NDA Exam

Study Material for English

 PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions: Uses
● We commonly use prepositions to show a relationship in space or time or a logical
relationship between two or more people, places or things.
● Prepositions are most com monly followed by a noun phrase or pronoun (underlined):
o The last time I saw him he was walking down the road.
o I’ll meet you in the cafe opposite the cinema.
o It was difficult to sleep during the flight.
o It was the worst storm since the 1980s.
o Give that to me.

On
● On (refers to a surface of something) - I kept the dishes on the dining table.
● On (specific days and dates) - I will come on Monday. Radha was born on 15th August.
● On (refers to TV or other devices) - She is on the phone. My favorite movie will be on TV
now.
● On (refers to the parts of the body) — I keep wearing my wedding ring on my finger.
● On (to refer a state) - The products available in the store are on sale.

At
● At (to indicate a place) - There are a good number of people at the park.
● At (to refer an email address) - Please mail in detail @ (at) xyz@xyz.com
● At (to refer a time) - Meet me at 5 p.m. tomorrow.
● At (indicate one’s activity) - John laughed at my acting in the play.

In
● In (to indicate a location or place) - I live in Mumbai.
● In (used while doing something) - The tagline should be catchy in marketing a prod- uct.
● In (to indicate opinion, belief, feeling, etc.) - I believe in hardworking.
● In (specify day, month, season, year) - I prefer to do Math in the morning. The new
academic session will commence in March.
● In (to indicate color, shape and size) - This dress comes in four sizes.
To
● To (to indicate the destination) - The friends went to the restaurant. I am heading to my
college.
● To (to indicate relationship) - Do not respond to the annoying persons. Your answer is
important to me.
● To (to indicate a limit) - The old newspapers were piled up to the roof.
● To (to refer a period) - I am here from 10 to 5.

Of
● Of (to indicate relating to, belonging to) - I always dreamed of being famous.
● Of (to indicate reference) - This is a picture of my last birthday.
● Of (to specify the number or an amount) - A good number of people understand Hindi.

For
● For (to indicate the reason or because of) - I am really happy for you.
● For (to indicate the duration or time) - I attended the session for one year only.
● For (specify the use of something) - She is preparing for her final exam.

Prepositions or conjunctions?
● Some words which are prepositions also function as conjunctions.
● When we use a preposition that is followed by a clause, it functions as a conjunction;
when we use a preposition that is followed by a noun phrase, it stays as a preposition.
● Among the most common are after, as, before, since, until:
o After I’d met him last night, I texted his sister at once. (conjunction)
o After the meeting last night, I texted his sister at once. (preposition)
o We’ll just have to wait until they decide what to do. (conjunction)
oOkay, we’ll wait here until six o’clock. (preposition)
Preposition Meaning Example

above higher than, or over The sun is above the clouds.

It's dangerous to run across the

across from one side to the other
road.

- following something - The boy ran after the ball.

after
- later than - I'll phone you after lunch.

- in opposition to - Stealing is against the law.

against
- in contact with - The sofa is against the wall.

along from one end to the other They are walking along the street.

among surrounded by Peter was among the spectators.

 - in a circle - He walked around the table.
around
- near, approximately - It costs around 50 euros.

- earlier than - The day before yesterday.

before
- in front of - He bowed before the king.

behind at the back of Passengers sit behind the driver.

below lower than His shorts are below his knees.

beneath under The pen was beneath the books.

beside next to The bank is beside the cinema.

in the space separating two

between Mary sat between Tom and Jane.
things

- near, at the side of - The restaurant is by the river.

by
- not later than - The boss wants the report by Friday.

close to near The school is close to the church.

down from higher to lower She pulled down the blind.

for what is intended I bought this book for you.

where something starts

from The wind is blowing from the north.
or origi nates

in at a point within an area The pen is in the drawer.

in front of directly before The child ran out in front of the bus.
inside on the inner part of The bird is inside the cage.

into enter a closed space He went into the shop.

near close to The school is near the church.

next to beside The bank is next to the cinema.

off down or away from He fell off the horse.

in a position touching a
on The plate is on the table.
surface

move to a position on a The cat jumped onto the roof of

onto
surface the car.

opposite facing, on the other side Eva sat opposite Tom at the table.

