireless input devices, fitness trackers

3. IEEE P802.15.13 (High-Speed WPAN – Under Development)

Overview:

 A proposed amendment to support Multi-Gigabit/s wireless communication using light-

based communications (Li-Fi / optical).
 Intended for wireless VR, AR, uncompressed video streaming, etc.

Features:

 Physical Layer (PHY): Uses light (infrared or visible spectrum)

 MAC Layer: Designed for low latency and high throughput
 Data Rates: Potentially up to 10 Gbps
 Distance: Targeted for very short ranges (a few meters)
 QoS Support: Suitable for time-sensitive applications

Applications:

 Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), High-speed display links, wireless
docking stations

Status: Still a draft as of 2024–2025, under active development.

4. IEEE 802.15.4 (Foundation for Zigbee and Others)

Overview:

 Standard for low-rate WPANs (LR-WPANs)

 Emphasizes low power, low cost, and long battery life
 Forms the basis for higher-level protocols like Zigbee, Thread, and 6LoWPAN

Technical Specs:

 Data Rates: 20 kbps (868 MHz), 40 kbps (915 MHz), 250 kbps (2.4 GHz)
 Topology Support: Star, mesh, peer-to-peer
 Range: 10–100 meters
 MAC layer: Supports CSMA/CA, GTS (Guaranteed Time Slots), beacon and non-
beacon modes

Security:

 AES-128 encryption
 MAC layer security mechanisms

Applications:

 Smart home, industrial automation, wireless sensor networks

5. Zigbee (Built on IEEE 802.15.4)

Overview:

 Zigbee is a protocol stack built over the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC/PHY

 Adds networking, application layers, and security protocols
 Focuses on low-power mesh networking with robust interoperability

Features:

 Topology: Mesh, star, tree

 Routing Protocol: Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) variant
 Profiles: Zigbee Light Link, Zigbee Smart Energy, etc.
 Power Usage: Extremely low — years of battery life

Security:

 AES-128 encryption
 Secure joining and key management
  Application-layer security in newer versions

Applications:

 Home automation (smart lights, sensors, locks)

 Industrial control
 Environmental monitoring

6. Comparative Table

IEEE 802.15.1
Feature IEEE P802.15.13 IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee
(Bluetooth)

Up to 10 Gbps
Data Rate Up to 3 Mbps Up to 250 kbps ~250 kbps
(target)

10–100 m (with
Range 10–100 m <10 m 10–100 m
mesh)

2.4 GHz, 868/915

Frequency 2.4 GHz Infrared/Optical Same as 802.15.4
MHz

Star or Point-to-
Topology Star (Piconet) Star, Peer-to-peer Mesh, Star, Tree
Point

Power
Moderate Low to Moderate Very Low Very Low
Consumption

Protocol
Bluetooth SIG IEEE IEEE Zigbee Alliance
Ownership

7. Summary

 IEEE 802.15.1: Bluetooth – well-established for audio and data exchange.

 IEEE P802.15.13: Next-gen ultra-fast WPAN for media-rich applications.
 IEEE 802.15.4: Core low-power standard for IoT networking.
 Zigbee: Mesh protocol using 802.15.4 for robust, low-energy IoT applications.

Questions:
1. What is the frequency band that is used for BAN?
2. Name any two wireless technologies used for BAN
3. List out the challenges of RF communication in BAN
4. Choose the different types of antennas for design consideration in BAN
5. Describe the RF Communication in Body.
6. Explain about the radio frequency signal propagation in Body Area Network
7. Explain the key parameters used for antenna design and testing in Body Area
Network.

8. Discuss the different types of Network Topology in BAN