- move from a closed space - He got out of the taxi.

out of
- without - She's out of work.

- opposite of inside
outside The garden is outside the house.
- on the outer side

- above/across - The plane flew over the Atlantic.

over
- on the surface of - She put a sheet over the furniture.

past beyond She drove past the supermarket.

round in a circular movement The earth moves round the sun.

through from one side to the other The Seine flows through Paris.
 The virus spread throughout the
throughout in every part of
coun- try.

to denotes destination On the way to the station.

towards in the direction of The child ran towards her father.

under beneath, below Water flows under the bridge.

under-
beneath There was dust underneath the rug.
neath

towards or in a higher
up She walked up the stairs.
position

within inside They live within the old city.

without not have or lack something I don't like coffee without milk

Prepositions or adverbs?
● Several words which are prepositions also belong to the word class of adverbs.
● These include: about, across, around, before, beyond, in, inside, near, opposite, outside,
past, round, through, under, up, within.

Example:
1. There were lots of people waiting for a taxi outside the club. (preposition)
2. A: Where’s your cat?
B: She’s outside. (adverb)
3. The gallery is opposite to the Natural History Museum. (preposition)
4. A: Can you tell me where the bus station is?
B: It’s over there, just opposite. (adverb)

Prepositions and abstract meanings

● Common prepositions that show relationships of space often have abstract as well as
concrete meanings.
Compare

That map you need is behind the filing Everyone is behind the
cabinet. (basic spatial sense or position) government. (behind = gives
support)

Beyond the hotel were beautiful Learning Chinese in a year was

mountains. (basic spatial sense or beyond them all. (beyond = too
position) difficult for)

Some common prepositions such as at, in and on can have abstract meanings:
● I think you will both need to discuss the problem in private.
● All three singers were dressed in black.
● You now have the next day at leisure and can do whatever you wish.
● Our dog stays on guard all night, even when he’s sleeping!

Prepositions and adjectives

● We commonly use prepositions after adjectives.
● Here are the most common adjec tive + preposition patterns.

Adjectives Preposition Example

aware, full of They weren’t aware of the time.

different, separate from Is French very different from Spanish?

due, similar to This picture is similar to the one in our living

room.

familiar, wrong with What’s wrong with Isabelle?

good, surprised* at We were really surprised at the price of food in

restaurants on our holiday.

interested in Lots of people are interested in Grand Prix

racing but I’m not.

responsible, good for Exercise is good for everyone.

We’re really excited about our trip to

worried, excited about
Argentina.
*We can also say surprised by
Prepositions and Nouns

Many nouns have particular prepositions which normally follow them. For example,
● There’s been a large increase in the price of petrol.
● Does anyone know the cause of the fire?

Many verbs go together with prepositions to make prepositional verbs. These always have an
object:
● I just couldn’t do without my phone.
● Robert accused her of stealing his idea.

Phrasal-prepositional verbs contain a verb, an adverb particle and a preposition (un

derlined). We cannot separate the particle and the preposition:
● The taxi is due any minute. Can you listen out for it?
● I can’t put up with this noise any longer.

Omission of Preposition

In some conditions we omit the preposition, because there is no need of preposition. There is no
use of proposition before the object of transitive verb. For example,
● I shall meet him yesterday. (No meet with him)
● They caught him there. (No caught to him)
● She read a book. (No read of a book)
● We have done our task. (No we have done of our ...)

Before the expression of time or place we don’t use preposition like (for, from, in, on). For
example,
● My father came here last week (No in last week)
● I am going abroad. (No going to abroad)
● Please wait a minute. (No wait for a minute)
● She is standing outside. (No on outside)

Don’t use preposition if there are any qualifying words like this, that, next, every, last, all,
before the time expression words like - day, night, morning, evening year, month …like
● She went this morning.
● They met him last evening.
● He is not coming again next Sunday.

But we can use preposition with time expression words if they come without qualifying words.
For example,
● She went in the morning.
● They met him in the evening.
● He is coming again next Sunday.
● He is not coming again on Sunday.
 ● She doesn’t come in the night.

Don’t use preposition before words like yesterday, today, tomorrow. For example,
● He will come tomorrow.
● He is not coming today.
● They came yesterday.
● I met him last Sunday. (NOT I met him on last Sunday.)
● I met him on Sunday.
● We may discuss it next time. (NOT We may discuss it at next time.)
● See you next week. (NOT See you in the next week.)
● I am free this evening. (NOT I am free in this evening.)
● You can come any time. (NOT You can come at any time.)
● I worked all day. (NOT I worked on all day.)
● Let’s meet one day. (NOT Let’s meet on one day.)
● These prepositions are not used before yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow or
the day after tomorrow.
● She is coming tomorrow. (NOT She is coming on tomorrow.)
● I met him yesterday. (NOT I met him on yesterday.)

No preposition before home

● I am going home.
● I go home every weekend.

Practice Questions
Fill in the correct prepositions.

1. Peter is playing tennis _______Sunday.

2. My brother's birthday is _______the 5th of November.
3. My birthday is _______May.
4. We are going to see my parents _______the weekend.
5. _______1666, a great fire broke out in London.
6. I don't like walking alone in the streets _______night.
7. What are you doing _______the afternoon?
8. My friend has been living in Canada _______two years.

Answers
1. Peter is playing tennis on Sunday.
2. My brother's birthday is on the 5th of November.
3. My birthday is in May.
4. We are going to see my parents at the weekend.
5. In 1666, a great fire broke out in London.
6. I don't like walking alone in the streets at night.
7. What are you doing in the afternoon?
8. My friend has been living in Canada for two years.
Common Mistakes with Prepositions
1. Arrive at or Arrive in
● You always arrive at a specific place: school, a restaurant, the airport, your aunt’s house.
● You arrive in a city or a country.
Example:
● When we arrived at Claudio’s house…
● The train arrived at Shibuya station thirty seconds late.
● On Friday, the president arrived in Poland.
● The K-pop band arrived in Phnom Penh last week.

2. At night
● You can work hard in the morning, relax in the afternoon, eat dinner in the evening, but
you go out at night.
Example:
● We often go out at night.
● Mumbai looks beautiful at night.

3. Look for or Wait for

● If you want to find something or someone, you look for (or search for) them.
● If you stay in one place until something or someone is ready, you wait for them.
Example:
● I was looking for my glasses.
● Lucas is looking for a new job.
● Giulia was waiting for me at the bus stop.
● Tevy is waiting for her sister to finish class.

4. For (period of time)

● You use for with periods of time, such as:
o for a few minutes
o for three months
o for twenty years

Since (specific points in time)

● You use since with specific points in time, such as:
o this morning
o September
o the day we met
Example:
● I’ve been working here for five years.
● She hasn’t drunk coffee for years.
● Mike’s been living in Yokohama since February.
● I haven’t seen her since yesterday morning.
5. live/work/study in (cities and countries)
● You live, work, or study in a city or a country.
● You live at a specific address, work at or for a specific organization, or study at a specific
university.)
Example:
● I live in Tokyo.
● Roberta works in Sassari.
● Hector studies in Canada.
● Ana lives at 34 Brown Street.
● Rahul works for Toyota.
● Dara studies at Phnom Penh International University.

6. It depends on
● Remember, you always say it depends on or depending on something or someone – or you
can just say it depends.
Example:
● It depends on what you want: Italian food or Chinese food.
● We’ll go to either Disney World or the beach, depending on the weather.
● What do you usually have for breakfast – tea or coffee? – It depends!

7. Welcome to
● You always say welcome to any place: a house, school, organization, city, or country.
Example:
● Welcome to Peru!
● Welcome to Cagliari.
● Welcome to Meiji University.
● Welcome to the Plaza Hotel. We hope you enjoy your stay.

8. Married to
● You are always married to – or you get married to – someone. However, you just marry
someone.
Example:
● He’s married to Kim.
● Alessandro’s getting married to Sara next summer.
● Haruka is marrying my old school friend.